The Financial Crises of the 21st Century
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1 The Financial Crises of the 21st Century Workshop of the Austrian Research Association (Österreichische Forschungsgemeinschaft) Economic Attitudes in Financial Crises: The Democratic Challenge Raymond Duch, Official Fellow & Director of Centre for Experimental Social Sciences Nuffield College Oxford raymond.duch@nuffield.ox.ac.uk
2 Figure: Change in Gap between Bottom and Top Decile Income Growth Q8+5;7,.% <+--F-% /I,42% )+-.,21% DG4.-% P;+M-=% O-.74;9% C+,2F-% N;27,+=% :;*5+4,% D,2,1,% L-29,+M% K,I,2% )5,.=% J-A4F8% >-5G-+.,21*% DE-FG%H-I;B.4F% C42.,21% >-0%?-,.,21% %/5,5-*% <-+9,2=% :;*5+,.4,% % % /0-1-2% )*+,-.%!"#$%!"#&%!'#$%!'#&%!&#$% &#&% &#$% '#&% '#$% "#&% "#$% (#&%
3 Figure: Total Tax Revenue as Percent of GDP Q,)I/34$.A,-,)$ <+/95$ P,9E*2I$ F73A/5$ 820+3*/$ O*)9/)-$ N2)E/35$ F,+J,39/)-0$ L2M,I?723E$.97=,)*/$ C,3I/)5$ K0+7)*/$ ()*+,-$6*)E-7I$ H/)/-/$ D79/)-$ F,A$G,/9/)-$ <03/,9$.;/*)$ D73+2E/9$ <3,9/)-$ :/;/)$ 820+3/9*/$ 673,/$ 1234,5$ ()*+,-$.+/+,0$!"#"$!%#"$ &"#"$ &%#"$ '"#"$ '%#"$ %"#"$
4 Euro-Financial Crisis and Unfair Outcomes
5 Euro-Financial Crisis and Unfair Outcomes Reductions in government spending
6 Euro-Financial Crisis and Unfair Outcomes Reductions in government spending Higher taxes
7 Euro-Financial Crisis and Unfair Outcomes Reductions in government spending Higher taxes Shrinking economy and higher unemployment
8 Euro-Financial Crisis and Unfair Outcomes Reductions in government spending Higher taxes Shrinking economy and higher unemployment Results
9 Euro-Financial Crisis and Unfair Outcomes Reductions in government spending Higher taxes Shrinking economy and higher unemployment Results (Uneven) declining real income
10 Euro-Financial Crisis and Unfair Outcomes Reductions in government spending Higher taxes Shrinking economy and higher unemployment Results (Uneven) declining real income Less redistribution and more inequality
11 Euro-Financial Crisis and Unfair Outcomes Reductions in government spending Higher taxes Shrinking economy and higher unemployment Results (Uneven) declining real income Less redistribution and more inequality
12 Why Unfairness is a Political Challenge
13 Why Unfairness is a Political Challenge The economic vote
14 Why Unfairness is a Political Challenge The economic vote Incumbents are punished for poor economic performance
15 Why Unfairness is a Political Challenge The economic vote Incumbents are punished for poor economic performance Meltzer and Richards
16 Why Unfairness is a Political Challenge The economic vote Incumbents are punished for poor economic performance Meltzer and Richards Redistributive preferences of the median voter
17 Why Unfairness is a Political Challenge The economic vote Incumbents are punished for poor economic performance Meltzer and Richards Redistributive preferences of the median voter
18 Figure: EU Consumer Confidence Index: Spain!"#$!"%$!&#$!&%$!'#$!'%$!#$ %$ #$ '%$ '#$ ()*!+#$,-.!+#$ /)0!+1$ 234!+1$ /)5!+6$ 783!+6$ (-9!++$ :8;!+<$ (-*!<'$ ()*!<&$,-.!<&$ /)0!<"$ 234!<"$ /)5!<B$ 783!<B$ (-9!<#$ :8;!<1$ (-*!<+$ ()*!<<$,-.!<<$ /)0!%%$ 234!%%$ /)5!%'$ 783!%'$ (-9!%&$ :8;!%"$ (-*!%#$ ()*!%1$,-.!%1$ /)0!%6$ 234!%6$ /)5!%+$ 783!%+$ (-9!%<$ :8;!'%$
19 Figure: EU Consumer Confidence Index: Greece!"#$!%#$!&#$!'#$!(#$!)#$!*#$!+#$!,#$ #$,#$ +#$ -./!%($ 012!%($ 3.4!%'$ -./!%&$ 012!%&$ 3.4!%%$ -./!%"$ 012!%"$ 3.4!"#$ -./!",$ 012!",$ 3.4!"+$ -./!"*$ 012!"*$ 3.4!")$ -./!"($ 012!"($ 3.4!"'$ -./!"&$ 012!"&$ 3.4!"%$ -./!""$ 012!""$ 3.4!##$ -./!#,$ 012!#,$ 3.4!#+$ -./!#*$ 012!#*$ 3.4!#)$ -./!#($ 012!#($ 3.4!#'$ -./!#&$ 012!#&$ 3.4!#%$ -./!#"$ 012!#"$ 3.4!,#$ -./!,,$ 012!,,$ 3.4!,+$
