Election Issues 22 What electoral fraud in 2006 and 2014? (a version appeared in FT, 2 August 2014) Professor Wadan Narsey

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Election Issues 22 What electoral fraud in 2006 and 2014? (a version appeared in FT, 2 August 2014) Professor Wadan Narsey"

Transcription

1 Election Issues 22 What electoral fraud in 2006 and 2014? (a version appeared in FT, 2 August 2014) Professor Wadan Narsey [There is a correction here to Table 1, with the row labels incorrectly reversed in the FT article] [Note also that The Fiji Times prefers to use the term itaukei where I use the term indigenous Fijians or Fijians, and Fijians of Indian descent where I use the term Indo-Fijians ] Many anonymous bloggers are already alleging that the Bainimarama Government will be rigging the forthcoming September 2014 elections. Such allegations have been made before, and despite being unsubstantiated, have had disastrous results, politically and economically, and must be guarded against. Here I take you back to the last 2006 election where soon after the results were announced, the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) claimed that they had been cheated of victory by SDL s electoral fraud. This electoral fraud claim was then used by Bainimarama, as one of his justifications for the 2006 coup. But when the Leader of the FLP and a few of his colleagues joined Bainimarama s government, none of them produced any significant evidence of electoral fraud, despite being in government for more than a year.. Neither was there any significant evidence of electoral fraud produced by the Director of the Human Rights Commission (Dr Shaista Shameem) who financed and propagated a report by Dr James Anthony to justify the allegations. Nevertheless, the claims of electoral fraud have been believed by many Indo-Fijians and the allegations never retracted to this day, and even repeated by Bainimarama for seven years. It is therefore useful to re-look at the voting numbers from 2006 (and from 2001 and 1999) to see what lessons they hold for guarding against electoral fraud in the 2014 elections. In a box, I list a number of 2006 allegations which political parties, candidates and voters can think about to consider their relevance for the September 2014 elections. [This paper is drawn from a longer submission I had made to the Yash Ghai Commission]. Possible indicators of electoral fraud? Given that the majority of SVT and SDL supporters were indigenous Fijians, and that the majority of supporters for the Fiji Labour Party were Indo-Fijians, there were two possible ethnicity-based indicators of possible electoral fraud in 1999, 2001 and 2006: (a) were the numbers of registered indigenous Fijian voters higher than the potential numbers of voters indicated by population projections, and higher than the Indo-Fijian proportion? 1

2 (b) was the proportion of registered Fijians voting systematically higher than the similar proportion for Indo-Fijians? These two questions can be examined in aggregate for Fiji, or by individual constituencies. The electoral results suggest completely the opposite of the allegations. The 2007 Census data and potential voters One can work backwards from the 2007 Census results to estimate the numbers of potential voters for 2006 by reducing the Fijian number by 1.9% (that is the annual growth rate of Fijian voters) and by reducing the Indo-Fijian number by a smaller 0.1%, the growth rate of Indo-Fijian voters. Table 1 gives the results for percent. of potential voters who were registered by ethnicity. Table 1 Perc. of Potential Voters Registered (2006) Fijians Indo-Fijians Number registered 256, ,470 Potential voters 261, ,723 Percent. Registered 98% 99% The last row indicates that a lower 98% of eligible Fijian voters were actually registered than the 99% of Indo-Fijians, but both were pretty close to 100%. It is highly unlikely that hordes of non-existent indigenous Fijian voters had been registered by the SDL in order to swamp the Indo-Fijian vote. And regardless of the excessive numbers of ballot papers that had apparently been printed, what percentage of those registered voters actually voted? The last row of Table 2 tells you that a much lower 87% of registered Fijian voters actually voted in 2006, compared to the higher 89% of registered Indo-Fijians. Table 2 Percent. Of Registered Voters actually voting (2006) Indigenous Fijians Indo-Fijians Registered voters 256, ,470 Actually voting 222, ,476 Percentage voting: A higher proportion of potential Indo-Fijian voters were registered than Fijians. AND A higher proportion of registered Indo-Fijian voters actually voted, than Fijians. This was true in all the last three elections: 1999, 2001 and in 2006 as indicated by Table 3. Table 3 Percentage voting in elections of Fijian Communal Indian Communal General Communal Rotuman

3 In all these elections, the Indo-Fijian election turnout was higher than indigenous Fijian and the Others. It was highly unlikely that numbers of indigenous Fijians voting were in any way artificially inflated by either SVT or SDL. Both ethnic communities saw much lower proportions voting in 2001 (soon after the 2000 coup) than in either 2001 or But what about at the individual constituency level, where there WAS one strange anomaly of more people voting than voters actually registered? One small constituency irregularity There was only one odd result in the 2006 elections, in the Cakaudrove East constituency where there were some 7,587 voters registered and 7,639 voters actually voted, with the extra votes amounting to a mere 52 voters (Table 4). This was hardly evidence of electoral fraud, for two reasons. First, one can easily imagine rural areas where small groups of Fijian voters may have just gone to the wrong polling booths. In fact, right alongside Cakaudrove East was another Fijian constituency, Cakaudrove West, where a massive 1,987 registered indigenous Fijian voters did not vote, OR more likely, some of them may have incorrectly voted in Cakaudrove East. Second, note that the SDL won Cakaudrove East by a massive margin of 5,353 votes over all the other parties combined. The 52 extra votes was a drop in bucket and no one with any common sense would suppose that SDL would have even bothered to cheat in that constituency. Unlike the current electoral system, in 2006, having extra votes in any one constituency is no help whatsoever to winning in any other constituency. Yet allegations of electoral without an iota of evidence have continued to be made and believed by Indo-Fijians. Indo-Fijians believe what they wanted to believe Most Indo-Fijians still believe the FLP's allegations of electoral fraud in 2001 and 2006, although no such allegation was made about the 1999 elections when they won. One can understand the Indo-Fijian communities suspicions, given that twice (in 1987 and 2000), military coups removed their political leaders from control of government, with systemic violence directed against them. There is little doubt that FLP s allegations of electoral fraud against SDL undermined national and international confidence in the resulting SDL/FLP multi-party government, and helped to justify the 2006 Bainimarama coup 3

