Political Science 395 (Winter 2016) The Politics of Corruption

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1 Political Science 395 (Winter 2016) The Politics of Corruption Northwestern University Department of Political Science Wed. 9:00-11:50AM, Scott Hall #201 (Ripton Room) Instructor: Jordan Gans- Morse Office Hours: Thurs. 10:00AM- 12:00PM or by appointment Location: Scott Hall #203 jordan.gans- COURSE SUMMARY What is corruption? How does it affect politics, economics, and the overall quality of life around the world? This course explores these and related questions. The first part of the course investigates various types of corruption such as bribery, vote buying, and financial kickbacks with a focus on recent examples from numerous countries. The second part of the course considers the consequences of corruption, with a particular emphasis on its impact on democracy and economic development. The final part of the course focuses on corruption s roots and examines a variety of anti- corruption policies. COURSE REQUIREMENTS Participation Students are expected to complete all readings prior to each session and to attend every seminar. Seminar participation will count for 35% of each student s overall grade. In addition to unstructured contributions to the conversation, participation will consist of three other responsibilities. First, every week each student will be assigned a reading to analyze with particular care. If disagreements or confusion about the reading arise during discussions, it will be this student s responsibility to provide clarifying insights. Second, each week by noon on Tuesday (the day before seminar meetings), students must post to Canvas at least one discussion question pertaining to the readings. Third, students will be expected to give a brief in- class presentation on their research projects at some point during the quarter. Assignment The primary assignment for this course is a research paper of approximately 15 to 20 pages. The writing assignment will count for 65% of the overall grade. Students may pick a research topic of their choice, as long as the topic is related to the theme of corruption. This is not a project that can be completed at the last minute. To prevent procrastination, there will be deadlines to meet throughout the term: 1

2 February 3: By or on this date, students should discuss possible research topics with the professor during office hours. February 10: A two- paragraph research topic proposal and preliminary bibliography of at least five sources due. February 17: Annotated bibliography of at least ten sources due. March 2: Preliminary outline of paper due. By or on this date, students should discuss progress with the professor during office hours. March 9: Partial rough draft (at least 7 double- spaced pages) due. March 16: Final draft of paper due. Failure to meet a deadline will result in a half- grade (i.e., an A paper receives an A- ) deduction, with the exception of documented cases of illness or family crisis. In such cases, a request must be made to the professor prior to the assignment s due date. Papers previously or simultaneously submitted for another course will not be accepted. Possible types of research papers include, but are not limited to, the following: Literature Review: Choose one of the topics from the weekly seminars and write a critical literature review on the topic. A critical literature review, drawing on multiple sources, highlights key debates in a research agenda, the positions of prominent scholars in these debates, the extent to which debates have or have not been settled, and areas for future research. Although a literature review involves a summary of existing works, it is essential to recognize that a good review also includes original critical analysis. Such analysis may critique specific studies, present an original way of classifying or organizing an ongoing debate, or offer insights on important avenues of future research. Article or Book Critique: Identify a specific study with which you strongly disagree or find in some way lacking, and conduct research to support your critique. This research may draw on other scholars who agree with your position vis- à- vis the scholarship you are critiquing, or it may utilize historical work, case studies, or quantitative data that support your claims. Country Study: Choose a country (or a state or sub- region of a country) and develop a report about the levels and types of corruption in your chosen case study. Examine sources of corruption, analyze the effects of corruption on economic development and/or democracy, and consider efforts to fight corruption and whether or not they have been successful in your chosen country or region. Based on your findings, analyze the extent to which your case study confirms or disconfirms the conclusions of readings we will be doing for the course. Data Analysis: Choose a claim from the literature we have been reading and examine the empirical support for this claim. Offer a critique of the sources of data and methodological approaches used in various studies. Address how types of data and methodological approaches affect each study s findings and offer conclusions about which studies are most methodologically convincing. 2

