Global Governance. Globalization and Globalizing Issues. Health and Disease Protecting Life in the Commons

Transcription

1 Global Governance Chapter 13 1 Globalization and Globalizing Issues Ø Globalization globalizes issues. p Today, states are interconnected and interdependent to a degree never previously experienced, so are issues. Ø Globalizing issues: p Health: protecting life in the commons p Environment: protecting space in the global commons p Human rights: protecting human dignity 2 Ø Globalization has had a dramatic effect on the vulnerability of individuals and communities to disease through migration and refugees, air and truck transport, trade, and troop movements. p Newly discovered diseases: Ebola, hantavirus, SARS, and HIV/AIDS. p Older diseases: cholera, dengue fever, and typhoid. 3 Ø HIV/AIDS p 14,500 new infections daily p Approximately 8000 deaths daily p > 90% new infections in Global South p Could substantially lower population growth 4 Ø AIDS as a Globalizing Issue a major health and humanitarian issue an economic issue, a development issue a social issue a human rights and ethical issue a security issue p States, IGOs, NGOs, MNCs, and individuals have responded to the AIDS. 5 Ø Beyond AIDS p Ebola fever, mad cow disease, SARS, and Avian flu. Ø A Theoretical Take p Realists: security issue and state responsibility. p Liberals: international responsibility. p Radicals: economic differential, health inequities, condemnation of MNCs. 6 1

2 Ø Conceptual Perspectives p Collective goods: The Tragedy of the Commons p Environmental security p Sustainable development Ø Three key environmental topics: p Population p Natural resources p Pollution Ø Population Issues p The Malthusian dilemma p The Limits to Growth p Population is a classically global issue. p Population becomes a classic collective goods problem. Distribution of world population, Ø Population p Annual population growth rate: 2.2% (maximum) in 1964 Currently 1.2% p Growth highest in Global South 95% of total growth Often unable to deal with social, economic and environmental problems of larger population Ø Natural Resource Issues p Natural resources are limited. p Natural resources are unevenly distributed. Ø Pollution Issues p Ozone depletion Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987 London Agreement in 1990 p Global warming U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and The Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and Ø Two major issues: p Petroleum p Water

3 Rising Average Global Temperatures at the Earth s Surface Since Ø Possible effects of global warming p Rising sea levels p Warmer winters and more severe hot spells p Increased rainfall in areas prone to flooding; dryer drought-prone regions p The disappearance of entire ecosystems p Increases in tropical disease p Increased hunger and water shortages 14 Ø A Theoretical Take p Realists: human security, roots of wars, related to state power and sovereignty. p Radicals: economic costs, derived from gap, may lead to conflicts. p Liberals: true international issue, to solve by interdependence and technology. p Constructivists: discourse, definition of problem, challenge to sovereignty. 15 Policy Debate Ø Who is primarily responsible for the international environmental problems we now face the developed countries or the developing countries? 16 p Developed Countries Are Responsible: Ø Developed countries have insatiable appetites for natural resources and excessive demands for energy and forestry-based resources. Ø Emissions from industrial plants, disproportionally represented in developed countries, are responsible for depletion of the ozone layer and the green-house effect. Ø Its use of fertilizers and chemicals in agribusiness is responsible for the pollution of natural waters and land-based wastes. Ø Chemical companies produce highly toxic wastes without safe means of disposal. 17 p Developing Countries Are Responsible: Ø High birth rates of the developing world put pressure on communities to expand the amount of land under cultivation, moving people increasingly to marginal land. Ø Use of marginal land for agriculture and grazing leads to desertification in dry areas or erosion and flooding in wet areas. Ø They are unable to provide basic sanitation systems for their populations, resulting in degradation of the environment and disease. Ø During industrialization, no attention is given to environmentally friendly processes. 18 3

4 Ø Conceptualizing p First-generation human rights Political or civil rights of citizens that prevent governmental authority from interfering with private individuals or civil society, including the right to free speech, free assembly, free press, and freedom of religion (negative rights). Ø Conceptualizing p Second-generation human rights Social and economic rights that states are obligated to provide their citizenry, including the rights to medical care, education, jobs, social security, and housing (positive rights) Ø Conceptualizing p Third-generation human rights Collective rights of groups, including the rights of ethnic or indigenous minorities and designated special groups such as women and children, and the rights to a safe environment, peace and human security, democracy and development, among others. 21 Ø Conceptualizing p Five basic categories of rights Rights of the person Rights associated with the rule of law Political rights Economic and social rights Rights of communities 22 Ø The United Nations and p Setting of the international human rights standards. The international bill of rights p Monitoring state behavior on political rights. p Promoting human rights development. p Enforcing human rights standards. Ø A Theoretical Take p Whether human rights are universal? Cultural relativism vs. universalism p How to enforce human rights standards? Economic sanctions and intervention by the international community? Realists: depend on national interests. Liberals and radicals: a state s duty

5 The Impact of Globalizing Issues p On international bargaining: more policy trade-offs; greater complexity. p On international conflict: may increase at international and sub-state level. p On state sovereignty: traditional notion challenged; need for new forms of authority and governance. p On study of IR: core assumptions jeopardized; theories modified. p The processes of interaction among the various actors in international politics: conventional cooperation formal organizational collaboration non-governmental and network collaboration Even virtual communal interaction p These changes may indicate there being various pieces of global governance Ø Global governance implies that through various structures and processes, actors coordinate interests and needs although there is no unifying political authority. p In other words, global governance is a set of structures and processes that enable actors to coordinate interdependent needs and interests in the absence of a unifying political authority Ø A Theoretical Take p Liberals: global governance is possible and desirable. International life is largely rule-based. States follow the rules of the system. It in states long-term interest to maintain the system of international cooperation. Ø A Theoretical Take p Realists: there can never be global governance in anarchy. States are motivated by self-interests. What matters are not laws and rules but relative power positions. p Radicals: uncomfortable initiative. Hegemons may structure global governance processes to their advantage

6 In Sum: Changing You Ø What we have done in this semster? p Ø Why we need to do these? p Ø How to be a better citizen? p