parties and party systems

Transcription

1 A/ classics Series Editor: Alan Ware University of Oxford parties and party systems a framework for analysis Giovanni Sartori with a new preface by the author and an introduction by Peter Mair

2 contents page Tables and Figures Abbreviations New preface by the author Introduction by Peter Mair Preface vii ix xi xiii xxi PART ONE: THE RATIONALE: WHY PARTIES? 1 Chapter one: The party as part 3 1. From faction to party 3 2. Pluralism Responsible and responsive government A rational i sation 21 Chapter two: The party as whole No-party versus one-party The party-state system One-party pluralism 42 Chapter three: The preliminary framework Channelment, communication, expression The minimal definition An overview 57 Chapter four: The party from within Fractions, factions, and tendencies A scheme of analysis Southern politics: 'Factions' without parties? Italy and Japan: Fractions within parties The structure of opportunities From party to faction 92

3 PART TWO: PARTY SYSTEMS 103 Chapter five: The numerical criterion The issue Rules for counting A two-dimensional mapping 110 Chapter six: Competitive systems Polarised pluralism Testing the cases, Moderate pluralism and segmented societies Twoparty systems Predominant-party systems 171 Chapter seven: Non-competitive systems Where competition ends Single party Hegemonic party 204 Chapter eight: Fluid polities and quasi-parties Methodological cautions The African labyrinth Ad hoc categorising The boomerang effect 236 Chapter nine: The overall framework System change, continuum, and discontinuities Mapping function and explanatory power From classification to measurement Measuring relevance Numbers and size: The index of fractionalisation Combining the nominal and mathematical routes 281 Chapter ten: Spatial competition The Downsian theory revisited Issues, identification, images, and positions Multidimensional, unidimensional, and ideological space The direction of competition 305 Index 319

4 I tables and figures page Table 1 From responsible government to party government 18 Table 2 Breakdowns and typology of party fractions 72 Table 3 Patterns, classes, and types of multipartism 112 Figure 4 Countries plotted by power dispersion of party systems 113 Table 5 Netherlands: Electoral returns Table 6 Denmark: Electoral returns Table 7 Israel: Aggregate electoral returns Table 8 Weimar Republic: Electoral returns (Reichstag) 138 Table 9 Italy: Electoral returns (low chamber) and regional elections of Table 10 France: Electoral returns (low chamber) 140 Table 11 Chile: Electoral returns (congress) 143 Table 12 Finland: Electoral returns Table 13 Table 14 Spanish Republic, (left-to-right aggregations in seats) 145 Linear trends (regression coefficients) of aggregatereturns in seven polarised polities 146 Figure 15 Trends in the Weimar Republic 147 Figure 16a Trends in Italy 148 Figure 16b Italy, Leftward centrifugation 149 Figure 16c Italy, Rightward centrifugation 149 Figure 17a France, aggregate returns Figure 17b Trends in France Figure 18 Trends in Chile 151 Figure 19 Trends in Finland 152 Figure 20 Spain (aggregate electoral distributions) 153 Table 21 Norway: Returns and seats {Storting) 155 Table 22 Sweden: Returns and seats Table 23 Belgium: Electoral returns (low chamber) 162 Table 24 Belgium: Governmental coalitions Table 25 Countries with dominant parties 172 Table 26 Dominant parties and predominant systems 176 Table 27 Characteristics of single-party states by types and criteria 202 Table 28 Mexico: Elections (low chamber) 207 Table 29 Coups in Africa (independence to 1975) 222 Table 30 From fluidity to crystallisation (correspondences) 230 Table 31 Independent Africa: Sequences of political patterns in Table 32 thirty-nine countries Turkey: Percentages and seats in national assembly

5 Table 33 Typology of party polities 252 Table 34 The simplified structural scheme 254 Table 35 The overall framework Figure 36 The simplified model 260 Table 37 Fragmentation of governmental coalitions in eighteen countries (systemic averages circa) 270 Table 38 Cumulative percentages of selected countries 272 Table 39 Average vote and seats of any first two parties (percentages) in twenty-four democracies Figure 40 Quadratic performance of F index and possible correction 275 Table 41 Party fractionalisation (worldwide) compared with taxonomy Table 42 Party fractionalisation of twenty-six democracies (mean and median) Table 43 Comparison of typology and fractionalisation scores (mean) of twenty-five democracies 281 Figure 44 A multidimensional space 300 Figure 45 Variations of a two-dimensional party space according to centrality 303 Figure 46 Schemes of centripetal competition 308 Figure 47 Centrifugal competition 311