EMPOWERING WOMEN TO TAKE AN ACTIVE ROLE IN LEADERSHIP AND POLITICS

Transcription

1 EMPOWERING WOMEN TO TAKE AN ACTIVE ROLE IN LEADERSHIP AND POLITICS

2 Committee: United Nations Women Agenda Item: Empowering Women to Take an Active Role in Leadership and Politics Student Officer & Role: Demir TİMURAY/ Ece ERALP - Vice-Presidents Introduction Women, who represent almost half of the planet s population, are living significantly underprivileged lives compared to men. World Economic Forum studies state that it will take 118 years for women to have the same career options as men. From both the local and global perspectives, women s participation in leadership and politics are restricted. Women are often underrepresented as voters and candidates, as well as in leading positions such as but not limited to; elected offices, the civil service, the private sector or academia. This underrepresentation is yet to occur, despite women s proven, significant abilities as leaders and politicians, and their fundamental right to participate equally in democratic governance. Women s rights are a fundamental part of human rights. Therefore, an immense amount of development, economic and business gains from empowering women are inevitable. Closing gender and income gaps within a country is associated with better education and health, higher per capita income, faster and more inclusive economic growth, and greater international competitiveness. A widely cited McKinsey Global Institute study supports this thesis by suggesting that closing gender gaps in labour-force participation rates would add 12-25% to global GDP by When it comes to women in local businesses, companies with greater gender equality in their workforce and less income gap receive a variety of benefits. Such companies are better able sustain female talent; to motivate their female employees and to capture and respond to the needs of female customers, addressing sophisticated problems by uniting diverse views. Several new studies confirm that businesses with more women in top leadership and board positions, eventually receive greater financial returns. Yet, women continue to hold just 18% of c-level employees in the workplace. Women still face numerous obstacles to participating in political life as well. Structural and legal barriers through, discriminatory and prejudiced laws and institutions still limit women s options to run for office, with women only accounting 23.3% of parliaments worldwide. Throughout history, individual women have succeeded overcome these obstacles, becoming great leaders and politicians, and often a benefit of society at large by inspiring many young women. But for women as a whole, the playing field needs to be level and equal with men, opening opportunities for all, as it is one of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations and the main objective of UN Women. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 1

3 Definition of Key Terms Suffrage: Suffrage, or political franchise, is simply the right to vote in public, political elections. Therefore, the movement of women s suffrage, refers to the campaigns for women to take place and vote in political elections Suffragette: Suffragettes were members of women's suffrage movement organisations, in the late- 19th and early-20th centuries, who advocated for the right of women to vote in public elections to women, through parliamentary means. It particularly refers to militants in the United Kingdom such as members of the National Union of Women s Suffragette Societies (NUWSS). Suffragist is a more general and initially used term for members of the suffrage movement. Gender Equality: Gender equality can be only reached under specific circumstances, in which women and men enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society, such as economic participation and decision-making, and in which the different behaviours, aspirations and needs of women and men are equally valued and favoured. Women s Rights: Women s rights are the entitlements claimed for women and girls all around the globe, which had formed the basis of the women s rights movement since the beginning of the 19th century and feminist movements throughout the following century. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 2

4 Empowerment: Empowerment is relevant with the idea of giving employees the necessary skills, resources, authority, motivation, opportunity, as well holding them responsible and accountable for the outcomes of their actions, which will contribute to their competence and satisfaction. Quota: A quota, is a fixed, limited amount or numerical target that is officially allowed and set by the government of a nation. For instance, many global businesses and governments are setting numerical targets or quotas to increase the percentage of women in top leadership positions. C-level Jobs (C-suite): The C-Suite, or C-Level jobs, is a term used to collectively refer to a business's most important senior executives, whose titles tend to start with the letter C, standing for chief, as in chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief operating officer (COO),etc. SVP (Specific Vocational Preparation): SVP is the amount of time needed to learn the techniques, acquire the information, and develop the facility for average performance in a specific job-worker situation. General Overview A Brief History of The Women s Suffrage in the United States The beginning of the fight for women s suffrage in the United States, which precedes the appointment of the first female US Representative Jeannette Rankin s by nearly 70 years, evolved from a larger women s rights movement. Women s suffrage leaders, often disagreed about the tactics and the spreading of their reform efforts. However, the suffrage movement succeeded to provide political training for some of the early women pioneers in Congress, until the passage of the 19th Amendment, also known as the Equal Rights Amendment. The first gathering devoted to women s rights, which would eventually become the first women s rights convention in the United States, was held on July 19 20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York. After 2 days of discussions, a group of 68 women and 32 men signed the Declaration of Sentiments which outlined the injustice and set the agenda for the women's rights movement. A set of 12 resolutions were adopted, under the women s rights movement, which called for the equal treatment of women and men under the law. This was the first convention to underline that women should be granted the rights to vote, in other words the women s suffrage. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 3

