WHITE PAPER. Eva VERSION SUMMARY Eva is a cooperative ride-sharing application based on blockchain.

Transcription

1 WHITE PAPER TM Eva VERSION 0.03 SUMMARY Eva is a cooperative ride-sharing application based on blockchain.

2 2 This white paper is for informational purposes only and does not constitute an offer or solicitation to sell shares or securities in Eva Foundation registered in Canada. The white paper presents factual information about Eva as a brand, hereinafter "Eva". The purpose of the white paper is to democratize Eva's mobility revolution. It describes the overall mission of Eva and the means used to achieve its goals. Any representation or reproduction in whole or in part without the consent of Eva is unlawful. It is the same for translation, adaptation, transformation, arrangement, or reproduction for any process. The copyright of the white paper belongs to Eva, plagiarism is strictly prohibited. If there is a need to reference, then please cite the source. Eva reserves all rights to protect the intellectual property of the white paper through all legal means Eva Foundation

3 3 " " Each generation must discover its mission, fulfill it or betray it, in relative opacity. 1 Frantz Fanon, psychiatrist, philosopher, and revolutionary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writing of the white paper was led by co-founders, Raphaël Gaudreault and Dardan Isufi. The white paper was produced with the support of many individuals who have provided insight, time, and expertise. Many people contributed directly to the white paper. Many thanks to Jacob Bryan for copy editing, Max Gravitt, for the technical structure, Tiberius Brastaviceanu for the governance structure, and Catherine Duret for content and grammatical review. Many other people and organizations influenced Eva's thinking and insight. The appreciation in no way implies agreement with all or any of the white paper premises. ABSTRACT Eva is a cooperative ride-sharing application based on blockchain technology. Indeed, Eva is a grassroots cooperative movement connecting driver and rider members, hereinafter "members", and holders in a sustainable and fair manner. Eva is a community-based approach towards mobility that places them in control of their mobility, economy, and data. DATA LIFE LIBERTY MEMBERS HOLDERS ECONOMY MOBILITY LOCALIZATION Eva is the mark of the generation's refusal to be trapped in the unscrupulous neoliberal and capitalist paradigms. Peerto-peer technology allows people to organize in a radically different manner with a decentralized autonomous organization. Now is the time for people of the world to take back the power in the name of life, liberty, and localization! 1 Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. New York, US: Grove Press, p. 145.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 NOTICE 5 TECHNOLOGY 30 DISCLAIMER INTRODUCTION 5 7 PROBLEM 8 REVOLUTION 9 APPPLICATION ECOSYSTEM COOPERATIVE 14 FOUNDATION 16 REVENUE MODEL 17 TOKEN ECONOMY 18 TOKEN SALE 21 SHARING ECONOMY GOVERNANCE COOPERATIVE 26 FOUNDATION 27 VALUES 29 APPLICATION 30 BLOCKCHAIN 32 SECURITY 33 OFF-CHAIN 34 NETWORKING DEVELOPMENT HISTORY 36 ROADMAP 37 TEAM 38 ADVISORS 39 PARTNERS MARKET RESEARCH VISION BIBLIOGRAPHY 45 46

5 NOTICE 5 Eva utility token symbol EVA Token distribution Fixed capped token offering Total sale 40,000,000 EVA EVA holders Holders Minimum per holder $ USD Maximum per holder $100, USD Note to holders EVA does not provide any ownership rights in respect of Eva or its assets. Merits not reviewed by any regulator No securities regulator has assessed the merits of EVA. DISCLAIMER This white paper does not constitute a prospectus nor offer document of any sort and is not intended to constitute an offer of securities nor a solicitation for investment in securities of any jurisdiction. Further, the white paper does not constitute or form part of any opinion on any advice to sell, purchase, nor any solicitation of any offer by the distributor of Eva to purchase any EVA nor shall it or any part of it nor the fact of its presentation form the basis of, or be relied upon in connection with, any contract or investment decision. The white paper is on a rolling release and is subject to change by Eva without notice. The white paper does not present a speculative offering for EVA. Holders must rely on the ability, expertise, judgment, discretion, integrity, and good faith of the management of Eva. In addition, there are a number of other risk factors that should be considered by holders. Holders should consult their professional advisors to assess the income tax, legal, and other aspects of the EVA. It is important to note that Eva is in the process of undertaking a legal and regulatory analysis of EVA pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings, and the intended utility. Following the conclusion of this analysis, Eva may decide to amend the intended utility of EVA in order to ensure compliance with any legal or regulatory requirements which Eva is subject. To the extent that Eva makes any such changes, Eva shall update the white paper and publish a notice on its website together with the latest version of the white paper. It is the holders' responsibility to regularly check Eva s website for any such notices and updates. The white paper is for information purposes only and may be subject to change. Eva cannot guarantee the accuracy of the statements made or conclusions reached in the white paper, and expressly disclaims all representations and warranties whether express, or implied by statute or otherwise whatsoever, including but not limited to any representations, or warranties relating to merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, suitability, wage, title or noninfringement, that the contents of the white paper are accurate and free from any errors, and that such material does not infringe any third party rights. Eva shall have no liability for damages of any kind arising out of the use, reference to, or reliance on the contents of the white paper, even if advised of the possibility of damages arising. The white paper may contain references to third-party data and industry publications. As far as Eva is aware, the information reproduced in the white paper is accurate, and the estimates and assumptions contained herein are reasonable. However, Eva offers no assurances as to the accuracy or completeness of this data. Although information and data reproduced in the white paper are believed to have been obtained from reliable sources, Eva has not independently verified any of the information or data from third-party sources referred to in the white paper, nor ascertained the underlying assumptions relied upon by such sources. No promises of future performance or value are or will be made by Eva concerning the pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings, including no promise of inherent value, no promise of continuing payments, and no guarantee that EVA will hold any particular value. Unless prospective holders fully understand and accept the nature of Eva's business, and the potential risks associated with the acquisition, storing, and transfer of EVA, they should not participate in the pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings. EVA is not being structured or sold as a security.

6 Eva holds no rights and confers no interests in the equity of EVA. EVA is sold with intended future governance functionality in Eva, and all proceeds received during the pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings may be spent freely by Eva on the development of its business and the underlying technological infrastructure. The white paper does not constitute a prospectus or disclosure document and is not an offer to sell, nor a solicitation of an offer to buy any investment or financial instrument in any jurisdiction any power or right of a legal or political agency to exercise its authority over mobility in a given territory. EVA should not only be acquired for speculative or investment purposes with the expectation of making an investment return. No regulatory authority has examined or approved any of the information set out in the white paper. No such action has or will be taken under the laws, regulatory requirements, or rules of any jurisdiction. The publication, distribution, or dissemination of the white paper does not imply that applicable laws or regulatory requirements have been complied. Participation in the pre-token sale and the three initial token offering carries substantial risk and may involve special risks that could lead to a loss of all or a substantial portion of holders' contribution. Further information about the risks of participating in the pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings will be published on Eva's website. Holders must ensure that they have read, understood, and are prepared to accept the risks of participating in the pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings before investing. EVA, the pre-token sale, and the three initial token offerings could be impacted by regulatory actions, including potential restrictions on the ownership, use, or possession of such tokens. Regulators or other competent authorities may demand that Eva revise the mechanics of the pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings, and the functionality of EVA in order to comply with regulatory requirements or other governmental or business obligations. Nevertheless, Eva believes it is taking commercially reasonable steps to ensure that the pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings do not violate applicable laws and regulations. The white paper contains forward-looking statements or information collectively forward-looking statements that relate to Eva's current expectations of future events. In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as "may", "will", "expect", "anticipate", "aim", "estimate", "intend", "plan", "seek", "believe", "potential", "continue", "is likely", "are likely to", or the negative of these terms, or other similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. Eva has based these forward-looking statements on current projections about future events and financial trends that Eva believes may affect Eva's financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, financial needs, or the results of the pre-token sale and three initial token offerings. In addition to statements relating to the matters set out here, the white paper contains forward-looking statements related to Eva's proposed operating model. The model speaks to Eva's objectives only and is not a forecast, projection, or prediction of future results of operations. Forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and analysis made by Eva in light of its experience, and perception of historical trends, current conditions, and expected future developments and other factors it believes are appropriate. Although the forward-looking statements contained in the white paper are based upon what Eva believes are reasonable assumptions, there are risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors which could cause Eva's actual results, performances, achievements, and experiences to differ materially from the expectations expressed, implied, or perceived in forward-looking statements. Given such risks, prospective holders in the pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The intellectual property over the decentralized application, more precisely over the smart contract, belongs to Eva Technology LLC registered in the United States. Eva is trademark pending in Canada. All other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. All the statements made in the light paper, a lighter version of the white paper, are based on the white paper Eva Foundation 6

