Adapted to the Physical Environment

Transcription

1 Adapted to the Physical Environment People change their ways of doing things in response to physical characteristics of places like building a house of logs, stone, or sod. Belief Systems Include the beliefs and values shared by members of a racial, ethnic, or social group as well as those held by individuals like religion, customs, values, attitudes, ideals and world views.

2 Civic Participation Being concerned with and involved in the public affairs of a community, state, nation, or world. Command Economy In a command system economic decisions are made by a central governmental agency or authority. Communism is one example of a command economy.

3 Cultural Borrowing The process by which a culture group adopts patterns of speech, actions, and artifacts which are characteristic of another culture group. Culture Regions An area within which a particular culture system prevails marked by all of the characteristics of a culture including ways people dress, what they eat, ways of earning a living, building styles.

4 Culture Traits A single element of normal practice in a culture like using chopsticks or wearing a veil or turban. Culture(s) The total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action, and artifacts.

5 Direct Democracy A government in which citizens vote directly on each issue. Representative Democracy A government in which people elect representatives to manage the country and make laws.

6 Spatial Diffusion The process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another across space. Constitutional Democracy A government which agrees to establish a limited government through a constitution in order to protect individual rights and promote the common good.

7 Factors of Production Frames of Reference Resources needed to create products including land, capital, labor and entrepreneurship. People experience life from a variety of vantage points. By understanding different frames of reference, students gain a greater understanding of history and how it relates to current events.

8 Free Enterprise System A system in which individuals depend on supply, demand, and prices to determine the answers to economic questions. Geographic Factors The physical characteristics that influence settlement and development of a place, like vegetation, climate, and weather patterns.

9 Human Migration The process of people moving from one place and relocating to another place intending to stay permanently or at least for a long period of time. Limited Government A government in which everyone, including all authority figures, must obey the laws.

10 Unlimited Government A government where control is placed solely with the ruler and his/her appointees, and there are no limits imposed on his/her authority. Location of Economic Activities Factors that affect location include labor costs, energy costs, and the availability of land and resources. Factors that tend to affect the location of high-tech economic activities include access to universities, research centers and a pool of highly trained workers.

11 Market Economy An economy in which individuals depend on supply, demand, and prices to determine the answer to economic questions. Non-Renewable Resources Resources that are finite and cannot be replaced once they are used like fossil fuels and minerals.

12 Physical Processes Physical processes are nature s methods of operation that produce, maintain, or alter Earth s physical systems. Physical processes shape the physical environment producing landforms and other features of Earth. Points of View Social scientists and historians strive to understand evidence by identifying different interests, opinions, and attitudes.

13 Level of Development Countries with high levels of urbanization and industrialization that enjoy high material stands of living are referred to as developed countries. Countries with lower levels of progress and prosperity are considered less developed or underdeveloped countries. Primary Sources Consists of evidence produced by someone who participated in an event or lived during the time being studied.

14 Secondary Sources Include descriptions or interpretations prepared by people who were not involved in the events described like textbooks or biographies. Thematic Maps Shows a specific spatial distribution, theme, or topic such as population density, cattle production, climates of the world, or distribution of world religions.

15 Technological Innovations New ways of doing things that are based in technology. For example, travel became easier due to improvements in transportation which began with systems of canals, roads, and railroads. Scarcity The condition of not being able to have all of the goods and services one wants. Resources do not exist in sufficient quantities to satisfy all desires to use them. Rarely can one country or region satisfy all demands.

16 Civic Responsibilities Obeying the law, respecting the rights of others, being informed and attentive to the needs of the community, communicating with representatives, voting, paying taxes, serving on juries, and serving in the armed forces. Ramadan The holy month in the calendar of Islam. Muslims fast between sunrise and sunset each day during Ramadan.

17 Renewable Resources Resources that can be regenerated such as fish, timber, and soil. Personal Responsibilities Taking care of oneself, accepting responsibility for one s actions, taking advantage of the opportunity to be educated, supporting one s family.

18 Primary Economic Activities Primary economic activities are those that use natural resources directly like fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining. Secondary Economic Activities Secondary economic activities use raw materials to produce or manufacture something new and more valuable like steel, flour, iron, plywood, or power.

19 Tertiary Economic Activities Tertiary economic activities are those that provide services, like doctors, teachers, dry cleaners, secretaries, store clerks, truck drivers or restaurant personnel. Quaternary Economic Activities Quaternary economic activities are those in which individuals process, administer, and disseminate information like education, government, information processing and research.

20 Totalitarian A type of unlimited government that attempts to control all facets of the lives of citizens. Independent associations are prohibited and government resorts to intimidation to impose rule. Traditional Economy A system in which the allocation of resources and other economic activities are affected by ritual, custom, or habit.

21 Transportation Corridor Routes by which people and freight move from one place to another by automobile, railroad, airplane, or ship. Transportation Barrier Transportation becomes more difficult as geographic, political, and economic barriers force changes in direction or method of transportation mountains, boundaries, oceans.

22 World Regions Divisions of Earth s space that are similar or linked in some way. There are political, climate, vegetation, cultural regions. Standard of Living Standard of Living is a function of the level of development in a country, measured by factors such as the amount of personal income, levels of education, food consumption, life expectancy, availability of health care, ways natural resources are used, and level of technology.

23 Yom Kippur and Rosh Hashanah Jewish holidays that include atonement for sins and celebration of the Jewish New Year.