3 IN- CLASS ELECTRONICS POLICY Please turn all phones off before the seminar. Note that this implies no texting as well as no calls. It is permissible to bring your laptop to the seminar discussions, but it goes without saying that laptops should be used for note taking only. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY Instructors are required by university policy to report violations of academic integrity standards to the Dean s Office. A non- exhaustive list of behaviors that violate standards of academic integrity includes: cheating, plagiarism, fabrication, obtaining an unfair advantage, aiding and abetting dishonesty, falsification of records and official documents, and unauthorized access to computerized academic or administrative records or systems. Note that even unintentional plagiarism is still plagiarism. If you are unsure about whether to cite or how to cite a source, then confer with the professor. Information about Northwestern s academic integrity policies can be found at: You are strongly encouraged to take issues of academic integrity seriously. Nearly 20 Northwestern students were suspended last year due to violations of academic integrity standards. Such violations can end up on your academic record and may become a red flag for employers and graduate schools. ACCOMODATIONS FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES All necessary accommodations will be made for students with disabilities. Please contact the professor at the beginning of the term so that we can work together with the Office of Services for Students with Disabilities to make arrangements. LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of the course, the aim is that students will: Apply critical thinking and analysis to the study of contemporary political and economic events; Apply analytical writing skills; Use theories of comparative politics and political economy to place real- world manifestations of corruption in scholarly perspective. 3

4 COURSE MATERIALS There are two required books for the course: Susan Rose- Ackerman, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform (Cambridge University Press, 1999) William Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics (New York, NY: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1963)* * Free online version at: h/2810- h.htm Other materials will be provided via Canvas. For those of you with a strong interest in corruption and related topics, you may wish to purchase your own copy of some of the following works, from which we will be reading excerpts: Edward Glaeser and Claudia Goldin, eds., Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America s Economic History (University of Chicago Press, 2006) Frederic Schaffer, ed., Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying (Lynne Rienner, 2007) Charles Blake and Stephen Morris, eds., Corruption and Democracy in Latin America (University of Pittsburg Press, 2009) Michael Johnston, Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) James Scott, Comparative Political Corruption (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1972) 4

5 COURSE OVERVIEW PART I: DEFINING CORRUPTION Week 1: Definitions and Types of Corruption Wednesday, January 6 Terms, Concepts, and Definitions: An Introduction, in Arnold Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston, and Victor LeVine, eds., Political Corruption: A Handbook (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989) Pages in Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (Yale University Press, 1968) Pages in Daniel Treisman, What Have We Learned About the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross- National Empirical Research? Annual Review of Political Science 10 (2007) Pages and in Michael Johnston, Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2005) Pages pp. xiii- xix in World Bank, Anticorruption in Transition: A Contribution to the Policy Debate (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2000) Luke Balleny, Corruption Does Not Just Have a Black Face, Thomas Reuters Foundation (February 22, 2012) Familiarize yourself with Transparency International reports at and the Financial Secrecy Index at Chapter 1 in James Scott, Comparative Political Corruption (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1972) Pages and in Jakob Svensson, Eight Questions About Corruption, Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, 3 (2005) David Jancsics, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Corruption, Sociology Compass 84, 4 (2014) John Joseph Wallis, The Concept of Systematic Corruption in American History, in Edward Glaeser and Claudia Goldin, eds., Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America s Economic History (University of Chicago Press, 2006) Rasma Karklins, Typology of Post- Communist Corruption, Problems of Post- Communism 49, 4 (2002) Staffan Andersson and Paul Heywood, The Politics of Perception: Use and Abuse of Transparency International s Approach to Measuring Corruption, Political Studies 57, 4 (2009) 5

6 PART II: CORRUPTION AND DEVELOPMENT Week 2: Bribery and Administrative Corruption Wednesday, January 13 Pages in Susan Rose- Ackerman, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform (Cambridge University Press, 1999) Introduction in John Noonan, Bribes (New York, NY: McMillan Publishing Co., 1984) Jeffrey Fadiman, A Traveler s Guide to Bribes and Gifts, Harvard Business Review (July- August 1986): Introduction, pages and 27-38, and Chapter 2 in Alena Ledeneva, Russia s Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange (Cambridge University Press, 1998) Koenraad Swart, The Sale of Public Offices, in Arnold Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston, and Victor LeVine, eds., Political Corruption: A Handbook (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989) Jiangnan Zhu, Why are Offices for Sale in China? A Case Study of the Office- Selling Chian in Heilongjiang Province, Asian Survey 48, 4 (2008) Kelly McMann, Corruption As a Last Resort: Adapting to the Market in Central Asia (Cornell University Pres, 2014) Alena Ledeneva, Blat and Guanxi: Informal Practices in Russia and China, Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, 1 (2008) Pages in Brian Taylor, State Building in Putin s Russia: Policing and Coercion after Communism (Cambridge University Press, 2011) Marcel Mauss, The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies (London: Routledge, 1990[1922]) Dana Katz, Arthur Caplan, and Jon Merz, All Gifts Large and Small: Toward an Understanding of the Ethics of Pharmaceutical Industry Gift- Giving, The American Journal of Bioethics 3, 3 (2003): Abel Polese, If I receive it, it is a gift; if I demand it, then it is a bribe : On the Local Meaning of Economic Transactions in Ukraine, Anthropology in Action 15, 3 (2008): Robert Wade, The Market for Public Office: Why the Indian State is not Better at Development, World Development 13, 4 (1985) 6