7 INTRODUCTION 7 Eva is a cooperative ride-sharing application based on the blockchain. Eva is a solution to revolutionize the old centralized mobility economy. Indeed, it offers an interoperable decentralized application for people taking the form of a decentralized autonomous organization. Eva is a movement carried by its members and holders. It is the catalyst for radical localization. Localization empowers local cooperative communities to work together, become self-reliant, and overthrow the shackles of uninvolved central authority. Localization, in effect, is the revolution providing local solutions to, for, and by the community. Cooperative communities are the local organizations that provide the legal oversight for the members and act as the local legal entity. On the other hand, as a foundation, Eva is the catalyst for building, maintaining, and supporting cooperative communities all around the world. The foundation is a non-profit entity in which holders have direct control over the foundation s leadership. The arrival of recent ride-sharing applications has generated social and economic imbalances in many large cities. The mobility activity has been stormed by platforms promoting a collaborative economy, without real community input. The revolution is modeled on peer-to-peer networking through the removal of the lucrative middleman to provide a connection between members. The advent of decentralized technologies enables local communities around the world to gain more independent power. It is now possible to have a bottom-up, decentralized approach towards almost every aspect of life, whether it is housing, alimentation, or mobility. 2 Blockchain technology offers fresh opportunities for cooperative enterprise. 3 " " As [cooperatives] start to take part in online [...] market, they become more distributed, more [global]. The trust among members that existed in a local organization is no longer a given. Blockchain technology is one way to address the problem of trust. [...] But this technology also allows for middleman free peer-to-peer marketplaces. 4 Trebor Scholz, platform cooperative scholar and activist Eva is a community-based mobility protocol based on the blockchain. Eva's mission is divided into six aspects. The first is Eva's goal to continually decrease its transaction fees for rider members by removing traditional third parties. Secondly, Eva provides an economic advantage to driver members by ensuring a redistribution of any surplus made from transaction fees and by ensuring lower transaction fees. Thirdly, Eva keeps the mobility economy at the local level. Fourthly, there is the social objective relating to data access and protection of privacy. By using such a technological device, Eva ensures that all data is public, but that specific information on rider members is obscured in the open database. Fifthly, the project has the environmental objective of optimizing the use of means of mobility and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The idea is to encourage cooperative communities to share the use of conventional vehicles to lower the number of empty seats in vehicles on the road. Finally, the sixth aspect of Eva's mission is the belief that such a community-based approach allows holders to gain earnings from the transaction fees from each ride within the ecosystem, and grants members voting power for business management, proportional to the amount of EVA they have. The earnings are distributed equally among all EVA that are staked. 2 Mainelli, Michael, and Smith, Mike. Sharing Ledgers for Sharing Economies: An Exploration of Mutual Distributed Ledgers (Aka Blockchain Technology). London, UK: Journal of Financial Perspectives (Vol. 3, No. 3), p Scholz, Trebor, and Nathan Schneider. The People's Uber: Why The Sharing Economy Must Share Ownership. New York, US: Fast Company, p Scholz, Trebor. Uberworked and Underpaid: How Workers are Disrupting the Digital Economy. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, p. 191.

8 8 MAIN GOALS 1 Lower prices for rider members 2 Superior earnings for driver members 3 Keeps mobility economy local 4 Ensures data anonymity 5 Reduces the greenhouse gas emissions 6 Governance and store of value for holders Eva offers a solution to mobility issues with its decentralized application. The peer-to-peer mobility platform allows driver and rider members to connect with each other and share a ride together, without having a third party involved. Consequently, by removing the third party, a margin is extracted on each ride, allowing a real sharing economy within the cities of the world. Running on the EOS blockchain, Eva deploys EVA, which is fungible and tradable, but as no other assets or functions, except for governance purpose and service access. In fact, holders will have the ability to vote on important matters, as well as the foundation board of representatives through a staking system. The staking process will be defined by Eva on the website. Eva and the way its ecosystem is developed is a decentralized autonomous organization. Further, the concept of property itself changes since there is no central property nor particular or more important involved interest. It has a robust reputation mechanism to accurately and reliably identify competency and confidence level through a systematic and objective assessment of behaviours so that each decision takes into account all involved interests. " Inherent in the structure of a [decentralized autonomous organization] is first, its governance constitution posted openly to a blockchain for inspection; two, its need to raise funds to conduct its operations; and three, its attempt to earn revenue from providing whatever services it can provide. 5 " Melanie Swan, science and technology innovator, and philosopher The legal entities, whether the cooperatives or the foundation, are facades acting as an intermediary with the old world. Mobility is one of the most regulated activities and requires management of operations involving human activity. However, the development is organized to run without human managerial interactivity in the service provided. PROBLEM Traditional ride-sharing companies' development has drastically changed the face of mobility in the world's major cities. With the intention of a shared-economy perspective, the first traditional ride-sharing companies have quickly established themselves, siphoning a previously local economy, namely that of the taxi services, to a model where more than nearly a quarter of the sums generated is sent to a head office and not invested within the local community. 6 " It's a nice notion that peers create and share in value. But these [traditional companies] have little to do with sharing. In fact, they are successful precisely because they do no share they aggregate. It is an aggregating economy. 7 " Don Tapscott, business executive and bestselling author, and Alex Tapscott, business author and advisor 5 Swan, Melanie. Blockchain Thinking: The Brain as a DAC (Decentralized Autonomous Corporation). London, UK: Kingston University London, p Hill, Steven. Raw Deal: How the "Uber Economy" and Runaway Capitalism are Screwing American Workers. New York, US: St. Martin's Press p Tapscott, Don, and Tapscott, Alex. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. New York, US: Portfolio, p. 36.

9 Claiming to remove the third party of taxi services, these capitalist applications focused on shareholders' earnings have come to be middlemen themselves. By aggregating the economy, ride by ride, at the macroeconomic level, these traditional ride-sharing companies create a real generalized economic imbalance. Meanwhile, taxi services cannot compete, despite many application development initiatives. The new sharing economy paradigms are based on people's will to engage on an occasional basis the old business model of controlled supply management is out of date. Other concerns include the management of metadata recorded by these traditional ride-sharing companies. Scandals are hitting companies, social networks, and other data collectors have made people realize that data is the gold of our generation. The numerous leaks in traditional ride-sharing companies demonstrate how risky it is to entrust data to traditional ridesharing companies. These companies have access to users' privacy by knowing their house location, place of work, favourite restaurant, and much more. 8 Such information makes them great data mines, where subsequently the data is used in dealings with other companies or is sold to advertising companies. Moreover, millions of users are not well informed of flows in data management systems employed by these companies. Recent security breach cases have exposed the names, phone numbers, and addresses of more than a dozen million users. 9 Centralized security is not immutable and imposes privacy risks for the users of these platforms. REVOLUTION Eva comes into play with its revolutionary agile model mixing cooperatives and decentralization. First off, each local community has a cooperative to deal with the management of the service offering, and by ensuring legal representation. Eva is a mass-market decentralized application, a decentralized application that can be used easily by anyone easily. The interface, the payment options, and the quality of service are more developed than in traditional ride-sharing companies. The members' experience is better developed, enjoyable, and less expensive. 9 " We may be at the dawn of a new revolution. [...] Blockchain technology, as an ode of decentralization, could be the next major disruptive technology and worldwide computing paradigm, with the potential for reconfiguring all human activity as pervasively as did the web. 10 " Melanie Swan, science and technology innovator, and philosopher In the last two years, a few attempts have been made to decentralize the human mobility activity using early versions of blockchain technology. However, none of them reached a mass-market scale, being limited by the number of transactions per second that the network could support. Another reason for their failure, in our opinion, has been the lack of strategic ground development. 8 Hern, Alex. Uber Employees "Spied on Ex-Partners, Politicians, and Beyoncé". London, UK: The Guardian, p Carrie Wong, Julia. Uber Concealed Massive Hack that Exposed Data of 57M Users and Drivers. London, UK: The Guardian, p Swan, Melanie. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. Sebastopol, US: O'Reilly Media, p. 7.

10 10 " Competing with businesses such as ebay, Uber, Airbnb, and Facebook, require blockchain technology capable of handling tens of millions of active daily users. In certain cases, an application may not work unless a critical mass of users is reached and therefore a platform that can handle very large numbers of users is paramount. 11 " Dan Larimer, software programmer, and blockchain entrepreneur, and Brendan Blumer, entrepreneur The third wave of blockchain technology achieves global scalability with state of the art transaction time and better security. The blockchain improves the ability to integrate different modes of payment while ensuring an anonymous, immutable, and transparent technical protocol. Instead of using the traditional proof of work algorithm, with a maximum of 6 transactions per second in the whole network, Eva's blockchain network runs on delegated proof of stake that allows 62,400 transactions per second, which is suitable for a mass market decentralized application such as an application. 12 As for now, it forms the most advanced blockchain technology that can allow global scalability for decentralized applications. PROOF OF WORK DELEGATED PROOF OF STAKE The probability of mining a block is determined by how much computational work is done by the miner. The probability of validating a new block is determined by how large of stake a person holds. A reward is given to the first miner to solve the cryptographic puzzle of each block. The validators do not receive a block reward, instead they collect network fees as their reward. Mining communities tend to become more centralized over time. It can be much more cost and energy efficient. 11 Larimer, Dan, and Blumer, Brendan. EOS.IO Technical White Paper. George Town, CI: Block.one (Ve. 2), p Ibid. p. 1.

