CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACT NO. 51 OF 1977

Transcription

1 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACT NO. 51 OF 1977 [View Regulation] [ASSENTED TO 21 APRIL, 1977] [DATE OF COMMENCEMENT: 22 JULY, 1977] (Afrikaans text signed by the State President) as amended by Criminal Procedure Matters Amendment Act, No. 79 of 1978 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 56 of 1979 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 64 of 1982 Appeals Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1982 [with effect from 1 April, 1983] Criminal Law Amendment Act, No. 59 of 1983 Criminal Procedure Matters Amendment Act, No. 109 of 1984 Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act, No. 72 of 1985 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 33 of 1986 Special Courts for Blacks Abolition Act, No. 34 of 1986 [with effect from 1 August, 1986] Transfer of Powers and Duties of the State President Act, No. 97 of 1986 [with effect from 3 October, 1986] Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 26 of 1987 Law of Evidence and the Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 103 of 1987 Law of Evidence Act, No. 45 of 1988 [with effect from 3 October, 1988] Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 8 of 1989 Criminal Law and the Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 39 of 1989 Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 77 of 1989 [with effect from 31 July, 1989] Criminal Law Amendment Act, No. 107 of 1990 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 5 of 1991 Transfer of Powers and Duties of the State President Act, No. 51 of 1991 [with effect from 29 April, 1991] Correctional Services and Supervision Matters Amendment Act, No. 122 of 1991

2 [with effect from 15 August, 1991] Criminal Law Amendment Act, No. 135 of 1991 Criminal Law Amendment Act, No. 4 of 1992 Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependency Act, No. 20 of 1992 [with effect from 30 April, 1993] Attorney-General Act, Act No. 92 of 1992 [with effect from 31 December, 1992] Criminal Law Second Amendment Act, No. 126 of 1992 General Law Amendment Act, No. 139 of 1992 [with effect from 7 August, 1992] Criminal Matters Amendment Act, No. 116 of 1993 General Law Third Amendment Act, No. 129 of 1993 [with effect from 1 September, 1993] General Law Fifth Amendment Act, No. 157 of 1993 [with effect from 1 December, 1993] General Law Sixth Amendment Act, No. 204 of 1993 [with effect from 1 March, 1994] Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act, No. 75 of 1995 Justice Laws Rationalisation Act, No. 18 of 1996 [with effect from 1 April, 1997] General Law Amendment Act, No. 49 of 1996 [with effect from 4 October, 1996] International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act, No. 75 of 1996 [with effect from 1 January, 1998] Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act, No. 85 of 1996 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 86 of 1996 Abolition of Restrictions on the Jurisdiction of Courts Act, No. 88 of 1996 [with effect from 22 November, 1996] Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, No. 33 of 1997 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 76 of 1997 Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act, No. 85 of 1997 Criminal Law Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1997 National Prosecuting Authority Act, No. 32 of 1998 [with effect from 16 October, 1998] Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 34 of 1998 [with effect from 1 August, 1998 and 15 January, 1999]

3 Criminal Matters Amendment Act, No. 68 of 1998 Maintenance Act, No. 99 of 1998 [with effect from 26 November, 1999] Witness Protection Act, No. 112 of 1998 [with effect from 31 March, 2000] Domestic Violence Act, No. 116 of 1998 Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act, No. 122 of 1998 [with effect from 18 July, 2003, unless otherwise indicated] Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 62 of 2000 [with effect from 23 March, 2000] Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 17 of 2001 Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 42 of 2001 [with effect from 7 December, 2001, unless otherwise indicated] Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act, No. 62 of 2001 Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act, No. 27 of 2002 Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, No. 42 of 2003 Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, No. 12 of 2004 proposed amendment by Judicial Matters Second Amendment Act, No. 55 of 2003 ACT To make provision for procedures and related matters in criminal proceedings. ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS 1. Definitions CHAPTER 1 PROSECUTING AUTHORITY Power to withdraw charge or stop prosecution 7. Private prosecution on certificate nolle prosequi 8. Private prosecution under statutory right 9. Security by private prosecutor 10. Private prosecution in name of private prosecutor

4 p p p 11. Failure of private prosecutor to appear 12. Mode of conducting private prosecution 13. Attorney-general may intervene in private prosecution 14. Costs in respect of process 15. Costs of private prosecution 16. Costs of accused in private prosecution 17. Taxation of costs 18. Prescription of right to institute prosecution CHAPTER 2 SEARCH WARRANTS, ENTERING OF PREMISES, SEIZURE, FORFEITURE AND DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY CONNECTED WITH OFFENCES 19. Saving as to certain powers conferred by other laws 20. State may seize certain articles 21. Article to be seized under search warrant 22. Circumstances in which article may be seized without search warrant 23. Search of arrested person and seizure of article 24. Search of premises 25. Power of police to enter premises in connection with State security or any offence 26. Entering of premises for purposes of obtaining evidence 27. Resistance against entry or search 28. Wrongful search an offence, and award of damages 29. Search to be conducted in decent and orderly manner 30. Disposal by police official of article after seizure 31. Disposal of article where no criminal proceedings are instituted or where it is not required for criminal proceedings 32. Disposal of article where criminal proceedings are instituted and admission of guilt fine is paid 33. Article to be transferred to court for purposes of trial 34. Disposal of article after commencement of criminal proceedings 35. Forfeiture of article to State 36. Disposal of article concerned in an offence committed outside Republic CHAPTER 3 ASCERTAINMENT OF BODILY FEATURES OF ACCUSED 37. Powers in respect of prints and bodily appearance of accused CHAPTER 4 METHODS OF SECURING ATTENDANCE OF ACCUSED IN COURT 38. Methods of securing attendance of accused in court