4 This bitterness factor may have ironically encouraged the FLP leader (and other Indo-Fijian leaders) to join the Bainimarama Government after the 2006 coup, however unethical it seemed to neutral observers. The irony is that eight years later, the same FLP is in partnership with SODELPA (the successor to SDL) fighting the elections against the Bainimarama Government s Fiji First Party. There is little doubt that had all the lawfully elected governments been allowed to continue their full terms in 1987, 2000 and 2006, they would have accelerated economic growth to levels achieved by other comparable countries such as Mauritius and Singapore, and allowed many progressive social policies for Fiji such as in education and health. Fiji faces the same problem today. Should the Fiji First Party win a surprisingly large number of seats in September, how likely is it that there will once again be: * allegations of electoral fraud by the Bainimarama Government * undermining local and international confidence in the legitimacy of the elections outcome * fuelling further political instability, * further undermining investor confidence * and once again reducing economic growth? Lessons for the 2014 Elections In the previous elections with 71 separate constituencies, if there were close results in any one of them, then a few hundred votes rigged this way and that, could have made a difference to that particular constituency result, and the overall national tally of political parties. BUT for the September 2014 elections, there is only one national constituency and the number of seats for each party will decided by its SHARE OF TOTAL VOTES in aggregate. VERY DIFFERENTLY FROM PREVIOIUS ELECTIONS, fiddling or vote-rigging a few hundred votes here and there in some polling station, WILL NOT MAKE ANY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE to the final aggregate numbers of votes and seats received by each political party. An honest and efficient Elections Office will easily pick up any electoral fraud. The September 2014 voter rolls are all computerised and voters will only be able to vote at their designated polling stations. The two mobile companies, Digicel and Vodaphone, have agreed to provide an extremely helpful free SMS service that has significantly reduced the headache and transport costs for voters having to find which polling station they are supposed to vote at. 4

5 This will still be a costly exercise for those not having access to a mobile phone- that Elections Office officials and political party workers can try and remedy. Since there are no estimates of numbers of voters based on constituencies or ethnicity, such checks will be no longer possible, only checks on AGGREGATE numbers of total potential voters, total registered and total voting. But there will be no difficulty in picking up if more persons have voted than are registered at any of these polling stations, or if there are systemic biases in percentages of registered voters voting at each polling station, favouring some political party or other. The only real possibility of vote rigging will be if results from polling stations are systematically changed in the reporting to the central Elections Office. Political parties, NGOs and international observers must therefore make sure that they (a) closely monitor the counting of votes for each candidate at as many of the polling stations as possible, and (b) check their results with what is eventually put out by the Elections Office for that polling station. 5

6 Annex A Previous alleged irregularities unlikely in the September 2014 Elections I suggest that most of these previous allegations were not evidence of widespread electoral fraud by either the SVT or SDL, but merely symptoms of government inefficiencies and a bad electoral system (giving and counting of preferences in the alternative vote system, above the line and below the line ambiguities). * lack of institutional knowledge by Supervisor of Elections; * Elections Office lacking funding, * electoral officials favouring some party * disenfranchisement of certain voter groups * flawed registration processes * lack of integrity in the electoral roll * the main voter roll not ready on time; * excessive ballot papers being printed * old traditional wooden ballot boxes being used with sufficient gaps beneath the lids to allow ballot papers to be inserted after the boxes were sealed", * inappropriate allocation of polling stations and ballot boxes; * "only 12% of polling stations were being headed by women" * composition of the polling staff not reflecting the balance of Fiji s ethnic communities * high levels of invalid votes * no recount of some close votes I suspect that none of these allegations will have any relevance in the September 2014 elections, even if some may have doubts about the integrity of the cherubic Supervisor of Elections appointed by the Bainimarama Government. Of greater impact and more questionable are the inherent advantages that the Bainimarama Government currently enjoys by being able to distribute tax-payers funds as a government, right up to election day, possibly influencing voters towards some government ministers or civil servants who are going to be candidates in the September elections. 6

7 Table 4 Voters Listed Numbers Voting No Constituency Type Bua Fijian Fijian Comm Kadavu Fijian Fijian Comm Lau Fijian Fijian Comm Lomaiviti Fijian Fijian Comm Macuata Fijian Fijian Comm Nadroga/Navosa Fijian Fijian Comm Naitasiri Fijian Fijian Comm Namosi Fijian Fijian Comm Ra Fijian Fijian Comm Rewa Fijian Fijian Comm Serua Fijian Fijian Comm Ba East Fijian Fijian Comm Ba West Fijian Fijian Comm Tailevu North Fijian Fijian Comm Tailevu South Fijian Fijian Comm Cakaudrove East Fijian Fijian Comm Cakaudrove West Fijian Fijian Comm North East Fijian Fijian Com.Urban North West Fijian Fijian Com.Urban South West Fijian Fijian Com.Urban Suva City Fijian Fijian Com.Urban Tamavua/Laucala Fijan Fijian Com.Urban Nasinu Fijian Fijian Comm Suva City General General North Eastern General General Western/Central General General Vitilevu East/Maritime Indian Ind.Comm Tavua Indian Ind.Comm Ba East Indian Ind.Comm Ba West Indian Ind.Comm Lautoka Rural Indian Ind.Comm Lautoka City Indian Ind.Comm Vuda Indian Ind.Comm Nadi Urban Indian Ind.Comm Nadi Rural Indian Ind.Comm Nadroga Indian Ind.Comm Vitilevu South/Kadavu Indian Ind.Comm Suva City Indian Ind.Comm Vanualevu West Indian Ind.Comm Laucala Indian Ind.Comm Nasinu Indian Ind.Comm Tailevu/Rewa Indian Ind.Comm Labasa Indian Ind.Comm Labasa Rural Indian Ind.Comm Macuata East/Cakaudrove Indian Ind.Comm Rotuma Rotuman Comm