11 Blockchain technology itself brings a drastic change to ridesharing because this decentralized and secure database drastically reduces operating costs, removes the third party, and ensures that the data is used by the cooperative communities to improve mobility while preserving anonymity. The mobility revolution is on its way! APPLICATION The decentralized application connects the driver to rider members with the same geographical boundaries. Members must first download the application available from the Google Play Store, as well as Apple Store. Regardless of the local regulations regarding traditional ride-sharing companies, the driver member may need to meet specific criteria before being able to navigate within the platform, such as a criminal record check, a particular training, or special driving license. The cooperative community defines the criteria. To hail a ride, the rider member sends a request through the application. The order is sent to nearby driver members. When one of them accepts the request, the application indicates the estimated time of arrival at the pickup location, as well as the estimated price. Then the application alerts the rider member when the driver member is about to arrive, and vice-versa. Once the ride is accepted, the application gives the name, vehicle type, and license plate number of the driver member to allow the rider member to identify the vehicle. Once in the vehicle, the driver member is guided by the application, using a third party navigation system. The ride ends once the driver member arrives at the destination. The price of the ride is automatically calculated and debited on the means to buy stable commodity tokens which the rider member selects in the settings. The application asks the rider member to rate the driver member immediately after the ride. Driver members are also invited to rate their rider members. This bilateral rating system promotes respect and accountability on the platform and guarantees quality rides and experiences for all. This first iteration of the application consists of a minimum viable product. The minimum viable product concept is a method that aims first to release a product with only the most expected functionality the killer feature or the function that kills by a target audience and to offer the fastest product to confront the market. Once the product faces the market, other features are expected through the development of the application. Eva has a development plan according to members' feedback during the minimum viable product rolling. 11 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 1 Urban carpooling 2 Inter-urban ride-sharing 3 Child location sharing 4 Booking a ride in advance 5 Booking a ride for relatives 6 Selection of favourite driver members 7 Selection of female and trans driver members 8 Commuting carpooling

12 BENEFITS OF MEMBERS 12 The benefits of using Eva's application are numerous. In fact, the advantages of having an application based on the blockchain, and a structure based on cooperatives, directly implicates and empowers its members. From a fiscal perspective, members can receive dividends on the budget surplus, based on their contribution to the ecosystem. RIDER MEMBERS DRIVER MEMBERS 1 No need to wait long for taxi services 2 Lower prices than other taxi services 3 Ability to pay in crypto and fiat currencies 4 Anonymous personal data 5 Governance in the cooperative community 6 Budget surplus dividends 1 An additional source of income 2 Flexible work schedules 3 Easy payment procedure 4 Possibility to gain EVA 5 Governance in the cooperative community 6 Budget surplus dividends

13 ECOSYSTEM 13 Eva's ecosystem is based on cooperativism, localization, and decentralization. It makes Eva a truly decentralized autonomous organization. The cooperative model allows cooperative communities across the globe to democratically strategize their business offer within their local market while ensuring a healthy peer-to-peer ecosystem in their legal jurisdiction. The foundation, on the other hand, is the body that ensures global governance that is open, transparent, and sustainable. Members and holders directly drive it. The ecosystem organization ensures that Eva can develop according to the established laws at local and global level. The described revenue model is presented according to the two-year standard of a joint commission to ensure rapid, broad, and efficient development. The revenue model presents Eva's lucrative potential. However, this model interacts with the economy developed by the emission of EVA, which is the red blood cell circulating throughout Eva's collective bloodstream. The ecosystem treasury is proportional to the number of rides performed within the communities, which ensure long-term benefits for holders. Eva's ecosystem, through the foundation of collaborative economies, allows members and holders to enrich themselves collectively. The first layer of Eva's ecosystem is the cooperative anchored at the local community, which brings together the different type of members. The cooperatives join together through the foundation to ensure common governance, particularly with a common branding. GOVERNANCE The open value network and decentralized governance at a local and global level, attributed to members and holders, allows all involved interests to be represented within the decentralized autonomous organization. The whole ecosystem is made so that they can point out an issue, propose solutions, and implement them while keeping a global growth market perspective. LEGAL The cooperative manages with following local laws and engaging in the local community. On the other hand, the foundation takes responsibility for the technology. The separation of responsibility between the cooperative and the foundation allows for flexibility and accommodation for any legal situation. ECONOMIC The ecosystem offers direct economic benefits to members by removing the middleman. The cooperative aspect ensures a more proactive and dedicated approach towards members. The foundation remains a technology service provider and can focus on EVA economy, and global adoption. The ecosystem treasury ensures continual gain for holders whenever a ride occurs in the ecosystem.

14 COOPERATIVE 14 A cooperative is a corporate body of people that have common economic, social, or cultural needs and who, to satisfy these, join forces to operate a business following the rules of cooperative action. 13 Since mobility is one of the most regulated activities, Eva intends to distinguish itself by its essential presence on the local front. The main obstacle to the market of ride-sharing is legal, not financial or technical. 14 At the local community level, Eva and its members' goal is to build in their respective cities, a decentralized legal entity, which would profit from partnerships with cooperative communities. The ecosystem invites local communities to register their for-profit multi-stakeholder cooperatives. " Solidarity [or] multi-stakeholder cooperatives represent a rearticulation of the linkages between economic and social spheres in an environment where the global economy and new technologies call for a potentially unlimited mobility of capital, labour and knowledge. The local roots of solidarity cooperatives, which are owned and operated by local actors for the benefit of their members, represent an obstacle to this de-localization and maintain the balance between local " socio-economic needs and the challenges and opportunities presented by the local economic system. 15 Jean-Pierre Girard, expert on multi-stakeholder cooperatives In the multi-stakeholder cooperative, different categories of members share a common interest in ensuring Eva's success. In the ecosystem, multi-stakeholder cooperatives are encouraged to develop their unique identity from grassroots values. 16 With that in mind, communities have ultimately the last word on which specific type of legal entity they wish to create. It is also possible for current taxi services to become driver members, especially in a jurisdiction where taxi services are not that regulated. The cooperative community could also implement taxi services with a different pricing mechanism. Multi-stakeholder cooperatives are cooperatives that formally allow for governance by representatives of the two or more stakeholders within the same entity, including rider, driver, and worker members, and volunteers or general community supporters. Rather than being organized around a single member, multi-stakeholder cooperatives enjoy a heterogeneous membership base. Members of such cooperative can benefit dividends based on their participation in the ecosystem. It makes the cooperative entity, when compared to traditional companies, more sustainable in time. 17 The collective mission, one of the central organizing principles in multi-stakeholder cooperatives, is often more broadly based on the interests of the stakeholders, and generally, reflects the interdependence of the benefits of the multiple partners. The cooperative acts like an agora, allowing all members, whether drivers or riders, to interact. The roles and responsibilities of the cooperative are numerous. RIDER MEMBERS DRIVER MEMBERS DIVIDENDS GOVERNANCE 13 Borzaga, Carlo, and Spear, Roger. Trends and challenges for Cooperatives and Social Enterprises in Developed and Transition Countries. Trento, IT: Edizioni31, p Johal, Sunil, Ditta, Sara, and Zon, Noah. Nouveaux enjeux de l industrie du taxi et des limousines. Toronto, CA: University of Toronto, p Lund, Margaret. Solidarity as a Business Model: A Multi-Stakeholder Cooperative Manual. Kent, US: Kent State University, p Münkner, Hans. Multi-Stakeholder Cooperatives and their Legal Framework. Trento, IT: Edizioni31, p Worth, Thibault. Can Co-ops Redefine Sustainable Business? London, UK: The Guardian, p. 1.

15 15 ROLES OF COOPERATIVE 1 Selects the pricing features 2 Selects riding features 3 Applies local regulations 4 Develops its regional market 5 Ensures marketing 6 Acts as a legal representation Decentralized application alternatives fail when it comes to dealing with regulations enforced in a different jurisdiction. Despite the relevance of complete decentralization, it is still impossible for actual blockchain alternatives to deal with these issues. Cooperatives community provide market competitivity by maintaining uniform pricing within the cooperative community's boundaries and it is possible for members to get profit dividends based on their participation. BENEFITS OF COOPERATIVE 1 Control over market competitivity 2 Profit dividends among members 3 Grassroots 4 Community belonging Moreover, traditional ride-sharing companies have encountered problems establishing themselves in some jurisdiction due to high mobility regulations. More than twenty United States states including Illinois, Nevada, Massachusetts, and California and a comparable number of cities have laws or regulations on traditional ride-sharing companies and treating them as separate entities of traditional taxi services. This regulation, which is essentially similar from one jurisdiction to another, requires companies to obtain a new license for transmission system operators, to take out liability insurance and to check the background of potential driver members. 18 Among these mobility regulations, the requirements are numerous, such as criminal record check for driver members, special driver's licenses, mandatory training, vehicle inspection, vehicle insurance, customer services, subsidy fees, and another set of obligations. MOBILITY REGULATIONS PER CITY RECORD LICENSE VEHICLE INSURANCE SUBSIDY MONTREAL TORONTO LONDON NEW YORK AUSTIN Through the cooperative model, local communities, as grassroots cooperative movements, are developed to raise public acceptance to view ride-sharing services as an alternative viable to traditional ride-sharing companies. 18 Johal, Sunil, Ditta, Sara, and Zon, Noah. Nouveaux enjeux de l industrie du taxi et des limousines. Toronto, CA: University of Toronto, p

16 The cooperative communities have the power to configure the smart contract parameters to optimize the service in their respective market. The parameters that define a cooperative community on the blockchain are numerous. 16 DECRIPTIONS OF PARAMETERS TIME RATE DISTANCE RATE COOPERATIVE COMMUNITY SHARE SURGE PRICING MODEL BASE FEE MINIMUM FEE CANCELLATION CHARGE CANCELATION GRACE TIMEOUT DESTINATION CANCELLATION TIMEOUT TAX MODEL RIDE REQUEST DISPATCHING GROWTH RATE Price per minute during a ride Price per kilometer during a ride Percentage of each ride distributed to the cooperative community Dynamic timetable factor to balance the ecosystem Flat fee charged for a ride Minimum transaction for a ride Price the rider member has to pay when cancelling a ride after the cancel grace timeout Number of seconds a rider member is allowed to cancel a ride until paying the cancellation fee to the driver member Number of seconds until driver member once arrived at the rider member's destination can wait until cancelling the ride and charging the rider member the cancellation charge Tax fee model in regard to the cooperative community jurisdiction Rate of growth in kilometer per second at which a ride request is sent to nearest driver members The smart contract is build in such way to respond to all possible situations. Cancelation grace timeout sets the time from which the member can cancel a ride by paying cancelation fee. In the case of the driver member, it is impossible, from that time, to cancel a ride. The option is only available after the destination cancellation timeout. It is important to note that the cooperative communities can also redistribute the profits perceived among the different members according to their participation in the ecosystem. At the end of a fiscal year, if the virtual general assembly decides so, the profits can be redistributed. FOUNDATION CANCELLATION STRUCTURE RIDER MEMBER DRIVER MEMBER Ride through time Cancellation grace timeout Cancellation fee Destination cancellation timeout No cancellation The foundation is a non-profit foundation that oversees the formation of the cooperative communities, arbitration, technological development, and the issuance and certification of EVA. It ensures a real decentralized ecosystem with no random shareholders making a profit over everyone else. The foundation protects other important shared assets, commons of the global network, such as the branding, the integrity, and quality of the code. In short, the foundation brings together the community and works closely for the development of Eva.

