- History of interactions of indigenous people and their descendants

Transcription

1 HIS263 Indigenous Histories to 1500 (to Present) - History of interactions of indigenous people and their descendants Peoples and Places to Definitions I. Aboriginal = Inuit + Indian + Metis a. Has a legal meaning rights II. Indian (First Nations): status/non-status a. They usually have status under federal legislation III. Inuit far north and boreal forest (no central registry) IV. Metis Blend of Newcomer and Indigenous people = blend of culture V. Indigenous belong to or coming from a particular place- connotes a connection to land million aboriginal people 2. Diversities i. Languages Language family- have related features - 3 will survive ii. Cultures a. Technologies i. Rethinking stone age technologies ii. Local adaptations and specialization 1. People developed waterproof clothing, canoes etc, snow houses, b. Subsistence Management Strategies making sure u have enough food to eat i. They were sophisticated botanists ii. Managing wild populations by manipulating their habitats on the Northwest Coast they byilt calm gardens to create shelter places form clam habitats c. The arts/expressive Culture (diversity) i. Each culture has a unique way of expressing their culture ii. Significant difference in styles and motifs when compared to the west coast iii. Polities a. Political Power and Decision Making b. From egalitarian to hierarchical c. Oral values were highly used highly compelling d. They relied on the power to persuade e. Giving away wealth was used to create alliance and demonstrate power of leaders f. Importance of Kin Ties

2 i. They came through your father / doodem or Iroquois got it from your Mother iv. Commonalities a. Place of Human Beings within the Cosmos b. Extended Def n of Personhood i. That includes the probability that other than human beings, could be persons c. Reciprocity and Balance d. Hospitality e. Openness to new ideas 3. Dynamic Societies - Culture Areas Approach - A synchronic model (things are frozen in time) - Trade and Exchanges not a synchronic model - War and Diplomacy as agents of change, honour, retribution etc objectives of war were different 4. Demographics 1. Population Densities estimates mil people - The densities / places has not really changed 2. Focus: The Northeast i. Beothuk, Mi Kmaq, Maliseet ii. Anishinaabeg winter tended to move into small hunting groups iii. The St. Lawrence Iroquois Quebec / Montreal iv. Huron-Wendat Confederacy v. Neutral Confederacy grand river vi. Iroquois Confederacy (5 Nations) - ancestors of the 6 nations in Canada s largest reserve in Brantford CLASS 2 Visitors from East of the Dawn (Europe), : Early Indigenous-European Interactions - If we went back in time we would see people in diverse economies, with diverse polities, a place where the average person had good shot at long life within socially complex and artistically rich society - Around 1500 Europe began to change rise of Europe was dramatic o Sea ability o Desire for new trade goods and wealth bec of rapidly growing merchant class o Desire for wealth by rulers for war etc

3 o Catholic church was curious o i. 1492: Rethinking First Contact - Rethinking Columbus o Wanted to find shorter route to sail west - Pre-Columbian Encounters o There were some archaeological evidence as early as 5000 yrs ago eg: Chinese artifacts o In India carving of corn o Thus, there were some fleeting contacts prior to Columbus o The difference between these encounters is that we don t think that these pre encounters had any long lasting impact that the post 1492 encounters had - The Norse in Newfoundland o Viking establishment didn t last long - European Expansion o 1492 marks the beginning of naval expansions period and foundation of permanent colonies o In 16 th century most belong to Catholic church o Government were monarchy and strict social hierarchies o A new social class: Merchants had emerged o You needed a license to engage in this overseas trade o Printing press in Germany 60 yrs later = 20 mil books o catholic church beginning of reformation o Luther s Protestant ref o unity of Catholic church- Henry 8 th broke off to start new sect o to 1640 s there s the catholic counter reformation o They were looking for a new spice route and new resources to maintain the monarchies in war - Caboto discovers the grand banks of Newfoundland codfish o Dried fish was cheap and reliable source of protein o They salted the fishies ii. Fisheries and Fur Trade - Fishing o Salting fish began in 1800 s o 200,000 tonnes of fish per year - Whaling o Red-bay Labrador set up a whaling place o They would use the oil for lamp oil

4 - Fur trade o By indigenous people are coming every summer to trade with the French it s manufactured product of men and women o Greasy Beaver French wanted it? iii. Explorations and Encounters a. Fishers & Beothuk Newfoundland We know that they scavaged the sites b. Whalers and Mi kmaq Entirely different Mi kmaq worked cooperatively with whaling and trade language c. Jacques Cartier and St. Lawrence Iroquois They hired Cartier to look for wealth and see if there was a north west package He met people from Statcona met Donna Cona but relationships went sour because Cartier tried to claim the land for France with a cross Then he kidnaped his sons and brought them back to France They went back to find gold to St. Lawrence Scurvy his Cartier s crew Complexities of relationships His manuscripts are source of material Voyage adds to understanding of the land French coloniel wars stop and other wars start? iv. Merchants and Montagnais/ Algonquin o They need local knowledge to get the furs v. Martin Frobisher & a. Hostile encounter when the Innuit thought the British were ghosts and shot at them, and Frobisher took back people to England as proof of his visit b. He also brought back rocks fools gold c. Didn t stop search for route vi. Effects- Lasting Effects of 16 th Cent Vistiors i. New Trade goods and new trading networks which shifts trading patters The fishing voyages provided economic benefit in Europe and food corn, potatoes etc ii. Cultural Adaptations prized trade goods were copper kettles Innovations helped them people took the kettles, admired them, broke them and made jewelry out of them and kept cooking with the pottery - Same things happened with firearms people continued to use stone tool technology