8 Table 5 Percent. Voting Percent. Not Voting Bua Fijian Fijian Comm Kadavu Fijian Fijian Comm Lau Fijian Fijian Comm Lomaiviti Fijian Fijian Comm Macuata Fijian Fijian Comm Nadroga/Navosa Fijian Fijian Comm Naitasiri Fijian Fijian Comm Namosi Fijian Fijian Comm Ra Fijian Fijian Comm Rewa Fijian Fijian Comm Serua Fijian Fijian Comm Ba East Fijian Fijian Comm Ba West Fijian Fijian Comm Tailevu North Fijian Fijian Comm Tailevu South Fijian Fijian Comm Cakaudrove East Fijian Fijian Comm Cakaudrove West Fijian Fijian Comm North East Fijian Fijian Com.Urban North West Fijian Fijian Com.Urban South West Fijian Fijian Com.Urban Suva City Fijian Fijian Com.Urban Tamavua/Laucala Fijan Fijian Com.Urban Nasinu Fijian Fijian Comm Suva City General General North Eastern General General Western/Central General General Vitilevu East/Maritime Indian Ind.Comm Tavua Indian Ind.Comm Ba East Indian Ind.Comm Ba West Indian Ind.Comm Lautoka Rural Indian Ind.Comm Lautoka City Indian Ind.Comm Vuda Indian Ind.Comm Nadi Urban Indian Ind.Comm Nadi Rural Indian Ind.Comm Nadroga Indian Ind.Comm Vitilevu South/Kadavu Indian Ind.Comm Suva City Indian Ind.Comm Vanualevu West Indian Ind.Comm Laucala Indian Ind.Comm Nasinu Indian Ind.Comm Tailevu/Rewa Indian Ind.Comm Labasa Indian Ind.Comm Labasa Rural Indian Ind.Comm Macuata East/Cakaudrove Indian Ind.Comm Rotuma Rotuman Comm

Issues of electoral fraud, and voter registration and turnout targets Submission 3 to Yash Ghai Commission Professor Wadan Narsey

Issues of electoral fraud, and voter registration and turnout targets Submission 3 to Yash Ghai Commission Professor Wadan Narsey Issues of electoral fraud, and voter registration and turnout targets Submission 3 to Yash Ghai Commission Professor Wadan Narsey This Submission addresses two areas that the Ghai Commission could usefully

More information

Professor Wadan Narsey (The Fiji Times, 6 June 2014) Voters are being presented with the results of opinion polls by different groups of people.

Professor Wadan Narsey (The Fiji Times, 6 June 2014) Voters are being presented with the results of opinion polls by different groups of people. Elections Issues 14 Making sense of opinion polls Professor Wadan Narsey (The Fiji Times, 6 June 2014) Voters are being presented with the results of opinion polls by different groups of people. Allegations

More information

Elections in Fiji 2014 General Elections

Elections in Fiji 2014 General Elections Elections in Fiji 2014 General Elections Europe and Asia International Foundation for Electoral Systems 1850 K Street, NW Fifth Floor Washington, DC 20006 www.ifes.org September 15, 2014 When is Election

More information

From marginalization to mainstream? Rotuma and the 2006 election

From marginalization to mainstream? Rotuma and the 2006 election case studies 14 From marginalization to mainstream? Rotuma and the 2006 election 185 Kylie Jayne Anderson 1 The Rotuma Communal seat is one of the special privileges conferred on the Rotuman people by

More information

Urbanisation in Fiji, A preliminary analysis

Urbanisation in Fiji, A preliminary analysis Urbanisation in Fiji, 1976 1986 23 Urbanisation in Fiji, 1976 1986 A preliminary analysis Rajesh Chandra Department of Geography The University of the South Pacific Introduction URBANISATION is a fundamental

More information

Women and minority interests in Fiji s alternative electoral system

Women and minority interests in Fiji s alternative electoral system 29 women and minority interests Women and minority interests in Fiji s alternative electoral system 379 Suliana Siwatibau 1 The 2006 election Candidates from ten different political parties and some 69

More information

REFLECTIONS ON THE CIVILIAN COUP IN FIJI

REFLECTIONS ON THE CIVILIAN COUP IN FIJI REFLECTIONS ON THE CIVILIAN COUP IN FIJI Tevita Baleiwaqa I stepped on to the Fenner Hall shuttle at 11:07 on the morning of 19 May 2000. I stopped short on the door when I heard the 11 o clock Australian

More information

European Union Election Observation Mission Fiji Final Report

European Union Election Observation Mission Fiji Final Report European Union Election Observation Mission Fiji 2006 Final Report Suva, September 2006 FIJI LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS 6 13 May 2006 EUROPEAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION FINAL REPORT Table of Contents

More information

Fiji has had four coups, and four constitutions, the last promulgated in 2013.

Fiji has had four coups, and four constitutions, the last promulgated in 2013. The second Melbourne Forum on Constitution Building in Asia and the Pacific Manila, the Philippines 3-4 October 2017 Jointly organised by International IDEA and the Constitution Transformation Network

More information

Laura Matjošaitytė Vice chairman of the Commission THE CENTRAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA

Laura Matjošaitytė Vice chairman of the Commission THE CENTRAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA Laura Matjošaitytė Vice chairman of the Commission THE CENTRAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA Lithuania is a parliamentary republic with unicameral parliament (Seimas). Parliamentary

More information

A New Electoral System for Fiji in 2014: Options for Legitimate Representation

A New Electoral System for Fiji in 2014: Options for Legitimate Representation Number 3 February 15, 2013 A New Electoral System for Fiji in 2014: Options for Legitimate Representation NORM KELLY Norm Kelly, Ph.D. Associate Centre for Democratic Institutions Australian National University

More information

The Generals where to now?

