The American & French Revolutions. From Absolutism to Power-to-the-People

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1 The American & French Revolutions From Absolutism to Power-to-the-People

2 12/17/18 Do Now Written Reflection What significant ideas of Enlightenment philosophers affect you as an American citizen in 2018?

3 Assignment Complete page one of your American & French Revolutions packet mbdmbqu

4 Factors Leading to the Revolution Absolutism Due to the Reformation & the Age of Absolutism, the power shifted from the Church to kings and queens. This would lead to all power in the hands of one. This power will lead to (effects): new ideas about government. protest and civil unrest. new ideas of citizens rights. REVOLUTION!

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6 13 Colonies Unite against Great Britain: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

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8 The Settlement of America During the Age of Exploration, Europeans began colonizing in North America England granted joint-stock charters to colonists who were searching for wealth or religious freedom From 1607 to 1733, England established 13 colonies in America; The colonies were very different & lacked unity

9 Economics & Government in America Define Mercantilism Text England used mercantilism to control colonial trade & increase their profits Despite these trade restrictions, the colonists made money trading with England Using the diagram to the left, how would you describe colonial assembly? England used a policy called salutary neglect which allowed colonists freedom to make their own laws & taxes Americans created own What do you thinktheir salutary colonial assemblies & enjoyed self neglect means? government

10 The French & Indian War ( ) For 150 years, colonists were happy with this relationship with England But, everything changed after the French & Indian War In 1754, England & France went to war for seven years over territory in America In 1763, England won the war & the Treaty of Paris gave England all French lands east of the Mississippi River... But the war left England with massive debts

11 To pay off war debts from the French & Indian War, Britain created a series of new taxes on the American colonists The colonists were upset that Parliament in England would pass laws without the colonists approval Their slogan became: No taxation without representation

12 Colonists responded to new taxes with boycotts (refusing to buy British goods that were taxed) Boycotts were effective, but the king & Parliament believed the Americans should obey British laws & took power away from the colonial assemblies

13 12/18/18 Do Now Think-Pair-Share During the decision to create an independent nation, do you think the Founding Fathers had the right idea about equality and justice? How do you feel about the social contract?

14 The Difference What gave the colonists hope was the opportunity to be gained by courage, cause, the home court advantage, and patriotism Unlike earlier European dynastic squabbles, the American Revolution was an ideological war that affected the population Remember, officers and soldiers, that you are freemen, fighting for the blessings of liberty; that slavery will be your portion and that of your posterity if you do not acquit yourselves like men. George Washington

15 From 1763 to 1776, tensions between the English government & the American colonists increased

16 The Enlightenment Sparks a Revolution The language of natural law, of inherent freedoms, of self-determination becomes the foundation of the revolution. Not really a classic revolution in the sense that a social class did not revolt against the one above it. Really more of a war for independence, but it did incorporate rhetoric from the Age of Enlightenment. American revolutionary leaders studied Locke and others. Thomas Jefferson borrows and expands on many of the ideals of the 1215 Magna Carta, the 1689 English Bill of Rights, and European philosophers.

17 Americans were literate & read books by leading Enlightenment thinkers, especially John Locke, & used these ideas to justify their protest People are born with natural rights, including life, liberty, property Kings can be overthrown if they violate peoples natural rights Government power comes from the consent of the governed

18 British abuses & Enlightenment ideas inspired Americans to declare independence Ben Franklin, John Adams, & Thomas Jefferson served on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

19 Title

20 Enlightenment Ideals American Colonies Natural Rights life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness Social Contract government s purpose serve & protect Freedom of speech, press, and religion Separation of Power legislative, judicial, & executive branches System of Checks and Balances Education CRITICAL Science and technology necessary to solve problems Ideas of human rights and social programs to help others

21 Declaration of Independence all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness Governments derive their power and authority from the consent of the governed When any government infringes upon individual s rights, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government Declared the colonies to be Free and Independent States

22 The Declaration of Independence Analysis What did the Declaration of Independence say & why was it such a revolutionary document? Small Group Activity using your Abridged Interpretation of the Declaration of Independence read, discuss and answer the follow-up questions.

23 Effects of Colonist Win Huge gamble for American colonies to wage war against the British France eager to gain revenge for earlier defeats in the French and Indian War Supply colonies with arms and troops Battle of Yorktown (Cornwallis vs Washington) British call it quits in 1781 with this defeat Treaty of Paris (1783)

24 The American Revolution lasted from 1775 to 1783 After 6 years of fighting, the Americans defeated the British at the Battle of Yorktown Brief summary of American Revolution Treaty of Paris, 1783

25 The founding fathers created a federal system that created a national government but allowed the 13 states to keep power & make their own laws. Government Structure Many of the ideas of the Enlightenment served as inspiration for the new national government of the United States

26 The American Revolution was an important event in world history It was the first time a colony overthrew its mother country It was the first time a gov t was created using Enlightenment ideas of limited government & individual liberty The success in America inspired revolutions in Europe & Latin America

27 American vs French Revolution Ideology The Americans sought independence from British imperial rule, but they kept British law and much of the British social and cultural heritage On the other hand, French revolutionaries sought to replace the ancien regime ( the old order ) with new political, social, and cultural structures

28 Homework Complete your American Revolution Study Guide located in your packet. Due 12/19

29 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION A Call to Action:

30 12/19/18 Do Now Think-Pair-Share The Enlightenment and the American Revolution helped influence other government revolts in countries around the world, including France. What are specific ideas you think the French are going to take from the Enlightenment thinkers and the Americas?

