From The Collected Works of Milton Friedman, compiled and edited by Robert Leeson and Charles G. Palm.
|
|
- August Cole
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Political Clout of the Elderly. San Francisco, California: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, Luncheon address at the national forum, Social Security 2010: Making the System Work Today for Tomorrow s Retirees, sponsored by the Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, Hotel Meridien in San Francisco, 29 April I suggested as a topic today the political power of the elderly. I am sure most of you expect me to tell you that the political power of the elderly is going to grow and to dominate. On the contrary, I am going to tell you the opposite. I believe, for reasons that I will go into, that the political power of the elderly is going to decline, not rise. The reason is very simple. There are just too many of us. That really sets the stage for the first comment I want to make on this subject. That has to do with the general principle of what makes a special interest powerful. What gives political clout to special interests? There are many things. I don t mean to say there is any particular one. But certainly one of the most important is that in order for a special interest group to get clout, it has to have relatively few members. There has to be a relatively small number of people who benefit from it. The principle is simple. If 60 percent of the people are going to benefit from a government program that gives a dollar to each of them, a tax of $1.50 must be imposed on each of the remaining 40 percent. And that means each of the remaining 40 percent have a stronger incentive to oppose the program than each of the majority of 60 percent have to favor it. On the other hand, for 10 percent of people, to take a simple example, to benefit from a program that gives a dollar to each of them, it will cost each of the other 90 percent only eleven cents. So each member of the minority has a stronger incentive to favor the program than each member of the majority has to oppose it. The most obvious example of this general principle is in agriculture. Frank Paish, who taught at the London School of Economics many years ago, said that it is very simple to define the difference between an underdeveloped and overdeveloped country.
2 Underdeveloped countries underpay their farmers; overdeveloped countries overpay their farmers. If you look around the world you will see how true that is. Every country in the world in which the agricultural population is the majority imposes heavy taxes on the majority to benefit the minority in the cities. Look at the underdeveloped countries in Africa, look at India, in any of these countries, who are the favored classes? It is not the peasants, not the proprietors. Or look, for that matter, at China or Russia. It has nothing to do with whether the country has a capitalistic or communist system. It simply has to do with the fact that only a small group can benefit substantially from a program that will cost other people so little that they will have no strong incentive to oppose it. The United States provides a marvelous example. Some time ago I looked into the benefits going to farmers. The agricultural population of the United States in the nineteenth century constituted a majority. Farmers were very influential. William Jennings Bryan became the Democratic nominee for president largely because of their support. You will recall the famous line from his 1896 speech, We shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold. He was propelled to power by something called the populist and greenback movement, predominantly a movement of farmers. But they weren t asking for subsidies or price controls. The major plank of their program was that they wanted a silver instead of a gold standard in order to produce inflation. Since then, what has happened? As the number of farmers has become fewer, government spending on agriculture has gone up and up. Some time ago I published a column in the Washington Post in which I compared the situation in 1950 with the situation in During that thirty-year period the agricultural population declined from something like 6 percent of the total population to less than 2 percent. In the meantime, government spending per farmer rose drastically, even adjusted for inflation. We are currently spending something like $18,000, per year, per person engaged in agriculture, including both proprietors and workers. That is twice what they are earning themselves on the average. They are not benefiting from the massive 2
3 spending. They are using it to waste money on seed they ought not to plant, cows they ought not to raise, etc. I want to apply this general principle to the elderly. When the elderly were very few, relatively few, as they were in the 1930s when Social Security was adopted, they could get tremendous benefits at a very low cost to the majority. That is what all you experts were saying this morning. When Social Security first started, the maximum Social Security tax was $60. Yet the individuals who benefited were able to get substantial benefits. So you had the typical situation of a small minority able to impose a small tax on a large majority. This principle applies to our protectionist measures as well. It explains why we have tariffs. No one in this room would vote against a candidate for Congress because he or she had voted in favor of a tariff on steel (unless maybe you were a big steel-using consumer). How many of you in this room are willing to go to Washington, D.C., to testify against the government quota program on sugar? The domestic price of sugar is five times the world price. You are paying five times as much for the sugar you consume than you would have to pay if we did not have an import quota. In the process we are doing far more harm to the Philippines than any good we are doing by giving them money. As far as the elderly are concerned, they I should say we are becoming too numerous. The more numerous we become the more difficult it will be for us to foist this extraordinary burden onto the rest of the population. The elderly have been getting away with murder. They have been receiving very large subsidies; so now the average per capita income of the elderly is larger than that of the general population. And they have been able to do it because they were few. But now that we re becoming so numerous, we are not going to have anything like the political clout we once enjoyed. I ll come back to some examples. The only way to get around the general principle is by converting what is really a taxand-spend program into what people rightly or wrongly interpret as a program of buying something for their money. That was part of the genius by which Social Security was foisted on 3