The Generals where to now? 18 the generals 243 The Generals where to now? The Yellow Bucket Team 1 The 2006 election resulted in fundamental change for the General voter 2 community in Fiji. For the first time, the Generals party,

More information

Fiji's 1999 general elections: outcomes and prospects

Fiji's 1999 general elections: outcomes and prospects CHAPTER 3 Fiji's 1999 general elections: outcomes and prospects Satendra Prasad Introduction For Fiji, the May 1999 general elections have been exceptionally significant and historic.1 They were the first

More information

Tailevu North: five years down the line

Tailevu North: five years down the line 204 from election to coup in fiji 15 Tailevu North: five years down the line Anare Tuitoga Tailevu North sprang to prominence in the 2001 election as the constituency from where the incarcerated coup leader,

More information

REPUBLIC OF KENYA THE JUDICIARY REPUBLIC OF KENYA IN THE SUPREME COURT OF KENYA AT NAIROBI

REPUBLIC OF KENYA THE JUDICIARY REPUBLIC OF KENYA IN THE SUPREME COURT OF KENYA AT NAIROBI REPUBLIC OF KENYA THE JUDICIARY MEDIA BRIEF April 17, 2013 REPUBLIC OF KENYA IN THE SUPREME COURT OF KENYA AT NAIROBI PETITION NO 5 OF 2013 AS CONSOLIDATED WITH PETITION NO. 3 OF 2013 AND PETITION NO 4

More information

Statement by the Supervisor of Elections Mr Mohammed Saneem

Statement by the Supervisor of Elections Mr Mohammed Saneem Statement by the Supervisor of Elections Mr Mohammed Saneem FEO Launches 2018 General Election, Election Officials National Recruitment Drive Wednesday 05 July 2017 5.30pm Bula Vinaka Ladies and Gentlemen,

More information

As you may have heard, there has been some discussion about possibly changing Canada's electoral system. We want to ask people their views on this.

As you may have heard, there has been some discussion about possibly changing Canada's electoral system. We want to ask people their views on this. Ballot Testing and Voting System Survey [Screen for PC-only won't work on mobile] [Intro Screen] As you may have heard, there has been some discussion about possibly changing Canada's electoral system.

More information

Transparency is the Key to Legitimate Afghan Parliamentary Elections

Transparency is the Key to Legitimate Afghan Parliamentary Elections UNITED STates institute of peace peacebrief 61 United States Institute of Peace www.usip.org Tel. 202.457.1700 Fax. 202.429.6063 October 14, 2010 Scott Worden E-mail: sworden@usip.org Phone: 202.429.3811

More information

Post-election round-up: New Zealand voters attitudes to the current voting system

Post-election round-up: New Zealand voters attitudes to the current voting system MEDIA RELEASE 14 November 2017 Post-election round-up: New Zealand voters attitudes to the current voting system The topic: Following on from the recent general election, there has been much discussion

More information

FAQ s Voting Method & Appropriateness to PICC Elections

FAQ s Voting Method & Appropriateness to PICC Elections Purley Masjid, 63 Whytecliffe Road South, Purley, CR8 2AZ E-mail: info@purleyicc.com Purley Islamic Community Centre Registered in England Registration No.: 06902369 Registered Charity No.: 1146668 FAQ

More information

Bainimarama s coup and claim of desire for ethnic equality. Separating facts from fiction

Bainimarama s coup and claim of desire for ethnic equality. Separating facts from fiction . Bainimarama s coup and claim of desire for ethnic equality Separating facts from fiction Professor Wadan Narsey Adjunct Professor The Cairns Institute James Cook University former Professor of Economics

More information

If a party s share of the overall party vote entitles it to five seats, but it wins six electorates, the sixth seat is called an overhang seat.

If a party s share of the overall party vote entitles it to five seats, but it wins six electorates, the sixth seat is called an overhang seat. OVERHANGS How an overhang occurs Under MMP, a party is entitled to a number of seats based on its shares of the total nationwide party vote. If a party is entitled to 10 seats, but wins only seven electorates,

More information

Wyoming Secretary of State

Wyoming Secretary of State Wyoming Secretary of State Edward F. Murray, III Secretary of State Karen Wheeler Deputy Secretary of State STATEMENT OF REASONS The Secretary of State is proposing to repeal its Special District Election

More information

We have analyzed the likely impact on voter turnout should Hawaii adopt Election Day Registration

We have analyzed the likely impact on voter turnout should Hawaii adopt Election Day Registration D Ē MOS.ORG ELECTION DAY VOTER REGISTRATION IN HAWAII February 16, 2011 R. Michael Alvarez Jonathan Nagler EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We have analyzed the likely impact on voter turnout should Hawaii adopt Election

More information

Curriculum. Introduction into elections for students aged 12 to 16 years

Curriculum. Introduction into elections for students aged 12 to 16 years Curriculum Introduction into elections for students aged 12 to 16 years Case: Election of one class member to the assembly of class representatives of your school Patrick Trees, MA / MAS Executive Master

More information

Electoral Reform Proposal

Electoral Reform Proposal Electoral Reform Proposal By Daniel Grice, JD, U of Manitoba 2013. Co-Author of Establishing a Legal Framework for E-voting 1, with Dr. Bryan Schwartz of the University of Manitoba and published by Elections

More information

Local elections. Referendum on the voting system used to elect MPs to the House of Commons

Local elections. Referendum on the voting system used to elect MPs to the House of Commons 5 MAY Local elections and Referendum on the voting system used to elect MPs to the House of Commons aboutmyvote.co.uk About this booklet On Thursday 5 May 2011, there will be a referendum on the voting

More information

Should We Vote Online? Martyn Thomas CBE FREng Livery Company Professor of Information Technology Gresham College

Should We Vote Online? Martyn Thomas CBE FREng Livery Company Professor of Information Technology Gresham College Should We Vote Online? Martyn Thomas CBE FREng Livery Company Professor of Information Technology Gresham College 1 Principles of Democratic Election Venice Commission universal: in principle, all humans

More information

Lessons from the 2015 Canadian Federal Election The Magic Wand that Wasn t: Banning the Niqab from Citizenship Ceremonies

Lessons from the 2015 Canadian Federal Election The Magic Wand that Wasn t: Banning the Niqab from Citizenship Ceremonies Lessons from the 2015 Canadian Federal Election The Magic Wand that Wasn t: Banning the Niqab from Citizenship Ceremonies Presentation to MRIA Ottawa Chapter Thursday, November 26, 2015 Methodology This

More information

Iowa Voting Series, Paper 4: An Examination of Iowa Turnout Statistics Since 2000 by Party and Age Group

Iowa Voting Series, Paper 4: An Examination of Iowa Turnout Statistics Since 2000 by Party and Age Group Department of Political Science Publications 3-1-2014 Iowa Voting Series, Paper 4: An Examination of Iowa Turnout Statistics Since 2000 by Party and Age Group Timothy M. Hagle University of Iowa 2014 Timothy