17 17 ROLES OF FOUNDATION 1 Ensures an inter-cooperative governance 2 Develops and maintain the technology 3 Ensures EVA distribution 4 Ensure the commodity token distribution 5 Helps cooperative communities to develop 6 Funds research and development Such an organization allows global market scalability by maintaining a uniform members' experience, and a similar interface across the entire ecosystem of cooperative communities. As the custodian of the Eva brand, the foundation nurtures a coherent image of the service, making it recognizable and trustworthy. Both aspects are important conditions for global growth. It offers the framework to build a collective long-term global community and network for mobility. BENEFITS OF FOUNDATION 1 Long-term inter-cooperative governance 2 Global branding standards 3 Research and development strategy 4 Application interoperability In a fiscal and legal perspective, a non-profit foundation gets the opportunity to receive grants from government institutions and private foundations. A non-profit corporation has the same liability protections as any corporation. MEMBERS HOLDERS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION Eva ecosystem structure allows for global growth by allowing ride members to have a common client application. Unity, whether at the local or global scale, helps to maintain a competitive brand image that can evolve with technological development. REVENUE MODEL The revenue model is based on the rides performed through the application. The driver members earn 85% of the total ride fare. For two years, to ensure sufficient funds to operate, the cooperative will draw 10% of the ride fare. This can be changed once the cooperative is sustainable. Then 4% goes for ecosystem treasury, and the rest goes to the foundation mainly for technical maintenance but also for the whole branding. 85%* 10%* Driver member Cooperative community Ecosystem treasury Foundation *Variable *Values less than 5% not shown First, compared to other taxi services, the ride is estimated initially to the rider member, and it is invoiced once the ride has been completed. The pricing algorithm is based on a base fare, the distance, the time, the surge pricing, and the tax model in the cooperative community jurisdiction.

18 This revenue model allows for cooperative communities to oversee the operations, the business administration, legal representation, and last but not least, the marketing development. The part taken for the cooperative community is calculated to ensure substantial funds to deploy the application among the common of people, based on the average ride price, which has been evaluated regarding the average ride price of traditional ride-sharing companies. The rounded average is $15.00 US per ride in North America. 19 The following table also considers a cooperative share of 10%, with the ecosystem treasury share at 4%, and a foundation share at 1% of a ride. 18 RIDES EVOLUTION PROJECTION ANNUAL RIDES TRANSACTION VOLUME ECOSYSTEM TREASURY COOPERATIVE COMMUNITY FOUNDATION 10,000 $150, $6, $15, $1, ,000 $1,500, $60, $150, $15, ,000,000 $15,000, $600, $1,500, $150, ,000,000 $150,000, $6,000, $15,000, $1,500, ,000,000 $1,500,000, $60,000, $150,000, $15,000, ,000,000,000 $15,000,000, $600,000, $1,500,000, $150,000, The largest traditional ride-sharing company registered up 4,000,000,000 rides in The return for holders increases quite quickly, as the above graph demonstrates, without taking into account EVA valuation on the cryptocurrencies market. TOKEN ECONOMY Within the ecosystem, two different tokens are being in use, the EVA, and the commodity token. EVA is defined as a utility token for governance, store of value, and service access. The other token is a commodity token, a stable token, used within the application to exchange value between members. The two have no relationship to each other. CRYPTO-ASSETS UTILITY TOKEN COMMODITY TOKEN GOVERNANCE ACCESS SERVICE ACCESS STORE OF VALUE* STABLE TOKEN PAYMENT TOKEN *Can be saved, retrieved, and exchanged at a later time 19 Davidson, Jacob. Here's How Much the Average Ride Costs on Uber and Lyft. New York, US: Money, p Statistics: Facts and Figures. San Francisco, US: Uber, p. 1.

19 19 UTILITY TOKEN Pre-token sale and three initial token offering Earnings indicator for the ecosystem treasury COMMODITY TOKEN Stable token Moved in EOS smart contract between members UTILITY TOKEN EVA is the token given during the pre-token sale and the three initial token offerings. It represents the return each holder get on each ride within the ecosystem. Per example, if a holder has 0.5% of the EVA, the individual will receive 0.5% of the ecosystem treasury, which is 4%, charged at each ride. The economic ecosystem is designed to give ultimate power to its members and holders. EVA is a crypto-currency asset defined as a utility token for three purposes. EVA itself is a utility token that will provide holders with future access to the services of Eva, such as other crypto-currencies. However, EVA is first designed to give voting power to holders for the foundation leadership. EVA is also designed as a store of value token. In fact, EVA will be tradable in public crypto-currencies markets and will gain value within each ride completed in the ecosystem. ROLES OF UTILITY TOKEN BENEFITS OF HOLDERS 1 Service access 2 Governance access 3 Store of value 1 Continual earnings from the whole ecosystem 2 Voting power proportional to EVA 3 EVA intrinsic scarce value By store of value, it also means that EVA is an indicator of premiums of what holders receive has part of the ecosystem treasury. If the holders stake their EVA, they will receive a proportional part of their values from the 4% parts of the rides. EVA does not involve any property or direct management within Eva. EVA is not a security. Perhaps, the legal entity responding to the ecosystem is a non-profit foundation. According to the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority per example, EVA is referred as utility token, which is intended to provide digital access to an application or service, and an asset token, which represent assets such as an asset in real physical underlying, companies, or earnings streams, or an entitlement to dividends or interest payments. 21 However, it is not a security or a share. COMMODITY TOKEN The commodity token is for an internal technical purpose, so it is distributed and controlled by the foundation. It is a stable token. When a rider member hails a ride, the payment occurs in old economy currencies, and then it is processed through a third party application-programming interface. The money is then converted to commodity token value. Only the ride members register its payment information. The driver member will receive cheques or direct bank transfers weekly from the cooperative community. The foundation is the direct intermediary in the payment process. OLD ECONOMY EVA ECOSYSTEM MEMBERS THIRD PARTY APPLICATION- PROGRAMMING INTERFACE COMMODITY TOKEN 21 FINMA Publishes ICO Guidelines. Bern, CH: Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority, p. 1.

20 The idea is to maximize the profit for the driver members who often have to pay for the car, the maintenance, a driver's license, fines, and energy costs. The 4% levied will be redistributed among all EVA stacked. Thus, the ecosystem is built in such a way to allow all involved interests to have a lever on their maters. 20 $ Vote per membership MACRO ECOSYSTEM MODEL OLD ECONOMY Vote per staked EVA RIDER MEMBERS DRIVER MEMBERS HOLDERS EOS SMART CONTRACT 85%* EVA ECOSYSTEM COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION ECOSYSTEM TREASURY 10%* 1% 4% *Variable MICRO ECOSYSTEM MODEL Fiat commodity token $ RIDER MEMBERS EXCHANGES HOLDERS Fiat or crypto-currencies EVA and commodity token RESERVE EOS SMART CONTRACT 4% ECOSYSTEM TREASURY 85%* 1% 10%* DRIVER MEMBERS COOPERATIVE FOUNDATION *Variable

21 By disregarding speculation on open markets, it is possible to estimate possible earnings from the ecosystem treasury. The following graph demonstrates the potential yearly earnings in USD based on the number of rides in the ecosystem and EVA value. As mentioned earlier, the average ride price used is $15.00 USD. 21 YEARLY HOLDERS EARNINGS BASED ON RIDES AND UTILITY TOKEN VALUE Earnings $400, ,00 $300, ,00 Rides 000,00 4,200,000 $200, ,050, $100, $ ,00 260, $ 0,00 60, Utility token $0.00 value $75, $15 $15, $ $100 $0.00 $100, $100, $200, $200, $300, $300, $400, The potential earning for holders from the rides per year can be calculated using a specific formula. Yearly Earnings = Utility Tokens Staked 40,000,000 Yearly Rides $15.00 USD As the above graph proves, the ecosystem is built to thrive off of the repartition of EVA in correlation to the number of rides provided in a year, as well as the value yielded. That being said, the interest for holders in local cooperative communities is not only encouraged but also essential. If the ecosystem proves itself to have many rides, the potential return as earnings from the ecosystem treasury is really interesting for the holders. It is interesting because an autonomous system as such is a game changer for members and holders. TOKEN SALE With EVA, Eva raises capital to fund the development of the cooperative communities, improve the technology, and expand product services. Eva is more than a ride-sharing application, Eva is a movement empowering people with automation and inclusion. Eva is executing a token sale to raise funds for the development and commercialization of its next generation, decentralized ride-sharing experience. 22 Eva has opted for the token sale and three initial token offerings for rapid global growth, integration of long-term financial development and to preserve the authenticity and fairness of holders. The token distribution is spread over the course of two years to provide an equal opportunity for future holders. Once the token distribution completed, holders will be able to trade EVA as much as they want. 22 Swan, Melanie. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. Sebastopol, US: O'Reilly Media, p. 12.