4 the country, by making people believe, as the Social Security propaganda said for so many years, that they were paying money in their youth that would come back to them as benefits in their old age. They were told that they were not paying a tax; they were making a contribution to buy a benefit. That was really a very effective way of getting across a program that Phillip Longman correctly described this morning as reverse Robin Hood, as are all the other subsidy programs. That is what the agricultural program is. We give subsidies to the urban poor to buy milk while we follow a dairy policy that makes the price of milk twice what it otherwise would be. If anybody benefits, it is farmers, who are in the upper income groups, relative to the country as a whole. If you really want to get a program across, you should present it as if people are paying something for their own benefit. That was the way that the Social Security system was originally sold. A major reason it has been so popular a program is that it is so complicated and difficult that nobody can figure out who benefits and who loses. So, you can persuade everybody that everybody is benefiting. Of course, as some people have said, there is no such thing as a free lunch. I want to go to my second major theme. The first was about the optimum size of a minority. The second is something else, something that comes out of a talk given twenty-five years ago by Allen Wallis, formerly chancellor of the University of Rochester, and now Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs. He titled his talk, Political Entrepreneurship. He said that we tend to apply the concept of entrepreneurship to the economic world and not the political world. We tend to think of people in the political world as people who are striving for the public good. But of course people in politics, as well as people in commerce, are seeking to promote their own interests. Just as there are people in the commercial world who promote their interests by being economic entrepreneurs, there are political entrepreneurs. What are the characteristics of people who are successful political entrepreneurs? There is a major difference between what brings success in the economic world and what brings success in the political world. 4
5 In the economic world the entrepreneur has to figure out what people will want to buy if he can make it available. People do not even have to know that such a product exists, they do not have to be in favor of it in advance. The key is to conjecture what they would buy if it were available and then produce it. In the political world, it is the other way around. An entrepreneur cannot try to conceive of a new product that nobody is getting and that they do not know about, because the only way you can be successful in selling a product in politics is by getting a lot of votes for it. So an entrepreneur in the political world must find something that people are already buying, that they are already paying for, but that for one reason or another is becoming increasingly popular and costly. And then the entrepreneur says, Well, this is a terrible burden on you, it should be borne by the public, we are going to make it a government program. Take some examples. Public education, or rather public schooling (it is called education; it is not, it is schooling) was not adopted because nobody was going to school. On the contrary, at the time public schooling was introduced, in New York state in the 1850s or 1860s, 80 to 90 percent of children were already going to school. Indeed, the major drive for public schooling came from teachers, not from parents. The teachers were not satisfied that they were being paid well enough. Public schooling was adopted when a majority of children were already in school and when the cost of schooling was going up. A political entrepreneur could offer to take it off the people s backs and transfer the costs to the anonymous taxpayers backs that was politically possible. Similarly, consider the case of government involvement in medical care. The government did not get involved in medical care when there were no physicians, when there were no hospitals. On the contrary, government became involved when medicine was improving, when the costs of medicine were going up, and when a political entrepreneur could get votes by saying that government is going to take the burden over. That is why Medicare was highly popular. The older were getting more numerous, their health care costs were going up. Universal medical care in Great Britain, for example, came into being after World War II in the same way. Something 5
6 like two thirds of all the beds in British hospitals now, are in hospitals that were built before Allen Wallis also noted that, supposing once a political entrepreneur s program has become successful, little further political advantage can be reaped by expanding it. He has to find something new to do, something to attract new voters. He predicted at that time, partly from the existing evidence in Great Britain, that if the government nationalizes something, takes over something that was expanding privately, government expenditures on it will initially go up, but then some time after will reach a maximum and then start to come down. He also predicted that the expenditure will end up less than would have been spent if the activity had been left in private hands. The reason is simple. If people want something and if they get what they pay for, they will be willing to spend more to get more. On the other hand, everyone might feel that the government is not providing enough medical care, but everyone knows that if he pays more taxes, he is not individually going to benefit, so everyone wants to be in a position whereby medical care is expanded by somebody else paying taxes. That is not likely to lead to a large increase. Allen produced statistics showing that spending on medical care in Britain, by every estimate, was less than it would have been if medical care had remained private. Recent studies show this happening to an even greater extent. Of course, what happens ultimately under these circumstances is that the system starts to break down. In Great Britain, many people have started using private physicians, buying private insurance and using private hospitals. And so you now have a very rapidly growing private sector of hospitals and medical care in Britain that is enabling those opting for private care to spend what they d like instead of what they are forced to spend. Consider the United States and the Social Security and old age system. There are many early signs of the development I have been talking about. Last night I dug out a new statistical abstract and looked at some numbers. I thought I could demonstrate that you had already passed the peak. Well, I can t. But from , total spending on programs for the elderly, divided 6