5 CHAPTER 5 ARREST 39. Manner and effect of arrest 40. Arrest by peace officer without warrant 41. Name and address of certain persons and power of arrest by peace officer without warrant 42. Arrest by private person without warrant 43. Warrant of arrest may be issued by magistrate or justice 44. Execution of warrants 45. Arrest on telegraphic authority 46. Non-liability for wrongful arrest 47. Private persons to assist in arrest when called upon 48. Breaking open premises for purpose of arrest 49. Use of force in effecting arrest 50. Procedure after arrest 51. Escaping and aiding escaping before incarceration, and penalties therefor 52. Saving of other powers of arrest 53. Saving of civil law rights and liability CHAPTER 6 SUMMONS 54. Summons as method of securing attendance of accused in magistrate s court 55. Failure of accused to appear on summons CHAPTER 7 WRITTEN NOTICE TO APPEAR IN COURT 56. Written notice as method of securing attendance of accused in magistrate s court CHAPTER 8 ADMISSION OF GUILT FINE 57. Admission of guilt and payment of fine without appearance in court 57A. Admission of guilt and payment of fine after appearing in court CHAPTER 9 BAIL 58. Effect of bail 59. Bail before first appearance of accused in lower court 59A. Attorney-general may authorise release on bail

6 yg y 60. Bail application of accused in court Court may add further conditions of bail 63. Amendment of conditions of bail 63A. Release or amendment of bail conditions of accused on account of prison conditions 64. Proceedings with regard to bail and conditions to be recorded in full 65. Appeal to superior court with regard to bail 65A. Appeal by attorney-general against decision of court to release accused on bail 66. Failure by accused to observe condition of bail 67. Failure of accused on bail to appear 67A. Criminal liability of a person who is on bail on the ground of failure to appear or to comply with a condition of bail 68. Cancellation of bail 68A. Cancellation of bail at request of accused 69. Payment of bail money by third person 70. Remission of bail money 71. Juvenile may be placed in place of safety or under supervision in lieu of release on bail or detention in custody CHAPTER 10 RELEASE ON WARNING 72. Accused may be released on warning in lieu of bail 72A. Cancellation of release on warning CHAPTER 11 ASSISTANCE TO ACCUSED 73. Accused entitled to assistance after arrest and at criminal proceedings 74. Parent or guardian of accused under eighteen years to attend proceedings CHAPTER 12 SUMMARY TRIAL 75. Summary trial and court of trial 76. Charge-sheet and proof of record of criminal case CHAPTER 13 ACCUSED: CAPACITY TO UNDERSTAND PROCEEDINGS: MENTAL ILLNESS AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 77. Capacity of accused to understand proceedings 78. Mental illness or mental defect and criminal responsibility

7 p y 79. Panel for purposes of enquiry and report under sections 77 and 78 CHAPTER 14 THE CHARGE 80. Accused may examine charge 81. Joinder of charges 82. Several charges to be disposed of by same court 83. Charge where it is doubtful what offence committed 84. Essentials of charge 85. Objection to charge 86. Court may order that charge be amended 87. Court may order delivery of particulars 88. Defect in charge cured by evidence 89. Previous conviction not to be alleged in charge 90. Charge need not specify or negative exception, exemption, proviso, excuse or qualification 91. Charge need not state manner or means of act 92. Certain omissions or imperfections not to invalidate charge 93. Alibi and date of act or offence 94. Charge may allege commission of offence on divers occasions 95. Rules applicable to particular charges 96. Naming of company, firm or partnership in charge 97. Naming of joint owners of property in charge 98. Charge of murder or culpable homicide sufficient if it alleges fact of killing 99. Charge relating to document sufficient if it refers to document by name 100. Charge alleging theft may allege general deficiency 101. Charge relating to false evidence 102. Charge relating to insolvency 103. Charge alleging intent to defraud need not allege or prove such intent in respect of particular person or mention owner of property or set forth details of deceit 104. Reference in charge to objectionable matter not necessary CHAPTER 15 THE PLEA 105. Accused to plead to charge 105A. Plea and sentence agreements 106. Pleas 107. Truth and publication for public benefit of defamatory matter to be specially pleaded 108. Issues raised by plea to be tried 109. Accused refusing to plead

8 CHAPTER 16 JURISDICTION 110. Accused brought before court which has no jurisdiction 111. Minister may remove trial to jurisdiction of another attorney-general CHAPTER 17 PLEA OF GUILTY AT SUMMARY TRIAL 112. Plea of guilty 113. Correction of plea of guilty 114. Committal by magistrate s court of accused for sentence by regional court after plea of guilty CHAPTER 18 PLEA OF NOT GUILTY AT SUMMARY TRIAL 115. Plea of not guilty and procedure with regard to issues 115A. Committal of accused for trial by regional court 116. Committal of accused for sentence by regional court after trial in magistrate s court 117. Committal to superior court in special case 118. Non-availability of judicial officer after plea of not guilty CHAPTER 19 PLEA IN MAGISTRATE S COURT ON CHARGE JUSTICIABLE IN SUPERIOR COURT 119. Accused to plead in magistrate s court on instructions of attorney-general 120. Charge-sheet and proof of record 121. Plea of guilty 122. Plea of not guilty CHAPTER 19A PLEA IN MAGISTRATE S COURT ON CHARGE TO BE ADJUDICATED IN REGIONAL COURT 122A. Accused to plead in magistrate s court on charge to be tried in regional court 122B. Charge-sheet and proof of record 122C. Plea of guilty 122D. Plea of not guilty