22 Token symbol EVA Total sale 40,000,000 EVA Minimum per holder $ USD Maximum per holder $100, USD 22 TOKEN DISTRIBUTION Public 85% 10% Team Investors *Values less than 5% not shown Among the distribution, 85% is for public sale, 10% is for the team, and the remaining is for investors. The wide public margin is offered because Eva is a community project and holders who must benefit from it. The distribution takes place over two years with a total of one pre-token sale and three initial token offerings. At the third initial token offering, an undetermined part will go to members who have developed cooperative communities. These members will be selected by the foundation on the basis of their commitment, their effort, and their assiduity from registration process to the operationalization and marketing of the cooperative community. The idea is to leave the door open for local initiative to develop Eva's network and thus increase the EVA valuation. As mentioned earlier, in order to ensure that each EVA can generate value, regardless the crypto-currencies markets valuations, for each ride carried out in one of the community, 4% goes to the ecosystem treasury. This is the main mechanism to ensure loyal holders and encourage others to buy EVA in crypto-currencies markets. Eva's token sale will be posted on the website with all the news updates regarding Eva's development. TOKEN SALE PRE-TOKEN SALE FIRST ITO* SECOND ITO* THIRD ITO* TIME Q Q Q Q EMISSION 5% 28.33% 28.33% 28.34% TOKEN PRICE $0.25 $1.00 $1.00* $1.00* AVAILABLE TOKENS 2,000,000 11,333,333 11,333,333 11,333,334 VALUATION GOAL $500, $11,330, $11,330, $11,340, *Initial token offering *The price of the second and third token offering are subject to change and will be based on the prior 30 days running average of EVA with a minimum sell point of $1.00 SHARING ECONOMY What makes Eva stand out compared to its competitors is its focus on localization the process of adapting one s framework based on the requirements of different regions, and even more specifically in this case, of different cooperative communities. Within the mobility activity, this model is designed to be the newest iteration of a decentralized, sharing economy organization. Sharing economy application allows for flexibility for differing legal

23 frameworks, as well as community involvement, ultimately making the cooperative structure much more sustainable and purpose-driven. The ecosystem is therefore based on a fair liberalized market, with some common understandings among the members for regulatory purposes. A single organization does not control the driving service, but a network of cooperatives. Furthermore, the foundation provides the blockchain technology, which secures the sharing economy application. " Blockchain technologies can support a much more cooperative form of crowd-sourcing sometimes referred to as 'platform cooperativism' where users qualify both as contributors and shareholders of the platforms to which they contribute. Moreover, there is no intermediary operator, the value produced within these platforms can be more equally " redistributed among those who have contributed to the value creation. 23 Primavera De Filippi, professor and researcher in decentralized architectures The ecosystem is made from a direct instant relationship between the driver members who give service and the rider members who request it. When the demand is higher, then there are more financial incentives for the offer to be generated. If there is no demand, there is no offer. The technology enabling this connection must be open and must empower members involved. The sharing economy translates into a market where consumers and producers rely on each other rather than on traditional companies to satisfy their wants and needs. It is about giving, exchanging, borrowing, exchanging, renting and sharing products and services for a fee, between a person who owns something and someone who needs it. The sharing economy comprises of different facets, practices, and modes of exchange, generally grouped under four fundamental characteristics. 24 SHARING ECONOMY CHARACTERISTICS 23 1 The use of excess capacity The temporary mutualization or the definitive redistribution of the capacity of a good, a service, or a skill beyond its usual use, so as to do more with what already exists. 2 Use rather than ownership Simplified access to a good, a service, or a skill, without having to own it or the employer. Thus, the purchase of a property is reconsidered by preferring its use to its property, on a rental or time-share basis. 3 The multiplicity of functions The questioning of the idea that a good, a service, or ability is intended for single use or a single predetermined or reserved function. 4 The dematerialization of intermediaries Often, the substitution of digital platforms for the intermediaries of the traditional economy makes it possible to directly connect individuals, companies, and organizations in a peer-to-peer network. In the long term, the cooperative model integrated into the collaborative economy develops the foundations of a more sustainable, more productive, and more entrepreneurial society by locating the economy where it is created. From a sharing economy perspective, people become mini-entrepreneurs by contributing what they have to offer. People are no longer dependent on institutions and can be self-confident and autonomous, by making personalized choices based on their needs. Therefore, a sharing economy, when truly shared, makes it possible for the society to optimize its resources by maximizing the residual use of a good, a service, or a skill, prioritizing access rather than ownership, and lowering entry barriers in a market that allows everyone to integrate. 23 De Filippi, Primavera. What Blockchain Means for the Sharing Economy. Boston, US: Harvard Business Review, p Lavoie, Guillaume, Delannon, Nolywé, and Fréchette, Christine. Rapport du groupe de travail sur l économie collaborative: Comprendre. Encadrer. Accompagner. Quebec, CA: Government of Quebec, p

24 The economic model is based on self-reliance and connection between consumers and producers. In the case of Eva, it is essentially a rotating model that feeds on different incentives to indirectly control supply and demand. It allows having an agile and autonomous operationalization. 24 SHARING ECONOMY CHARACTERISTICS Ride fare may vary The cost to get more driver members is high LOWER RIDE FEE HIGHER RIDE FEE MORE RIDER MEMBERS MORE DRIVER MEMBERS The cost to get more driver members is low LESS RIDER MEMBERS HIGHER GEOGRAPHIC DENSITY Supply and demand is easily controlled The sharing economy encompasses a wide range of models and sectors. However, one must consider the bigger image according to the sociohistorical past of the practice. Sharing is part of a larger tradition, the most established and promising sharing examples are not always in the same regions and does not necessarily imply sophisticated applications. Sharing is one of the oldest and most universal instincts. 25 Today, digital technologies facilitate peer-to-peer relationships and allow people to connect with each other directly and more equitably. On a large scale, people can share with strangers, friends, families, and direct communities. Eva brings people together in a fair and sustainable ecosystem. Eva qualifies as an agile model, halfway between platform cooperativism and the peer-to-peer network, with much flexibility for technical development. Eva is all about democratizing the mobility activity in a cooperative and decentralized manner. Eva is agile because the ecosystem is built in such a way that involved interests can change the direction of Eva. The fact that cooperatives are independent is a powerful incentive for local communities to take the initiative to register a cooperative to start the service offering legally. Scaling can be done quickly as the foundation acts as an assistant, and cooperative communities are encouraged to start their business. 25 Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy. London,UK: The MIT Press, p

25 Each city has different mobility behaviour, depending on the established transit system, the price of energy for automobiles, the density of the population, and so on. There is no one better placed than locals to recognize the local properties and, through the cooperative, put into operation the service offer. 25

26 GOVERNANCE 26 Eva's governance is twofold, first at the local level, operations, and then at the global level, technology. Governance is therefore not a fixed normative dial, but rather a proposal for a continuous process that evolves. The open and decentralized technology structure imposes peer-to-peer governance, with agility in mind. As an hybrid grassroots movement, the members as well as the holders' can express their ideas and be the change they want in the world. The cooperative and foundation structure creates a two-tier approach that enables flexibility at the operational level but maintains application uniformity at the global level. It also ensures the concrete foundations of a true decentralized autonomous organization. Eva enables holders to participate in the governance model through blockchain technology actively. Based on their EVA holdings, they vote over the foundation matters virtually. Members can also be a holder, which gives the possibility for anyone to participate in the ecosystem. Both levels have a clear separation of work, so they collaborate harmoniously. The communication strategies are defined as accountability means for both making the decisions and the outcome of the decisions of the cooperatives and the foundation. Eva's legal governance is decentralized. It is built in such a way that the members and the token holders are the ultimate decision-makers in the ecosystem. The governance model is first framed at the local cooperative and then at the global level. The governance model is flexible for a fully on-chain evolution but takes into account the current reality and the need for legal frameworks for legal, security, and financial issues. Foundations are established to ensure development by members and holders. COOPERATIVE Within the cooperative, groups of several categories of members, all members are equal and have a vote. No matter what category of member, each member has one vote at the virtual general assembly meeting for important decisions and the election of the board of representatives of the cooperative. The vote must happen during at a minimum one week and must be available to members when connected on the application with all the information regarding the matter of voting. The board of representatives, elected by the general assembly, is the organ that provides the general guideline of the cooperative development in the locality. The minimum number of representatives on the board of representative is five, including two co-presidents. The board of representatives then nominates the roles of the members. Each category of member of the cooperative must be represented since it is up to the cooperatives to decide what kind of members can be registered such as a driver, rider, support, worker, and another kind of member. The board of representatives can create an advisory council for advice on the operations of the cooperative.

27 27 COOPERATIVE GOVERNANCE DECISION MODEL VOTE VOTING MODEL GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES COMMUNICATION ACCOUNTABILITY Free initiative majoritarian democracy Membership Uninominal Virtual voting Board of representatives Text messages Members The cooperative may, if it deems necessary, employ worker members to handle administrative tasks, such as member services or any other duties. The idea is that the cooperative is autonomous to take care of its operational tasks. FOUNDATION Regarding the foundation, the voting weight is based on the amount of EVA staked. EVA is a governance-based, utility token. EVA enables holders to vote in the Eva decentralized autonomous organization. The concept of ownership in the Eva ecosystem does not imply ownership in the foundation. It is only referred to holders ownership of the EVA. EVA allows holders to vote in foundation worker proposals, community direction, and more. In order to vote, holders must stake their tokens. The time period is three days to stake or unstake EVA in the EVA smart contract. When the holders stake EVA, it enables holders to vote on work proposals and different governance actions. EVA work proposals can only be submitted to the network when the proposer stakes 1,000 EVA in a proposal. The 1,000 EVA staked in a proposal is released back to the proposer under two conditions. If the proposal is accepted, then the staked EVA are returned at the proposal deadline. If the proposal is denied, then the staked EVA are returned after a 30 days unstaking period. In order for an Eva work proposal to pass, it must have 10% of EVA supply voting on it with 10% more yes votes than no votes. On a more legal perspective, the foundation is a non-profit organization that is guided by the board of representatives composed of a minimum of five people, including two co-presidents. The latter will be elected by the holders through virtual elections organized when the mandate of two or more members is completed. There is a limit of six terms. Two-round majority virtual voting is a voting system that allows the election of candidates after two rounds of voting. Holders are therefore asked to vote for the first time for their top ten candidates. This number might change with time. A second round is then organized, putting in the list the top ten or fewer candidates having the most votes. If after the first all there are only five candidates, then there is no second round. In this second round, the five candidates with the most votes are elected. The board of representatives then nominates the roles of the members. The board of representative can create an advisory council for advice on the operations of the foundation.