7 by the number of recipients, and corrected for inflation, went up 7 percent per year. Since then, the rate of increase is much lower. In , the rate of increase was 3.3 percent per year; in , 2.6 percent; in , for some reason,.02 percent; in , 1.75 percent; and in , 1.88 percent. As you can see, these rates are coming down. I predict that this trend will continue and that pretty soon spending per elderly person will decline, for the reasons I have already cited. Let us look at some other examples. I did not allow, although I should have, for the fact that half of the benefits (again, that is the wrong word), half of the subsidies from Social Security have become subject to income tax. In figuring expenditures per aged persons I should have subtracted the income taxes they paid from what they received. (The government gives with one hand and takes with the other.) In addition, the Social Security tax has risen substantially over the past two years and strong objections have arisen. And there has been a continuous fight to keep Medicare expenses down. Medicare came in much later than Social Security, and again it came in for a small group at the expense of a large group. It was sold to the participants, incidentally, on the same false premise that they were buying something for themselves. We all know that is not true. I say we all; I mean those who are benefiting from the subsidy that the rest of you are giving us. Medicare was sold on the same basis that this nonsense about long-term or catastrophic care is being sold that each person is going to pay for his own old age. There has been a great deal of pressure surrounding the Medicare program. Those of you who are so unfortunate to be in my age group know that Medicare has been getting increasingly stringent about what they will allow: the fraction of total payment approved, the extension of regulation over what physicians may do, the approved pysicians, and so on. No doubt, over the years Medicare has become increasingly restrictive. Even the proposal to fund catastrophic insurance calls for it to be funded through taxes on Medicare recipients. I do not know what the end story will be. I wish someone would try to do what I did last night more systematically. Try to get a time series for what has happened to the expenditure per elderly person: correct for 7
8 inflation, subtract income taxes paid on benefits, fees that Medicare recipients have paid, and so on. I venture to predict that a negative rate of growth will appear some time in the not too distant future, if it has not already done so. All you hear now is exactly the opposite. The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) is a very effective lobbying group, but it is not particularly a lobby group for the elderly. It is a lobbying group for the people who run AARP and a lobbying group for the drug industry (which wants the government to pay for prescriptions). AARP is an economic venture that runs its own very big drug-selling operation. The question is, what are they going to be able to get, as a lobby. They will be effective in getting things only insofar as they promote benefits for small groups that impose small costs on the rest of the population. That is the fundamental principle with which I started. We talk about ours being a government of the majority. It is a majority government, but the majority is composed of a collection of all these little special interest minorities. If you want to get elected to Congress you do not want to find something that 55 percent of the people favor, you want to be in favor of something that 5 percent of the people favor so much that they will contribute to your cause, and another 5 percent, and another 2 percent, and so on down the line. And that is the way in which you collect enough campaign funds. Once you are in office, you stay in office by collecting campaign funds from the lobbyists. It is a very special sense of majority rule. I do not intend to propose any cure. There is a very good cure which is a decent constitution that prohibits government from doing all sorts of things, that says not only that government shall make no laws prohibiting freedom of speech, but that government shall make no laws prohibiting free trade, etc. But we are not going to get that. We have to live with the kind of system we have. Fortunately, it is better than any other I know of around the world. So, I am not trying to give you a downbeat message. On the contrary, I am giving you an upbeat message. I am saying that one of the things that we have been worrying about is going to be less 8
9 worrisome. I am sure many other things that we are worrying about are going to become more worrisome. 9
Interview. "The United States Always Has Had a New Fad." Interviewed by Galeazzo Santini. Successo, March 1971, pp
Interview. "The United States Always Has Had a New Fad." Interviewed by Galeazzo Santini. Successo, March 1971, pp. 50-52. Q. In Europe there is concern over the danger of an inward-looking America because
More informationInterview. There s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch Ever! Hillsdale Collegian, 4 December 1975, pp 6 8.
Interview. There s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch Ever! Hillsdale Collegian, 4 December 1975, pp 6 8. Collegian: Do you feel that the University of Chicago is considered the most conservative school in
More informationSettling the West and the Rise of Populism Notes
Settling the West and the Rise of Populism Notes LG: How did people settle the West? I. Railroads Open the West A. Massive govt. land grants for laying RR lines. 1. 10 to 20 sq. miles of land per 1 mile
More informationShould universal care advocates bite their tongues on single-payer?