9 CHAPTER 20 PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 123. Attorney-general may instruct that preparatory examination be held 124. Proceedings preceding holding of preparatory examination to form part of preparatory examination record 125. Attorney-general may direct that preparatory examination be conducted at a specified place 126. Procedure to be followed by magistrate at preparatory examination 127. Recalling of witnesses after conversion of trial into preparatory examination 128. Examination of prosecution witnesses at preparatory examination 129. Recording of evidence at preparatory examination and proof of record 130. Charge to be put at conclusion of evidence for prosecution 131. Accused to plead to charge 132. Procedure after plea 133. Accused may testify at preparatory examination 134. Accused may call witnesses at preparatory examination 135. Discharge of accused at conclusion of preparatory examination 136. Procedure with regard to exhibits at preparatory examination 137. Magistrate to transmit record of preparatory examination to attorney-general 138. Preparatory examination may be continued before different judicial officer 139. Attorney-general may arraign accused for sentence or trial 140. Procedure where accused arraigned for sentence 141. Procedure where accused arraigned for trial 142. Procedure where attorney-general declines to prosecute 143. Accused may inspect preparatory examination record and is entitled to copy thereof CHAPTER 21 TRIAL BEFORE SUPERIOR COURT 144. Charge in superior court to be laid in an indictment 145. Trial in superior court by judge sitting with or without assessors 146. Reasons for decision by superior court in criminal trial 147. Death or incapacity of assessor Change of venue in superior court after indictment has been lodged CHAPTER 22 CONDUCT OF PROCEEDINGS 150. Prosecutor may address court and adduce evidence 151. Accused may address court and adduce evidence 152. Criminal proceedings to be conducted in open court

10 p g p 153. Circumstances in which criminal proceedings shall not take place in open court 154. Prohibition of publication of certain information relating to criminal proceedings 155. Persons implicated in same offence may be tried together 156. Persons committing separate offences at same time and place may be tried together 157. Joinder of accused and separation of trials 158. Criminal proceedings to take place in presence of accused 159. Circumstances in which criminal proceedings may take place in absence of accused 160. Procedure at criminal proceedings where accused is absent 161. Witness to testify viva voce 162. Witness to be examined under oath 163. Affirmation in lieu of oath 164. When unsworn or unaffirmed evidence admissible 165. Oath, affirmation or admonition may be administered by or through interpreter or intermediary 166. Cross-examination and re-examination of witnesses 167. Court may examine witness or person in attendance 168. Court may adjourn proceedings to any date 169. Court may adjourn proceedings to any place 170. Failure of accused to appear after adjournment or to remain in attendance 170A. Evidence through intermediaries 171. Evidence on commission 172. Parties may examine witness 173. Evidence on commission part of court record 174. Accused may be discharged at close of case for prosecution 175. Prosecution and defence may address court at conclusion of evidence 176. Judgment may be corrected 177. Court may defer final decision 178. Arrest of person committing offence in court and removal from court of person disturbing proceedings CHAPTER 23 WITNESSES 179. Process for securing attendance of witness 180. Service of subpoena 181. Pre-payment of witness expenses 182. Witness from prison 183. Witness to keep police informed of whereabouts 184. Witness about to abscond and witness evading service of summons 185. Detention of witness 185A Court may subpoena witness 187. Witness to attend proceedings and to remain in attendance

11 p g 188. Failure by witness to attend or to remain in attendance 189. Powers of court with regard to recalcitrant witness 190. Impeachment or support of credibility of witness 191. Payment of expenses of witness 191A. Witness services 192. Every witness competent and compellable unless expressly excluded 193. Court to decide upon competency of witness 194. Incompetency due to state of mind 195. Evidence for prosecution by husband or wife of accused 196. Evidence of accused and husband or wife on behalf of accused 197. Privileges of accused when giving evidence 198. Privilege arising out of marital state 199. No witness compelled to answer question which the witness s husband or wife may decline 200. Witness not excused from answer establishing civil liability on his part 201. Privilege of legal practitioner 202. Privilege from disclosure on ground of public policy or public interest 203. Witness excused from answering incriminating question 204. Incriminating evidence by witness for prosecution 205. Judge, regional court magistrate or magistrate may take evidence as to alleged offence 206. The law in cases not provided for 207. Saving of special provisions in other laws CHAPTER 24 EVIDENCE 208. Conviction may follow on evidence of single witness 209. Conviction may follow on confession by accused 210. Irrelevant evidence inadmissible 211. Evidence during criminal proceedings of previous convictions 212. Proof of certain facts by affidavit or certificate 212A. Proof of certain facts by affidavit from person in foreign country 212B. Proof of undisputed facts 213. Proof of written statement by consent 214. Evidence recorded at preparatory examination admissible at trial in certain circumstances 215. Evidence recorded at former trial admissible at later trial in certain circumstances Admissibility of confession by accused 218. Admissibility of facts discovered by means of inadmissible confession 219. Confession not admissible against another 219A. Admissibility of admission by accused 220. Admissions 221. Admissibility of certain trade or business records 222. Application to criminal proceedings of certain provisions of Civil Proceedings Evidence Act, 1965, relating to documentary evidence