5 In 1866, the 14th Amendment was passed by the Congress, which defined citizens and voters as males in the Constitution. Therefore, the suffrage movement that grew out of the Seneca Falls meeting continued to take action against the newly added amendment, which excluded women. Initially, women reformers and activists, namely the suffragettes, addressed social and legal barriers which limited women s rights. In 1869, two distinct and major groups of suffragette movement emerged. The first one was the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA), which directed its efforts to altering the federal law by opposing the 14th Amendment, since it excluded women. Meanwhile, Lucy Stone, a one time Massachusetts antislavery advocate and a successful activist for women s rights, established the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). These two suffragette associations formed the two wings of the women s rights movement. However they struggled to maintain momentum and they both could only have a regional reach. Neither group could attract wide support from women around the nation, or could persuade the male politicians and the voters to adopt their goals. In early 1890s, the nation experienced a will of volunteerism from middle-class women activists, who wanted to expand their activities and take the suffragette movement to a nationwide level. As a result, The NWSA and the AWSA merged to establish the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). As they became the movement's mainstream organisation, the NAWSA began conducting state-by-state campaigns in order to obtain voting rights for women. Right after the establishment of NAWSA, Wyoming became the first state to grant women the right to vote in all elections. Likewise, Colorado was the first to introduce an amendment to their State Constitution, granting women the right to vote, in Utah and Idaho followed shortly in 1896 and suddenly the idea started to spread nationwide. In 1916, Jeannette Rankin, representing Montana, became the first woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. The federal woman suffrage amendment, originally written by Susan B. Anthony - the founder and leader of NWSAwas eventually introduced in Congress in 1919 and was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate marked the ending of the suffragette movement, as the 19th Amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote nationwide. The passing of the 19th Amendment marked a milestone for the involvement of women in politics. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 4

6 Shortly after the passing of the amendment, in 1925, Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first women to serve as a governor, in the state of Wyoming. In 1933, Hattie Wyatt Caraway, representing Arkansas, became the first women elected to the U.S. Senate. Also in 1933, Frances Perkins was chosen as the first female to be a member of a presidential cabinet, when she served as the Secretary of Labour under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1997, Madeleine K. Albright was sworn in as the Secretary of State, the first women to hold such job. In 2007, Nancy Pelosi, representing California, became the first woman Speaker of the House of Representatives. At last but not least, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the first woman to be the presumptive nominee of a major party for the President of the United States, when she secured the democratic presidential nomination in Women and The Vote in Great Britain Approximately 58% of the adult male population in Great Britain was able to vote by 1900, which also included working class men, who weren t allowed to vote earlier. Women, being rate and taxpayers and subject to the identical laws of the land as men, were denied the right to vote. There was a growing sense of injustice and from the mid-19th century onwards groups of women, known as suffragists, joined together to campaign for the vote through constitutional, peaceful means. In 1897, regional suffragists with no political party allegiances, which were established to debate peacefully for the Parliamentary vote, joined to form the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Women suffragettes felt they should have the right to vote, particularly because they had to pay taxes to the government and abide by the law, the same way men did. They believed they had an equal and fundamental right to influence Parliament and government by voting. The NUWSS members believed that they could only achieve change through parliamentary means and used lobbying techniques to persuade Members of Parliament. Between 1870 and 1884, debates on women's suffrage took place almost every year in Parliament, which led the issue to be kept in public eye as Parliamentary proceedings were comprehensively covered in the national and regional press. The suffragettes aim partially achieved with the Representation of the People Act of 1918, which allowed women of particular standards, over the age of 30 to vote in national elections. The Qualification of Women Act allowed women to stand for elections as Members of Parliament, in the same year. However, women could not win the same voting rights as men, until the Equal Franchise Act of The Qualification of Women and the Equal Franchise Acts marked a milestone for women politicians in Great Britain, the same way the 19th did in the United States. In 1919, Nancy Astor was elected as the first female Member of Parliament, in the House of Commons, following the Qualification of Women Act. In 1929, Margaret Bondfield became the first women to hold a cabinet- level position and nearly 40 years later in 1965, Barbara Castle became the first women to hold a Secretary of State 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 5