5 o o iii. Disease/Displacement/Migrations Population of the Americas was depopulated by 90-95% as a result of European encounter!!! Also Europeans brought over animals and they reach the Americas, they have diseases which spread to wild popuations Myth: native Americans weren t genetically equipped fallacy Just that there was no immunity to things like smallpox By 1580 s Donnaconas people were GONE Quebec or Pashalaega - What happened to them? Some of them moved in with the Huron Wendat Montagnea and Algonquin were allied against the Iroquois confederacy Class 3 4. Christianity and Commerce: A Dependant New France i. Founding a Colony founding of quebec to it becoming a royal province? 1. Indigenous Contexts in the Northeast a. Wendat own name for themselves b. Huron comes from the French c. Huron Wendat are the same people! d. They are agriculturists and traders e. Neutral (called that by the French) cuz they didn t get involved in conflicts 1. Disregard 2. (Imperial Contexts) Haudenosaunee Confederacy people of the longhouse a. Formally war ing nations that were brought together b. Each nation attained political autonomy i. Imperial Contexts: Colonial Ventures there s competition and pressure from the English that makes them want to get involved in these gold adventures 1. These are MERCHANT driven colonies to trade and extract wealth and send it back to their country of origin c. Champlaigne comes to Tadasack there are Algonquians the celebrating peace d. Acadia is chosen 3. Beginnings in Acadia a. They chose an island because they were worried about pirates b nd colony was founded at Port Royal but it was too vulnerable by attacks

6 c. Champlaie chose Quebec and they listened to him fear of PIRATES 4. Beginnings at Quebec a never more than 50 ppl wintering, most of the crew died in the winter b. It s more like a space station ii. The French and Huron Wendat Alliance --- SIGNIFICANT FOR SURVIVAL OF NEW FRANCE 1. Formation and Structure a. It ensured supplies (the alliance) b. Champlain recognized that in 1609 Battle at Lake Champlain c. The initial encounter shows French s serious intent, and he is invited to visit Huron- Wendat and makes a positive relationship 2. To Live Amongst Each Other a. You lived as families b. Jesuits wanted to live separately c. They were well built, healthy, strong etc d. Europeans ate a lot of food with salt 3. Christianity and Commerce a. They wanted to spread it and support commerce b. These goals competed with each other and sometimes threatened the Huron-Wendat alliance c. Europeans wanted profits from the fur trade d. The Jesuits don t like the fur traders too sexually influenced e. The Jesuits get wise that the Christians just say they will convert in order to sell furs to them f. Why would the Huron-Wendat like the priests??? practice of exchanging hostages as part of alliance was an old practice so in their mind, you had to put up with them 4. Lost in Translation a. Father, son and Holy ghost translated weirdly iii. Times of Trial 1. Pirates! And the Capture of New France 2. Epidemics Small pox in the New England colonies take toll on H. and Huron-Wendat a. By % mortality 3. Solution: Mourning War capture enemies either killed or assimilated a. They reached a large scale 4. The Destruction of the Huron-Wendat Confederacy a. Because of these Mourning Wars

7 iv. An Uncertain Future, Radisson and Groseilliers a. Radisson was attacked by Mohak party looking for captives 2. Rebuilding the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) a. More than ½ of the confederacy members are adopted! b. Radisson brings back captives 3. New Allies in the Fur Trade a. They don t have permission to trade and make alliances and convince them to bring furs down b. Summer of 1660 whole flotilla comes to Montreal and their furs are ceased and it s sold to the English! 4. Becoming a Royal Colony a. Louis 14 th takes in interest in the $$ of fur trade b. He wants to make something of New France makes it a royal province The fur traders are taking over the alliance CLASS 4 Changes over time, continuities over time and cause and effect, historically significant (things relevant to the formation of Canada and how we see it today) exam - 5- The Royal Takeover and the Transformation of New France * i. Becoming a Royal Colony (New France) a. In both Canada and Acadia, not good farmlands - Louis IVX (14) Absolutism wanted to strengthen France s networks - Absolutism policy of Louis a belief in the centralization of all power o He was catholic interested in promoting the Catholic church overseas - giving state attention to Catholicism o made NEW France a PROVINCE of France New France would get a higher level of administrative oversight, and did this through Jean Colbert - Colbert and the Compact Colony Plan o Grow the # of settlers along the St. Lawrence; foster trade and everything along the St. Lawrence would be under strict control o Jean Talon administrator took Colbert s aims into practice, and wanted New France to survive Also involved in Economic initiatives - other than trade etc. o Large ownership of horses in New France, than in France = economic initiative

8 o also ship builders were sent over - iii- Assuring Military Security o Colbert authorizes soldiers to come to fortify New France o In they attach the Mohawk and did enough damage that the confederacy wanted peace (lasted for 20 years) - Iv- The filles du roi and Population Growth o 1 woman for every 6 men made it difficult to grow the pop o Filles du roi - were sent over (orphans ; 770 women) sent with a dowry to marry about 70 went back without marrying o It encouraged the soldiers to stay o The soldiers brought their money over as well = capital into the economy o Families were given bonuses if they had more than 10 children, but penalties if you stayed single o Climate encouraged immigration to New France ii. Acadia and Newfoundland The Colony of Acadia - Acadia remote and isolated meant it was essentially ungoverned o New France and England wrestled of its strategic place o Aka a pawn of war - Acadian Agriculture o They pushed back the sea instead of clearing forests, for cattle and crops o They traded with New England which was forbidden - Newfoundland and the Cod Fishery o All the other ships 400/yr participated in fishing o Absolutism and regulation tries to control the fishing you had to be at least 12 to work on a ship o 5-6 seasons, you could be drafted into the Royal Navy o There was rivalry centred on Newfoundland - Imperial Rivalries and Placentia - iii. Colonial Administration in Canada - Absolutism shapes Canadian colonialism o Governing Canada: Colonial Officials Governor: In charge of the military and relationship with indigenous nations no printing press there was a gov, but the o Law and Order: The Custom of Paris The French civil code Quebec maintains a different civil law tradition than the rest of Canada you were guilty until proven innocent; torture approved by judges; categories of crime were different: crimes against G-d, crimes against the king, crimes against people and property together 3 categories of punishment death, humiliation, fines/confiscation of property