Should universal care advocates bite their tongues on single-payer? Original Reporting By Mike Alberti Health care June 8, 2011 It was not so long ago that a universal, single-payer health insurance program
More informationStatement by President Trump on the Paris Climate Accord
DOCUMENT Statement by President Trump on the Paris Climate Accord June 1 st. 2017 Rose Garden 3:32 P.M. EDT The President: Thank you very much. (Applause.) Thank you. I would like to begin by addressing
More information100. In a unitary government system who holds most of the power? C the central government
Africa Blue Coach CG1 a, b, c; CG2 a; CG3 a, b Government & Economic Standards Page 38 100. In a unitary government system who holds most of the power? C the central government 101. In a confederation
More informationPublic Schools: Make Them Private by Milton Friedman (1995)
Public Schools: Make Them Private by Milton Friedman (1995) Space for Notes Milton Friedman, a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution, won the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1976. Executive Summary
More informationTHE NATURE OF THE CORPORATION > More Rights Than People
Noam Chomsky Institute Professor, MIT HISTORY > An Attack on Classical Liberalism The courts accorded corporations the rights of persons. That s a very sharp attack on classical liberalism in which rights
More informationECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND DECISION MAKING. Understanding Economics - Chapter 2
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND DECISION MAKING Understanding Economics - Chapter 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Chapter 2, Lesson 1 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Traditional Market Command Mixed! Economic System organized way a society
More informationAre Interest Groups Good or Bad for Democracy? What Kinds of Interest Groups Do Americans Join? Interest Groups in America (HA)
Interest Groups in America (HA) Americans join all kinds of groups that reflect their interests, from garden clubs and hiking groups to civic organizations. When such groups seek to influence government,
More informationRole of Political and Legal Systems. Unit 5
Role of Political and Legal Systems Unit 5 Political Labels Liberal call for peaceful and gradual change of the nations political system, would like to see the government involved in the promotion of the
More informationTopic: Human rights. KS or Year Group: Year 10. Lesson: Human rights what are they? National Curriculum. Lesson overview. Starter
Topic: Human rights Lesson: Human rights what are they? Resources: 1. Resource 1 Human rights list 2. Resource 2 Do human rights compete and conflict? 3. Resource 3 Human rights answers 4. Resource 4 Find
More informationPrintable Format for In Defense of "Sweatshops"
FEATURED ARTICLE JUNE 2, 2008 Printable Format for http://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2008/powellsweatshops.html In Defense of "Sweatshops" Benjamin Powell* FAQ: Print Hints I do not want to work
More informationGlobalization: It Doesn t Just Happen
Conference Presentation November 2007 Globalization: It Doesn t Just Happen BY DEAN BAKER* Progressives will not be able to tackle the problems associated with globalization until they first understand
More informationTypes of Interest Groups
Types of Interest Groups The Humane Society works to reduce suffering and improve the lives of all animals by advocating for better laws; investigating animal cruelty; conducting campaigns to reform industries;
More informationMONDALE COMPOSITE STUMP SPEECH
III MONDALE COMPOSITE STUMP SPEECH Together, we've got a lot of work to do. America is not just for here and now. We have a responsibility to our children and their children, because America is not a short-term
More informationPublic Policy in Mexico. Stephanie Grade. Glidden-Ralston
Public Policy in Mexico Stephanie Grade Glidden-Ralston Food has always been the sustaining life force for the human body. Absence of this life force can cause entire nations to have to struggle with health
More informationInequality between the rich and poor is growing. Historically, what have been the best ways of reducing inequality?
b The Great Leveler Inequality between the rich and poor is growing. Historically, what have been the best ways of reducing inequality? B Discuss these questions and then read the first part of the article
More informationWarm Up. 1 Read the article on the Populist Movement and answer the questions that accompany it
Warm Up 1 Read the article on the Populist Movement and answer the questions that accompany it The Farmers Alliance I. Farmers began organizing together to fight the unfair economic system they were trapped
More informationThe Great West and The Rise of the Debtor Unit ( )
The Great West and The Rise of the Debtor Unit (1860-1896) The learner will evaluate the great westward movement and assess the impact of the agricultural revolution on the nation. Innovations Describe
More informationTrump and the Xenophobic Populist Parties: Cultural Backlash in Artificial Intelligence Society
Trump and the Xenophobic Populist Parties: Cultural Backlash in Artificial Intelligence Society Ronald Inglehart Higher School of Economics Moscow April 11, 2017 In recent decades virtually all of the
More informationThe Money Supply. To fund the Civil War, US government had flooded the market with paper money ( greenbacks ) Supply of $ = Value of $ (inflation)
Populism Declining Profits Thanks to new technologies, farmers had opened up the Great Plains and were producing a much greater supply of grains Grain supply = Grain prices Farmers were earning LESS Rising
More informationWhy Monetary Freedom Matters Ron Paul
Why Monetary Freedom Matters Ron Paul I ve thought about and have written about the Federal Reserve for a long time. I became fascinated with the monetary issue in the 1960s, having come across the Austrian
More informationIntersection between Policy and Politics
Intersection between Policy and Politics Michael M. Hash, Principal Health Policy Alternatives Washington, DC ADEA 2008 Advocacy Day Thank you for inviting me. Well, after months of what has seemed like
More informationWelcome to the dark side of rationality.
Zurich Speech Page 1 of 9 One problem in any technical field is that technical fields have technical terms which sound self-explanatory and are not. I am sure the world is full of people who believe that
More informationEurope and the US: Confronting Global Challenges
SPEECH/07/ Peter Mandelson EU Trade Commissioner Europe and the US: Confronting Global Challenges Carnegie Endowment Washington DC, 8 October 2007 EMBARGO UNTIL DELIVERED AT 16H30 CET The Carnegie Endowment
More informationPublic Hearing. before ASSEMBLY LAW AND PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTEE. ASSEMBLY CONCURRENT RESOLUTION No. 168
Public Hearing before ASSEMBLY LAW AND PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTEE ASSEMBLY CONCURRENT RESOLUTION No. 168 (Proposes amendment to State Constitution to provide that State lottery net proceeds will not be used
More informationFrom The Collected Works of Milton Friedman, compiled and edited by Robert Leeson and Charles G. Palm.
