University of Toronto Department of Political Science Pol 439/2139H-F. The Canadian Welfare State in Comparative Perspective Fall 2011

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1 University of Toronto Department of Political Science Pol 439/2139H-F The Canadian Welfare State in Comparative Perspective Fall 2011 Professor: Rodney Haddow Class time: Wednesday, 2-4 PM Class location: Larkin 200 My office location: 3119 Sydney Smith Hall; 100 St. George Street Office hours: Wednesday, 4:30-6:30 PM Telephone: (416) [NB: It is much easier to reach me by than to contact me by phone at this number, except during office hours!] Course description: Welfare states now receive considerable attention in political science due to their continued prominence among state functions in an age of globalization, and because of the fiscal and demographic pressures they face. They are the focus of some of the most interesting theoretical and empirical debates on the comparative politics of industrial societies and in scholarship about Canadian politics. This course examines recent trends in Canadian social policy in light of this scholarship, and compares them with trends in other affluent democracies. The first substantive seminar addresses the legitimacy of the welfare state from the perspective of political theory. Section A then reviews leading themes in the comparative study of welfare states in industrial societies, with one week devoted to the application of this literature to Canada. Section B reviews the case study literature on some of the most prominent aspects of Canada s welfare state. Format: This is a seminar course; classroom sessions will be devoted to the discussion of the readings assigned for that session. Students are expected to complete the readings required of them, even when they are not submitting a paper or making an oral presentation. Readings: There are four articles listed under required readings for each week of the course. All four of these readings are in fact required for graduate students, and must be incorporated into submitted essays. Undergraduate students are required only to read three of these readings each week, and to write about those three when preparing a paper. (I recommend that undergraduates read the first three readings listed as required, but they may choose to do otherwise).

2 2 Required readings: Readings not recently published in journals are available in a course pack. Recent journal articles, indicated below with the expression on-line, are available on-line to U of T students. Grading Scheme and Course Requirements: Pol 439H: 4 short essays (4-5 pages each) 75% (each is worth 20%, except your worst, which is worth 15%) 1 oral presentation 10% Oral participation 15% Pol 2139H: 5 short essays (5-6 pages each) 75% (each essay is worth 15%) 1 oral presentation 10% Oral participation 15% Written and oral assignments: The most important responsibility for students in the course is to prepare four 4-5 page ( words) (undergraduate) or five 5-6 page (graduate) ( word) papers during each term, based on the assigned readings. Students will sign up for essay topics during the second week of the course. There is considerable flexibility regarding which topics you write on, but at least one paper must be submitted by October 18 th to comply with the university s course-drop decline. These essays will be expected to accomplish two tasks: [a] they should provide a clear review of the main arguments made by each of the readings assigned for that week; and [b] they should make an argument, by pointing to a major issue or theme addressed in the readings, comparing what the different authors have to say about this question, and evaluating these different perspectives. Needless to say, papers should be written in good standard English, and with appropriate references to the sources used Essays are due in class, at the beginning of the class, on the date when their topic will be discussed in the seminar. Because the seminar discussion should serve to clarify the readings for all participants, it would not be fair for me to accept papers submitted late without significant penalty. Consequently, late papers will be subject to a penalty of 10% during the first 24 hours after they are due, and of 20% thereafter. The 10% penalty will rise to 20% for a second or subsequent one-day-late assignment. Please note that all term work must, according to University regulations, be submitted by December 6th. In conjunction with one of these essays, each student will also make one 10 minute presentation of their argument, in class. Presentations should not simply summarize the readings. They should be argumentative, and provide a cogent analysis of