12 g g y Judicial notice of laws and other published matter 225. Evidence of prints or bodily appearance of accused 226. Evidence of no sexual intercourse between spouses admissible 227. Evidence of character 228. Evidence of disputed writing 229. Evidence of times of sunrise and sunset 230. Evidence and sufficiency of evidence of appointment to public office 231. Evidence of signature of public officer 232. Article may be proved in evidence by means of photograph thereof 233. Proof of public documents 234. Proof of official documents 235. Proof of judicial proceedings 236. Proof of entries in accounting records and documentation of banks 236A. Proof of entries in accounting records and documentation of banks in countries outside Republic 237. Evidence on charge of bigamy 238. Evidence of relationship on charge of incest 239. Evidence on charge of infanticide or concealment of birth 240. Evidence on charge of receiving stolen property 241. Evidence of previous conviction on charge of receiving stolen property 242. Evidence on charge of defamation 243. Evidence of receipt of money or property and general deficiency on charge of theft 244. Evidence on charge relating to seals and stamps 245. Evidence on charge of which false representation is element 246. Presumptions relating to certain documents 247. Presumptions relating to absence from Republic of certain persons 248. Presumption that accused possessed particular qualification or acted in particular capacity 249. Presumption of failure to pay tax or to furnish information relating to tax 250. Presumption of lack of authority 251. Unstamped instrument admissible in criminal proceedings 252. The law in cases not provided for 252A. Authority to make use of traps and undercover operations and admissibility of evidence so obtained 253. Saving of special provisions in other laws CHAPTER 25 CONVERSION OF TRIAL INTO ENQUIRY 254. Court may refer juvenile accused to children s court 255. Court may order enquiry under Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependency Act, 1992

13 CHAPTER 26 COMPETENT VERDICTS 256. Attempt 257. Accessory after the fact 258. Murder and attempted murder 259. Culpable homicide 260. Robbery 261. Rape and indecent assault 262. Housebreaking with intent to commit an offence 263. Statutory offence of breaking and entering or of entering premises 264. Theft 265. Receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen 266. Assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm 267. Common assault 268. Statutory unlawful carnal intercourse 269. Sodomy 269A Offences not specified in this Chapter CHAPTER 27 PREVIOUS CONVICTIONS 271. Previous convictions may be proved 271A. Certain convictions fall away as previous convictions after expiration of 10 years 272. Finger-print record prima facie evidence of conviction 273. Evidence of further particulars relating to previous conviction CHAPTER 28 SENTENCE 274. Evidence on sentence 275. Sentence by judicial officer or judge other than judicial officer or judge who convicted accused 276. Nature of punishments 276A. Imposition of correctional supervision, and conversion of imprisonment into correctional supervision and vice versa Cumulative or concurrent sentences 281. Interpretation of certain provisions in laws relating to imprisonment and fines 282. Antedating sentence of imprisonment 283. Discretion of court as to punishment 284. Minimum period of imprisonment four days

14 p p y 285. Periodical imprisonment 286. Declaration of certain persons as habitual criminals 286A. Declaration of certain persons as dangerous criminals 286B. Imprisonment for indefinite period 287. Imprisonment in default of payment of fine 288. Recovery of fine 289. Court may enforce payment of fine 290. Manner of dealing with convicted juvenile 291. Duration of orders under section Committal to treatment centre 297. Conditional or unconditional postponement or suspension of sentence, and caution or reprimand 297A. Liability for patrimonial loss arising from performance of community service 297B. Agreement on operation of suspended sentences 298. Sentence may be corrected 299. Warrant for the execution of sentence CHAPTER 29 COMPENSATION AND RESTITUTION 300. Court may award compensation where offence causes damage to or loss of property 301. Compensation to innocent purchaser of property unlawfully obtained CHAPTER 30 REVIEWS AND APPEALS IN CASES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN LOWER COURTS 302. Sentences subject to review in the ordinary course 303. Transmission of record 304. Procedure on review 304A. Review of proceedings before sentence Accused may set down case for argument 307. Execution of sentence not suspended unless bail granted A. Correctional supervision not suspended unless bail granted 309. Appeal from lower court by person convicted 309A. Appeal against conviction and sentence of chiefs, headmen and chiefs deputies 309B. Application for leave to appeal 309C. Petition procedure

15 p 309D. Explanation of certain rights to unrepresented accused and certain other accused 310. Appeal from lower court by prosecutor 310A. Appeal by attorney-general against sentence of lower court 311. Appeal to Appellate Division 312. Review or appeal and failure to comply with subsection (1) or (2) of section Institution of proceedings de novo when conviction set aside on appeal or review 314. Obtaining presence of convicted person in lower court after setting aside of sentence or order CHAPTER 31 APPEALS IN CASES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN SUPERIOR COURTS 315. Court of appeal in respect of superior court judgments 316. Applications for condonation, leave to appeal and further evidence 316A B. Appeal by attorney-general against sentence of superior court 317. Special entry of irregularity or illegality 318. Appeal on special entry under section Reservation of question of law 320. Report of trial judge to be furnished on appeal 321. When execution of sentence may be suspended 322. Powers of court of appeal Institution of proceedings de novo when conviction set aside on appeal CHAPTER 32 MERCY AND FREE PARDON 325. Saving of power of State President to extend mercy 325A Further evidence and free pardon or substitution of verdict by State President CHAPTER 33 GENERAL PROVISIONS 328. Force of process 329. Court process may be served or executed by police official 330. Transmission of court process by telegraph or similar communication 331. Irregular warrant or process 332. Prosecution of corporations and members of associations 333. Minister may invoke decision of Appellate Division on question of law