Interview. Tolerant of Nuts: Milton Friedman on His Chicago Days. Interviewed by Jason Hirschman. Whip at the University of Chicago, 20 October 1993, pp. 8-9. Used with permission of the Special Collections
More informationPODCAST: Politically Powerless, Economically Powerful: A Contradiction?: A Conversation with the Saudi Businesswoman Rasha Hifzi
PODCAST: Politically Powerless, Economically Powerful: A Contradiction?: A Conversation with the Saudi Businesswoman Rasha Hifzi In this podcast, originally recorded for I.M.O.W. s Women, Power and Politics
More informationLOREM IPSUM. Book Title DOLOR SET AMET
LOREM IPSUM Book Title DOLOR SET AMET CHAPTER 4 POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE The late 19th century in American politics was the most corrupt age in our history. Political bosses ruled with reckless abandon
More informationWhy Current Global Inequality Is Unsustainable
Dorling, D. (2014) Why Current Global Inequality Is Unsustainable, Social Europe Journal, October 28 th, http://www.social-europe.eu/2014/10/currentglobal-inequality-unsustainable/ Why Current Global Inequality
More informationThe Three Great Thinkers Who Changed Economics
The Three Great Thinkers Who Changed Economics By Daniel Adler, Big History Project, adapted by Newsela staff on 07.30.16 Word Count 1,789 The New York stock exchange traders' floor (1963). Courtesy of
More informationLOW VOTER TURNOUT INTERVIEW ROLE PLAY
CLASSROOM LAW PROJECT Summer Institute LOW VOTER TURNOUT INTERVIEW ROLE PLAY Practice interview skills. When researching the issue of low voter turnout, interviewing stakeholders in the community is an
More informationIN THE NEWS GROWING CONCERN OVER CAP-AND-TRADE AUCTION FUND SPENDING
IN THE NEWS GROWING CONCERN OVER CAP-AND-TRADE AUCTION FUND SPENDING In 2006, the Legislature passed AB 32 with a simple majority vote. The bill authorized the cap-and-trade program. Since then, the Air
More informationWith Paul Samuelson. "The Dollar in Danger."* Moderated by Peter Lisagor. National Educational Television, New York, 17 March 1968.
With Paul Samuelson. "The Dollar in Danger."* Moderated by Peter Lisagor. National Educational Television, New York, 17 March 1968. PETER Good evening. The American dollar has been a stable part of international
More informationAPPRAISAL OF THE FAR EAST AND LATIN AMERICAN TEAM REPORTS IN THE WORLD FOREIGN TRADE SETTING
APPRAISAL OF THE FAR EAST AND LATIN AMERICAN TEAM REPORTS IN THE WORLD FOREIGN TRADE SETTING Harry G. Johnson, Professor of Economics University of Chicago Because of the important position of the United
More informationECONOMICS U$A PROGRAM #27 INTERNATIONAL TRADE: FOR WHOSE BENEFIT?
ECONOMICS U$A PROGRAM #27 INTERNATIONAL TRADE: FOR WHOSE BENEFIT? AUDIO PROGRAM TRANSCRIPT ECONOMICS U$A PROGRAM #27 INTERNATONAL TRADE: FOR WHOSE BENEFIT? (MUSIC PLAYS) ANNOUNCER: Funding for this program
More informationGOVERNMENT FINANCE AND OUR PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITIES
Speech delivered before _"I Am An American Day" Ce 1 ebra tion Buffalo, New York May 21, 1950 9. GOVERNMENT FINANCE AND OUR PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITIES It is well we meet to review our position political and
More informationWorld Bank Releases World Development Indicators Seeking Alpha
Page 1 of 6 World Bank Releases World Development Indicators 2007 Posted on May 27th, 2007 Toro submits: Global poverty rates continued to fall in the first four years of the 21st century according to
More informationOctober 2006 APB Globalization: Benefits and Costs
October 2006 APB 06-04 Globalization: Benefits and Costs Put simply, globalization involves increasing integration of economies around the world from the national to the most local levels, involving trade
More informationFarmers and the Populist Movement
Farmers and the Populist Movement Farmers Unite In the late 1800 s a vicious economic cycle was especially harmful to farmers. Prices for their products was falling while the cost of seeds and tools was
More informationEOC - Review. The following slides contain vocabulary that will be important to know to succeed on the EOC exam.