3 3 a theme relevant to the readings. The presenter should assume that other seminar participants are familiar with the readings. Finally, students will be graded for participation. Five marks will be assigned based on attendance at class. Only documented medical grounds will be accepted as an explanation of non-attendance. Students will lose one per cent of their term grade for each class missed without evidence of such grounds. (If more than five classes are missed, further grades will be deducted). The other ten marks will be based on the quality and quantity of each student s involvement in oral discussions. It is not essential that you be talking all the time. But I do expect each student to make an effort to contribute to each week s seminar discussion. In evaluating this participation, I am particularly interested in the extent to which the oral contribution shows a correct understanding of the readings, and gives evidence that the student has reflected upon them. Particular emphasis will be attached to each student s contribution during weeks when they are not submitting an essay. Seminar themes and readings: [1] September 14: Introduction to the Course [2] September 21: Is the welfare state justifiable? If so, how, and what should it look like? Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), pp , [Preliminary course pack] John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp , [Preliminary course pack] Stein Ringen, What Democracy is For (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp [Preliminary course pack] John Roemer, Equality of Opportunity (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp [Preliminary course pack] Brian Barry, Why Social Justice Matters (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005). Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960). Ronald Dworkin, Is Democracy Possible Here? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), esp. chap 4. Bo Rothstein, Just Institutions Matter. The Moral and Political Logic of the Welfare State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), esp. pp Section A: Comparing Welfare States in Industrial Societies: [3] September 28: In what ways, and how much, do welfare states vary? Why? Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Power and Distributional Regimes, Politics and Society, vol. 14, no. 2 (1985), [on-line; use Scholars Portal]

4 4 Torben Iversen and David Soskice, An Asset Theory of Social Policy Preferences, American Political Science Review, vol. 95, no. 4 (2001), [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Paul Pierson, Post-industrial Pressures on the Mature Welfare States, in P. Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), [Electronic resource from UTL: After connect to this resource, select chapter 3 under contents, then full chapter PDF ; save or print] David Rueda, Insider-Outsider Politics in Industrialized Democracies: The Challenge to Social Democratic Parties, American Political Science Review, vol. 99, no. 1 (2005), [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Lyle Scruggs and James Allan, Research Note: Social Stratification and Welfare Regimes for the Twenty-First Century, World Politics, vol. 60, no. 4 (2008), Edwin Amanta, What we know about the development of social policy, in J. Mahoney and D. Rueschemeyer, eds., Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp Christian Asplater, Conservative Welfare State Systems in East Asia (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2001), esp. pp. 1-35, Francis Castles and Deborah Mitchell, Identifying Welfare State Regimes, Governance, vol. 5 (1992). Gøsta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). Robert E. Goodin, et al., The Real Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Alexander Hicks, Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999). Alexander Hicks and Gosta Esping-Andersen, Comparative and Historical Studies of Public Policy and the Welfare State, in T. Janoski, et al., eds., Handbook of Political Sociology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp Alexander Hicks and Lane Kenworthy, Varieties of Welfare Capitalism [on Esping- Andersen], Socio-Economic Review, vol. 1 (2003), pp Torben Iversen, Capitalism and Democracy, in B. Weingast and D. Wittman, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp Paul Pierson, Three Worlds of Welfare State Research, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33 (2000). Jonas Pontusson, Inequality and Prosperity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005), pp Harold Wilensky, Rich Democracies. Political Economy, Public Policy and Performance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002). [4] October 4: Canada: A liberal welfare state, an anomaly, or a bit of each? John Myles, How to Design a Liberal Welfare State: A Comparison of Canada and the United States, in E. Huber, ed., Models of Capitalism (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), [Course pack] Rodney Haddow, How Can Comparative Political Economy Explain Variable Change? Lessons For, and From, Canada, in R. Simeon, et al., The Comparative Turn in Canadian Political Science. (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008), [Course pack]

5 5 Keith Banting, Dis-embedding Liberalism? The New Social Policy Paradigm in Canada, in D. Green & J. Kesselman, eds., Dimensions of Inequality in Canada (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006), [Electronic resource from UTL: Select Scholars Portal link, then Connect to resource, then read this book tab, then export to PDF (at bottom of page); enter pages , then download and save PDF file] Jane Jenson, Representation in Crisis: the Roots of Canada s Permeable Fordism, Canadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 23, no. 4 (1990), [on-line; use JSTOR] Additional Readings on Canada & Liberal Welfare States: Jacob Hacker, Policy Drift: The Hidden Politics of US Welfare State Retrenchment, in W. Streeck and K. Thelen, eds., Beyond Continuity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Richard Rhodes, Restructuring the British Welfare State, in F. Scharpf and V. Schmidt, eds., Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, vol. 2 (Oxford University Press, 2000.) Alvin Finkel, Social Policy and Practice in Canada: A History (Waterloo: WLU Press, 2006). Dennis Guest, The Emergence of Social Security in Canada (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1979). John Helliwell, Globalization and Well-Being (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2002). George Hoberg, et al., The Scope for Domestic Choice: Policy Autonomy in a Globalizing World, in Hoberg, ed., Capacity for Choice: Canada in a New North America (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), pp James Rice, and Michael Prince, Changing Politics of Canadian Social Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000). Duane Swank, Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), , Peter Urmetzer, Globalization Unplugged: Sovereignty and the Canadian State in the Twenty-First Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), , [5] October 11: Gender and the Welfare State: How are gender relations shaped by, and how do they shape, welfare states? Ann Orloff, Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship, American Sociological Review, vol. 58, no. 3 (1993), pp [on-line; use JSTOR] Catherine Bolzendahl, Making the implicit explicit: Gender influences on social spending in twelve industrialized democracies, , Social Politics, vol. 16, no. 1 (2009), [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Evelyne Huber, John Stephens, David Bradley, Stephen Moller and Francois Nielsen, The politics of women s economic independence, Social Politics, vol. 16, no. 1 (2009), 1-39 [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Torben Iversen, and Frances Rosenbluth, The Political Economy of Gender, American Journal of Political Science, ol. 50, no. 1 (2006), pp [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Mary Daly, A Fine Balance: Women s Labour Market Participation in International Comparison, in F. Scharpf and V. Schmidt, eds., Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, vol. 2 (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp

6 6 Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp , Margarita Estevez-Abe, Gendering the Varieties of Capitalism, World Politics, vol. 59 (2006), pp Kimberly Morgan, Gender and the Welfare State [review article], Comparative Politics, vol. 34:1 (2001), pp Julia O Connor, Gender, Class, and Citizenship in the Comparative Analysis of Welfare State Regimes, in O Connor and G. Olsen, eds., Power Resources Theory (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), pp Diane Sainsbury, Gender, Equality, and the Welfare State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp , [6] October 18: Poverty and Social Mobility: What Variations Exist among Countries? Why? Lyle Scruggs and James Allan, The Material Consequences of Welfare States: Benefit Generosity and Absolute Poverty in 16 OECD Countries, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 39, no. 7 (2006), [On-line; use Scholars Portal] Olof Backman, Institutions, Structures and Poverty A Comparative Study of 16 Countries, , European Sociological Review, vol. 25, no. 2 (2009), [On-line; use Scholars Portal] David Brady, Andrew Fullerton, and Jennifer Cross, Putting Poverty in Political Context: A Multi-Level Analysis of Adult Poverty across 18 Affluent Democracies, Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 1 (2009), [On-line; use Project Muse] Miles Corak, Do Poor Children Become Poor Adults? Lessons from a Cross Country Comparison of Generational earnings Mobility, IZA Discussion Papers no. 1993, March 2006, 1-33 [At select Discussion Papers in 2006, then scroll to no ] Vincent Mahler, Economic Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Income Inequality in the Developed Countries, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 37, no. 9 (2004), Edward Glaeser, Inequality, in B. Weingast and D. Wittman, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp David Bradley, et al., Distribution and Redistribution in Postindustrial Democracies, World Politics, vol. 55: 2 (2003), pp David Brady, The Welfare State and Relative Poverty in Rich Western Democracies, , Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Miles Corak, Generational income mobility in North America and Europe: An introduction, in Corak, ed., Generational income mobility in North America and Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp Bruce Heady, et al., Welfare over Time: Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism in Panel Perspective, Journal of Public Policy, vol. 17 (1997), pp David Howell, Increasing Earnings Inequality and Unemployment in Developed Countries: Markets, Institutions, and the Unified Theory, Politics and Society, vol. 30 (2002), pp Markus Jantii, et al., American exceptionalism in a new light: a comparison of intergenerational earnings mobility in the Nordic countries, the United Kingdom and the United States, unpublished paper.