7 Week 3: Economic Costs of Corruption Wednesday, January 20 Chapter 2 in Susan Rose- Ackerman, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform (Cambridge University Press, 1999) Pages and in Jakob Svensson, Eight Questions About Corruption, Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, 3 (2005) Nathaniel Leff, Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption, American Behavioral Scientist 8 (1964) Daniel Kaufmann, Corruption: The Facts, Foreign Policy (Summer 1997) Chapter 1 in David Kang, Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, Corruption, Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, 3 (1993) Pages in Daniel Treisman, What Have We Learned About the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross- National Empirical Research? Annual Review of Political Science 10 (2007) Susan Rose- Ackerman, ed., International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Edgar, 2006) o Mushtaq Kahn, Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries: The Limits of Conventional Economic Analysis o Pages in Johann Lambsdorff, Causes and Consequences of Corruption: What do we Know from a Cross- Section of Countries? Tomas Larsson, Reform, Corruption, and Growth: Why Corruption is More Devastating in Russia than in China, Communist and Post- Communist Studies 39, 2 (2006) Yan Sun, Reform, State, and Corruption: Is Corruption Less Destructive in China than in Russia? Comparative Politics 32, 1 (1999): 1-20 Chapter 2 in Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel, Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations (Princeton University Press, 2008) Benjamin Olken and Patrick Barron, The Simple Economics of Extortion: Evidence from Trucking in Aceh, Journal of Political Economy 117, 3 (2009) John Waterbury, Endemic and Planned Corruption in a Monarchical Regime, World Politics 25, 4 (1973) 7

8 Week 4: Corruption in Developed Countries Wednesday, January 27 Edward Glaeser and Claudia Goldin, eds., Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America s Economic History (University of Chicago Press, 2006) o Pages 3-9 and in Edward Glaeser and Claudia Goldin, Corruption and Reform: Introduction o Rebecca Menes, Limiting the Reach of the Grabbing Hand: Graft and Growth in American Cities, Pages and in John Heilbrunn, Oil and Water? Elite Politicians and Corruption in France, Comparative Politics 37, 3 (2005) Pages and in Michael Johnston, Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2005) John Cassara, Delaware, Den of Thieves? The New York Times (November 1, 2013) Supplementary Reading Thomas Gradel and Dick Simpson, Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality (University of Illinois Press, 2015) Mircea Popa, Elites and Corruption: A Theory of Endogenous Reform and a Test Using British Data, World Politics 67, 2 (2015) Chapter 3 in James Scott, Comparative Political Corruption (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1972) Jacob van Klaveren, Corruption: The Special Case of the United States, in Arnold Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston, and Victor LeVine, eds., Political Corruption: A Handbook (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989) John Joseph Wallis, The Concept of Systematic Corruption in American History in Edward Glaeser and Claudia Goldin, eds., Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America s Economic History (University of Chicago Press, 2006) Edward Glaeser and Raven Saks, Corruption in America, Journal of Public Economics 90 (2006) Miriam Golden and Eric Chang, Competitive Corruption: Factional Conflict and Political Malfeasance in Postwar Italian Christian Democracy, World Politics 53 (2001) Benjamin Nyblade and Steven Reed, Who Cheats? Who Loots? Political Competition and Corruption in Japan, , American Journal of Political Science 52,4 (2008) Thomas Schleisinger and Kenneth Meier, Variations in Corruption among the American States, in Arnold Heidenheimer and Michael Johnston, eds., Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002) 8