EOC - Review The following slides contain vocabulary that will be important to know to succeed on the EOC exam. Remember The EOC is 10% of your 4 th quarter grade!! PART I Geography 5 Themes Geography
More informationBe afraid of the Chinese bearing gifts
http://voria.gr/details.php?id=11937 Be afraid of the Chinese bearing gifts International Economics professor of George Mason, Hilton Root, talks about political influence games, Thessaloniki perspectives
More informationLecture to the New York Telephone Company December 1933
Lecture to the New York Telephone Company December 1933 Page, A. W. (1933, December 18). Our Public Relations Today and the Outlook for the Future. Speech presented at a Public Relations Course, New York
More informationThe United States & Latin America: After The Washington Consensus Dan Restrepo, Director, The Americas Program, Center for American Progress
The United States & Latin America: After The Washington Consensus Dan Restrepo, Director, The Americas Program, Center for American Progress Presentation at the Annual Progressive Forum, 2007 Meeting,
More informationPublic Choice : (c) Single Peaked Preferences and the Median Voter Theorem
Public Choice : (c) Single Peaked Preferences and the Median Voter Theorem The problem with pairwise majority rule as a choice mechanism, is that it does not always produce a winner. What is meant by a
More informationChapter Seven. Public Policy
Chapter Seven Public Policy Comparative Politics Today, 9/e Almond, Powell, Dalton & Strøm Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman 2008 Government and Policymaking Government and Policymaking Public
More informationECONOMICS U$A 21 ST CENTURY EDITION PROGRAM #11 REDUCING POVERTY Annenberg Foundation & Educational Film Center
ECONOMICS U$A 21 ST CENTURY EDITION PROGRAM #11 REDUCING POVERTY ECONOMICS U$A: 21 ST CENTURY EDITION PROGRAM #11 REDUCING POVERTY (MUSIC PLAYS) NARRATOR: FUNDING FOR THIS PROGRAM IS PROVIDED BY ANNENBERG
More informationOil dril ing information:
The 64 th Legislative Assembly started on Tuesday January 6, 2015. Article IV, Section 7, of the Constitution of North Dakota limits regular sessions to 80 natural days during a biennium and defines a
More informationA Nobel Memorial Prize Laureate In Economics Who Has Inspired Me
A Nobel Memorial Prize Laureate In Economics Who Has Inspired Me Life is better now than at almost any time in history. More people are richer and fewer people live in dire poverty. Lives are longer and
More informationVictoria s Chinatown: An Evolution
Victoria s Chinatown: An Evolution Understanding is the first step to acceptance, and only with acceptance can there be recovery. J.K. Rowling Victoria is a travel destination for people all over the world,
More informationThe American Health Care Act: Overview
The American Health Care Act: Overview The Congressional Republican leadership has unveiled its long-awaited ObamaCare Repeal Bill. While it has several good elements, it does not live up to the GOP leadership
More informationHealth Care for Everyone
Objectives Health Care for Everyone Obstacles Old and New Prevent Significant change from taking shape Participants will be able to: Identify and discuss components of the U.S. Healthcare System. Describe
More informationHigh School Social Studies U.S. History Unit 03 Exemplar Lesson 01: Reforms Expand Rights
United States History Studies Since 1877 Unit: 03 Lesson: 01 Suggested Duration: 2 days High School U.S. History Unit 03 Exemplar Lesson 01: Reforms Expand Rights This lesson is one approach to teaching
More informationInterview with Jacques Bwira Hope Primary School Kampala, Uganda
Hope Primary School Kampala, Uganda Jacques Bwira arrived in Uganda in 2000, having fled the violent conflict in his native country, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Though he had trained and worked as
More informationnetw rks The Resurgence of Conservatism, Ronald Reagan s Inauguration Background
Analyzing Primary Sources Activity Ronald Reagan s Inauguration Background When Ronald Reagan was sworn in as the fortieth president of the United States, the country was facing several crises. The economy
More informationThe World Bank and Low-Income Countries: The Escalating Agenda
The World Bank and Low-Income Countries: The Escalating Agenda by William Easterly Ihave a very simple message about the World Bank and low-income countries. To be effective, the World Bank needs to have
More informationPolitics in the Gilded Age Political Machines Political Machines Political Machines Restoring Honest Government
1 2 3 4 Politics in the Gilded Age well organized political party that dominates and gets members elected to local political offices Political Bosses Dictated party positions and made deals with business
More informationTopic 3: The Rise and Rule of Single-Party States
Topic 3: The Rise and Rule of Single-Party States Packet: White Swans by Jung Chang Major Theme: Origins and Nature of Authoritarian and Single-Party States Conditions That Produced Single-Party States
More informationCHAPTER 6 REPUBLICAN HYPOCRITES
CHAPTER 6 REPUBLICAN HYPOCRITES Republicans usually go around saying they want less government. That kind of sounds like Libertarians, right? Would Republicans end the war on drugs, end mandatory Social
More information18.5 International Communication and the Global Marketplace
18.5 International Communication and the Global Marketplace LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Describe international communication and the global marketplace, including political, legal, economic, and ethical systems.
More informationAdam Smith and Government Intervention in the Economy Sima Siami-Namini Graduate Research Assistant and Ph.D. Student Texas Tech University
Review of the Wealth of Nations Adam Smith and Government Intervention in the Economy Sima Siami-Namini Graduate Research Assistant and Ph.D. Student Texas Tech University May 14, 2015 Abstract The main
More informationSpecial Interests and the Trade Policy in the BRICs *
Special Interests and the Trade Policy in the BRICs * Kishore S. Gawande # My co-author, Bernard Hoekman at the World Bank, and I are trying to push the Grossman-Helpman model as far as possible. 1 Basically,
More informationWhite House Rose Garden, June 1, 2017.