9 Acadia was removed from this it was up to the parish priests o Religious Establishment Catholic Church was essential After New France became a Royal Province- the church and state work together now maintains the social order by preaching obedience within the church - Seigneurial System 1. King 2. Nobles/Gentry (seigneurs) 3. Censitaires (habitants/ peasant farmers) - Peasant farmers had to pay rent iv. New Faces in the Fur Trade Sept 29 6 The Long Peace 1. New faces in the Fur Trade - Beavers and sheep - Est of social relationships between people i. Anishinaabeg allies replaces Huron-Wendat 1. Take on fur trade 2. Before they came in flotillas 3. French who come into this world must adapt to the local customs you must be an ally / family to trade they marry into the families and settle around the trading posts with their families 4. Missionaries come along and missionize upper great lakes people Jesuits 5. The French also become part of the political world of the great lakes by being mediators ii. Competition: The Hudson s Bay Company 1. Led King Charles the 2 nd, Rupert trading monopoly over any land that has water flow into from the great lakes? 2. The English can threaten access to these furs iii. Territorial Claims 1. Sends an person into the great lakes to claim the land for France 2. Invites 14 nations to come to the ceremony so that the Europeans acknowledge their claim to the land iv. Expanding the fur trade 1. Results in the expanding, by meeting other people that could be allies 2- Geopolitics Trumps Economics, 1689 to 1713 i. Failure of the Compact Colony

10 - Funding to the colony was cut - European depression - Louis 14 th turns away from New France, so the gov and church maintains, but there is lack of attention from the highest power - Immigration falls off significantly - 1 exception did not fail the brewery - It wasn t practical to ship to the west indies ii. Fur Trade Economics - Beaver pelt price drops dramatically toward Weight of beaver pelts is up, thus there is an over supply - Problem: shift to a policy that we will continue to be involved in the fur trade, even if it s not economically profitable iii. The Great Peace of Montreal, The confederacy was being attacked? - Through negation between French and Great Nations there is a peace treaty, they agree not to attack the French anymore or the French allied people o It creates for at least a decade, some PEACE within the region, and reduces threat of attack from warring parties iv. The Treaty of Utrecht, Acadia gets seated to the British - people woke up and they were British!!! - French get to keep Cape Breton island - 30 years peace between England and France, allows for development and population expansion 2. The Long Peace 1713 to 1755 i. European expansion through Alliances Balance of Power, 1755 ii. Diversifying Eocnomies - 50% increase in flower mills, - No road between Montreal and Quebec until - Agriculture is more important than the fur trade by It becomes self sufficient, and begins exporting raw material food - Iron foundry, so there are lower costs iii. Diverse Societies - Slavery: begins in New France in the 1680 s worked in urban areas (African Slaves) in houses - 2/3 slave population were slaves of First Nation o Began in the 1680 s, when the French went to explore places, and called their captures Pawnee o French settlers requested African slaves, but thought they couldn t survive the cold, so they wanted First Nation slaves

11 - Owners under the Code Noire, had to clothe, bathe, etc them and could keep slaves if they did this - Their average life expectancy was 17 ½ yrs and 25 for African Slaves b) First Nations along the St. Lawrence - Huron- Lorette (Quebec) - Wabanaki at St. Francois - Kanasatake (Oka) and Kahnawake (St. Sault Louis) - Mostly catholic c) Urban New France - Still only 8000 s people by - Market and trade / intermixing within these towns - Towns are the centre of the intellectual life in New France - Rank trumps everything!!!! o Which you got from your family o There was the notion that you could have rich tanners, and have poor seigneurs because they thought they were above working d) Rural New France - Mostly a catholic society in culture - Attempts at regulation there were problems in church respect etc - You got married to have sex - Higher death rate for women than men bec of childbirth - Marriage would last yrs before your partner died - 1 in 4 children died by 1-20% died bec of smallpox - Fire, freezing a problem - You worked really hard in New France Distinct, diverse society before war The Clash of Empires i. Conflict in the long peace 1. Memories of War, New France vs. New England Colonies - Animosity between protestant new England and catholic new France