7 title, when she was chosen as the Minister of Transportation. It was not until 1979, that Margaret Thatcher would become the first women prime minister of the nation and 1992, when Betty Boothroyd would serve as the first women Speaker of the House of Commons. The Current Situation for Women in Politics Unfortunately, women s voices are still missing from the majority of executive branches of governments and parliaments worldwide, which is immensely slowing the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The number of women Heads of State or Heads of Government fell from 19 to 17 since 2015, and progress in the number of women in parliament and government continues to be extremely slow, according to UN Women s latest findings. As of January 2017, 10 women serve as a Heads of States, accounting to 7.2% global leaders and only 9 serve as Heads of Governments, accounting to 5.7% of prime ministers worldwide. The statistics are slightly higher with with the women Speakers of the House, who represent 19.2% of worldwide speakers with 53 in office. When it comes to the members of parliaments, only 22.8 percent of all national parliamentarians were women as of June 2016, a slow increase from 11.3 per cent in Even if the percentage of women in national parliaments nearly doubled in the last 20 years, that only translated to 22% of women in parliament today, according to the InterParliamentary Union. As of January 2015, women accounted to a disappointing 17% of government ministers, with the majority stereotypically overseeing social sectors, such as education and the family. What is democracy? Is it people for the people, or men for the people, stated Phumzile Mlambo- Ngcuka, the Executive Director of UN Women, in an interview concerning women s participation in politics. She also tried to identify some of the obstacles, women who run for office face. She stated that there needs to be a specific measure in place for women not to fall of the ground, since political parties are male dominated and political campaigns are expensive. Women also experience pushback from their male counterparts, including physical violence, teasing and bullying.whereas, the media sometimes focuses too much on women s physical qualities rather than their experiences in political platforms. These are some of the obstacles for women to participate in politics, according to the Executive Director. However, women continue to demonstrate political leadership through parliamentary women's caucuses and by debating and finding efficient solution not eh issues of gender equality, such as but not limited to the elimination of gender-based violence, parental leave and childcare, gender-equality laws and electoral reform. The Obstacles for Women to Participate in Politics As it was stated various times beforehand, women face countless obstacles in their attempts to become legislators. Some of the major problems can be listed as; assassinations of women, who wish to take part in politics, patriarchal culture, religion, modern military state, lack of experienced women, women s family responsibility, unfair party nomination process, election systems, and 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 6

8 electoral campaigns. These problems are separated into two major categories; namely the cultural factors and the procedural factors. Cultural Factors Patriarchal culture excludes women traditionally from holding top leadership positions, which basically bars them from taking an active part in politics. Moreover, religion has an undeniable impact on cultures, and social division of gender roles are legalised by religious doctrine and practice on the female potential. Lastly, modern military state excludes women from public activities. Procedural Factors Unfair party nomination process is conducted through a closed decision cycle and too often, through unfair methods, which discriminate women candidates and decrease their chance to freely take part in elections. Women in Parliaments: World classification (30 Nov. 2005) 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 7