More information

Teachers Guide. Teacher Aims :

Teachers Guide. Teacher Aims : Teachers Guide Teacher Aims : To provide teachers with classroom activities and teaching materials based around the National Assembly for Wales and the electoral system. Teacher Objectives : To enable

More information

Allegations of Fraud in Mexico s 2006 Presidential Election

Allegations of Fraud in Mexico s 2006 Presidential Election Allegations of Fraud in Mexico s 2006 Presidential Election Alejandro Poiré and Luis Estrada Presentation prepared for the 102nd APSA meeting Philadelphia, Penn. September 1, 2006 alejandro_poire@harvard.edu

More information

Office of Al Schmidt City Commissioner of Philadelphia

Office of Al Schmidt City Commissioner of Philadelphia Office of Al Schmidt City Commissioner of Philadelphia July 18, 2012 The Honorable Stephanie Singer City Commissioner, Chair The Honorable Anthony Clark City Commissioner Voting irregularities present

More information

Observing the 2014 Fiji general elections

Observing the 2014 Fiji general elections 14 Observing the 2014 Fiji general elections Leonard Chan Introduction Having grown up in Fiji, I maintain strong connections with the country through family, friends and work, even though I moved to New

More information

INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNISED CORE LABOUR STANDARDS IN FIJI

INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNISED CORE LABOUR STANDARDS IN FIJI INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION (ITUC) INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNISED CORE LABOUR STANDARDS IN FIJI REPORT FOR THE WTO GENERAL COUNCIL REVIEW OF THE TRADE POLICIES OF FIJI (Geneva, 25 and 27 March

More information

2010 Municipal Elections in Lebanon

2010 Municipal Elections in Lebanon INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR ELECTORAL SYSTEMS 2010 Municipal Elections in Lebanon Electoral Systems Options Municipal elections in Lebanon are scheduled for Spring/Summer 2010. The current electoral system

More information

Scottish Parliamentary election

Scottish Parliamentary election 5 MAY Scottish Parliamentary election and Referendum on the voting system used to elect MPs to the House of Commons aboutmyvote.co.uk About this booklet On Thursday 5 May 2011, there will be: an election

More information

Zambia. Presidential Elections

Zambia. Presidential Elections January 2009 country summary Zambia Zambia is at a political crossroads after President Levy Mwanawasa died in August 2008. Largely credited with Zambia s economic recovery, including growth of more than

More information

THRESHOLDS. Underlying principles. What submitters on the party vote threshold said

THRESHOLDS. Underlying principles. What submitters on the party vote threshold said THRESHOLDS Underlying principles A threshold is the minimum level of support a party needs to gain representation. Thresholds are intended to provide for effective government and ensure that every party

More information

Why The National Popular Vote Bill Is Not A Good Choice

Why The National Popular Vote Bill Is Not A Good Choice Why The National Popular Vote Bill Is Not A Good Choice A quick look at the National Popular Vote (NPV) approach gives the impression that it promises a much better result in the Electoral College process.

More information

Universality of election statistics and a way to use it to detect election fraud.

Universality of election statistics and a way to use it to detect election fraud. Universality of election statistics and a way to use it to detect election fraud. Peter Klimek http://www.complex-systems.meduniwien.ac.at P. Klimek (COSY @ CeMSIIS) Election statistics 26. 2. 2013 1 /

More information

Why 100% of the Polls Were Wrong

Why 100% of the Polls Were Wrong THE 2015 UK ELECTIONS: Why 100% of the Polls Were Wrong Dan Healy Managing Director Strategy Consulting & Research FTI Consulting The general election of 2015 in the United Kingdom was held on May 7 to

More information

UNIVERSITY OF MITROVICA UNIVERSITETI I MITROVICËS ISA BOLETINI

UNIVERSITY OF MITROVICA UNIVERSITETI I MITROVICËS ISA BOLETINI UNIVERSITY OF MITROVICA UNIVERSITETI I MITROVICËS ISA BOLETINI Str. Ukshin Kovaçica, 40000 Mitrovica, Republic of Kosovo Web: www.umib.net/ Tel: +383 28 530 725/28 535 727 Chairman of the Steering Council

More information

Chapter 14. The Causes and Effects of Rational Abstention

Chapter 14. The Causes and Effects of Rational Abstention Excerpts from Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row, 1957. (pp. 260-274) Introduction Chapter 14. The Causes and Effects of Rational Abstention Citizens who are eligible

More information

Teacher s guide. Ngā Pōti ā-taiohi Youth Voting 2019 for the local government elections

Teacher s guide. Ngā Pōti ā-taiohi Youth Voting 2019 for the local government elections Teacher s guide Ngā Pōti ā-taiohi Youth Voting 2019 for the local government elections Contents Welcome to Youth Voting 2019 3 Key dates 4 Evaluating the programme 5 Starting out with your Youth Voting

More information

THE CASE FOR RANKED CHOICE VOTING IN NEW YORK CITY

THE CASE FOR RANKED CHOICE VOTING IN NEW YORK CITY THE CASE FOR RANKED CHOICE VOTING IN NEW YORK CITY Election reform in New York City has languished over the years. Meanwhile, the city continues to be plagued by two recurring electoral outcomes that fly

More information

English Translation THE ORGANIC LAW OF GEORGIA UNIFIED ELECTION CODE OF GEORGIA

English Translation THE ORGANIC LAW OF GEORGIA UNIFIED ELECTION CODE OF GEORGIA English Translation THE ORGANIC LAW OF GEORGIA UNIFIED ELECTION CODE OF GEORGIA as amended 25 April 2002 Page ii ORGANIC LAW OF GEORGIA Election Code of Georgia CONTENTS PART I...1 CHAPTER I. GENERAL PROVISIONS...1

More information

Library. New Additions to Learning Resources November [Display 3]

Library. New Additions to Learning Resources November [Display 3] Library New Additions to Learning Resources November 2016 [Display 3] New Additions: This is a list of new learning resources that have been added to the Fiji National University (FNU) Library collection.