16 y pp q 334. Minister may declare certain persons peace officers for specific purposes 335. Person who makes statement entitled to copy thereof 335A. Prohibition of publication of identity of persons towards or in connection with whom certain offences have been committed 335B. Medical examination of minors towards or in connection with whom certain offences have been committed 336. Act or omission constituting offence under two or more laws 337. Estimating age of person 338. Production of document by accused in criminal proceedings 339. Removal of accused from one prison to another for purpose of attending at criminal proceedings 340. Prison list of unsentenced prisoners and witnesses detained 341. Compounding of certain minor offences 342. Conviction or acquittal no bar to civil action for damages 342A. Unreasonable delays in trials Repeal of laws 345. Short title and date of commencement Schedule 1 Schedule 2 Schedule 3 Schedule 4 Laws repealed Schedule 5 Schedule 6 Schedule 7 DEFINITIONS 1. Definitions. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise indicates aggravating circumstances, in relation to [Para. deleted by s. 1 of Act No. 107 of 1990.] robbery or attempted robbery, means (i) the wielding of a fire-arm or any other dangerous weapon; (ii) the infliction of grievous bodily harm; or (iii) a threat to inflict grievous bodily harm, by the offender or an accomplice on the occasion when the offence is committed, whether before or during or after the commission of the offence; bank means a bank defined in section 1 of the Banks Act, 1990 (Act 94 of 1990), and includes the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa referred to in section 3 of the Land Bank Act, 1944 (Act 13 of 1944), and a mutual building society as defined in Act section 1 of the Mutual Building Societies Act, 1965 (Act Act 24 of 1965);

17 [Definition of bank substituted by s. 1 of Act No. 5 of 1991 and by s. 38 of Act No. 129 of 1993.] charge includes an indictment and a summons; Commissioner means the Commissioner of Correctional Services as defined in section 1 of the Correctional Services Act, 1959 (Act 8 of 1959), or a person authorized by him; [Definition of Commissioner inserted by s. 35 of Act No. 122 of 1991.] correctional official means a correctional official as defined in section 1 of the Correctional Services Act, 1959; [Definition of correctional official inserted by s. 35 of Act No. 122 of 1991.] correctional supervision means a community-based punishment to which a person is subject in accordance with Chapter VIIIA of the Correctional Services Act, 1959, and the regulations made under that Act if (c) (d) (e) he has been placed under that under section 6 (1) (c); it has been imposed on him under section 276 (1) (h) or (i) and he, in the latter case, has been placed under that; his sentence has been converted into that under section 276A (3) (e) (ii), 286B (4) (ii) or 287 (4) or he has been placed under that under section 286B (5) (iii) or 287 (4) ; [Para. (c) substituted by s. 16 of Act No. 116 of 1993.] it is a condition on which the passing of his sentence has been postponed and he has been released under section 297 (1) (i) (cca); or it is a condition on which the operation of (i) the whole or any part; or (ii) any part, of his sentence has been suspended under section 297 (1) or (4), respectively; [Definition of correctional supervision inserted by s. 35 of Act No. 122 of 1991.] criminal proceedings includes a preparatory examination under Chapter 20; day means the space of time between sunrise and sunset; justice means a person who is a justice of the peace under the provisions of the Justices of the Peace and Commissioners of Oaths Act, 1963 (Act 16 of 1963); law [Definition of law deleted by s. 1 of Act No. 49 of 1996.] local division means a local division of the Supreme Court established under the Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act 59 of 1959); lower court means any court established under the provisions of the Magistrates Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944);

18 magistrate includes an additional magistrate and an assistant magistrate but not a regional magistrate; magistrate s court means a court established for any district under the provisions of the Magistrates Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944), and includes any other court established under such provisions, other than a court for a regional division; Minister means the Minister of Justice; night means the space of time between sunset and sunrise; offence means an act or omission punishable by law; peace officer includes any magistrate, justice, police official, correctional official as defined in section 1 of the Correctional Services Act, 1959 (Act 8 of 1959), and, in relation to any area, offence, class of offence or power referred to in a notice issued under section 334 (1), any person who is a peace officer under that section; [Definition of peace officer amended by s. 4 of Act No. 18 of 1996.] police official means any member of the Force as defined in Act section 1 of the Police Act, 1958 (Act Act 7 of 1958), and police has a corresponding meaning; [Definition of police official substituted by s. 1 of Act No. 5 of 1991.] premises includes land, any building or structure, or any vehicle, conveyance, ship, boat or aircraft; province [Definition of province deleted by s. 1 of Act No. 49 of 1996.] provincial administration [Definition of provincial administration deleted by s. 1 of Act No. 49 of 1996.] provincial division means a provincial division of the Supreme Court established under the Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act 59 of 1959); regional court means a court established for a regional division under the provisions of the Magistrates Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944); regional magistrate means a magistrate appointed under the provisions of the Magistrates Courts Act, 1944 (Act 32 of 1944), to the court for a regional division; Republic [Definition of Republic deleted by s. 1 of Act No. 49 of 1996.] rules of court means the rules made under section 43 of the Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act 59 of 1959), or under section 6 of the Rules Board for Courts of Law Act, 1985 (Act 107 of 1985); [Definition of rules of court substituted by s. 1 (c) of Act No. 5 of 1991.]