12 - Despite peace treaties, there s a lot of French Canadians who lost members due to the Iroquois confederacy - English are strong allies w/iroquois confederacy - Some of the captives in new France didn t want to go back - Great Peace in Montreal 1701 agree to regional peace brought peace to fur trade, but not until 1713 did fighting end 2. Significance of the Treaty of Utrecht, Empires looked to enrich themselves at the expense of other European powers - No room to contain the peace - Peace footing: at peace as opposed to a war footing o Didn t have to give up space in your house, harvest etc Iii/ Frontier Conflicts - Instability - They make alliances - Fox nation near Greenbay, were brought down and settled near Detroit - Conflict Inishnabic attack the Fox and kill 1000 of their soldiers - Most of the Fox were go - Significance: underscore the different cultural logics of war Europeans have different rules, understanding etc - European powers were brought into help them - Their ability to contribute to gift diplomacy and because they didn t want to expand their land Iv Fortifying the peace - Military French forts were built (in Niagara) - NEW France had strategic options - You need to take Louisberg in order to take new France War of Austrian Succession o 7 weeks, he surrendered - The essential trade goods were also cut off to the French, who couldn t feed the - Consequence of getting captured were high - France wanted it back so bad, they gave back lands they had captured in India and - Outrage in Mass. And Britain -, ppl said we should spend lots of money to protect it - ii. War in the Ohio Valley, The Ohio Company s Threat o Land speculation claimed Ohio wanted to claim it for Virginia? o 500k acres if you settle there,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - Defending France s Southwest - The British Strike Back

13 - o o o Virginia was most important 977 o the 1450 kkilled 3 other taxes iii. Acadian Expulsion, 1755 The Struggle for Neutrality, settlement expands as well 1. Given option to take the oath or eave French wanted oath 2. Made a stipulation that they didn t have to fight in the army 3. Louisberg trade expands their income Acadian people by 1744 in canada 5. French wanted miqmak to move to Louis berg War of Austrian Succession, and Capture of Louisberg Uneasy Peace, Ships took French people and dropped them off in English speaking colonies were shipped back to France (different French) - 11k ppl in total were removed from their homes and farms and scattered! - After 7 yrs war, some came back and settled on NE coast of NewBrunswick o There is an Acadian pop in NB today Historical debates ** - 8. The Seven Years War, I. Initial French Successes a. Supply lines crucial b. France abandons New France i. Early defeats of the English, 1755 looked like French would win! ii. Governon of New France Vaudreuil s plan of attack admirer of First Nations way of war hide in the woods and ambush 1. Aboriginal allies killed 30 of the prisoners of New France Montcalm took back some prisoners At war iii. Conflict with Montcalm- vs. Vaudreuil 1. Montcalm wasn t to have an offensive war 2. Smallpox breaks out in Detroit, and those warriors get turned back canadian militia 4. Montcalm tells the prisoners they can keep their muskets, no ammo, leave nicely, but have to agree not to fight the French for 18 months and send back prisoners when they get home

14 5. The prisoners are attacked by the aboriginal allies who take their stuff 6. The aboriginals would not come back to back up the French!!!! 7. Cause British general Amhurst to be disgusted with the French, (smallpox) and would not.to French French victory II. The Tide Turns, i. Wiliam Pitt and Diverging Forces b Pitt becomes PM of Britain and was a big supporter of America c. He invests in the N Am. Forces d. France commits most its troops to other small battles e. Brit navy can now control the atlantic!! i. Britian takes Louisbourg, 1758 ii. Battle for the Plans of Abraham, 1759 f. William will launch a pre attack on the Citidal g. Both leaders die Wolfe dies? i. Mopping up / Military Rule 1. British commander takes control of Quebec. This was a few years after Acadian expulsion. Military would rule with allowing ppl to come. III. The Treaty of Paris, 1763 a. Peace of paris this ends the war and France gave up New France it was expnsive b. Britain gets Canada, and keeps some French places c. Spanish, got New Orleans, Louisiana West, - Implications: Britain had massive war debt, but was successful at war o Aboriginal ppl did not regard themselves as being conquered IV. Pontiac s War, 1763 a. Conflict summer 1763 Sir Jeffrey Amherst i. Reaction to the Fall of New France 1. Didn t want to be part of French network of giving gifts for alliances 2. Cut sales of alcohol and gun powder ii. Reaction to the Peace of Paris 1. Reaches great lakes info betrayal a. Neolin (Delaware ppl leader) Leader of Aboriginal b. Pontiac local Ottawa chief 1 speech rhetoric to attack Detroit b. Outcomes: i. Death of Brit soldiers, and property ii. Scared Brits into action iii. Amhurst s policy of not engaging in diplomacy/gifts was REJECTED w/indian nations

15 iv. Royal Proclamation docu that says what will happen after the 7 yrs war at specific places 1. Peak of Appalachians no brits can settle west of that land v. They wanted to sell how generous the new English king would be alliance w/ them = peace and security gifts are symbolic of a mutually beneficial relationship Johnson is successful TUTORIAL 3- - In Europe, they aren t allowed to use biowarfar on children etc, but inidians were considered Savages, and also Americans bec they didn t play by the rules - Primary sources commanders, whether they should or should not try this - 2 things going on- fort pitt, then other events - You can t pinpoint the source because it s a disease and could ve come from anywhere o Deniability not much was written down, some stuff redacted o Even if the blankets were spread, the incubation rate is longer than the 2 days they got it - Box within a box it could have been a story to cast doubt and reinforce beliefs about what is currently going on o You need a scapegoat 2 nd article - 7 Yrs war Great lakes area Amerindian s participation and how it wasn t related to success, it was because small pox epidemics reduced numbers even more than war effects - The Amerindians were able to CHOOSE whether they would participate, so they stayed away from smallpox areas o They had independence and were able to make their own decisions - French military had all the data - Pg 74 war gives a good opportunity for disease to spread o Concentration of ppl, bad immune system, unsanitary conditions, large movement of ppl o Ppl who died from disease was more than that of battles - Rumors Primary Source(learning about him)/ Secondary Source (what happened in the past) - Fact or common knowledge/ history can be changed by someone with direct lineage or different opinion HISTORY 10/11/11 9. Aftermath of Conquest