9 Women in Leadership Women are less likely to receive the first crucial promotion to manager are less likely to be hired into more senior positions and the divergence even grows when we focus on women of colour, who face the most barriers to senior advancement. Women In The Workplace 2016 Report suggests that for every 100 women promoted to manager, 130 men receive the same title. The gap even grows as we move up the ladder, with women accounting for just 18% of c-level employees and women of colour only accounting for 3% of the c-suite. Women also are less accessible to people, information and opportunities that advance careers. Various studies prove that, female employees are less likely than their male counterparts to receive a challenging assignment (62% to 68%), to report that their contributions are accurately valued (49% vs. 54%), or to say that their opinions are asked for important decisions (56% vs 63%). As a result, the higher positions you look in corporations, the fewer women you see. Many companies suggest that the reason for the absence of women n top management positions is their lack of education, compared to men. However, various studies have proven such information wrong by stating more than 90% of girls worldwide finish primary school and more women than men are graduating from college in most regions of the world, as of Yet, despite the findings of such studies, large gender gaps remain in all areas of work, whether paid or unpaid, formal or informal, public or private, agricultural or entrepreneurial. The UN Women 2017 Report identifies four major factors that slows down gender equality in all levels of workplace as; opposing social norms, discriminatory, prejudiced laws and a deficiency legal protections, gender gaps in unpaid household and care work, and unequal access to digital, financial and property targets. Opposing social norms are usually placed in national laws, which limit women s professional choices in the workplace, their ability to receive passports, travel outside their houses, originate businesses and own property. A recent International Monetary Fund analysis suggests that this kind of legal discrimination and prejudice leads to women receiving lower degrees of educational attainment, broader gender pay gaps and fewer women-owned corporations. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 8

10 Companies commitment to gender diversity is increasing slowly day by day, however they are struggling to put their commitment into practice and many women employees are still facing obstacles to promotion and by the time they reach the SVP level; they only account for 20% of line roles, leading directly to c-suite. To level the playing field of opportunities and to lessen the gender gap, companies are obligated to treat gender diversity as an essential business, which would begin by getting better communication, more training, and a more definite focus on research results. This would be a complicated process, but an essential one. In the end, studies link diversity in the workplace with better business results for the corporation and all employees benefit from a workplace with equal opportunities. Examples of Women in Leadership Evelyn Lauder, an Austrian American business executive, was the vice president of infamous make-up brand Estee Lauder Companies. She was also the chairperson of the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, which was founded by Evelyn Lauder in She passionately and excessively devoted herself to prevent breast cancer and find a cure with the help of funding the most innovative clinical and translational research in the world. Kim Campbell was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada also it's first female Prime Minister. Moreover, Camphell was the chairperson for Canada s Supreme Court Advisory Board. Besides, she was the senior minister for British Columbia and served on the influential Cabinet Committee on Priorities and Planning. Now she is serving as a professor of political science at Harvard University Kennedy School of Government at Irvine, California. Major Parties Involved Women In The Workplace Women in the Workplace is an extensive study of the current situation of women in American corporations and the workplace overall. The study is the part of a long-term partnership between LeanIn.Org and McKinsey&Company, with the sole purpose of giving companies the key information and findings, which they need to promote female leadership and encourage gender equality in the workplace. As of 2017, 132 companies employing more than 4.6 million people, have contributed to the study by sharing their pipeline data. In addition, 34,000 employees completed a survey designed to showcase their attitudes on gender, job satisfaction, ambition, and work-life issues. Kenya The UN Women contributed to Kenya s 2013 general elections by providing training to approximately 900 female candidates in all 47 constituencies and running a campaign entitled Women in Leadership to encourage voters to vote for female candidates. As a result, the elections ended with 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 9

11 women members of parliament rising more than 20 percent, which was a more than doubled outcome, compared to the 2007 elections. Timor-Leste Following its 2012 general elections, Timor-Leste had the highest proportion of women members of parliament in Asia. They had previously mandated a one-third quota by the federal law, which they had exceeded with women accounting for 38% of the legislators. UN Women, while partnering with the United Nations Development Programme, has played a crucial role in the outcome of the elections by backing up the women s parliamentary caucus, civil society groups, non-governmental organisations and the national gender unit to advocate for women candidates. Zimbabwe A new constitution, which includes strong policies on women s rights, was approved by a referendum and signed into law in Zimbabwe in This resulted in women gaining 35 percent of the parliamentary seats in the 2013 July general elections, rising by almost 18% compared to the 2008 elections and ranking Zimbabwe the 34th on the global women in parliaments list. Rwanda: In Rwanda women parliamentarians hold 64% of seats in the lower house (LH) of Rwanda s national legislature, which stands for the largest share of any country. Moreover, an influential women s movement can be seen within the territory itself, while the gains for gender equal, in top leadership positions, can also be defined as the notable and important improvements in gender roles in Rwanda. Germany: Germany is home to one of the most increased welfare amongst the Western Nations, with the help of its well- developed financial sectors, highlyeducated women, and record high labour force participation, presented to the German women. However, as it can be seen in the graph, women unfortunately do not receive the equality with men in fields of politics, since the majority of seats belong to their male counterparts. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 10