9 PART III: CORRUPTION AND DEMOCRACY Week 5: Electoral Corruption Wednesday, February 3 Frederic Schaffer, ed., Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying (Lynne Rienner, 2007) o Frederic Schaffer and Andreas Schedler, What is Vote Buying? o Chin Shou- Wang and Charles Kurzman, The Logistics: How to Buy Votes Pages and in Fabrice Lehoucq and Ivan Molina, Stuffing the Ballot Box: Fraud, Election Reform, and Democratization in Costa Rica (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Introduction (by Arthur Mann) and Chapters 1-3, 6-7, 9, and 18 in William Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics (New York, NY: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1963) Chapter 2 in Thomas Gradel and Dick Simpson, Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality (University of Illinois Press, 2015) Allen Hicken, Clientelism, Annual Review of Political Science 14 (2011) Susan Stokes, Thad Dunning, Marcelo Nazareno, and Valeria Brusco, Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Simona Piattoni, Clientelism in Historical and Comparative Perspective, in Simona Piattoni, ed., Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation: The European Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2001) James Scott, Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change, American Political Science Review 63 (1969) Javier Auyero, The Logic of Clientelism in Argentina: An Ethnographic Account, Latin American Research Review 35, 3 (2000): Mikhail Myagkov, Peter Ordeshook, and Dimitri Shakin, The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine (Cambridge University Press, 2009) 9

10 Week 6: Lobbying, State Capture, and Corruption Wednesday, February 10 Francesco Giovannoni, Lobbying versus Corruption, CESifo DICE Report 1 (2011) Pages in Joel Hellman, Geraint Jones, and Daniel Kauffman, Seize the State, Seize the Day: State Capture and Influence in Transition Economies, Journal of Comparative Economics 31, 4 (2003) Pages in Michael Johnston, Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2005) Dorie Appolonio, Bruce Cain, and Lee Drutman, Access and Lobbying: Looking Beyond the Corruption Paradigm, Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 36,1 (2008) Pages and in Richard Briffault, Corporations, Corruption, and Complexity: Campaign Finance After Citizens United, Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 20 ( ) Simon Johnson, The Quiet Coup, The Atlantic (May 2009) Peter Schweizer, Politicians Extortion Racket, The New York Times (October 21, 2013) Binyamin Appelbaum, Who Wants to Buy a Politician? The New York Times Magazine (December 9, 2014) Thomas Edsall, The Value of Political Corruption, The New York Times (August 5, 2014) Joshua Kalla and David Broockman, Campaign Contributions Facilitate Access to Congressional Officials: A Randomized Field Experiment, American Journal of Political Science (2015) Zephyr Teachout, Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin s Snuff Box to Citizens United (Harvard University Press, 2014) Nauro Campos and Francesco Giovannoni, Lobbying, Corruption, and Political Influence, Public Choice 131, 1/2 (2007) Joel Hellman, Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist Transitions, World Politics 50, 2 (1998) Timothy Frye, Capture or Exchange? Business Lobbying in Russia, Europe- Asia Studies 54, 7 (2002) Irina Slinko, Evgeny Yakovlev, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, Laws for Sale: Evidence from Russia, American Law and Economics Review 7, 1 (2005) 10

11 Week 7: Democratic Costs of Corruption Wednesday, February 17 John Bailey, Corruption and Democratic Governability, in Charles Blake and Stephen Morris, eds., Corruption and Democracy in Latin America (University of Pittsburg Press, 2009) John McMillan and Pablo Zoido, How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru, Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, 4 (2004) Keith Darden, The Integrity of Corrupt States: Graft as an Informal Political Institution, Politics and Society 36, 1 (2007) Susan Stokes, Is Vote Buying Undemocratic? in Frederic Schaffer, ed., Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying (Lynne Rienner, 2007) Jeffrey Winters, Oligarchy and Democracy, The American Interest (November- December 2011) Luigi Manzetti and Carole Wilson, Why Do Corrupt Governments Maintain Public Support? in Charles Blake and Stephen Morris, eds., Corruption and Democracy in Latin America (University of Pittsburg Press, 2009) PART IV: CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS Week 8: Sources of Corruption Wednesday, February 24 Pages 3-22 in Johann Lambsdorff, Causes and Consequences of Corruption: What Do We Know from a Cross- Section of Countries? in Susan Rose- Ackerman, ed., International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Edgar, 2006) Chapters 7 and 11 in Susan Rose- Ackerman, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform (Cambridge University Press, 1999) Chapter 4 in Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel, Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations (Princeton University Press, 2008) Pages in Daniel Treisman, What Have We Learned About the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross- National Empirical Research? Annual Review of Political Science 10 (2007) Pages in Jakob Svensson, Eight questions about corruption, Journal of 11