31 Key Figures of the French Revolution Louis XVI: King of France during the Revolution Marie Antoinette: Queen of France during the Revolution Maximillian Robespierre: The official leader of the Third Estate during the French Revolution and the architect of the Reign of Terror. The First Estate: The extreme wealthy religious leaders, made up about 1% of total population The Second Estate: The extreme wealthy nobility, lords & dukes, made up about 2% of the total population The Third Estate: France s middle and poor classes, made up 97% of the total population The Bourgeoisie: France s middle class, mostly made up of business owners, craftsman and artisans Sans Culottes: Nickname of France s poorer class Napoleon Bonaparte: French general during the revolution who later assumed control of the government after the Reign of Terror and crowned

32 French Revolution - Overview The French Revolution took place from For centuries, the quality of life in Europe had been determined by the status that a person or family held. Inherited NOT EARNED! 97% of Europe s people struggled to survive while the remaining 3% lived a life of wealth and comfort. This gap between the wealthy and the poor created resentment. In the British Colonies in America declared their independence and then enforced it by beating back the most powerful military on Earth. gave the French people a great deal of inspiration gave hope to many poverty stricken peasants, who wanted to see the powerful aristocracies of Europe fall. The French lower classes decided to rebel, and create a new, more fair society. based on the desire for the democracy, citizenship, and undeniable rights philosophers had been discussing. During the Reign of Terror, people afraid of being accused as a traitor. The penalty beheaded in the guillotine. The French Revolution, though it seemed a failure in 1799, and appeared nullified by 1815, had far-reaching results.

33 The French Revolution History Channel HD For the next 2 days, you will need to follow along with the Video Guide in your packet!

34 Ancien Regime The Old Regime Old Regime socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century Countries were ruled by absolutism the monarch had absolute control over the government Classes of people privileged and unprivileged Unprivileged people Privileged people

35 Short Term Causes of the Revolution Bankruptcy Great Fear The Estates General Caused by deficit spending Worst famine in memory Louis XVI had no choice but to Financial ministers (Turgot, Hungry, impoverished peasants call for a meeting of the Necker, Calonne) proposed feared that nobles at changes Estates-General were seeking solution to the bankruptcy But these were rejected Assembly of Notables voted greater privileges Attacks on nobles occurred Estates-General to find a problem All three estates down taxation for the nobility throughout the country in 1789 Had not met since 1614 in 1787 Set in motion a series of events which resulted in the abolition of the monarchy and a completely new socio-political system for France

36 The Spread of a Revolution During the meeting of the Estates General, King Louis XVI moved troops into position to drive out the Assembly Parisians took action against the Army Capture of Bastille prison, looted for weapons and destroyed the Bastille General Lafayette formed the National Guard Flag of Red, White, Blue Peasants developed Great Fear, Fear that the Nobles would try to end the Revolution by crushing the peasants Peasants attacked local manor houses, destroyed documents recording rents, dues, and obligations.

37 The Seven Years War Louis XV Louis XV War fought in Europe, India, North America France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions Increases French national debt French and English troops fight at the battle of Fort St. Philip on the island of Minorca

38 Estates General In May 1789, in an effort to raise taxes, King Louis XVI convened the Estates General, an assembly representing the entire French population through three groups known as estates

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40 Estates General The Three Estates First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobility Third Estate: middle class and the poor One vote per estate Clergy and nobility usually joined together to outvote the Third Estate Met in Versailles in May 1789 Voting controversy

41 The Estates General First Estate The first estate was about 100,000 Roman Catholic clergy The second estate was about 400,000 nobles The third estate was about 24 million others (serfs, free peasants, laborers) In spite of these numerical discrepancies, each estate had one vote

42 The Estates General Second Estate Less then 2% of French population Held highest positions in Government and Army Paid few if any taxes, collected dues from peasants

43 The Estates General Third Estate The third estate demanded sweeping political and social reform, but the other two estates resisted On June 20, 1789, the third estate seceded from the Estates General and declared itself the National Assembly

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45 Three Types of Citizen Action Taken 1. Social Protests citizens demonstrate against a government action or policy they want to change 2. Political Action citizens write or change a law to change a government policy or action 3. Revolution citizens attempt a radical change in their government usually through an overthrow of the existing government

46 The Third Estate Awakens This cartoon is called The Third Estate Awakens Why do you think this name was given? How does it compare to the first cartoon I showed you of The Three Estates?