12 Iceland: According to Icelandic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, female members of parliament has gained a record of seats in the parliament s, with 60 seats. That creates a positive-reflected impact on women s role in politics in the Iceland's parliament, which is the "the most equal" parliament of in the world amongst the countries without a quota system. Furthermore, Iceland is known to be the most feminist country, worldwide. Bolivia: "Bolivia occupies first place in the region, and was the first country in South America to adopt parity in its constitution with established rules and laws to reinforce equality. stated Luisa Carvalho, the regional director of the of United Nations Women for the Americas. Bolivia is in second place worldwide within 53% of its parliament members, being made up of women. according to Carvalho. Timeline of Events July 1848 The first women's rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, New York. After 2 days of discussions, a group of 68 women and 32 men sign the Declaration of Sentiments which outlines the injustice and sets the agenda for the women's rights movement. A set of 12 resolutions are adopted, under the women s rights movement, which calls for the equal treatment of women and men under the law May Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton forms the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), with the major aim of achieving voting rights for women with a constitutional amendment. November Lucy Stone establishes the American Woman Suffrage Association. (AWSA), focusing on individual state constitutions Debates on women's suffrage took place almost every year in parliamentary proceedings, during this timeline, at both Houses of Parliament in the United Kingdom The National Women Suffrage Association and the American Women Suffrage Association join to establish the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which conducted state-by-state campaigns to obtain voting rights for women. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 11

13 1893 Colorado becomes the first state to adopt an amendment, granting women the right to vote. Subsequently, Wyoming becomes the first state to grant women the right to vote in all elections States Utah and Idaho follow Colorado by allowing women s suffrage, spreading the idea across the nation 1897 Regional suffragists with no political party allegiances join to form the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) in the United Kingdom 1902 A delegation of women s textile workers from Northern England present a 37,000 signatory petition to Parliament demanding votes for women The Women s Social and Political Union is founded in Manchester by Emmeline Pankhurst, her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, and Annie Kearney A massive rally is held in Hyde Park for women s right to vote, with women travelling from all across the country Jeannette Rankin, representing Montana, becomes the first woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives 1918 The Representation of Women Act is passed in the Houses of Parliament, which allows women of particular standards, over the age of 30 to vote in national elections in the United Kingdom. The Qualification of Women Act is passed later the same year, which allows women to stand as members of parliament The federal woman suffrage amendment, originally written by Susan B. Anthony, is passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate, to be sent to the states for ratification. Meanwhile in the United Kingdom, Nancy Astor becomes the first woman member of parliament in the House of Commons. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 12

14 26 August 1920 The 19th Amendment to the Constitution, granting women the right to vote nationwide, is signed into law Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first woman to serve as a governor of a state, in Wyoming Women win the same voting rights as men in the United Kingdom, with the passing of the Equal Franchise Act 1929 The first general election in UK, in which women are allowed to vote occurs and Margaret Bondfield becomes the first female cabinet member Hattie Wyatt Caraway, representing Arkansas, becomes the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate. Frances Perkins becomes the first female member of a cabinet in the United States, serving as the Secretary of Labour under President Franklin D. Roosevelt 1965 Barbara Castle gets chosen as the first woman to hold a Secretary of State position in the UK, when she starts serving as the Minister of Transportation 1979 Margaret Thatcher gets elected as the first female prime minister of the United Kingdom 1987 Diane Abbot became the first black woman member of the Westminster Parliament 1992 Betty Boothroyd becomes the first woman to serve as the Speaker of the House of Commons 1997 Madeleine K. Albright becomes the highest-ranking woman in federal government s history, as she gets sworn in as the first woman Secretary of State of USA Nancy Pelosi, a democrat representing California, becomes the first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 13