More information

Elections since General Pervez Musharraf took power in 1999

Elections since General Pervez Musharraf took power in 1999 Elections since General Pervez Musharraf took power in 1999 Long before Pervez Musharraf took power in a military coup in 1999, elections in Pakistan did not meet international standards for being free

More information

BCGEU surveyed its own members on electoral reform. They reported widespread disaffection with the current provincial electoral system.

BCGEU surveyed its own members on electoral reform. They reported widespread disaffection with the current provincial electoral system. BCGEU SUBMISSION ON THE ELECTORAL REFORM REFERENDUM OF 2018 February, 2018 The BCGEU applauds our government s commitment to allowing British Columbians a direct say in how they vote. As one of the largest

More information

PACIFIC ISLANDS FORUM SECRETARIAT

PACIFIC ISLANDS FORUM SECRETARIAT PACIFIC ISLANDS FORUM SECRETARIAT Report of the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat s Election Observer Team to the 2010 Elections for the Offices of President and Members of the House of Representatives

More information

Woking May 2018 voter identification pilot evaluation

Woking May 2018 voter identification pilot evaluation Woking May 2018 voter identification pilot evaluation Summary of key findings The voter identification pilot scheme in Woking required voters to produce one form of photographic identification or a Local

More information

How approach the problem of crime in Fiji? Need for Total Review of Crime in Fiji. Need for Total Review of the Fiji Police Force

How approach the problem of crime in Fiji? Need for Total Review of Crime in Fiji. Need for Total Review of the Fiji Police Force Improving the effectiveness of the Fiji Police Force How approach the problem of crime in Fiji? Need for Total Review of Crime in Fiji Need for Total Review of the Fiji Police Force Professor Wadan Narsey

More information

Kenya Gazette Supplement No nd November, (Legislative Supplement No. 54)

Kenya Gazette Supplement No nd November, (Legislative Supplement No. 54) SPECIAL ISSUE 1149 Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 161 2nd November, 2012 (Legislative Supplement No. 54) LEGAL NOTICE NO. 128 Regulations 1 Citation. THE ELECTIONS ACT (No. 24 of 2011) THE ELECTIONS (GENERAL)

More information

Statement of Peter M. Manikas Director of Asia Programs, National Democratic Institute

Statement of Peter M. Manikas Director of Asia Programs, National Democratic Institute Statement of Peter M. Manikas Director of Asia Programs, National Democratic Institute Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asia and Pacific Affairs U.S. Policy on Burma

More information

Electoral Reform National Dialogue INFORMATION BOOKLET

Electoral Reform National Dialogue INFORMATION BOOKLET Electoral Reform National Dialogue INFORMATION BOOKLET Thank you for joining us in this historic dialogue. Federal electoral reform in Canada Canada is a great nation with a rich democratic history, and

More information

GENDER CHECKLIST FOR FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS

GENDER CHECKLIST FOR FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS GENDER CHECKLIST FOR FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS Compiled by Glenda Fick Reprinted May 2000 Produced with financial assistance from NORAD Electoral Institute of Southern Africa ISBN-1-919814-14-0 the provision

More information

Elections in Myanmar 2015 General Elections

Elections in Myanmar 2015 General Elections Elections in Myanmar 2015 General Elections Frequently Asked Questions Europe and Asia International Foundation for Electoral Systems 1850 K Street, NW Fifth Floor Washington, DC 20006 www.ifes.org November

More information

Final Results 2016 GLA ELECTIONS ELECTION OF THE LONDON ASSEMBLY MEMBERS

Final Results 2016 GLA ELECTIONS ELECTION OF THE LONDON ASSEMBLY MEMBERS ELECTION OF THE LONDON ASSEMBLY MEMBERS Declaration of Results of Poll I hereby give notice as Greater London Returning Officer at the election of the London Wide Assembly held on 5th May 2016 that the

More information

From Straw Polls to Scientific Sampling: The Evolution of Opinion Polling

From Straw Polls to Scientific Sampling: The Evolution of Opinion Polling Measuring Public Opinion (HA) In 1936, in the depths of the Great Depression, Literary Digest announced that Alfred Landon would decisively defeat Franklin Roosevelt in the upcoming presidential election.

More information

MODEST LISTING IN WYNNE S SHIP SEEMS TO HAVE CORRECTED ONTARIO LIBERAL PARTY SEEMS CHARTED FOR WIN

MODEST LISTING IN WYNNE S SHIP SEEMS TO HAVE CORRECTED ONTARIO LIBERAL PARTY SEEMS CHARTED FOR WIN www.ekospolitics.ca MODEST LISTING IN WYNNE S SHIP SEEMS TO HAVE CORRECTED ONTARIO LIBERAL PARTY SEEMS CHARTED FOR WIN [Ottawa June 5, 2014] There is still a week to go in the campaign and the dynamics

More information

Senate Bill SB-07F-2191 Changes Title VI, Revision of Inter-College Poll Placement

Senate Bill SB-07F-2191 Changes Title VI, Revision of Inter-College Poll Placement University of North Florida UNF Digital Commons Legislation Student Government Fall 8-1-2007 Senate Bill SB-07F-2191 Changes Title VI, Revision of Inter-College Poll Placement Student Government Association

More information

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) COMPLAINT

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) COMPLAINT IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION GEORGIA SHIFT, vs. Plaintiff, GWINNETT COUNTY, FULTON COUNTY, DEKALB COUNTY, and COBB COUNTY, Defendants. Civil

More information

NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE JAMAICA TRIP REPORT April 11, 2002

NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE JAMAICA TRIP REPORT April 11, 2002 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE JAMAICA TRIP REPORT April 11, 2002 Introduction The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) conducted a political assessment mission to Jamaica from

More information

Political Party Presidential Candidate Percentage Votes New Patriotic Party John Agyekum Kufuor John Atta Mills Edward Mahama 1.