19 special superior court [Definition of special superior court deleted by s. 7 of Act No. 62 of 2000.] State [Definition of State deleted by s. 1 of Act No. 49 of 1996.] superior court means a provincial or local division of the Supreme Court established under the Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act 59 of 1959); supreme court means the Supreme Court of South Africa established under the Supreme Court Act, 1959 (Act 59 of 1959); territory [Definition of territory deleted by s. 1 of Act No. 49 of 1996.] this Act includes the rules of court and any regulations made under this Act. (2) Any reference in any law to an inferior court shall, unless the context of such law indicates otherwise, be construed as a reference to a lower court as defined in subsection (1). CHAPTER 1 PROSECUTING AUTHORITY [S. 2 repealed by s. 44 of Act No. 32 of 1998.] [S. 3 amended by s. 11 of Act No. 59 of 1983 and repealed by Act s. 8 of Act Act No. 92 of 1992.] [S. 4 repealed by Act s. 8 of Act Act No. 92 of 1992.] [S. 5 repealed by s. 44 of Act No. 32 of 1998.] 6. Power to withdraw charge or stop prosecution. An attorney-general or any person conducting a prosecution at the instance of the State or any body or person conducting a prosecution under section 8, may before an accused pleads to a charge, withdraw that charge, in which event the accused shall not be entitled to a verdict of acquittal in respect of that charge; at any time after an accused has pleaded, but before conviction, stop the prosecution in

20 respect of that charge, in which event the court trying the accused shall acquit the accused in respect of that charge: Provided that where a prosecution is conducted by a person other than an attorney-general or a body or person referred to in section 8, the prosecution shall not be stopped unless the attorney-general or any person authorized thereto by the attorney-general, whether in general or in any particular case, has consented thereto. 7. Private prosecution on certificate nolle prosequi. (1) In any case in which an attorney-general declines to prosecute for an alleged offence (c) (d) any private person who proves some substantial and peculiar interest in the issue of the trial arising out of some injury which he individually suffered in consequence of the commission of the said offence; a husband, if the said offence was committed in respect of his wife; the wife or child or, if there is no wife or child, any of the next of kin of any deceased person, if the death of such person is alleged to have been caused by the said offence; or the legal guardian or curator of a minor or lunatic, if the said offence was committed against his ward, may, subject to the provisions of section 9, either in person or by a legal representative, institute and conduct a prosecution in respect of such offence in any court competent to try that offence. (2) No private prosecutor under this section shall obtain the process of any court for summoning any person to answer any charge unless such private prosecutor produces to the officer authorized by law to issue such process a certificate signed by the attorney-general that he has seen the statements or affidavits on which the charge is based and that he declines to prosecute at the instance of the State The attorney-general shall, in any case in which he declines to prosecute, at the request of the person intending to prosecute, grant the certificate referred to in paragraph. (c) A certificate issued under this subsection shall lapse unless proceedings in respect of the offence in question are instituted by the issue of the process referred to in paragraph within three months of the date of the certificate. (d) The provisions of paragraph (c) shall apply also with reference to a certificate granted before the commencement of this Act under the provisions of any law repealed by this Act, and the date of such certificate shall, for the purposes of this paragraph, be deemed to be the date of commencement of this Act. 8. Private prosecution under statutory right. (1) Any body upon which or person upon whom the right to prosecute in respect of any offence is expressly conferred by law, may institute and conduct a prosecution in respect of such offence in any court competent to try that offence. (2) A body which or a person who intends exercising a right of prosecution under subsection (1), shall exercise such right only after consultation with the attorney-general concerned and after the attorney-general has withdrawn his right of prosecution in respect of any specified offence or any specified class or category of offences with reference to which such body or person may by law exercise such right of prosecution. (3) An attorney-general may, under subsection (2), withdraw his right of prosecution on such conditions as he may deem fit, including a condition that the appointment by such body or person of a prosecutor to conduct the prosecution in question shall be subject to the approval of the attorney-general, and that the attorney-general may at any time exercise with reference to any such