16 i. The Proclamation of Prologue: Forging Canada Through War 3 conflicts help to define the people and society in what is now Canada 1. Seven Years War, (often called French and Indian War in North Am theatre, ) 2. American Revolution/ Am War of Independence ( ) 3. War of 1813 ( ) 4. Sixty Years War for Great Lakes ( ) i. Royal Proclamation of an order in council which comes out of the PM s Cabinet, and have force in law - It was the instructions for all new territories would be incorporated into the British Empire - Only protestants could stand for election only a couple hundred protestants - Also instructions about the ranks society ensure wealth is unequally distributed - How Indian lands will be handled it states no one can buy or sell lands from indigenous people, but must be bought from Britain ii. The Conquest and Quebec, French troops went back, and all the colonial leaders went back, and the soldiers spent money locally I. Articles of Capitulation, 1760 and decapitation (decapitation how was leadership affected because people who had money, went back to France) II. Proclamation of 1763 imposes British law on Quebec, British property law- you passed it on to ONLY the eldest male, none of the other sons got any land so they had to get other jobs, so military officers would participate and gain property by becoming a soldier, but the imposition of British property law meant the civil code... III. Remaining French in British North America 2 governors, that recognize they are going to have to change policies to deal with population Murray becomes governor is 1784? kept troops in check and ensured good relationship with pop French civil law remains intact The catholic church bishop died in 1760, so they were in bad position They need a bishop for Quebec, but don t want to upset the English population because they thought it was the duty of the King Murray got recalled by the English merchants because they thought he was too sympathetic to the French Canadians and he didn t call an election? English merchants protest Carleton sent to replace Murray and was sympathetic and decided to ensure continued loyalty to seigneurs was to ensure their rights were continued

17 IV. He wrote London about this: The Quebec Act Changes the rules and puts much of the old regime back in place (like new France) Merchants in Montreal were outraged denied an assembly, and rights were given to catholics! Jurisdiction was extended into the Great Lakes region, so the merchant traders at montreal liked this, but the rest they were outraged by French Canadians liked this because they could obtain land like the old system Roman Catholicism to be protected in a British colony made them upset iii. British-Indigenous Relations i. The Proclamation Line and Indian Territory to prevent further uprising like Poltiac s war, British could not afford to fight again ii. Treaty of Niagara, 1764 a Sir. William Johnson commissioned 2 Wampam belts (Covenant Chain Belt (extending relationship they had with the Iroquois confederacy with ALL of the great lakes region) and 24 Nations Belt (reps alliance of British will all the great lakes nations) ), invited them in an alliance with the British b. British had taken over all the posts, it guaranteed the building of a crucial military alliance which would be crucial iii. Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768 new treaty had to be made guaranteeing that no new settlers would move west of the Ohio river. iv. Quebec Act, 1774 Brings British law in w/ the Indigenous people because there were all sorts of crimes being committed a. Ramsey lead poison so he was paranoid and killed lots of people iv. Atlantic Colonies After the War. i. Newfoundland ii. St. John s Island- now PEI; initially settled by Acadians, but were expelled, in 1764 after the war, it was divided into townships, they were renters, not owners iii. Nova Scotia and the Planters a. Nova scotia Proclamation of 1763 extended its jurisdiction, but movement of settlers from New England took over the large land, and were called Planters they were dissenters, they belonged to other churches, not Anglican ; they were independent ; by 1768, Nova Scotia stopped getting settlers, bec of Treaty of Fort Stanwick, because they didn t have to choose nova Scotia Ohio valley?

18 iv. - b. Nova Scotia gets an elected assembly c. It has a Yankee Population - Revolution Rejected - nova Scotia was originally part of the uprisings, but it didn t happen, it turns away from revolution 10. Loyal They Remained: The American Revolution and British North America I. Quebec, Invaded! - These people were Americans, moved north 1. Rebellion Brewing (Issues) a. Sugar act coffee, wine tax b. Stamp act tax on printed documents c. Quartering Act colonial acts paid for troops d. Growing sense that Britain is overstepping its authority e Sons of Liberty formed harassing tax collectors f Mob where people are killed (British) g. Boston Tea Party American patriots dress up of Mohawk warriors dump tea h. Military rule i. Quebec Act guaranteeing rights, code, unthinkable that the French would do this j. Spring nd Continental congress plan to go on the offensive, kick Brits out of Boston and invade Quebec 2. Quebec in Question a. Major British Garrison will secure the northern frontier b. Easier than attacking Halifax (they only have a few ships) c. Pamphlets sent in French to Quebec revolutionary language to join us and throw off the British addressed to the habitants = large % of pop that the Americans thought they could make an appeal d. 2 pronged attack up Champlaign, and over land to Quebec e. Britain was extremely vulnerable f. Quebec is under seign 1776 American colonial militia in Quebec but doesn t last 10k Brits arrive and the Americans retreat 3. Divided Loyalties a. The Quebec act had worked b. Habitants wanted to be neutral what if you pick the losing side? c. Habitants wanted to be avoid being caught in middle of war d. 6 nations Iroquois were witnessing the troops march, 6 nations within the confederacy and those who settled outside Montreal decided to fight for the British e. Naitons within the confederacy are having to choose sides *** 4. Carleton s Failure a. Chased after them but didn t go beyond if only Carlton had gone after the militia, he could have stopped the American Rev