White House Rose Garden, June 1, 2017. THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. (Applause.) Thank you. I would like to begin by addressing the terrorist attack in Manila. We re closely monitoring the situation,
More informationInterview. "An Interview with Milton Friedman." Interviewed by Jason Hirschman. Whip at the University of Chicago, Autumn 1993, pp. 9, 11.
Interview. "An Interview with Milton Friedman." Interviewed by Jason Hirschman. Whip at the University of Chicago, Autumn 1993, pp. 9, 11. Used with permission of the Special Collections Research Center,
More informationLecture 7: Domestic Politics of Trade. Benjamin Graham
Today s Plan Housekeeping Reading quiz Domestic Politics of Trade Housekeeping Homework 2 due next Thursday (September 25). Late papers not accepted. Will go up on my website this afternoon! Midterm October
More information19 ECONOMIC INEQUALITY. Chapt er. Key Concepts. Economic Inequality in the United States
Chapt er 19 ECONOMIC INEQUALITY Key Concepts Economic Inequality in the United States Money income equals market income plus cash payments to households by the government. Market income equals wages, interest,
More informationYou know, just today I was reading what the President said about consumers. For starters, the President said we need to do more to help consumers.
1 Consumer Rights in the U.S. and Around the World by Jim Guest President and CEO of Consumer Reports and President of Consumers International at Consumer Federation of America s Consumer Assembly March
More informationPS 124A Midterm, Fall 2013
PS 124A Midterm, Fall 2013 Choose the best answer and fill in the appropriate bubble. Each question is worth 4 points. 1. The dominant economic power in the first Age of Globalization was a. Rome b. Spain
More informationEconomic Overview. Post-war recession Unemployment = 10% Trade cut in half Prices for products dropped 20%
Post-war recession Economic Overview Unemployment = 10% Trade cut in half Prices for products dropped 20% 1922-29 Unemployment 3%-4% Gross National Product (GNP) increased from $74.1 billion to $103.1
More informationThe Path to Political Office: Encouraging Involvement in the Political Process Missouri State Rep. Bart Korman, P.E.
The Path to Political Office: Encouraging Involvement in the Political Process Missouri State Rep. Bart Korman, P.E. Engineering Public Policy Advanced Leadership Bart Korman Missouri State Representative
More informationThe Fragility of Freedom
The Fragility of Freedom The Fragility of Freedom Milton Friedman Thank you very much. It is a special pleasure for me to be introduced to you here today by Dallin Oaks, who was not only a colleague at
More informationInternational Economics Day 2. Douglas J Young Professor Emeritus MSU
International Economics Day 2 Douglas J Young Professor Emeritus MSU djyoung@montana.edu Goals/Schedule 1. How does International Trade affect Jobs, Wages and the Cost of Living? 2. How Do Trade Barriers
More informationPrepared Remarks of Charles Kamasaki Senior Vice President National Council of La Raza
Prepared Remarks of Charles Kamasaki Senior Vice President National Council of La Raza at: Passage to Banking: Linking Immigrants to Mainstream Financial Services Federal Reserve Bank of New York November
More informationTrade Basics. January 2019 Why Trade? Globalization and the benefits of trade By Dr. Robert L. Thompson
Trade Basics January 2019 Why Trade? Globalization and the benefits of trade By Dr. Robert L. Thompson Since the conclusion of World War II in 1945, international trade has been greatly facilitated by
More informationProsperity Brings Satisfaction and Hope CHINA S OPTIMISM
1615 L Street, N.W., Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel (202) 419-4350 Fax (202) 419-4399 www.pewglobal.org FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 2005 Prosperity Brings Satisfaction and Hope
More informationThe President, Congress and Deficit Battles April 15-20, 2011
CBS NEWS/NEW YORK TIMES POLL For release: Thursday, April 21, 2011 6:30pm (EDT) The President, Congress and Deficit Battles April 15-20, 2011 With the possibility of more spending showdowns between President
More informationName Date Period Class Parliamentary Elections of Germany
Name Date Period Class Parliamentary Elections of Germany - 1932 Parliamentary elections of 1932 were spirited, for German voters had to decide which party offered the best solution to the nation s seemingly
More informationBlack Economic Empowerment. Paper for Harold Wolpe Memorial Seminar, 8 June Dali Mpofu
Black Economic Empowerment Paper for Harold Wolpe Memorial Seminar, 8 June 2005 Dali Mpofu My standpoint is going to be that the BEE debate in South Africa is generally poor at the moment. So, my first
More informationEthics and Politics. What should ethicists worry about in 2017? The Affordable Care Act
Ethics and Politics What should ethicists worry about in 2017? The Affordable Care Act The future of health care reform and the progress we ve made in access and coverage is the biggest question. It is
More informationThe First Attempt at Healthcare Reform
The First Attempt at Healthcare Reform 1912-1917 1912: President Theodore Roosevelt campaigned as a Progressive Party candidate promoting the idea of National Health Care Insurance Although President Theodore