20 Figure: EU Consumer Confidence Index: Germany!"#$!%&$!%#$!&$ #$ &$ %#$ '()!*&$ +,-!*&$.(/!*0$ '()!*1$ +,-!*1$.(/!**$ '()!*2$ +,-!*2$.(/!2#$ '()!2%$ +,-!2%$.(/!2"$ '()!23$ +,-!23$.(/!24$ '()!2&$ +,-!2&$.(/!20$ '()!21$ +,-!21$.(/!2*$ '()!22$ +,-!22$.(/!##$ '()!#%$ +,-!#%$.(/!#"$ '()!#3$ +,-!#3$.(/!#4$ '()!#&$ +,-!#&$.(/!#0$ '()!#1$ +,-!#1$.(/!#*$ '()!#2$ +,-!#2$.(/!%#$ '()!%%$ +,-!%%$.(/!%"$
21 Figure: Duch and Stevenson Economic Vote 0.2 australia belgium canada denmark france Economic Vote of the Chief Executive germany greece iceland ireland italy netherlands new zealand norway portugal spain sweden uk us congress us president Note: One Greek upper confidence interval is truncated Date
22 Figure: Duch and Stevenson Economic Vote germany greece Economic Vote of the Chief Executive ireland spain Note: One Greek upper confidence interval is truncated Date
23 Unfairness and Collective Decision Making
24 Unfairness and Collective Decision Making responsibility attribution strategies for collective decisions
25 Unfairness and Collective Decision Making responsibility attribution strategies for collective decisions we have very little insight into how voters decide who to punish for unfair decisions
26 Unfairness and Collective Decision Making responsibility attribution strategies for collective decisions we have very little insight into how voters decide who to punish for unfair decisions strategic unfairness in collective decision making
27 Unfairness and Collective Decision Making responsibility attribution strategies for collective decisions we have very little insight into how voters decide who to punish for unfair decisions strategic unfairness in collective decision making do individual decision makers (parties?) exploit strategic opportunities to enact unfair decisions?
28 Unfairness and Collective Decision Making responsibility attribution strategies for collective decisions we have very little insight into how voters decide who to punish for unfair decisions strategic unfairness in collective decision making do individual decision makers (parties?) exploit strategic opportunities to enact unfair decisions?
29 Slovakia Italy Latvia Lithuania Slovenia Poland Romania Albania Finland Hungary Estonia Denmark France Belgium Norway Czech Bulgaria Netherlands Germany Ireland Portugal Luxembourg Iceland Australia Sweden Spain Austria New Zealand Greece Malta UK Canada Japan Croatia Effective Number of Coalition Parties
30 SPD FDP Greens CDU Linke
31 Greens Linke SPD CDU + FDP
32 Who gets the Credit? What Heuristics?
33 Who gets the Credit? What Heuristics? Recall CDU/CSU have 69% of cabinet seats and FDP has 31%
34 Who gets the Credit? What Heuristics? Recall CDU/CSU have 69% of cabinet seats and FDP has 31% What might be a rational voter s decision rule?
35 Who gets the Credit? What Heuristics? Recall CDU/CSU have 69% of cabinet seats and FDP has 31% What might be a rational voter s decision rule? All the credit to Merkel and her CDU/CSU party because they are a veto player
36 Who gets the Credit? What Heuristics? Recall CDU/CSU have 69% of cabinet seats and FDP has 31% What might be a rational voter s decision rule? All the credit to Merkel and her CDU/CSU party because they are a veto player Split the credit between CDU and FDP?
37 Who gets the Credit? What Heuristics? Recall CDU/CSU have 69% of cabinet seats and FDP has 31% What might be a rational voter s decision rule? All the credit to Merkel and her CDU/CSU party because they are a veto player Split the credit between CDU and FDP? All the credit to FDP because they proposed the economic policies?