15 2016 Hillary Rodham Clinton secures the Democratic presidential nomination, becoming the first woman to lead the ticket of a major party by becoming their presumptive nominee for president. She loses to Republican Donald Trump in the elections. Related Conventions and Treaties There had been several conventions, which were held in order to help women with the obstacles they get face in political life. Some of those related conventions are namely; The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW (1979), Optional Protocol to the Convention (1999), Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1952) and finally Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1994). General Assembly Resolutions: 2003 A/RES/58/14 Women in political participation United Nations Security Council resolutions: Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) Security Council resolution 1820 (2008) Security Council resolution 1888 (2009) Security Council resolution 1889 (2009) Security Council resolution 1960 (2010) Security Council resolution 2106 (2013) Security Council resolution 2122 (2014) The reason why Security Council prepared resolutions on the matter of empowering women to take an active part in leadership and politics was that, women in conflicted areas could not demand their rights to take part in politics. The General Assembly requested help from the UNSC, on this matter, in one of their resolutions. Possible Solutions To begin with, businesses and governments should identify and address opposing stereotypes, biases and prejudices within their organisations, which will help them with designing programs to combat gender biases in the fields of hiring, promotion and pay. Businesses may also set targets to be able monitor and measure the progress on reducing gender gaps in fields of recruitment and promotion. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 14

16 Routine pay-equity reviews and innovative approaches pay-equity programs, such as setting and objective criteria for initial pay and promotion, have been proved to reduce gender pay gaps. Remediation programs, were also shown effective in eliminating existing gaps, and are a suggestion for businesses to follow. Training and mentoring programmes, also play a crucial role on helping female employees to develop their skills. Sponsorship programmes, for instance, have been shown to improve the statistics of the promotion of women and the development of a strong female talent. The UN Women also provides training to women political candidates in all sorts of elections, to help them with building their capacities, and offering civic education and campaigns on gender equality. As a different approach to training programmes, various global companies now offer mandatory training for managers to be able to identify and address the social biases in human resource practices, with the help of newly developed digital platforms. Proposing family-friendly policies, such as but not limited to offering maternity and paternity leave benefits and flexible options in the workplace, also help with attracting and retaining the female workforce. Creating such adaptable work options, has been shown to reduce the gender gap in both paid and unpaid work. Businesses may also promote gender equality with the help of their suppliers. Many global companies are now partnering with the public sector and the civil society and nongovernmental organisations to be be able to protect and empower female workers in their global supply chains. At last but not least, a setting numerical targets or quotas to increase the percentage of women in top leadership and/or c-suite positions in governments and businesses, is an efficient solutions, being adapted by a growing number of countries. As of 2017, 110 countries possess a particular quota for the number of women in houses of parliaments and 9 countries legislatively mandated the quota of women in corporate businesses. 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 15

17 Bibliography R. Chattopadhyay and E. Duflo (2004_. Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India, Econometrica 72(5), pp ; K. A. Bratton and L. P. Ray, 2002, Descriptive Representation: Policy Outcomes and Municipal Day-Care Coverage in Norway, American Journal of Political Science, 46(2), pp UN Women calculation based on IDEA, Stockholm University and IPU, Global Data Base of Quotas on Women, accessed July 2016, and IPU, Strategies for Girls s Education, UNICEF, sge_english_version_b.pdfibid accessed 08 July 2017 "Women and Work." World Economic Forum. N.p., n.d. Web. July < "In corporate America, women fall behind early and continue to lose ground with every step." Women in the Workplace Study. N.p., n.d. Web. July < >. Bellstrom, Kristen. "Sheryl Sandberg: New Lean In Report on Gender Diversity at Work." Sheryl Sandberg: New Lean In Report on Gender Diversity at Work Fortune.com. Fortune, 27 Sept Web. July < 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 16

18 Written by Laura D'Andrea Tyson, Distinguished Professor of the Graduate School, Berkeley Haas School of Business Jeni Klugman, Managing Director, Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace, and Security. "Women's economic empowerment is the right and smart thing to do. What's stopping us?" World Economic Forum. N.p., n.d. Web. July < 2017/01/womens-economic-empowerment-is-the-smart-and-right-thing-to-do-whats-stopping-us/ >. "Facts and figures: Leadership and political participation." UN Women. N.p., n.d. Web. July < 6th Annual Session of IIMUN 17