More informationOpening speech by Markus Löning Former German Commissioner for Human Rights Economic Freedom Network Asia, Manila, November 22 nd 2016
Opening speech by Markus Löning Former German Commissioner for Human Rights Economic Freedom Network Asia, Manila, November 22 nd 2016 Good morning everybody. It s a great honor to be here and it s a great
More informationThere is a seemingly widespread view that inequality should not be a concern
Chapter 11 Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Do Poor Countries Need to Worry about Inequality? Martin Ravallion There is a seemingly widespread view that inequality should not be a concern in countries
More informationIntroduction to FCM (Federation of Canadian Municipalities)
FCM REPORT FOR 2015 Introduction to FCM (Federation of Canadian Municipalities) The 2015 edition of the FCM Annual Conference and Trade Show was held at the Shaw Convention Center in Edmonton from the
More informationName. William McKinley ( ) Andrew Jackson ( ) George Washington ( ) Abraham Lincoln ( )
Name Checks and Balances: U.S. Presidents and the Economy Directions: Working in teams, match the president with the appropriate Economic Situation, Government Response, and Primary Source Document cards
More informationVirginia Federation of Chapters (VFC) 2015 State Legislative Plan Talking Points
Virginia Federation of Chapters (VFC) 2015 State Legislative Plan Talking Points Enhanced Protection of Incapacitated Adults.. p. 2 Income Tax Subtraction for Retiree Health Insurance Premiums. p. 3 Nonpartisan
More informationMagruder s American Government
Presentation Pro Magruder s American Government C H A P T E R 23 Comparative Economic Systems 200 by Prentice Hall, Inc. C H A P T E R 23 Comparative Economic Systems SECTION Capitalism SECTION 2 Socialism
More informationBased on our analysis of Census Bureau data, we estimate that there are 6.6 million uninsured illegal
Memorandum Center for Immigration Studies September 2009 Illegal Immigrants and HR 3200 Estimate of Potential Costs to Taxpayers By Steven A. Camarota Based on our analysis of Census Bureau data, we estimate
More informationOutlook for Tax Legislation in the 97th Congress
College of William & Mary Law School William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository William & Mary Annual Tax Conference Conferences, Events, and Lectures 1980 Outlook for Tax Legislation in the 97th
More informationOPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP TESTIMONY OF DAN DIMICCO CHAIRMAN, PRESIDENT AND CEO NUCOR CORPORATION
COMMITTEE ON FINANCE U.S. SENATE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP TESTIMONY OF DAN DIMICCO CHAIRMAN, PRESIDENT AND CEO NUCOR CORPORATION MARCH 27, 2007 I am Dan DiMicco,
More informationEuropean Economic Growth Factors
European Economic Growth Factors European Economic Growth Factors Essential Question: What factors influence a country's economic growth? Economic Check Point Economics is the study of how a market makes,
More informationEconomic Systems. Essential Questions. How do different societies around the world meet their economic systems?
Economic Systems Essential Questions How do different societies around the world meet their economic systems? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each system? Terms to know: Economics Economist
More informationIs China a Currency Manipulator?
Peterson Perspectives Interviews on Current Topics Is China a Currency Manipulator? Morris Goldstein says Treasury Secretary Geithner was correct to label China a currency manipulator but argues for a
More informationDemocracy and Democratization: theories and problems
Democracy and Democratization: theories and problems By Bill Kissane Reader in Politics, LSE Department of Government I think they ve organised the speakers in the following way. Someone begins who s from
More informationRecognizing the problem/agenda setting: ormulating the policy: Adopting the policy: Implementing the policy: Evaluating the policy: ECONOMIC POLICY
POLICY MAKING THE PROCESS Recognizing the problem/agenda setting: Almost no policy is made unless and until a need is recognized. Many different groups and people may bring a problem or issue to the government
More informationTowards Sustainable Economy and Society Under Current Globalization Trends and Within Planetary Boundaries: A Tribute to Hirofumi Uzawa
Towards Sustainable Economy and Society Under Current Globalization Trends and Within Planetary Boundaries: A Tribute to Hirofumi Uzawa Joseph E. Stiglitz Tokyo March 2016 Harsh reality: We are living
More informationSonja Steßl. State Secretary Federal Ministry of Finance
State Secretary Federal Ministry of Finance Opening Address Dear Governor, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is my pleasure to welcome you to Vienna, also on behalf of Federal Chancellor Faymann, who sends his
More informationDEMOGRAPHIC SHOCKS: THE VIEW FROM HISTORY. DISCUSSION
DEMOGRAPHIC SHOCKS: THE VIEW FROM HISTORY. DISCUSSION David N. Weil* Massimo Livi-Bacci has taken us on a fascinating tour of demographic history. What lessons for developments in the world today can we
More informationPopulism: Problems & Politics
Populism: Problems & Politics APK Populist were farmers based grass-roots movement Moved West with the land grants Railroads moved West with land grants too Fight over land & prices with railroads 2 Importance
More information