12 Economic Perspectives 19, 3 (2005) Edward Glaeser and Raven Saks, Corruption in America, Journal of Public Economics 90 (2006) Benjamin Nyblade and Steven Reed, Who Cheats? Who Loots? Political Competition and Corruption in Japan, , American Journal of Political Science 52,4 (2008) Kim Hill, Democratization and Corruption: Systematic Evidence from the American States, American Politics Research 31 (2003) Miriam Golden and Eric Chang, Competitive Corruption: Factional Conflict and Political Malfeasance in Postwar Italian Christian Democracy, World Politics 53 (2001) Strom Thacker, Democracy, Economic Policy, and Political Corruption in Comparative Perspective, in Charles Blake and Stephen Morris, eds., Corruption and Democracy in Latin America (University of Pittsburg Press, 2009) Jana Kunicova and Susan Rose- Ackerman, Electoral Rules and Constitutional Structures as Constraints on Corruption, British Journal of Political Science 35 (2005) Torsten Persson, Guido Tabellini, and Francesco Trebbi, Electoral Rules and Corruption, Journal of the European Economic Association 1, 4 (2003) Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel, Corruption, Norms, and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets, Journal of Political Economy 115,6 (2007) Week 9: Overcoming Corruption Wednesday, March 2 General Reform Literature Pages in Jakob Svensson, Eight Questions About Corruption, Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, 3 (2005) Pages in Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (University of California Press, 1988) Chapter 10 in Susan Rose- Ackerman, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform (Cambridge University Press, 1999) Chapter 9 in Rasma Karklins, The System Made Me Do It: Corruption in Post- Communist Societies (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005) Specific Cases Chapter 4 in Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (University of California Press, 1988) Yuen Yuen Ang, Authoritarian Restraints on Online Activism Revisited: Why I- Paid- A- Bribe Worked in India but Failed in China, Comparative Politics 47, 1 (2014) 12

13 The Economist, Who to Punish: India s Chief Economic Adviser Wants to Legalise Some Kinds of Bribe- Giving (May 5, 2011) Matthew Devlin, Seizing the Reform Movement: Rebuilding Georgia s Police, , Innovations for Successful Societies, Princeton University, 2010 General Literature on Reforms Pages in Johann Lambsdorff, Causes and Consequences of Corruption: What Do We Know from a Cross- Section of Countries? in Susan Rose- Ackerman, ed., International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Edgar, 2006) Chapter 8 in Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel, Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations (Princeton University Press, 2008) Chapters 6 and 10 in Johann Lambsdorff, The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, Evidence, and Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2007) Chapter 8 in Michael Johnston, Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) Mircea Popa, Elites and Corruption: A Theory of Endogenous Reform and a Test Using British Data, World Politics 67, 2 (2015) Transparency and Corruption Kaushik Basu, Why, for a Class of Bribes, the Act of Giving a Bribe Should be Treated as Legal, Indian Ministry of Finance, Working Paper (March 2011) Thomas Andersen, Jeanet Bentzen, Carl- Johan Dalgaard, and Pablo Selaya, Does the Internet Reduce Corruption? Evidence from U.S. States and Across Countries, World Bank Economic Observer 24, 3 (2011) Ritva Reinikka and Jakob Svensson, Fighting Corruption to Improve Schooling: Evidence from a Newspaper Campaign in Uganda, Journal of the European Economic Association 3, 2/3 (2005) Stephanie Strom, Web Sites Shine Light on Petty Bribery Worldwide, The New York Times (March 6, 2012) Fighting Electoral Corruption Allen Hicken, How Effective Are Institutional Reforms? in Frederic Schaffer, ed., Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying (Lynne Rienner, 2007) Simeon Nichter, Vote Buying in Brazil: From Impunity to Prosecution, University of California, San Diego, Department of Political Science, unpublished manuscript Pages 1-12 and in Fabrice Lehoucq and Ivan Molina, Stuffing the Ballot Box: Fraud, Election Reform, and Democratization in Costa Rica (Cambridge University Press, 2002) 13

14 Chapter 8 in Susan Stokes, Thad Dunning, Marcelo Nazareno, and Valeria Brusco, Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Case Studies Alan Doig and Stephen Riley, Corruption and Anti- Corruption Strategies: Issues and Case Studies From Developing Countries, in UNDP, Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries (New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme, 1998) Donatella Della Porta and Alberto Vannucci, Corruption and Anti- Corruption: The Political Defeat of Clean Hands in Italy, West European Politics 30, 4 (2007) John Joseph Wallis, Price Fishback, and Shawn Kantor, Politics, Relief, and Reform: Roosevelt s Efforts to Control Corruption and Political Manipulation During the New Deal, in Edward Glaeser and Claudia Goldin, eds., Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America s Economic History (University of Chicago Press, 2006) World Bank, Anticorruption in Transition 3: Who is Succeeding and Why? (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2006) 14