7 7 Moene, Karl Ove and Michael Wallerstein, Inequality, Social Insurance and Redistribution, American Political Science Review, vol. 95 (2001). Stephanie Moller, et al., Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies, American Sociological Review, vol. 68: 1 (2003), pp Gary Solon, Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 13, no. 3 (2002), pp [7] October 25: Globalization: Is it Causing Welfare States to Decline, Converge? Alexander Hicks and Christopher Zorn, Economic Globalization, the Macro Economy, and the Reversals of Welfare, International Organization, vol. 59, no. 3 (2005), pp [on-line; use Scholars Portal] David Brady, et al., Economic Globalization and the Welfare State in Affluent Democracies, , American Sociological Review, vol. 70 (2005), no. 6, [on-line; use JSTOR] Carsten Jensen, Conditional Contraction: Globalization and Capitalist Systems, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 50, no. 2 (2011), [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Marius Busemeyer, From Myth to Reality: Globalization and Public Spending in OECD Countries Revisited, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 48, no. 4 (2009), [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Nancy Brune and Geoffrey Garrett, The Globalization Rorschach Test, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 8 (2005), pp Brian Burgoon, Globalization and Welfare Compensation, International Organization, vol. 55 (2001). Francis Castles, The Future of the Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), especially pp Richard Clayton, and Jonas Pontusson, Welfare-State Retrenchment Revisited: Entitlement Cuts, Public Sector Restructuring and Inegalitarian Trends in Advanced Capitalist Societies, World Politics, vol. 51 (1998). Geoffrey Garrett and Deborah Mitchell, Globalization and the Welfare State, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 39 (2001), pp Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, Development and Crisis of the Welfare State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001). Walter Korpi and Joakim Palme, New Politics and Class Politics in the Context of Austerity and Globalization, American Political Science Review, vol. 97: 3 (2003), pp Peter Lindert Growing Public (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). Layna Mosley Global Capital and National Governments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Layna Mosley, Room to Move: International Financial Markets and National Welfare States, International Organization, vol. 54 (2000), pp Herman Schwartz, Round up the Usual Suspects!: Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Welfare State Change, in P. Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp Duane Swank, Withering Welfare? Globalization, Political Economic Institutions, and Contemporary Welfare States, in L. Weiss, ed., States in the Global Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

8 8 Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), pp , , [8] November 2: Multiculturalism and Immigration: What is the relationship between ethno-cultural diversity and the welfare state? Steffen Mau and Christoph Burkhardt, Migration and welfare state solidarity in Western Europe, Journal of European Social Policy, vol. 19, no. 3 (2009), [online; use Scholars Portal] Markus Crepaz, and Regan Damron, Constructing tolerance: How the welfare state shapes attitudes about immigration, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 42, no. 3 (2009), [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Keith Banting, Is there a progressive dilemma in Canada? Immigration, multiculturalism and the welfare state, Canadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 43, no. 4 (2010), [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Diane Sainsbury, Immigrants' social rights in comparative perspective: welfare regimes, forms in immigration and immigration policy regimes, Journal of European Social Policy, vol. 16 no. 3 (2006), [on-line; use Scholars Portal] Henning Fingevar, Immigration and preferences for redistribution: An empirical analysis of European survey data, Comparative European Politics, vol. 6, nol. 4 (2008), Maureen Eger, Even in Sweden: The Effect of Immigration on Support for Welfare State Spending, European Sociological Review, vol. 26, no. 2 (2010), Section B: Cases in Canadian Social Policy and Politics [9] November 9: Health Insurance: Antonia Maioni, Parting at the Crossroads: the Emergence of Health Insurance in the United States and Canada (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 3-13, [Course pack] Vandra Bhatia, Social Rights, Civil Rights, and Health Reform in Canada, Governance, vol. 23, no. 1 (2010), [On-line; use Scholars Portal] Carolyn Tuohy, Health Policy after Universality: Canada in Comparative Perspective, in in K. Banting and J. Myles, eds., The Politics of Redistribution in Canada. (Vancouver: UBC Press, in press) [Available from course web page] Susan Giaomo, Who pays for health care reform, in P. Pierson, ed. The New Politics of the Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp [Electronic resource from UTL: After connect to this resource, select chapter 11 under contents, then full chapter PDF ; save or print] Carolyn Tuohy, Accidental Logics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 2-34, Gerard Boychuk, The Changing Political and Economic Environment of Health Care, in G. Marchildon, et al., eds., The Fiscal Sustainability of Health Care in Canada (Toronto: U of T Press, 2004).