47 From The Third Estate to The National Assembly The National Assembly vowed not to disband until France had a written constitution This assertion of popular sovereignty spread to Paris and on July 14 a crowd stormed the Bastille to seize weapons and ammunition The garrison surrendered in the wake of great bloodshed The attackers severed the commander s head and paraded it through the streets on a pike Insurrections spread throughout France

48 Tennis Court Oath

49 Four Phases (Periods) of the French Revolution

50 National Assembly The Declaration of the Rights of Man and The Citizen In Aug 1789, the National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Obviously influenced by the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence Proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people, and asserted individual rights to liberty, prosperity, and security

51 National Assembly Reforms Restructured French society Ended the fees and labor services the peasants owed their landlords Seized church lands Abolished the first estate and defined clergy as civilians Required clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the state Made the king the chief executive but deprived him of legislative authority (a constitutional monarchy) Men of property could vote for legislators The motto of the National Assembly was Liberty, equality, fraternity

52 Constitution of 1791 Democratic features France became a limited monarchy All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly Feudalism was abolished Undemocratic features Voting was limited to taxpayers Offices were reserved for property owners This new government became known as the Legislative Assembly

53 National Assembly to Convention Fearful the National Assembly s ideas would spread, the rulers of Austria and Prussia invaded France to support the king and restore the ancien regime The revolutionaries responded by establishing the Convention, a new legislative body elected by universal male suffrage The Convention abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic

54 The National Convention First met on September 21, 1792 Revolutionary Calendar Monarchy abolished; France officially becomes a republic Factions: Jacobins vs. Girondins A Jacobin club

55 Leaders in the National Convention Georges Danton Jacobin leader who helped organize the attack on the Tuileries and the overthrow of the monarchy. In the new republic, he became Minister of Justice. Jean-Paul Marat early Jacobin leader who advocated abolishing the monarchy Supported Sept 1792 massacres. Stabbed to death in his tub by a Girondin young lady named Charlotte Corday

56 Maximillian Robespierre Led the radical Jacobin party which believed France needed complete restructuring and used a campaign of terror to promote their agenda Dominated the Convention from With the other Jacobins, he sought to eliminate the influence of Christianity Closed churches Forced priests to take wives Promoted a new cult of reason as a secular alternative Devised a new calendar which recognized no day of religious observance Between the summers of 1793 and 1794, the Jacobins executed 40,000 people and imprisoned 300,000

57 The Reign of Terror After the revolution, a group of Third Estate citizens formed the Jacobins and attempted to gain control of France s government. led by Maximillian Robespierre. Seeing that the Revolution would go on forever if certain portions of the population were allowed to live, the Jacobins decided that they would crush any resistance within their new nation. They established neighborhood watches to find anyone who was not loyal. These watches would turn in suspected traitors, who would often be put to death on the Guillotine. This time period of purging France s population that did not support the Jacobin s was known as The Reign of Terror

58 Reign of Terror Committee on Public Safety Despite military successes, the Convention continued to face problems domestically Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French politics Committee of Public Safety Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre) Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee s Revolutionary Tribunal Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine

59 Reaction from Other Countries Declaration of Pillnitz Possible foreign intervention Illustration depicting Prussian King Frederick William III, Austrian Emperor Leopold II, and the Comte d Artois, Louis XVI s brother

60 Reign of Terror The Directory Many of the victims of the reign of terror were fellow radicals who were no longer seen as alliances with Robespierre and the Jacobins In July 1794, the Convention arrested Robespierre and his allies, convicted them of treason, and executed them A group of conservative men of property seized power and ruled from 1795 to 1799 under a new institution called the Directory The Directory sought a middle way between the ancien regime and radical revolution but had little success In Nov 1799,Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup d etat and seized power

61 The Thermidorean Reaction Robespierre overthrown on 9 Thermidor Committee of Public Safety dismantled Jacobin clubs disbanded New constitution adopted in August 1795 Executive branch known as the Directory 9 Thermidor meeting of the National Convention

62 Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon was born to a wealthy family in Corsica involved in Corsica s rebellion During the French Revolution he served as an artillery commander, by age 24 he became a general After the Revolution, he kept European armies from invading France He helped rebuild France s interior and was awarded as France s protector and interim ruler France would retain the church lands seized during the Revolution, but France agreed to pay priests salaries, recognize Roman Catholic Christianity as the preferred faith of France, and extend freedom of religion to Protestants and Jews Soon he begins to invade all of Europe, winning almost every battle, but in Russia most of his army is killed or froze and Napoleon is exiled. Shortly after he returns, raises a new army, sells half of France s lands in the New World to America then is defeated for good at Waterloo, Belgium. Napoleon dies alone 6 years later as an outlaw in exile

63 Legacies of the French Revolution End of absolutism Power of nobles ended Peasants became landowners Nationalism Enlightenment ideals

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