19 b. II. Defeat of the British 1. The War in the Atlantic Region a. It was also fought elsewhere b. Nova Scotia ½ were recent New Englanders from colonies in rebellion questions whether it would hold c. It was a naval town d. All these people affected pirating sending private vessels to raid people attacked raiding homes The Theatre Moves 3. Defeat at Yorktown a. By 1783 another treaty of paris #2 ends American rev Britain recognizes the USA 4. The Divide Ground a. Lines drawn upon the water = b. New boarder c. 20 yrs later, the line runs down the St. L River, through the great lakes and d. Everyone to the south of the line would be part of the new American territory w/ no land protection e. Aboriginal ppl are not mentioned in the 2 nd treaty!!! f. British have a problem fur trade in Montreal depends on posts on the South side, they hold onto them III. The Loyalist Influx ppl not welcome in their own country!! - 70k ppl left only 2k went back to Britain 1. Refugees from War a. Unwilling immigrants that get free grants of land in the British territory, and values b. 3k freed blacks that won their freedom, Nova Scotia 1 acre 2. Settling the Loyalists a. British gov say they will split Nova Scotia in 3 each with own Gov b. They tipped balance of power away from Mickmaq to the new Settlers 3. The Constitutional Act 1791 a. It takes a few yrs after first settlers who initially in eastern Ontario, but by 1791 the British gov agrees to split quebec in 2 colonies upper canada and lower Canada (Province of Quebec) b. Legislative council of social elites, and leg council that can be elected, but governor can veto anything and dismiss them = voice for people c. Under this, Catholics can VOTE and hold OFFICE

20 IV. Redefining British North America 1. Lower Canada, a. Governor in lower Canada favoured the English elites over the French seigneurs b. 15% English speaking 2. Upper Canada, a. Governor Simcoe who s goal was to create a little Britain, make Upper Canada a place that was so perfectly British b. Also renamed places from Aboriginal names to English Towns c. Questions of loyalty d. Starts to be a movement 1794 of American hear there are land who say their loyal too aka Late Loyalists e. Lots were reserved to pay for gov, and church - In 1785, after the war, Aboriginal / non-aboriginal is even 5k each k ppl in Upper Canada The features we think of in Canada today were results of the war experience - Al these changes were being made from outside of Canada /18/11 The War of Between Britain and the USA - Mostly fought in Upper Canada York (city of toronto) was attacked in 1813 and parliament buildings were burnt down - US invaded upper Canada with intent of taking it over - Last major war in the 60 years war of the great lakes - Connected to Napoleonic wars in Europe (England and France) - Who won the war: everyone won? Draw? - Victories they won did not result in the hope of a buffer state / Indian homeland, and no actual protections for their land beyond treaties - Last time Canada s been invaded 1. Preparing for war - Feeling that war had been postponed - Initial settlers in upper Canada are loyalists (mixed ½ aboriginal ) i. Lieutenant- Gov simcoe s plans ensure it was model of brutishness, counter examples to the republican nation of the south a. Military prep: moved the capital from the lake to York (Toronto) b. Move settlements away from the waterfront

21 ii. iii. iv. c. British naval ships had to be built in the great lakes d. Gets MONEY from the British gov to create soldiers here queen s regiment infantry unit designed to protect upper Canada e men enrolled in the militia Indigenous allies and the British Indian department a. Maintain the British Indian Department make sure allies stay attached to the British b. They made every effort to keep the alliances open c. Britain decided to keep the western forts in the British hands, and not give them to the americans like they were supposed to d us tried to invade the Ohio valley e. Aboriginal allies knew the British were the better bet f. Result of that battle: ohio valley ppl move to southern Ontario and become central allies in the war of 1812 Isaac Brock s plans a. Military man who tries to improve militia, fortifications and worries about American arrivals b. 3/5 s of colonists were American arrivals! Would they be loyal? Tecumseh s goals a. Connection with Brock b. Has influence over most of the first nations east of the Mississippi c. One of the reasons Canada avoided capture by the americans d. He was canada s last hope 2. Casus Belli = Justification of War The US declared war on june i. Naval blockades and the war in Europe a. France nor Britain were amused by the fact that they US supplied both sides ii. Impressments and the Chesapeake Affair a. British would grab able bodied ppl and tell them they need to serve or execution b. British were paid little and went to the American side because they paid more c. They stopped American ships in international waters and looked for ppl who left iii. American expansion / indigenous resistance a. American convinced the aboriginal allies that the British were supplying them b. Attacks were thought to being fueled by the British iv. War hawks in Congress a. Gather support and finally madison has to go to war against upper Canada? b. 2 days before congress declared war, Britain said they would recognize neutrality 3. Campaigns and Casualties i. A very civil war

22 ii. iii. iv. a. A war between people who had so much in common Winning on land, losing at sea a. Britain began to lose when the american s had more ships on the great lakes York Burning! a. Americans attack loyalist element, there are gov officials here b. Tecumseh is killed c. Treaty of Ghent ends the war 1812 mythologies a. Laura secord did tip off the British troops about the Americans b. In 1860, she wanted recognition, she got 100 pounds and recognition 4. Aftermath of War i. Negotiations at the Treaty of Ghent ii. Status quo ante bellum a. As if the war didn t happen property is returned etc b. No mention of aboriginals in the treaty of Ghent c. Until 1830, about ½ aboriginal warriors were kept on half pay to be ready for the British gov d. Took 10 years for partial compensation to become forthcoming iii. Buffer states and betrayals iv. Loyalists and Loyalism (opposite to American s patriotism ) a. War of 1812 was foundation for what would become Canada b. Common experience of war gave rise of the space to be anti-american c. We define ourselves by who we are not d. Past 4 classes have been on the emphasis of the 3 wars 12. The Atlantic Region to the mid-nineteenth century regionalism these colonies are controlled by a small ruling elite appointed from Britain by 1850 s, all 4 of these colonies will have representative gov s and ruling councils drawn from the assemblies shaped by distinct patterns in immigration and newcomer relations they will come in a bring their own values; distinct economies also, because of these 3 factors, you will have distinct local politics