38 Who gets the Credit? What Heuristics? Recall CDU/CSU have 69% of cabinet seats and FDP has 31% What might be a rational voter s decision rule? All the credit to Merkel and her CDU/CSU party because they are a veto player Split the credit between CDU and FDP? All the credit to FDP because they proposed the economic policies? 31% of credit to the FDP and 69% to the CDU
39 Who gets the Credit? What Heuristics? Recall CDU/CSU have 69% of cabinet seats and FDP has 31% What might be a rational voter s decision rule? All the credit to Merkel and her CDU/CSU party because they are a veto player Split the credit between CDU and FDP? All the credit to FDP because they proposed the economic policies? 31% of credit to the FDP and 69% to the CDU
40 Coalition Decision = Collective Dictator Game
41 Coalition Decision = Collective Dictator Game Coalition cabinets make collective decisions
42 Coalition Decision = Collective Dictator Game Coalition cabinets make collective decisions Decision makers have varying decision making weight
43 Coalition Decision = Collective Dictator Game Coalition cabinets make collective decisions Decision makers have varying decision making weight Decision makers vary in agenda setting power
44 Coalition Decision = Collective Dictator Game Coalition cabinets make collective decisions Decision makers have varying decision making weight Decision makers vary in agenda setting power Decision makers may have veto power
45 Coalition Decision = Collective Dictator Game Coalition cabinets make collective decisions Decision makers have varying decision making weight Decision makers vary in agenda setting power Decision makers may have veto power Decisions get rewarded or punished
46 Coalition Decision = Collective Dictator Game Coalition cabinets make collective decisions Decision makers have varying decision making weight Decision makers vary in agenda setting power Decision makers may have veto power Decisions get rewarded or punished This is a collective Dictator Game with Punishment
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
48 Table: Experimental Design (Session 2-4) n = 71 Allocating DM Known Voting Weight Distribution No Yes 53, 29, 10, 6, , 19, 14, 11, , 21, 17, 13, , 21, 20, 19,
49
50
51
52
53
54 Figure: Information Context of Heuristics
55 Figure: The Impact of Voting Weights and Proposal Powers on Punishment Distribution = {2, 6, 10, 29, 53} Distribution = {8, 11, 14, 19, 48} Predicted Share of Punishment Predicted Share of Punishment Vote Weight Vote Weight Distribution = {11, 13, 17, 21, 38} Distribution = {17, 19, 20, 21, 23} Predicted Share of Punishment Predicted Share of Punishment Vote Weight Vote Weight
56 Figure: The Impact of Voting Weights and Proposal Powers on Punishment Predicted Share of Punishment Voting Weight
57 Conclusion
58 Conclusion Recipients in dictator game punish unfair allocations
59 Conclusion Recipients in dictator game punish unfair allocations Punishment weakly correlated with voting weight of DM
60 Conclusion Recipients in dictator game punish unfair allocations Punishment weakly correlated with voting weight of DM Negative agenda power relatively unimportant
61 Conclusion Recipients in dictator game punish unfair allocations Punishment weakly correlated with voting weight of DM Negative agenda power relatively unimportant Largest party heuristic
62 Conclusion Recipients in dictator game punish unfair allocations Punishment weakly correlated with voting weight of DM Negative agenda power relatively unimportant Largest party heuristic Positive agenda power heuristic
63 Conclusion Recipients in dictator game punish unfair allocations Punishment weakly correlated with voting weight of DM Negative agenda power relatively unimportant Largest party heuristic Positive agenda power heuristic
64 Another collective dictator game
65 Another collective dictator game other-regarding preferences in decision making concerning distribution of money, when there are many decision-makers as opposed to one as in the standard dictator game.
66 Another collective dictator game other-regarding preferences in decision making concerning distribution of money, when there are many decision-makers as opposed to one as in the standard dictator game. We allow the recipients to costly punish the decision-makers.
67 Another collective dictator game other-regarding preferences in decision making concerning distribution of money, when there are many decision-makers as opposed to one as in the standard dictator game. We allow the recipients to costly punish the decision-makers. We frame our general decision problem in a political context, in which the decision-makers are political parties and the recipients are voters.
68 Experimental design Large-scale internet experiment:denmark;june-july 2011.
69 Experimental design Large-scale internet experiment:denmark;june-july Part of a wave of internet experiments (ilee4, U. Copenhagen).
70 Experimental design Large-scale internet experiment:denmark;june-july Part of a wave of internet experiments (ilee4, U. Copenhagen). 689 quasi-representative subjects.
71 Experimental design Large-scale internet experiment:denmark;june-july Part of a wave of internet experiments (ilee4, U. Copenhagen). 689 quasi-representative subjects. Average earnings per subject: DKK 16.25, where $1 DKK 5.7.