28 28 FOUNDATION GOVERNANCE DECISION MODEL VOTE VOTING MODEL GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES COMMUNICATION ACCOUNTABILITY Free initiative two-round majoritarian democracy Stacked holder Proportional Virtual voting Board of representatives Website Holders Cooperative communities Holders only vote for the board of representatives at the foundation level. Regarding other decisions, it should be thinking in a participatory consensual process with the members and holders. Overall, the governance system is necessary to maintain a decentralized autonomous organization. There is no hierarchical link or superiority. As much as the cooperatives need the foundation, the foundation needs the cooperatives. The relationship that cooperatives and the foundation are on an equal footing. GOVERNANCE MEMBERS HOLDERS Vote based on membership Vote based on holders' EVA staked COOPERATIVE Board of Representatives FOUNDATION Board of Representatives PARTICIPATORY CONSENSUAL PROCESS Whether at the cooperative or foundation level, members and holders will be able to come up with ideas and get support from their peers. The network is then encouraged to develop exchange platforms or use social media to discuss common issues. Eva will soon release a participatory consensual platform for members and holders. When registering the cooperative for a period of two years, the foundation assists the cooperative. It is a minimalist approach. This adaptive process aims to test the decision-making process. As a peer-to-peer network, actors are invited to exchange and propose changes.

29 VALUES 29 The foundations on which governance is based are the prisms by which all issues must be approached. These values are based on the open value network governance model. The main goal here is to maintain a decentralized autonomous organization that is able to make good, time-sensitive decisions, with respect to involved interests. 26 OPENESS The opening of the parties involved is always to receive an idea with open arms. Openness is built on the principle of equipotential opportunities. Openness is crucial for enabling the large-scale dynamic in which resources and collective intelligence reaches the network from all over the planet. TRANSPARENCY Transparency means to have access to information about governance and processes of the network. Transparency is based on the principle of holoptism the ability for any part to know the whole, to have horizontal knowledge of what is going on, but also the vertical knowledge concerning goals and aims. Transparency is needed to fast growth. It allows everyone out there to learn about the network's activities and needs, and if incentivized then to participate. HORIZONTAL FORMS There are no mechanisms through which one contributor can control another one. Peer production processes are structured with the help of formal systems of roles or accountabilities and reputation through voluntary subordination. Peer pressure represents a type of simple feedback loop with significant effect. Within the governance body, there s no vertical hierarchical structure. FREE INITIATIVE An excellent initiative is one that adds value to the venture and, by the same token increases benefits for Eva. A lousy initiative does not attract the attention or resources to go forward, but there is no penalty for trying. An initiative that does not become a successful production venture is still a learning process, which adds value and is not forgotten. The idea here is to allow anyone to propose ideas and it guarantees the right to be understood. This proposition of governance is flexible and modifiable with majoritarian referendums either from the cooperative virtual general assembly or the foundation virtual general assembly. With the advent of new technologies, it is possible for members and holders to be able to change Eva as they wish. The checks and balances and the horizontal process must remain to keep a sustainable, fair, and transparent, decentralized autonomous organization. 26 Siddiqui, Yasir, and Brastaviceanu, Tiberius. Open Value Network: A Framework for Many-to-Many Innovation. Montreal, CA: Sensorica, p

30 TECHNOLOGY 30 The technical system behind Eva is based on EOS blockchain technology. The whole system is built to offer the same experience as with any other centralized ride-sharing application. It creates a peer-to-peer market without the technical barriers to common members. The smart contract, which is the self-executing contract with the terms of the agreement between driver and rider members being directly written into lines of code, is nothing less than a mass market decentralized application. The smart contract exists across a distributed, decentralized blockchain network. The technology is composed of an Android and ios client, an eosio smart contract on the blockchain, and an off-chain application programming interface server. In recent years, with the advent of proof of work and blockchain technology, an uprising of decentralized applications occurred. A decentralized application is a software application that has its backend code the business and database logic running on a decentralized peer-to-peer network. Such applications were first made possible by networks like Ethereum. The main issue with such networks is the fact their underlying consensus algorithm is too costly in terms of electricity. Consequently, such networks can treat roughly around 16 transactions per second in the whole world and useless resources are consumed. A few projects tried to decentralized ride-sharing using such networks, the problem remained scalability, These decentralized applications were unable to create a proper mass-market application, because of the latency, users faced while using their service. Happily in 2018, with the advent of the third wave in blockchain technology, the scalability issue was solved by delegated proof of stake and side-chains. The EOS network is a decentralized application network that can handle up more transactions per second. Consequently, a peer-to-peer application can now be as fast and as user-friendly as a centralized application with the benefits of not having any third party in the middle. The decentralized application provides the same simple member experience as any traditional ride-sharing applications, but with the costs and community benefits of decentralization. The members do not need any knowledge about crypto-currency, blockchain, or cryptography. The technological product Eva is offering can be described in three parts. 1 Smart contract living on the EOS blockchain 2 Client application available on Android and ios 3 An off-chain server used for fiat payment and navigation services APPLICATION In order to give the benefits of a peer-to-peer human transport in the hands of a non-technological friendly people, a simple mass-market decentralized application has been developed and designed for the most popular smartphones. The blockchain revolution must be democratized so that everyone can take part it.

31 FRAMEWORK 31 The Android and ios client decentralized application have been developed using React Native. React Native is an open source library developed by Facebook that allows writing application for both of these operating systems. MAP ENGINE The map engine is provided by Google Maps until any decentralized alternative arrives. The Google Maps applicationprogramming interface is used to estimate ride time between locations and geocoding addresses. CRYPTOGRAPHY The client-side application is responsible for storing the cryptographic keys, which aid in the identity and privileges of any member of the blockchain ecosystem. The underlying client architecture handles the storage using the secure storage, the KeyChain, in the cell phone operating system. The private and public keys used are generated on the user s device at registration time. BLOCKCHAIN NETWORK COMMUNICATION The client side uses the library Eosjs to talk with the closest blockchain node and the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure protocol to communicate with the off-chain application-programming interface. The Inter Planetary File System is one possibility that is considered in upcoming updates. 27 CALL DISPATCHING ALGORITHM Each ride opportunity is viewable by driver members on the blockchain pending ride table. However, to incentivize the closest driver member to get the ride opportunity first and maximize the ridesharing experience for both parties, the ride opportunity is made available on the driver member's user interface once the ride call notifying zone has reached the current driver member position. Hence, a linear function representing the radius of a circle growing around the rider member picking up location as time passes since the rider member's request is used within the client application. The linear function is modeled with a specific formula. Radius(s) = B + Gs s < S s S Radius(s) The geographical radius in kilometers of the circle around the rider member requesting a driver member after s seconds B The base radius in kilometers or miles defining the first state of the circle at time s = 0 G s S The number of kilometers or miles per second the radius of the notifying zone is growing The number of seconds passed since the rider member has sent their ride request to the pending ride table Maximum time in seconds until all the driver members in the ride request community receive the call 27 Larimer, Dan, and Blumer, Brendan. Eosjs. George Town, CI: Block.one (Ve. 2), p. 1.

32 BLOCKCHAIN 32 Eva uses the EOS network as a decentralized peer-to-peer database to prevent fraud and data mutability. Every ride will be processed securely through the ridesharing smart contract. The structure is composed of a contractual framework deployed for Eva onto the blockchain. CONTRACTUAL FRAMEWORK STRUCTURE COOPERATIVE COMMUNITY ACCOUNT accout world_acct string comm_name string geo-bounds int c_ratex100 int w_ratex100 int minute_rate int km_rate int min_charge int cancel_grace int cancel_fee vector<int> surgefactorx100 string json_data ROUTE ROUTE IDENTIFICATION string to_latitude string to_longitude string from_latitude sring from_longitude string json_data int est_minutes int test_dist_km DRIVER MEMBER ACCOUNT int minute_charge account comm string json_data RIDER MEMBER RATING RIDER MEMBER int rating_count int rating_avgx100 string json_data ACTIVE RIDE ACTIVE RIDE IDENTIFICATION account driver account rider account comm int routeld int issued time int start_time int accepted_time string json_data RIDER MEMBER ACCOUNT string json_data DRIVER MEMBER RATING DRIVER MEMBER int rating_count Int rating_avgx100 string json_data COMPLETED RIDE RIDE IDENTIFICATION account driver account rider account comm int issued_time int start_time int start_time int accepted_time int end_time int comm_charge int world_charge int dist_charge int time_charge int driver_charge int tip_charge int total_charge int distance_kmx100 string json_data

33 DRIVER MEMBER 33 The driver member table entries represent an extension of a rider member s entry when a rider member also has driver member privileges. A driver member can both ask for a ride and drive someone. A driver member is only eligible in a given community and is linked with driver privileges in the cooperative community with the account_comm field in the table. Driver members must be approved by the community they serve. PENDING RIDE A pending ride is a ride recently deployed on the blockchain by a rider member that has not yet been taken by any driver member. It is the first state of a ride. ACTIVE RIDE This table represents a trip currently in progress. COMPLETED RIDE This table represents each trip that is completed in the system. A trip is stored on this table once it is done and paid. MEMBERS' RATINGS Both of these tables are data structure to save the ratings given to users after a ride. ROUTE The route table represents the path a given ride has. It is using latitude and longitude. Normally, the from _latitude/from_longitude is the rider member location, and the to _latitude/to_longitude is the rider destination. SECURITY The contract has many views that require different account level authorities on the blockchain to access. These views are the way of sending in data and communicate with the contract by appending new table lines or modifying an existing one. The peer-to-peer ridesharing contract is providing has four privileges levels. PRIVILEGES LEVELS 1 Rider member privilege 2 Driver member privilege 3 Cooperative community privilege 4 Foundation privilege ACTION PRIVILEGE LEVEL createdrider driver rider parameter None Create a new ride in the ecosystem. This view elevates an account, hence the keys on the blockchain and gives him rider member privileges.