23 general trends: Nova Scotia becomes most populous ; all growing at different rates hut are growing nevertheless ; the relative population remains the same (most remains with the most) rates of growth change slightly following the Napoleonic wars, when you have a major conflict in Europe, you ve got a lot of soldiers on ½ pay, civilians profiting from the war it s not unusual for recessions to follow wars unless something happens to keep the spending going! when wars end, recessions follow industrial rev is happening in England, so you have ppl pushed out and being displaced by the product of new industry they bring the political issues with them o Got 40k Scottish immigrants (NS) from o Brought with them 2 different religions and education o The Canadian Irish come before them during the irish potao famine. o The boom ENDS in mid 19 th century o They all become a place of OUT migration I. Newfoundland a. Often left out bec it doesn t join confederation until 1949 i. Neothuk/Colonist Relations 1. Few of them left, and settlers would hound and harass them to drive them off their lands ii. People 1. 40k by Irish Catholic and English Protestant 50/50 3. Mostly these ppl are from west coast of England 4. Distinct speech patterns blending of languages iii. Economy and Politics 1. Seal harvest 2. By k seals were being KILLED for everything 3. Political life was affected, it didn t become British colony until 1824, it was before, a merchant outpost 4. The local merchant was the judge, magistrate etc lots of power 5. Changed in 1824, is a Crown Colony, w/ assembly 6. Assembly was dominated with Irish voters, 7. Protestants controlled the upper house = budget 8. In 1855, newfoundland got responsible gov means the cabinet ministers would have to come from the elected member, not appointed members which eased political deadlock II. Nova Scotia a. Indigenous / Newcomer relations

24 III. IV. i. Land and treaty is still an issue, because there are only peace and friendship treaties! ii. As settler pop increased, the whites outnumbered the aboriginal ppl iii. Merchants needed credit, before 1825 ppl who were doing business, had to go to London /by letter to get credit iv. Halifax began to develop own bank v. Banks issued own currency vi. Predominantly a protestant population vii. Britain slowly released power over to the colonies viii. Main tensions in colonial politics were same in English politics ix. Nova scotia was the 1 st to get responsible gov in st responsible gov in the British gov 2. Achieved peacefully b. People and society New Brunswick a. Small indigenous pop b. It s pop of British immigrants is more diverse w/ pop of French speaking Acadians c. Bilingual d. Loyalist component; i. NB was least problematic for the British to administer, majority of ppl were Anglican e. Timber was like the OIL f. Political Problems: timber licenses were controlled, basically u needed connections to that council, - what the gov would spend the $ on? g. Responsible gov in 1848, so locals are able to control revenues h. Prince Edward Island a. Smallest, b. Different economic and poltical issues c. Could only get land as a tenant i. Start off as a tenant, then after years got land ii. But this DIDN T happen! iii. Leading issue: getting title to the land d. Some ppl had to leave to secure their financial future e. Took 75 yrs to win 1860!!!!! f. Got responsible gov in 1851 Distinct brit ppl brought politics with them Tutorial 10/25/11 Debate Questions

25 Main Cause of the war of 1812 and WHY? Defend it - Madison caused it because there was a consipiracy that the British were supplying the Aboriginals - But the attacks were fueled by the britsh, but the americans still started it - Essentially it was the Ameicans fault because they were supplying both sides Who won the war? Why? - Legally, no one won, but if you look at tangible things, we kept our land and the Americans profited from supplying but did not win - British also sent infantry units to protect us. Who lost? Why? - The Natives lost because they lost a lot of people and required compensation - And lost territory Objectives: defend territory, Themes: idea that decisions that are made far away affect what happen here treaty of ghetn - even though Canadians had won most battles, was decided overseas - Has Canada been forged by war? canada s nationalism was perished by war - Did the war matter 10/25/ Upper Canada: Society, Politics and Economy to 1837 I. Society a. Immigration Patterns i. Large influx in immigration in Canada ii. Migration from the US effectively stops Americans wanted to go west (less cold), and not wanted here (upper Canadian gov made it illegal to grant free land to the Americans) iii. Upper Canadians experienced some racism / slavery? iv. Upper Canada, by /3 of all ppl in upper Canada had been born in Britain (really recent immigrants v. Pop of upper Canada = 95k, 10 yrs later in 1825 pop was 195k?, 1837= 400k vi. The soldiers have no connection to the ppl here, they bring own issue and impacts on 1 st nations who find themselves marginalized bec of the dramatic

26 spike in immigration who came here with own purpose and didn t share experience with the loyalists b. Settlement patterns i. Ppl couldn t settle that far north bec of the Canadian shield c. Urban Development: d. Class, Rank, Culture: i. Relative wealth ii. We re taking about a ranked society that s being challenged by ppl not happy with the system of rank iii. They don t work, meaning you re landed iv. Even lawyers were considered less than ppl who were landed v. Idea of deference you owed it to your social betters, and they owed kindness to you vi. It s being challenged bec most of the immigrants were americans, and many had different idea about rank, vii. Officers would get grants of land viii. Const act carried the idea of a better class with more elements, fashion etc ix. British gov would appoint men to serve on the legislative and other council e. Religion and Morality i. Religion is very important your religion mattered ii. Exclusively to major Christian denominations iii. Established state supported church got grants of land that it could sell to pay salaries to church ppl iv. Issue immerging whether there should be state supported religion (out of their own pocket currently) v. Question of morality alcohol temperance, taking pledge not to drink vi. ½ mill ppl took pledge between 1820 and 1850? Not to drink II. Politics a. Post war Loyalism i. Opposite of patriotism ii. Loyal to Britain iii. Close social and political connections iv. Small grp of ppl controlled everything bec they controlled patronage appointments = civil list --- rewarded friend so they could create like minded ppl groups b. The Family Compact c. Rise of reform i. After 1812, tensions flare over 3 main issues 1. Power of the purse = budgetary control, fact that the upper elite could point to whoever they wanted, they didn t have to respond to the assembly at all