9 9 Vandra Bhatia, and William Coleman, Ideas and Discourses: Reform and Resistance in the Canadian and German Health Systems, Canadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 36 (2003), pp Antonia Maioni, Diverging Pasts, Converging Futures? The Politics of Health Care Reform in Canada and the United States, Canadian-American Public Policy, no. 18 (1994), 34 pp. Malcolm Taylor, Health Insurance and Canadian Public Policy (Montreal: McGill- Queen s University Press, 1978). [10] November 16: Social assistance and income redistribution: Marc Frenette, David A. Green and Kevin Milligan, The Tale of the Tails: Canadian Income inequality in the 1980s and 1990s, Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 40, no 3 (2007), [On-line; use Scholars Portal] Rodney Haddow, Labour Market Income Transfers and Redistribution in Canada: Trends, Variations, & Determinants, in K. Banting and J. Myles, eds., The Politics of Redistribution in Canada. (Vancouver: UBC Press, in press) [Available from course web page] Jamie Peck, Workfare States (New York: Guildford Press, 2001), pp , [Course pack] Gerard Boychuk, Slouching toward the bottom? Provincial social assistance provision in Canada, , in K. Harrison, ed., Racing to the Bottom? (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006), pp [Course pack] Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge: Polity, 2002), pp , Rodney Haddow, and Thomas Klassen, Partisanship, Globalization and Canadian Labour Market Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), chap. 7. Gerard Boychuk, Patchwork of Purpose: The Development of Provincial Social Assistance Regimes in Canada (Montreal: McGill-Queen s University Press, 1998). Rodney Haddow, Poverty Reform in Canada, (Montreal: McGill-Queen s University Press, 1993). Desmond King, In the Name of Liberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). James Struthers, No Fault of Their Own: Unemployment and the Canadian Welfare State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983). [11] November 23: Pensions Ken Battle, Sustaining public pensions in Canada, in N. Takayama, ed., Taste of Pie (Tokyo: Maruzen, 2003), pp , [Course pack] Daniel Beland, The Politics of Social Learning: Finance, Institutions, and Pension Reform in the United States and Canada, Governance, vol. 19, no. 4 (2006), pp [On-line; use Scholars Portal] Daniel Beland and John Myles, "Stasis amidst change: Canadian pension reform in an age of retrenchment", in G. Bonoli and T. Shinkawa, eds. Ageing and Pension Reform around the World (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2005). [Available from course web page]

10 10 John Myles and Paul Pierson, The Comparative Political Economy of Pension Reform, in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), [Electronic resource from UTL: After connect to this resource, select chapter 10 under contents, then full chapter PDF ; save or print] Kent Weaver, Cutting Old-Age Pensions, in L. Pal and Weaver, eds., The Government Taketh Away (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2003), pp Kenneth Bryden, Old Age Pensions and Policy-Making in Canada (Montreal: McGill- Queen s University Press, 1974). [12] November 30: Child Care and Related Measures Priscilla Lambert, The comparative political economy of maternal leave and child care: evidence from twenty OECD countries, Social Politics, vol. 15, no. 3 (2008), [On-line; use Scholars Portal] Annis May Timpson, Driven Apart: Women s Employment Equity and Child Care in Canadian Public Policy (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001), chs. 1, 9 & 10 [Course pack] Rodney Haddow, Child Care and & Early Learning: Can the Residual Mould be Broken? Draft book chapter, 2011 [Available from course web page] Jenson, Jane, et al., No Minor Matter: The Political Economy of Childcare in Canada, in W. Clement and L. Vosko, eds., Changing Canada (Montreal: McGill- Queen s University Press, 2003), [Electronic resource from UTL: Select Scholars Portal link, then Connect to resource, then read this book tab, then export to PDF (at bottom of page); enter pages , then download and save PDF file] Giuliano Bonoli and Frank Reber, The Political Economy of Childcare in OECD Countries: Explaining Cross-National Variation in Spending and Coverage Rates, EJPR, vol. 49, no. 1 (2010), Shirley Gabel and Sheila Kamerman, Investing in children: public commitment in twenty-one industrialized countries, Social service review, vol. 80 no. 2 (2006), Sheila Kamerman, Early Childhood Education and Care: an Overview of Developments in the OECD Countries, International Journal of Educational Research, vol. 33, no. 1 (2000), Residual themes (which we won t be able to cover ) [A] Business and the Welfare State Primary Readings: Mares, Isabela, Firms and the Welfare State: When, Why, and How Does Social Policy Matter to Employers? in P. Hall and D. Soskice, eds., Varieties of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp Korpi, Walter, Power Resources and Employer-Centred Approaches in Explanations of Welfare States and Varieties of Capitalism, World Politics, vol. 58 (2006), pp [Electronic journal] Swank, Duane, and C. Martin, Employers and the Welfare State, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 34:8 (2001), pp Swenson, Peter, Capitalists Against Markets (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 3-16,