21 prosecution any power which he might have exercised if he had not withdrawn his right of prosecution. 9. Security by private prosecutor. (1) No private prosecutor referred to in section 7 shall take out or issue any process commencing the private prosecution unless he deposits with the magistrate s court in whose area of jurisdiction the offence was committed the amount the Minister may from time to time determine by notice in the Gazette as security that he will prosecute the charge against the accused to a conclusion without undue delay; and [Para. substituted by s. 39 of Act No. 129 of 1993.] [General Note: Amount determined in Government Notice No. R.239 in Government Gazette of 14 February, 2003.] the amount such court may determine as security for the costs which may be incurred in respect of the accused s defence to the charge. [Para. substituted by s. 39 of Act No. 129 of 1993.] (2) The accused may, when he is called upon to plead to the charge, apply to the court hearing the charge to review the amount determined under subsection (1), whereupon the court may, before the accused pleads require the private prosecutor to deposit such additional amount as the court may determine with the magistrate s court in which the said amount was deposited; or direct that the private prosecutor enter into a recognizance, with or without sureties, in such additional amount as the court may determine. (3) Where a private prosecutor fails to prosecute a charge against an accused to a conclusion without undue delay or where a charge is dismissed under section 11, the amount referred to in subsection (1) shall be forfeited to the State. 10. Private prosecution in name of private prosecutor. (1) A private prosecution shall be instituted and conducted and all process in connection therewith issued in the name of the private prosecutor. (2) The indictment, charge-sheet or summons, as the case may be, shall describe the private prosecutor with certainty and precision and shall, except in the case of a body referred to in section 8, be signed by such prosecutor or his legal representative. (3) Two or more persons shall not prosecute in the same charge except where two or more persons have been injured by the same offence. 11. Failure of private prosecutor to appear. (1) If the private prosecutor does not appear on the day set down for the appearance of the accused in the magistrate s court or for the trial of the accused, the charge against the accused shall be dismissed unless the court has reason to believe that the private prosecutor was prevented from being present by circumstances beyond his control, in which event the court may adjourn the case to a later date. (2) Where the charge is so dismissed, the accused shall forthwith be discharged from custody and may not in respect of that charge be prosecuted privately again but the attorney-general or a public prosecutor with the consent of the attorney-general may at the instance of the State prosecute the accused in respect of that charge.

22 12. Mode of conducting private prosecution. (1) A private prosecution shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be proceeded with in the same manner as if it were a prosecution at the instance of the State: Provided that the person in respect of whom the private prosecution is instituted shall be brought before the court only by way of summons in the case of a lower court, or an indictment in the case of a superior court, except where he is under arrest in respect of an offence with regard to which a right of private prosecution is vested in any body or person under section 8. (2) Where the prosecution is instituted under section 7 (1) and the accused pleads guilty to the charge, the prosecution shall be continued at the instance of the State. 13. Attorney-general may intervene in private prosecution. An attorney-general or a local public prosecutor acting on the instructions of the attorney-general, may in respect of any private prosecution apply by motion to the court before which the private prosecution is pending to stop all further proceedings in the case in order that a prosecution for the offence in question may be instituted or, as the case may be, continued at the instance of the State, and the court shall make such an order. 14. Costs in respect of process. A private prosecutor, other than a prosecutor contemplated in section 8, shall in respect of any process relating to the private prosecution, pay to the clerk or, as the case may be, the registrar of the court in question, the fees prescribed under the rules of court for the service or execution of such process. 15. Costs of private prosecution. (1) The costs and expenses of a private prosecutor shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (2), be paid by the private prosecutor. (2) The court may order a person convicted upon a private prosecution to pay the costs and expenses of the prosecution, including the costs of any appeal against such conviction or any sentence: Provided that the provisions of this subsection shall not apply with reference to any prosecution instituted and conducted under section 8: Provided further that where a private prosecution is instituted after the grant of a certificate by an attorney-general that he declines to prosecute and the accused is convicted, the court may order the costs and expenses of the private prosecution, including the costs of an appeal arising from such prosecution, to be paid by the State. [Sub-s. (2) amended by s. 1 of Act No. 26 of 1987.] 16. Costs of accused in private prosecution. (1) Where in a private prosecution, other than a prosecution contemplated in section 8, the charge against the accused is dismissed or the accused is acquitted or a decision in favour of the accused is given on appeal, the court dismissing the charge or acquitting the accused or deciding in favour of the accused on appeal, may order the private prosecutor to pay to such accused the whole or any part of the costs and expenses incurred in connection with the prosecution or, as the case may be, the appeal. (2) Where the court is of the opinion that a private prosecution was unfounded and vexatious, it shall award to the accused at his request such costs and expenses incurred in connection with the prosecution, as it may deem fit. [S. 16 substituted by s. 40 of Act No. 129 of 1993.] 17. Taxation of costs. (1) The provisions of section 300 (3) shall apply with reference to any order or award made under section 15 or 16 in connection with costs and expenses. (2) Costs awarded under section 15 or 16 shall be taxed according to the scale, in civil cases, of the court which makes the award or, if the award is made by a regional court, according to the

23 scale, in civil cases, of a magistrate s court, or, where there is more than one such scale, according to the scale determined by the court making the award. 18. Prescription of right to institute prosecution. The right to institute a prosecution for any offence, other than the offences of (c) (d) (e) murder; treason committed when the Republic is in a state of war; robbery, if aggravating circumstances were present; kidnapping; child-stealing; ( f ) rape; or (g) the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, as contemplated in section 4 of the Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act, 2002, [Para. (g) added by s. 39 of Act No. 27 of 2002.] shall, unless some other period is expressly provided by law, lapse after the expiration of a period of 20 years from the time when the offence was committed. [S. 18 substituted by s. 27 of Act No. 105 of 1997.] CHAPTER 2 SEARCH WARRANTS, ENTERING OF PREMISES, SEIZURE, FORFEITURE AND DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY CONNECTED WITH OFFENCES 19. Saving as to certain powers conferred by other laws. The provisions of this Chapter shall not derogate from any power conferred by any other law to enter any premises or to search any person, container or premises or to seize any matter, to declare any matter forfeited or to dispose of any matter. 20. State may seize certain articles. The State may, in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter, seize anything (in this Chapter referred to as an article) (c) which is concerned in or is on reasonable grounds believed to be concerned in the commission or suspected commission of an offence whether within the Republic or elsewhere; which may afford evidence of the commission or suspected commission of an offence whether within the Republic or elsewhere; or which is intended to be used or is on reasonable grounds believed to be intended to be used in the commission of an offence. 21. Article to be seized under search warrant. (1) Subject to the provisions of sections 22, 24 and 25, an article referred to in section 20 shall be seized only by virtue of a search warrant issued by a magistrate or justice, if it appears to such magistrate or justice from information on oath that there are reasonable grounds for believing that any such article is in the possession or under the control of or upon any person or upon or at any premises