72 Experimental design Large-scale internet experiment:denmark;june-july Part of a wave of internet experiments (ilee4, U. Copenhagen). 689 quasi-representative subjects. Average earnings per subject: DKK 16.25, where $1 DKK 5.7. Minimum earnings: DKK -60. Maximum earnings: DKK 87.
73 Experimental design Large-scale internet experiment:denmark;june-july Part of a wave of internet experiments (ilee4, U. Copenhagen). 689 quasi-representative subjects. Average earnings per subject: DKK 16.25, where $1 DKK 5.7. Minimum earnings: DKK -60. Maximum earnings: DKK 87. Losses covered with positive earnings from other experiments.
74 Experimental design Large-scale internet experiment:denmark;june-july Part of a wave of internet experiments (ilee4, U. Copenhagen). 689 quasi-representative subjects. Average earnings per subject: DKK 16.25, where $1 DKK 5.7. Minimum earnings: DKK -60. Maximum earnings: DKK 87. Losses covered with positive earnings from other experiments.
75 The Game
76 The Game Three parties and three voters are matched. 31 yes-votes needed to pass legislation in 60-seat parliament.
77 The Game Three parties and three voters are matched. 31 yes-votes needed to pass legislation in 60-seat parliament. Majority treatment: Party 1 has 40 seats in the parliament, whereas Party 2 and 3 both have 10 seats.
78 The Game Three parties and three voters are matched. 31 yes-votes needed to pass legislation in 60-seat parliament. Majority treatment: Party 1 has 40 seats in the parliament, whereas Party 2 and 3 both have 10 seats. Shared treatment: All three parties have 20 seats in the parliament.
79 The Game Three parties and three voters are matched. 31 yes-votes needed to pass legislation in 60-seat parliament. Majority treatment: Party 1 has 40 seats in the parliament, whereas Party 2 and 3 both have 10 seats. Shared treatment: All three parties have 20 seats in the parliament.
80 Stage 1 The parties vote yes or no to four exogenously given, unfair proposals about distributions of DKK 180 between the parties and voters.
81 Stage 1 The parties vote yes or no to four exogenously given, unfair proposals about distributions of DKK 180 between the parties and voters. See Table. The proposals are shown in random order. Table: Payoffs per subject, DKK If passed If rejected Proposal Per party Per voter Per party Per voter (33/27) (57/3) (63/-3) (87/-27)
82 Stage 2 The voters can punish the parties.
83 Stage 2 The voters can punish the parties. Each voter can maximally punish the three parties by DKK 40 and each party can maximally be punished by DKK 120 (= 3 DKK 40).
84 Stage 2 The voters can punish the parties. Each voter can maximally punish the three parties by DKK 40 and each party can maximally be punished by DKK 120 (= 3 DKK 40). The voters marginal cost of punishing is DKK 0.1.
85 Stage 2 The voters can punish the parties. Each voter can maximally punish the three parties by DKK 40 and each party can maximally be punished by DKK 120 (= 3 DKK 40). The voters marginal cost of punishing is DKK 0.1. We elicit punishments via the strategy method.
86 Stage 2 The voters can punish the parties. Each voter can maximally punish the three parties by DKK 40 and each party can maximally be punished by DKK 120 (= 3 DKK 40). The voters marginal cost of punishing is DKK 0.1. We elicit punishments via the strategy method. We pay out the outcome for one of the four proposals.
87 Stage 2 The voters can punish the parties. Each voter can maximally punish the three parties by DKK 40 and each party can maximally be punished by DKK 120 (= 3 DKK 40). The voters marginal cost of punishing is DKK 0.1. We elicit punishments via the strategy method. We pay out the outcome for one of the four proposals.
88 Does shared responsibility breed unfairness? We compare the proportions of passes between treatments with a Pearson s 2 -test. See Figure
89 Does shared responsibility breed unfairness? We compare the proportions of passes between treatments with a Pearson s 2 -test. See Figure The answer is yes at the 10%-level, but no at the 5%-level ( 2 =3.23,p=.0723).
90 Figure: Shares of Parliaments that Pass
91 Very Preliminary Conclusion Part III preliminary evidence that collective decision makers anticipate punishment
92 Very Preliminary Conclusion Part III preliminary evidence that collective decision makers anticipate punishment preliminary evidence that decision makers exploit opportunity to avoid responsibility attribution
93 Very Preliminary Conclusion Part III preliminary evidence that collective decision makers anticipate punishment preliminary evidence that decision makers exploit opportunity to avoid responsibility attribution preliminary evidence that shared responsibility breeds unfairness
94 Very Preliminary Conclusion Part III preliminary evidence that collective decision makers anticipate punishment preliminary evidence that decision makers exploit opportunity to avoid responsibility attribution preliminary evidence that shared responsibility breeds unfairness
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