27 III. IV. d. Petitions and Protests i. By 1820 s and 30 s, petition rallies were created ii. Debated what the gov should look like iii. Economy a. Infrastructure development: roads and Canals i. Who s going to pay to the development of these taxpayer, corp, or public/private partnership ii. Initial roads were built on existing aboriginal roads b. Canals military planners built the Rideau canal paid for the by the britsh gov built by hand and wasn t as economically important as the Welland canal designed to bypass Niagara Falls c. In 1833, it cost ½ British pounds d. Family farm economy Ontario has mixed economy the family farm was a product of this period, and transformed the landscape which produced range of goods e. Banking prior to them, if you wanted credit, you had to get it in London, England ship and letter stabilized economies i. farmers thought they were evil f. Maturing Economy i. Older settlerments in 3 rd generation ii. Peterborough was deforested Environmental Change a. From forests to farms i. Impact of new immigrants and political decisions to build things result in significant environmental change ii. By 1830 s 1/3 of forest was gon, 1870 s ¾ was gone and by WWI 90% was gone deforestation iii. Resulted in habitat loss, species extinction, bears, wolves, passenger pigeon etc iv. Deforestation wrecks rivers atlantic salmon was decimated b. Stopping the Waters i. Every town needed water wheel mill 1. Every mill pond needed a dam, which changed the river ecology 2. The canals bypassed that and allowed ships to go around etc 3. National barriers which kept ocean animals out, the canals let them in which killed other fish c. Lake Invaders ^ d. Soil Exhaustion i. High yields ii. More clearcuttting to get more soild

28 10/27/11 - Lower Canada: Society, Economy + Politics to 1837 Structure of upper Canada was in the Const Act 1791 caused different sets of problems that have to do with economies and political climates in these colonies 1. Society upper Canadian pop was higher, bec seigniorial system couldn t expand, led to migration, roman catholic and French speaking distinct places that will lead to actual rebellion a. Immigration weren t getting as much i. Like upper Canada, there was lots of pop increase, and the rates of growth in upper Canada is higher percentage ii. French Canadian pop increased by 250k ppl it s natural increase! iii. Rate of increase is Lower in Lower Canada iv. If the ROI means UC will have numerical superiority, which happens by the 1851 census 952k UC v. Majority in Montreal is English speaking b. Internal Migration i. Large family sizes responsible for inc in French Canadian pop is creating worry of where children will go? ii. There cannot be any new seigniorial land iii. Such as Ottawa c. Emigration - ppl having to leave i. Many French Canadian families looking for work with big family after 1830 s, there was a movement of textile mills into the US ii , 700k ppl leave for the US!!! d. Class, cultural + religion i. Dominant religion = Roman Catholicism ¾ of the pop in 1830 s ii. Church of England was 2 nd, and others. iii. 1/3 of the ppl in Roman Catholicism were going to easter communion! = influence of the church was starting to weaken iv. The church begins to come back in 19 th century v. Aren t enough priests to go around 2. Economy struggles were isolated in certain lower class, and due to soil a. Fur trade is in decline, by forced amalgamation of all competing firms into Hudson s Bay Co. = lots of layoffs i. Shift to new merchant businesses b. Rural Economy farming i. In UC there farmers are independent merchants selling surplus at part of international markets ii. LC on Seigneurs, farms have bad soil fertility, and not producing significant products for export their getting cash for the sale of their land

29 iii. By major census, 78k farmers in Quebec City area but 63k that identify themselves as agricultural labourers 1. Means the seigniorial system is past limits and cannot support pop c. Rural Economy Timber i. Typical for timber co s to get monopoly for an area, set up a store and pay you in credit from the store! ii. Ppl vulnerable to bankruptcy crop failures iii. Their diet was much poorer than the previous period iv. Situation was much worse in LC than UC d. Rural Women i. Women were left behind on farms to farm and raise children cuz men were working avrg of 8 children ii. Subsistence survival economy e. Urban Economies i. Montreal was where the $ was ii. Essentially, wealth was held by English iii. Montreal grew 8500 iv. By k ppl = expansion of the ports for timber cargo v. Since no return cargo, they rented it to Irish who wanted to come to Canada vi. Little was spent on urban infrastructure no sanitation vii. Thus, death rate from water borne diseases were high viii. Strong middle class of tradespeople ix. Ppl formed business associations on religious and ethnic society 3. Politics a. Access to commerce, seigniorial system b. Chateau Clique i. Political challenges, their shut out of decision making, ii. These ppl are the only ones who can get grants and licenses bec they hang around the governor s mansion c. Rise of Party Politics i. Cath. French can stand for office and become majority ii. Growing French middle class who r educated by priests iii. They couldn t go into business, so went into politics, law, and journalism due to lack of connections iv. As the educated middle class, they wanted to become powerful/ formation of political party v. Want to expand seigniorial system, but need approval of governor but can t put it into action vi.