24 within his area of jurisdiction; or by a judge or judicial officer presiding at criminal proceedings, if it appears to such judge or judicial officer that any such article in the possession or under the control of any person or upon or at any premises is required in evidence of such proceedings. (2) A search warrant issued under subsection (1) shall require a police official to seize the article in question and shall to that end authorize such police official to search any person identified in the warrant, or to enter and search any premises identified in the warrant and to search any person found on or at such premises. (3) A search warrant shall be executed by day, unless the person issuing the warrant in writing authorizes the execution thereof by night. A search warrant may be issued on any day and shall be of force until it is executed or is cancelled by the person who issued it or, if such person is not available, by a person with like authority. (4) A police official executing a warrant under this section or section 25 shall, after such execution, upon demand of any person whose rights in respect of any search or article seized under the warrant have been affected, hand to him a copy of the warrant. 22. Circumstances in which article may be seized without search warrant. A police official may without a search warrant search any person or container or premises for the purpose of seizing any article referred to in section 20 if the person concerned consents to the search for and the seizure of the article in question, or if the person who may consent to the search of the container or premises consents to such search and the seizure of the article in question; or if he on reasonable grounds believes (i) that a search warrant will be issued to him under paragraph of section 21 (1) if he applies for such warrant; and (ii) that the delay in obtaining such warrant would defeat the object of the search. 23. Search of arrested person and seizure of article. (1) On the arrest of any person, the person making the arrest may if he is a peace officer, search the person arrested and seize any article referred to in section 20 which is found in the possession of or in the custody or under the control of the person arrested, and where such peace officer is not a police official, he shall forthwith deliver any such article to a police official; or if he is not a peace officer, seize any article referred to in section 20 which is in the possession of or in the custody or under the control of the person arrested and shall forthwith deliver any such article to a police official. (2) On the arrest of any person, the person making the arrest may place in safe custody any object found on the person arrested and which may be used to cause bodily harm to himself or others. [Sub-s. (2) added by s. 1 of Act No. 33 of 1986.] 24. Search of premises. Any person who is lawfully in charge or occupation of any premises and who reasonably suspects that stolen stock or produce, as defined in any law relating to the theft of stock or produce, is on or in the premises concerned, or that any article has been placed thereon or therein or is in the custody or possession of any person upon or in such premises in contravention of any law relating to intoxicating liquor, dependence-producing drugs, arms and ammunition or

25 explosives, may at any time, if a police official is not readily available, enter such premises for the purpose of searching such premises and any person thereon or therein, and if any such stock, produce or article is found, he shall take possession thereof and forthwith deliver it to a police official. [S. 24 substituted by s. 12 of Act No. 59 of 1983.] 25. Power of police to enter premises in connection with State security or any offence. (1) If it appears to a magistrate or justice from information on oath that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the internal security of the Republic or the maintenance of law and order is likely to be endangered by or in consequence of any meeting which is being held or is to be held in or upon any premises within his area of jurisdiction; or that an offence has been or is being or is likely to be committed or that preparations or arrangements for the commission of any offence are being or are likely to be made in or upon any premises within his area of jurisdiction, he may issue a warrant authorizing a police official to enter the premises in question at any reasonable time for the purpose (i) of carrying out such investigations and of taking such steps as such police official may consider necessary for the preservation of the internal security of the Republic or for the maintenance of law and order or for the prevention of any offence; (ii) of searching the premises or any person in or upon the premises for any article referred to in section 20 which such police official on reasonable grounds suspects to be in or upon or at the premises or upon such person; and (iii) of seizing any such article. (2) A warrant under subsection (1) may be issued on any day and shall be of force until it is executed or is cancelled by the person who issued it or, if such person is not available, by a person with like authority. (3) A police official may without warrant act under subparagraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) of subsection (1) if he on reasonable grounds believes that a warrant will be issued to him under paragraph or of subsection (1) if he applies for such warrant; and that the delay in obtaining such warrant would defeat the object thereof. 26. Entering of premises for purposes of obtaining evidence. Where a police official in the investigation of an offence or alleged offence reasonably suspects that a person who may furnish information with reference to any such offence is on any premises, such police official may without warrant enter such premises for the purpose of interrogating such person and obtaining a statement from him: Provided that such police official shall not enter any private dwelling without the consent of the occupier thereof. 27. Resistance against entry or search. (1) A police official who may lawfully search any person or any premises or who may enter any premises under section 26, may use such force as may be reasonably necessary to overcome any resistance against such search or against entry of the premises, including the breaking of any door or window of such premises: Provided that such police official shall first audibly demand admission to the premises and notify the purpose for which he seeks to enter such premises. (2) The proviso to subsection (1) shall not apply where the police official concerned is on