11 11 Hacker, Jacob and Paul Pierson, Business Power and Social Policy: Employers and the Formation of the American Welfare State, Politics and Society, vol. 30: 2 (2002), pp Iverson, Torben and David Soskice, An Asset Theory of Social Policy Preferences, American Political Science Review, vol. 95 (2001). Mares, Isabela, The Politics of Risk: Business and Welfare State Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 1-9, Thelen, Kathleen, The Political Economy of Business and Labour in Developed Democracies, in I. Katznelson and H. Milner, eds., Political Science: the State of the Discipline (New York: Norton, 2003), pp Wood, Stewart, Business, Government, and Patterns of Labour Market Policy in Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany, in P. Pierson, ed., Varieties of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp Ebbinghaus, Berhard, When Labour and Capital Collude, in B. Ebbinghaus and P. Manow, eds., Comparing Welfare Capitalism (London: Routledge, 2001). [B] Is Something Wrong with Europe? Primary Readings: Rhodes, Richard, Varieties of Capitalism and the Political Economy of European Welfare, New Political Economy, vol. 10 (2005), pp Manow, Philip, and Eric Seils, Adjusting Badly: the German Welfare State, Structural Change and the Open Economy, in F. Scharpf and V. Schmidt, eds., Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, vol. 2 (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp Cox, Robert Henry, The Social Construction of an Imperative: Why Welfare Reform Happened in Denmark and the Netherlands, but not in Germany, World Politics, vol. 53 (2001), pp Smith, Timothy, France in Crisis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp Benner, Mats and Torben Vad, Sweden and Denmark: Defending the Welfare State, in F. Scharpf and V. Schmidt, eds., Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, vol. 2 (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp Levy, Jonah, Redeploying the State: Liberalization and Social Policy in France, in W. Streeck and K. Thelen, eds., Beyond Continuity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp Lindert, Peter, Growing Public (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), chap 11. Palier, Bruno, Ambiguous Agreement, Cumulative Change: French Social Policy in the 1990s, in W. Streeck and K. Thelen, eds., Beyond Continuity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp S. Soederberg, et al., eds., Internalizing Globalization: the Rise of Neoliberalism and the Decline of National Varieties of Capitalism (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005). P. Taylor-Gooby, ed., New Risks, New Welfare: The Transformation of the European Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Ebbinghaus, Bernard and Philip Manow, eds., Comparing Welfare Capitalism: Social Policy and Political Economy in Europe, Japan and the United States (London: Routledge, 2001). [C] Do Parties Matter? Primary Readings: Allen, James, and Lyle Scruggs, Political Partisanship and Welfare State Reform in Advanced Industrial Societies, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 48 (2004).

12 12 Boix, Carles, Partisan Governments, the International Economy, and Macroeconomic Policies in Advanced Nations, , World Politics, vol. 53 (2000). Garrett, Geoffrey, Partisan Politics in the Global Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 1-25, Hay, Colin, Globalization, Social Democracy and the Persistence of Partisan Politics: A Commentary on Garrett, Review of International Political Economy, vol. 7 (2000), pp Boix, Carles, Political Parties, Growth and Equality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 1-15, Kitschelt, Herbert, Partisan Competition and Welfare State Retrenchment: When do Politicians Choose Unpopular Policies, in P. Pierson, ed. The New Politics of the Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp Pontusson, Jonas, et al., Comparative Political Economy of Wage Distribution: the Role of Partisanship and Labour Market Institutions, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 32 (2002). [D] The Fiscal Basis of the Welfare State Kato, Junko, Regressive Taxation and the Welfare State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 1-17, 34-52, Korpi, Walter and Joakim Palme, The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies for Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality and Poverty in Western Countries, American Sociological Review, vol. 63 (1998). Kemmerling, Achim, Tax mixes, welfare states and employment: tracking diverging vulnerabilities, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 12 (2005), pp Genschel, Philipp, Globalization, Tax Competition, and the Welfare State, Politics and Society, vol. 30:2 (2002), pp [E] Canada s Gendered Welfare State McKeen, Wendy, Money in their Own Name: the feminist voice in the poverty debate in Canada, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), chs. 3 & 6. O Connor, Julia, et al., States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the US (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), ch. 7. Porter, Ann, Gendered States: Women, Unemployment Insurance and the political economy of the welfare state in Canada, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), ch. 8. Bashevkin, Sylvia, Welfare Hot Buttons: Women, work, and social policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), chs. 5 & 6