Peter Asaro Assistant Professor & Director Graduate Programs, School of Media Studies, The New School
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1 Peter Asaro Assistant Professor & Director Graduate Programs, School of Media Studies, The New School Affiliate Scholar, Center for Internet and Society, Stanford Law School Co-Founder & Vice-Chair, International Committee for Robot Arms Control
2 Overview What is Moral Reasoning? Law & Ethics Morality of Autonomous Killing Martens Clause Basis of New Law Mal en se
3 What is Moral Reasoning? Deliberation & Dilemmas Ideals & Norms Respect & Consideration Responsibility Development & Growth
4 Ethical Approaches Sentimentalism Utilitarianism Rights & Duties Virtue & Dignity Legalism
5 Moral Sentiment Disgust: Ugh Feeling Mal en se Use in Moral Judgment Proportionality (Hard Cases) Try to Formulate as Rules Superfluous Injury Dictates of Public Conscience
6 Utilitarianism Machines might be better, make less mistakes Value x Probability = Expected Utility Most Likely (Not Best Case Scenario ) Killing vs. Letting Die Consequences Acts
7 Rights Human Rights UN Declaration of Human Rights Right to Life Self-Defense High-Standard (Human Judgment) Dignity Respect Recognition
8 States & Duties The human rights to life and due process, and the limited conditions under which they can be overridden, imply a specific duty with respect to a broad range of automated and autonomous technologies. In particular there is a duty upon individuals and states in peacetime, as well as combatants, military organizations, and states in armed conflict situations, not to delegate to a machine or automated process the authority or capability to initiate the use of lethal force independently of human determinations of its moral and legal legitimacy in each and every case. Asaro (2012) On Banning Autonomous Lethal Systems: Human Rights, Automation and the Dehumanizing of Lethal Decision-making. International Review of the Red Cross, Summer 2012.
9 Virtues & Dignity What do we lose in dehumanizing warfare? Responsibility & Accountability Strategic & Political Control Justice Allowing automatic processes to decide to actively take human lives diminishes the value of human life.
10 Is IHL Sufficient? Now Possible Future AWS AWS IHL-Prohibited IHL-Prohibited
11 What Lawful AWS will we see? Boundary Conditions How will we know (testing & verification) Meet Art. 36 reviews Will they be used according to IHL? Better than Human What will drive this development? What other Implications will they bring?
12 Art 1(2) of AP I Martens Clause & the Limits of the Law In cases not covered by this Protocol or by other international agreements, civilians and combatants remain under the protection an authority of the principles of international law derived from established custom, from the principles of humanity and from the dictates of public conscience. Lawful Moral Can Should
13 (Im)Morality of Autonomous Killing IHL & HRL require specifically Human decision- making Martens Clause & Public Conscience Bad Consequences Human Right to Life (in each and every case) Human Dignity & Virtue
14 Why is a Ban Good? Existing International Law Does Not Explicitly Prohibit Fully Autonomous Lethal Systems A Pre-emptive emptive Ban (But not the first) A Comprehensive Ban is the Best Option We Need to Establish A Norm Meaningful Human Control
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