34 createdrider driver rider and community parameter Cooperative community privilege Elevates rider member privileges in the ecosystem. This view elevates a rider member's account, hence the keys on the blockchain, and gives them driver member privileges in a given community. noucomm cooperative community parameter Cooperative community privilege Create a new cooperative community in the ecosystem. This view receives every parameter defining a cooperative community. Per example, its surge pricing factor, its fees, and so on. 34 addpendride route details This view is used by rider members to notify a ride request. Rider member privilege canactrider ride identification Rider member privilege Used by rider members to cancel an ongoing ride. After a certain threshold time, base fees defined by the cooperative community will apply and be transferred to the driver member. canactworld ride identification This view is used by the foundation to cancel buggy rides. Foundation privilege canactdriver ride identification Driver member privilege This view is used by driver members to cancel a ride. Fees will apply to the rider member after a certain time if the cancellation reason is an unreachable rider. acceptride ride identification Driver member privilege Accept a pending ride request as a driver member. This creates an active ride between the rider member that requested a ride, and the driver member calling this view. startride ride identification Driver member privilege Starts the billing chronometer. This view is called by the driver member when the rider member arrives in the driver member s vehicle. endride ride identification Driver and rider member privilege Ends the billing chronometer. This view requires a consensus of both parties to avoid faulty behaviours. Once this view is called, an active ride becomes a completed ride, and the commodity tokens are transferred from the rider member's wallet to the driver member's wallet, the community in which the ride occurred, and the ecosystem treasury. addsurge surge pricing weekly timetable factor Change the cooperative community surge pricing. adddrating rider member rate Add a rating entry to a driver member after a ride. addrrating driver member rate Add a rating entry to a rider member after a ride. Cooperative community privilege Rider member privilege Driver member privilege OFF-CHAIN Eva is a mass-market decentralized application, consequently, buying crypto-currencies and moving them on the application is an entry-level barrier for many new members that have little knowledge concerning blockchain. As a result of this, the off-chain application-programming interface mainly serves to facilitate the blockchain experience by being a credit card to commodity token exchange. It processes credit card payments entered by riders on the application in

35 exchange for commodity tokens. It also provides application services such a driver and rider member live location that is too computationally intense and useless on a blockchain. The off-chain application-programming interface is provided by foundation and has many functionalities. 35 OFF-CHAIN APPLICATION-PROGRAMMING INTERFACE FUNCTIONALITIES 1 Process credit card payments in exchange for the commodity token 2 Payback drivers in fiat in exchange for commodity token 3 Account recovery system 4 Issue EOS network blockchain accounts for new members 5 Provide General Data Protection Regulation compliant personal data to driver and rider members while in a ride to reach each other In order to remain a totally decentralized system, it is important mentioning that any keys received by the application programming interface, for account recovery, is encrypted with the member s password before being sent to the server. Any attacker would not have access to any keys because the attacker has no prior knowledge of the password of each user to decrypt the given blockchain keys. Only a one-way hashing function is used to store the password and compare it at login time. Hence, an Eva team member or an attacker has no access to any account in the decentralized autonomous organization. NETWORKING Within the ecosystem, different agents communicate together. The technology as a whole is designed to be easy to use, with a decentralized structure, and with security settings to ensure ultimate protection. Eva transport protocol is designed to be self-reliant and immutable. STRUCTURE COMMUNICATION MOBILE APPLICATION EOS BLOCKCHAIN SERVICES APPLICATION- PROGRAMMING INTERFACE FIAT PAYMENT PROVIDER The technical stack is therefore designed to be immutable, unhackable, and ensures network and data security, while being fully decentralized and sustainable. Based on the latest and most powerful blockchain technology, Eva is equipped to scale-up at a global level.

36 DEVELOPMENT 36 Development results in a continual evolutionary process. In an agile perspective, Eva develops fluidly according to the orientation that the members and holders give. This allows Eva to have broad goals and incredible development opportunities. The hybrid model of cooperativism and blockchain ensures a direct relationship with the real world. The pace of development meanwhile must remain fast to ensure competitiveness. From the very beginning to the building of the application, the team is working hard to provide an incredible experience with a mass-market decentralized application. All the cooperative community development strategies will be available once Eva reaches a great level of operation in Montreal. The strategy will be based on the cooperative community development experience in Montreal. In sum, in accordance to the continual development of the application and possibly related applications, Eva aspires to ultimately carry out research and development in network transport with autonomous vehicles. HISTORY Q4 BIRTH Initial development 2017 MARKET RESEARCH Study of cooperativism Study of blockchain Q Q GOVERNANCE Decentralized autonomous organization 2018 TECHNOLOGY Smart contract building 2018 Q3 Q4 PRE-TOKEN SALE Beta launch in Montreal 2018

37 37 ROADMAP FIRST INITIAL TOKEN OFFERING Development in Quebec Strategic development plan Q Q LAUNCH IN TORONTO Development in Ontario 2019 LAUNCH IN ALGIERS Development in Algeria 2019 Q3 Q4 SECOND INITIAL TOKEN OFFERING Inter-urban development 2019 LAUNCH IN PRISTINA Development in Kosovo 2020 Q1 Q2 LAUNCH IN MEXICO Development in Mexico 2020 LAUNCH IN HOUSTON Development in Texas 2020 Q3 Q4 THIRD INITIAL TOKEN OFFERING Long-term development strategy 2020

38 TEAM 38 Raphaël Gaudreault Chief Technical Officer Co-Founder Raphaël Gaudreault studied Software Engineering at Laval University, in Canada, and at Linköping University, in Sweden. From a young age, he was interested in entrepreneurship and computer science. At the age of ten, he started to code with his home-built computer. He has worked as a software engineer in the geospatial information systems industry. He then worked and studied on blockchain programming and deep learning as a master degree student. Moreover, Raphael has also experience in reverse engineering and growth hacking marketing. In the past year, his main focus has been on EOS, and on developing on the whole stacks around a decentralized application. Dardan Isufi Chief Optimization Officer Co-Founder Max Gravitt Blockchain Beast Dardan Isufi studied Political Science at McGill University, in Canada, where he is also completed a minor in Native Studies. Captivated by social issues, he is actively interested in the emergence of the sharing economy, as well as the decentralized autonomous organization concept and emerging governance theories. He served for almost three years as an Infantry Officer in the Canadian Armed Forces, where he built action and motivation leadership. His brief military career honed his communication and teamwork skills while sharpening his sense of responsibility. Rewarded by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, Dardan is also a recipient of the notorious TD Canada Trust Scholarships for Community Leadership and a finalist for the prestigious Loran Scholar Foundation. As an Albanian born in Switzerland living in Canada, Dardan is more than ready to develop Eva all around the globe. Max Gravitt has twenty years of experience in various functions of software development at different sized organizations. Based in the United States, he has worked at Intel, SAS Institute, Burt's Bees, Skullcandy, and SPS Commerce in engineering, as well as customer-facing leadership roles. In a couple of years, Max has become very interested in blockchain as a technology, and the social impact that it can achieve. Max is the founder of Morristown New Jersey Blockchain, and Crypto-currency Meetup, which leads educational and networking events for over 450 members. He has taught courses in blockchain development, developed specialized tokens for use in initial coin offerings and precious metals, and is an active member of the EOS community. Recently, Max has participated in several EOS activities and hackathons as a mentor. He recently created Digital Scarcity, a blockchain consultancy development company for decentralized applications.

39 Merouane Benthameur Software Blockchain Ninjaneer 39 Merouane Benthameur is a Software Developer with over six years of experience. He has studied at Sherbrooke University and Laval University, both in Canada. Merouane is very passionate about coding, machine learning, and development and operations. Merouane has occupied various roles during his professional experience and boasts a successful history in the full lifecycle development of business intelligence and big data solutions, as well as the back-end of web applications. Following his life goals, in the last years, Merouane is focusing on EOS blockchain technology evolution and wishes to democratize the use of it. From Algerian roots, Merouane is highly interesting in developing the ecosystem in Africa. ADVISORS Jacob Bryan White Paper Coach Tiberius Brastaviceanu Decentralization Wizard Jacob Bryan, known as Jake, a very dynamic person, is a blockchain enthusiastic who worked with several decentralized projects. He has a technical background with a degree in Computer Engineering from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, in the United States. Jake has worked for Rockwell Collins, as well as for other defense contractors before making the switch to the world of digital currencies. Based in the United States, Jake has transitioned out of a developer role and is a technical writer, relationship marketer, and a product manager. He enjoys selfdevelopment, and thanks to his natural ability to help others feel welcome and improve collective cohesion, finds a way to improve the lives of everyone he meets. Jake's interest in crypto-currencies has only grown with time. He firmly believes that the third blockchain wave will fulfill his lifelong dream of making the world a more equitable place, by taking power away from institutions and giving it back to the people. Tiberius is a multifunctional scientist with a bachelor degree in Physics, a master degree in Nuclear Medicine, and Radiobiology, and subsequently studied Philosophy. Originally from Romania, he co-founded Sensorica, a pilot project for commons-based peer production applied to hardware in Canada. On the organizational side, Tiberius is one of the main architects of the open value network model and very instrumental in its implementation. On the business side, Tiberius is developing sustainable, self-organizing ecosystems based on open innovation. The business models that interest him the most are based on peer-to-peer economics principles and rely on decentralized technologies. His academic background is in physics, nonlinear optics, and laser applications to biotechnology, as well as epistemology. Within Sensorica, he is also active in optical sensing projects, and he contributes to software development.

