Non-Tariff Measures Meeting Geneva, 5 October 2016 MAST group and PRONTO
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1 Non-Tariff Measures Meeting Geneva, 5 October 2016 MAST group and PRONTO Ralf Peters UNCTAD
2 Non-Tariff Measures: Broad Range of Policies NTMs: Policy measures, other than ordinary customs tariffs, that can potentially have an economic effect on international trade in goods, changing quantities traded, or prices or both Examples: SPS, TBT Quotas, Import licenses, Anti-dumping NTMs can increase or decrease trade; No judgment over legitimacy NTM. NTB
3 It all started in 2005 / 2006 Group of Eminent Persons on NTBs Multi-Agency Support Team (MAST): FAO, IMF, ITC, OECD, UNCTAD, UNIDO, World Bank, WTO
4 The Common Language: International Classification of NTMs Eight International Organizations (MAST) updated old UNCTAD NTM classification International Classification of Non-Tariff Measures
5 UNCTAD-MAST NTM Classification Tree structure Example A SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES A1 Prohibitions/restrictions of imports for SPS reasons A2 Tolerance limits for residues and restricted use of substances ( ) A8 Conformity Assessment related to SPS A81 Product registration requirement A82 Testing requirement A83 Certification requirement A84 Inspection requirement A85 Traceability requirement A851 Origin of materials and parts A852 Processing history A853 Distribution and location of products after delivery A859 Traceability requirements n.e.s. A86 Quarantine requirement A89 Conformity assessments related to SPS n.e.s A9 SPS Measures n.e.s. B TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE C PRE-SHIPMENT INSPECTION AND OTHER FORMALITIES D CONTINGENT TRADE PROTECTIVE MEASURES E NON-AUTOMATIC LICENSING, QUOTAS, PROHIBITIONS F PRICECONTROL MEASURES INCLUDING ADDIT. TAXES G FINANCE MEASURES H MEASURES AFFECTING COMPETITION I TRADE-RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES At this level of coding: 177 measures in the classification
6 And Now? How to improve Transparency or Understanding of NTMs? 2 nd Step: Data Comprehensiveness All currently applied measures Official governmental sources Transparency Accessibility NTMs classified by nomenclature Products classified by Harmonized System Affected countries Full regulation detail Comparability Consistent data collection methodology for all countries Data quality check by UNCTAD Revision of methodology
7 Three types of data Not to be mixed or mistaken 1. "Official Measures" Requirements enacted within a legal text or regulation issued officially by a country Notifications to WTO in this category 2. Survey data Complaints from exporters Often procedural obstacles to trade (i.e. implementation) 3. Voluntary Private standards or international standards
8 Official NTM data collection From here to here 8
9 NTMs and Transparency: 56 countries and 80 per cent of world trade This is a joint effort! Transparency in Trade Initiative: AfDB, ITC, UNCTAD, World Bank Other partners: ALADI, ERIA, WTO; Donors, please visit unctad.org/ntm
10 Variables in the database: 67
11 Accessing the TRAINS data: e.g. i-tip.unctad.org
12 Accessing the TRAINS data: e.g. i-tip.unctad.org
13 Accessing the TRAINS data: e.g. i-tip.unctad.org
14 Descriptive data analysis: Frequency Ratio Percentage of imported hs6 digit lines covered by a technical NTM in non-agricultural products BRN CHN IDN KHM MYS S GP T HA V NM KAZ A US CAN EUN JPN NZL USA A RG BOL B RA CHL COL ECU GTM HND MEX NIC PAN P ER P RY SLV URY IND LKA NPL PAK B EN CIV CPV ETH G IN GMB NER NGA SEN TGO Percent User Guide coming in November 2016 East Asia Developped South Asia Transition Economies Latin America Sub-Saharan Africa Researcher file Stata coming in November 2016 Source: UNCTAD TRAINS database
15 Classification and Data is just the beginning The UNCTAD Programme on Non-Tariff Measures and Regulatory Policies To increase transparency and understanding of trade control measures and regulations for policies to better promote sustainable development
16 Find out more about MAST unctad.org/ntm
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