Political Party Presidential Candidate Percentage Votes New Patriotic Party John Agyekum Kufuor John Atta Mills Edward Mahama 1. REPORT ON GHANA 2004 ELECTIONS INTRODUCTION On December 7 th 2004, Ghana went to polls and re-elect President John Agyekum Kufuor and 217 parliamentarians for a second four year term of office, having

More information

Voter Participation BACKGROUND

Voter Participation BACKGROUND 351-354 Voter.qxd 2/12/09 11:35 PM Page 1 Voter Participation BACKGROUND The concept of voter apathy can now be seen as a misplaced explanation for low voter participation in the United States. Although

More information

THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT) BILL (No. XXII of 2018) Explanatory Memorandum

THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT) BILL (No. XXII of 2018) Explanatory Memorandum THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT) BILL (No. XXII of 2018) Explanatory Memorandum The main object of this Bill is to reform certain aspects of the electoral system of Mauritius. 2. The Bill, accordingly, amends

More information

While viewing this PBS Documentary video answer the following questions. 3. Is voting a Right or a Privilege? (Circle the answer)

While viewing this PBS Documentary video answer the following questions. 3. Is voting a Right or a Privilege? (Circle the answer) ELECTORAL DYSFUNCTION NAME: While viewing this PBS Documentary video answer the following questions. 1. America is at war over V. The fear of voter fraud and concern over limiting voting for Americans

More information

EMBARGOED NOT FOR RELEASE UNTIL: SUNDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1993 FLORIO MAINTAINS LEAD OVER WHITMAN; UNFAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS OF BOTH CANDIDATES INCREASE

EMBARGOED NOT FOR RELEASE UNTIL: SUNDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1993 FLORIO MAINTAINS LEAD OVER WHITMAN; UNFAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS OF BOTH CANDIDATES INCREASE EMBARGOED NOT FOR RELEASE UNTIL: SUNDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1993 RELEASE INFORMATION A story based on the survey findings presented in this release and background memo will appear in Sunday's Star- Ledger. We

More information

AS INTRODUCED IN LOK SABHA

AS INTRODUCED IN LOK SABHA 1 AS INTRODUCED IN LOK SABHA Bill No. 222 of 2017 5 THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2017 A BILL further to amend the Representation of the People Act, 1950 and the Representation of

More information

Republic of Liberia National Elections Commission

Republic of Liberia National Elections Commission Republic of Liberia National Elections Commission Counting Procedures for the Election of the President, the Senate and Members of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Liberia 11 October 2005

More information

L9. Electronic Voting

L9. Electronic Voting L9. Electronic Voting Alice E. Fischer October 2, 2018 Voting... 1/27 Public Policy Voting Basics On-Site vs. Off-site Voting Voting... 2/27 Voting is a Public Policy Concern Voting... 3/27 Public elections

More information

BAL BHARATI PUBLIC SCHOOL PITAMPURA,DELHI Class-IX ( ) TERM II (NOTES) UNIT TEST II ELECTORAL POLITICS

BAL BHARATI PUBLIC SCHOOL PITAMPURA,DELHI Class-IX ( ) TERM II (NOTES) UNIT TEST II ELECTORAL POLITICS BAL BHARATI PUBLIC SCHOOL PITAMPURA,DELHI 110034 Class-IX (2013-2014) TERM II (NOTES) UNIT TEST II ELECTORAL POLITICS Ques. 1 Ans. 1 What makes an election democratic? The conditions of a democratic election

More information

LIBERALS PADDING LEAD IN ADVANCE OF DEBATES

LIBERALS PADDING LEAD IN ADVANCE OF DEBATES www.ekospolitics.ca LIBERALS PADDING LEAD IN ADVANCE OF DEBATES [Ottawa June 3, 14] The race sees Kathleen Wynne s Liberals opening up a wider lead in advance of tonight s critical debate. Most of this

More information

Good morning. I am Don Norris, Professor of Public Policy and Director of the

Good morning. I am Don Norris, Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Testimony of Donald F. Norris before the U. S. House of Representatives Committee on House Administration, Subcommittee on Elections Friday, March 23, 2007 Madam Chairperson and members of the Committee,

More information

An Analysis of Mexico s Recounted Ballots

An Analysis of Mexico s Recounted Ballots Issue Brief August 2006 An Analysis of Mexico s Recounted Ballots BY MARK WEISBROT, DAVID ROSNICK, LUIS SANDOVAL, AND CARLA PAREDES-DROUET Introduction The outcome of Mexico s July 2 presidential election

More information

A Partnership for National Unity 61 Hadfield Street Werk-en-Rust Georgetown Guyana

A Partnership for National Unity 61 Hadfield Street Werk-en-Rust Georgetown Guyana THE VISION A PARTNERSHIP FOR NATIONAL UNITY is committed to the creation of a Guyana in which citizens can live productive lives free from the ravages of poverty, secure in their homes and in their communities

More information

Partisan Advantage and Competitiveness in Illinois Redistricting

Partisan Advantage and Competitiveness in Illinois Redistricting Partisan Advantage and Competitiveness in Illinois Redistricting An Updated and Expanded Look By: Cynthia Canary & Kent Redfield June 2015 Using data from the 2014 legislative elections and digging deeper

More information

A positive correlation between turnout and plurality does not refute the rational voter model

A positive correlation between turnout and plurality does not refute the rational voter model Quality & Quantity 26: 85-93, 1992. 85 O 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Note A positive correlation between turnout and plurality does not refute the rational voter model

More information

Speech to SOLACE National Elections Conference 16 January 2014 Peter Wardle

Speech to SOLACE National Elections Conference 16 January 2014 Peter Wardle Opening remarks Thank you. Speech to SOLACE National Elections Conference 16 January 2014 Peter Wardle It s good to have the chance to speak to the SOLACE Elections Conference again. I will focus today

More information

Electoral Risks - Anticipation and Management. Dr. S.Y. Quraishi Former Chief Election Commissioner of India.