40 40 Robert Mayer Product Development Sheriff Robert has a unique combination of over twenty years of software development experience, up to two years experience as a ride-share driver, and over a year experience with various blockchain-based projects. Based in the United States, his role as a product development manager includes drafting detailed functional requirements and creating a thorough set of test cases. Robert brings focus and clarity to the development team to build world-class mobile applications. Robert's help enables Eva to become the most successful decentralized ride-sharing application and a true mass market decentralized application. PARTNERS

41 MARKET RESEARCH 41 Market research is an indispensable preliminary step for the introduction of the decentralized application to the market. It gives an important indicator that determines the potential of the market. With preferences and behaviours in a state of perpetual fluctuation, it is essential to stay in the know on these latest trends. The market research was first conducted in Montreal, and the data recorded was compared to several pieces of research made in Toronto, Boston, and New York. It presents a solid overview of the current situation of mobility in North America. Mainly, it highlights the huge potential for ride-sharing development, and the many opportunities to launch a cheaper, sustainable, and more localized decentralized ride-sharing application. A mix of focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted for the market research. Various stakeholders in mobility issues were consulted in Montreal. SEGMENT APPROACH DETAILS General population Taxi services users Ride-sharing applications users Two focus groups of seven participants Two focus groups of seven participants Two focus groups of seven participants Must be aware of ride-sharing applications Must use taxi services at least once a week Must use ride-sharing applications at least once a week Mobility is at the forefront of cities' main challenges. Frustration with traffic, congestion, constant construction, lack of parking, and poor road conditions are the first thoughts when referring to mobility systems. Primarily, dissatisfaction with taxi services is striking, especially regarding the unreliability of the service, the lack 0f integration regarding connectivity, as well as the high cost for the rides. In addition to the long delays caused by taxi services, it is a common conception that cash is the preferred mode of payment, that delays are unmistakably high at peak times, and that at the end of the day, the profit made by drivers is relatively low. WAITING TIME PARKING POLITICS OVERCROWDED TRAFIC MOBILITY PUBLIC TRANSPORT ROADS SERVICE S SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY PEAK HOUR SOCIAL SERVICES CONSTRUCTION FEW ALTERNATIVES TECHNOLOGY MEMBERS' SERVICES On the other hand, thoughts and perceptions about ride-sharing services are very positive for both users and nonusers. These are most strongly associated with the practical experience it offers and its position as a cheaper option to get around. It is considered a high-tech, fast and accessible offering, with accessibility and availability superior to taxi services. It is also very likely to be used as an intermediary for the first and last kilometer or mile. RIDE-SHARING

42 In 2017, in Montreal, at least nine out of ten residents have used public transit in the last twelve months, while six out of ten have used a taxi services and one in five has used ride-sharing applications. Of the users, two-thirds use public transit at least once a week, while almost always using the same frequency. Less than one in five use taxis weekly. 42 USE FREQUENCY RIDE-SHARING Ube r 20% 14% 28% 13% 23% TAXI SERVICES Taxi 7% 8% 17% 15% 52% *Values less than 5% not shown. Daily Few times in a week Weekly Few times in a month Monthly Few times in a year In order to understand the behaviour of users of mobility services, their current use must be studied according to their past use. At a rate of more than six in ten, the majority of ride-sharing users report using a service more often than twelve months ago, while only three in ten use the service less often. Nearly half of them report using taxi services less often than before using ride-sharing application, while one-third use taxi services the same amount, and fewer than two in ten more often. The circular representation below illustrates the behaviour of ride-sharing users in Montreal over twelve months. USE FREQUENCY AFTER A YEAR The arrival of models offered by networked transmission link companies has created a new patronage model that differs from that offered by traditional taxi services. 63% More often Less often 9% 28% Same The arrival of models offered by networked transmission link companies has created a new patronage model that differs from that offered by traditional taxi services. It should be noted that 4% of ride-sharing users say they have never used taxi services before. The fact that the customer experience is higher because of accurate pricing, increased security, and peer-to-peer rating, ultimately means that ride-sharing applications use tends to continually grow. The fact that the ride-sharing applications within sharing economy ensure an exchange between users on an equal basis is indicator of this strong adoption. This suggests that once on the market, adoption of new ride-sharing applications is fast and appreciated. With regards to the typical clientele of ride-sharing companies, it appears that the two main profiles are that of the young professional, and the young adult, with both men and women, solicited within these groups. However, people of higher age brackets are also common users of ride-sharing applications, and this trend tends to increase year after year.

43 43 MEMBER BASE 9% 12% 41% 49% 48% 3% 13% years old years old 25% years old years old 54+ years old In the city of New York, traditional ride-sharing applications currently make up a greater part of the market. This phenomenon seems to spare none of the cities researched and tends to increase. Even in cities like London, where respectively the black cab is an iconic symbol, the market share of traditional ride-sharing applications is even higher. 28 RIDE-SHARING APPLICATIONS SHARE OF MARKET 2016 RIDE-SHARING APPLICATIONS SHARE OF MARKET % 35% 84% 65% Ride-sharing applications Taxi services The established monopoly of some traditional ride-sharing companies is quickly debunked when other ride-sharing applications enters the market bringing in alternatives. 29 This market competition increase the quality of service, which constantly growths ride-sharing applications share of the market. Even if some well-established traditional ride-sharing companies claim to hold the monopoly, it is fair to say that the market is still small, compared to the possibilities brought on by potential development. In 2015, in the United States, among the average adult population, only 15% of them said to have used a ride-sharing application. Unusually, among them, the majority do not consider using it regularly, preferring conventional modes of mobility such as cars and taxis. However, there is a special niche for mobility, but also short-distance rides that still need to be developed Smith, Aaron. Share, Collaborative, and on Demand: The New Digital Economy. Washington, US: PEW Research Center, p Ibid. p Ibid. p

44 44 ADULT USE OF RIDE-SHARING APPLICATIONS 15% 51% 33% Have used Have heard of, but not used Have not heard of The emergence of the ride-sharing concept has left many people uncertain of the terms' actual meaning and implications. That being said, in the last decades, with the democratization of the term, more and more people now differentiate the characteristics of ride-sharing applications and taxi services, namely the supply management. In fact, in most cities, the taxi supply is regulated by government-based supply management process, which is often quite costly. PERCEPTION ON RIDE-SHARING APPLICAITONS 11 % 30 % 59 % Ride-sharing applications, on the other hand, develop itself in the sharing economy perspective, allowing anyone with even the most basic understanding of its functioning to participate in the market. It is quite easy to understand that compared to traditional taxi services, ride-sharing applications alone serve as innovative technologies. People associate ride-sharing applications as "software companies that simply connect the driver with people who are looking for a ride." 31 The other side of the coin regarding traditional ride-sharing companies regards data management. The majority of people have serious concerns with data management. There seems to be a greater sensitivity to personal data. Technology provider Taxi services 50% thinks traditional ride-sharing companies collect too much personal data on users No thoughts By developing an alternative that is cooperative and decentralized, Eva fills a gap and manages to extract the best taxi services and traditional ride-sharing companies, whether it is at the technical, or social level. ACCESS TECHNOLOGY SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY LOCALIZATION EVA TRADITIONAL RIDE- SHARING COMPANIES TAXI SERVICES As a mass-market decentralized application, Eva is useable very easily by virtually anyone who has a smartphone. The service offer is the same as traditional ride-sharing companies, but with more developed features, higher data security, and decentralized governance allowing all involved interests to interact. Eva is also an ally for cities to manage mobility intelligently. 31 Smith, Aaron. Share, Collaborative, and on Demand: The New Digital Economy. Washington, US: PEW Research Center, p. 26.

45 45 VISION Eva is a decentralized autonomous organization, guided by open value network governance and multi-stakeholder cooperative principles. " Whereas most technologies tend to automate workers on the periphery doing menial tasks, blockchains automate away the center. Instead of putting the taxi driver out of a job, blockchain puts Uber out of a job and lets the taxi driver [and driver] work with the customer directly.32 Vitalik Buterin, writer, software, and blockchain entrepreneur The oppressive dogma of the third party, be it a government or a company, to maintain a social fabric or economic exchange has shattered. People of the globe can fully and voluntarily participate in social and technological innovative communities, in new revolutions. It is now possible to "imagine instead of the centralized company [Uber], a distributed application [...] essentially a cooperative owned by its members."33 The rise of the Internet offers individuals a unique platform to communicate, and the advent of blockchain technology allows a worldwide community to create a decentralized ride-sharing application. Now is the time to work, collaborate, and build a distributed ride-sharing network made by and for the people. In the past, there were several projects that attempted to build such a solution, but the technology and structure were not compatible with growth. The problem in the very first peer-to-peer ride-sharing alternative was the contradiction between the principles of freedom that guides moral conduct and the imperative of innovation and success. It is the tension between democracy and efficiency, autonomy and the power of striking. It was almost impossible to scale blockchain throughput without constraining a hierarchical governance structure. Local communities can now build their ecosystem through engagement with cooperative action and use of the Eva mobility protocol. One bloc at the time, the road is being built in a fair and sustainable way. With Eva's decentralized autonomous organization, the local cooperative model, and a sense of purpose, people of the world can organize in a radically different manner and retain mobility, cost-effectiveness, and personal data with their new ride-sharing community Tapscott, Don, and Tapscott, Alex. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. New York, US: Portfolio, p. 36. Ibid. p. 36. "