Electoral Risks - Anticipation and Management. Dr. S.Y. Quraishi Former Chief Election Commissioner of India. Electoral Risks - Anticipation and Management Dr. S.Y. Quraishi Former Chief Election Commissioner of India syquraishi@gmail.com DrSYQuraishi Keynote address, ERM conference Addis Ababa 1-3 Dec. 2015 Murphy

More information

Bose ni Vanua 1 and democratic politics in Rewa

Bose ni Vanua 1 and democratic politics in Rewa 16 bose ni vanua and democratic politics in rewa Bose ni Vanua 1 and democratic politics in Rewa 213 Baro Saumaki The most intense intra-fijian struggle of the 2006 election occurred in Rewa, historically

More information

Newsletter O IL D O U R H (THE CHILD OUR HOPE) Published by the Fiji Teachers Union am. 9.15am. 9.30am

Newsletter O IL D O U R H (THE CHILD OUR HOPE) Published by the Fiji Teachers Union am. 9.15am. 9.30am E CH P TH E Fiji Teachers Union Newsletter O IL D O U R H (THE CHILD OUR HOPE) Published by the Fiji Teachers Union FEBRUARY 2019 Vol. 89 No. 2 1-3 Berry Road, P.O. Box 2203 Govt Building, Suva. Phone:

More information

THE LAW ON REFERENDUM OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA

THE LAW ON REFERENDUM OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA THE LAW ON REFERENDUM OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA Chapter I. General Provisions Article 1. The Definition of Referendum Referendum (national voting) is a means to implement directly the authority of the

More information

Poll Worker Training Questions

Poll Worker Training Questions Poll Worker Training Questions Registration: 1. Can a voter use a driver s license from another state when registering? Yes, as long as they also show some other document with their name, current residence

More information

RESULTS FROM WAVE XVIII OF TRACKING SURVEYS. 19 October 2004

RESULTS FROM WAVE XVIII OF TRACKING SURVEYS. 19 October 2004 RESULTS FROM WAVE XVIII OF TRACKING SURVEYS 19 October 2004 Survey Implementation This survey was conducted between 22 September and 29 September 2004, using face to face interviews with 1250 respondents

More information

Title Document Language Responsible Unit Approver. Creator (individual)

Title Document Language Responsible Unit Approver. Creator (individual) Title Document Language Responsible Unit Approver Support to Election Administration English Governance Team UNDP Mongolia Resident Representative (Ms.) Sezin Sinanoglu sezin.sinanoglu@one.un.org (Ms.)

More information

Law on Referendum (9 October 2001)

Law on Referendum (9 October 2001) Law on Referendum (9 October 2001) Posted March 22, 2006 Country Armenia Document Type Primary Legislation Topic name Referendum Print Draft Translation 12.09.2001 THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ON

More information

A New Electoral System for a New Century. Eric Stevens

A New Electoral System for a New Century. Eric Stevens A New Electoral System for a New Century Eric There are many difficulties we face as a nation concerning public policy, but of these difficulties the most pressing is the need for the reform of the electoral

More information

Kenya Gazette Supplement No 65 21st April, (Legislative Supplement No. 31)

Kenya Gazette Supplement No 65 21st April, (Legislative Supplement No. 31) SPECIAL ISSUE 365 Kenya Gazette Supplement No 65 21st April, 2017 (Legislative Supplement No. 31) LEGAL NOTICE NO. 72 THE ELECTIONS ACT (No. 24 of 2011) IN EXERCISE of the powers conferred by section 109

More information

Guidelines for FIFA Election Monitors

Guidelines for FIFA Election Monitors Guidelines for FIFA Election Monitors Introduction The FIFA Governance Committee ( Committee ) is a new standing committee of FIFA. It was established in 2016 and met for the first time in January 2017.

More information

Election Bylaws. Election Definitions and Timeline. Article III. Election Commission. Undergraduate Student Government

Election Bylaws. Election Definitions and Timeline. Article III. Election Commission. Undergraduate Student Government Election Bylaws Undergraduate Student Government Last amended: March, 2017 Article I. Purpose The purpose of the Election Bylaws is to provide guidelines and rules by which to ensure honest elections which

More information

Political Statistics, Devolution and Electoral Systems

Political Statistics, Devolution and Electoral Systems Political Statistics, Devolution and Electoral Systems John Martyn My interest is in obtaining a better understanding of Scottish devolution and how this might impact on the political integrity of the

More information

International Council on Archives

International Council on Archives International Council on Archives Section of Records Management and Archival Professional Associations CONDUCTING ELECTIONS: GUIDANCE FOR PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 2009 INTRODUCTION An informal discussion

More information

THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL: POSSIBLE CHANGES TO ITS ELECTORAL SYSTEM

THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL: POSSIBLE CHANGES TO ITS ELECTORAL SYSTEM PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL: POSSIBLE CHANGES TO ITS ELECTORAL SYSTEM BY JENNI NEWTON-FARRELLY INFORMATION PAPER 17 2000, Parliamentary Library of

More information

10/23/2012. Chapter 13: The Presidency Section 5

10/23/2012. Chapter 13: The Presidency Section 5 Chapter 13: The Presidency Section 5 Objectives 1. Describe the features of the presidential campaign. 2. Explain how the electoral college provides for the election of the President. 3. Identify several

More information

Chapter 13: The Presidency Section 5

Chapter 13: The Presidency Section 5 Chapter 13: The Presidency Section 5 Objectives 1. Describe the features of the presidential campaign. 2. Explain how the electoral college provides for the election of the President. 3. Identify several

More information

BALLOT FRAUD IN THE CATALAN ELECTIONS: COULD IT HAPPEN?

BALLOT FRAUD IN THE CATALAN ELECTIONS: COULD IT HAPPEN? BALLOT FRAUD IN THE CATALAN ELECTIONS: COULD IT HAPPEN? Matthew Parish Catalonia has regional elections on 21 December 2017: in barely a week s time. The circumstances of those elections are that after

More information

The second step of my proposed plan involves breaking states up into multi-seat districts.

The second step of my proposed plan involves breaking states up into multi-seat districts. Multi-Seat Districts The second step of my proposed plan involves breaking states up into multi-seat districts. This will obviously be easy to do, and to understand, in a small, densely populated state

More information

THE S.A.D.C. ELECTORAL PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES, AND ZIMBABWE S NEW ELECTORAL LEGISLATION

THE S.A.D.C. ELECTORAL PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES, AND ZIMBABWE S NEW ELECTORAL LEGISLATION FINAL COPY THE S.A.D.C. ELECTORAL PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES, AND ZIMBABWE S NEW ELECTORAL LEGISLATION AN EVALUATION Prepared by the ZIMBABWE ELECTION SUPPORT NETWORK TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary...

More information