South Australian Limitation Schedule

Transcription

1 South Australian Limitation Schedule This Schedule is prepared as a guide for legal practitioners on the limitation periods which apply to causes of action instituted in South Australia. The Schedule does not include every possible cause of action, nor every limitation period, nor does it comprehensively describe the limitation periods. For example there are many specific time limits contained in the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) and related legislation and the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth) and related legislation which is beyond the scope of this Schedule. The Schedule is not intended to provide particular legal advice to the readers of the Schedule or to be used by legal practitioners as a substitute for their own research to determine the accuracy and application of the information in this Schedule to any given facts.

2 Page 1 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Freedom of Information (Cth) Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth) s.54b Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth) s.54 (1) 30 day time period for seeking internal review. 60 day time period for seeking review of decision by Information Commissioner re refusal of access. Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth) s.54 (2) 30 day time period for seeking review of decision by Information Commissioner re grant of access. Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth) s.56 Appeals (on questions of Law) to the Federal Court from decisions of the Information Commissioner within 28 days of the decision. Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth) s.57a Applications may be made to the AAT for a review of decisions of the Information Commissioner within 28 days of the decision. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Freedom of Information (SA) Freedom of Information Act 1991 (SA) s.29 Freedom of Information Act 1991 (SA) s days for internal review. 30 days from decision or Internal Review for external review to Relevant review authority (e.g. Ombudsman). Freedom of Information Act 1991 (SA) s days from External Review to appeal (on questions of Law) to District Court. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Judicial Review Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) s.11 (3) Generally there is a 28 day time limit for making applications but extensions of time may be sought in certain circumstances. Applications for review of decisions made by a Commonwealth government decision maker or of conduct in relation to a decision making process may be made to the Federal Court of Australia or the Federal Circuit Court. Supreme Court Rules 2006 SA R200 (2) An action for judicial review must be commenced as soon as practicable, and in any event within 6 months, of the date on which the ground for review arose. Permission to proceed with the action must be sought.

3 Page 2 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Judicial Review cont. District Court Civil Rules 2006 R279A Where external review is conducted in the Administrative and Disciplinary Division of the District Court (as opposed to one of many specialist tribunals), this Rule provides that (subject to any other time limit provided in the legislation conferring the right of review) proceedings must be instituted within 21 days after the date of the judgment or decision subject to review. Review of the judgment of some other Court or Tribunal on the decision of a Minister. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Appeals from External Review decisions Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) (AAT Act) Appeals State Jurisdiction A person adversely affected by a decision may seek review of that decision within 28 days of receiving a written statement of the reasons for the decision or within 28 days of being notified of the decision. Under State legislation regard should be had to the particular legislation under which the right of appeal is granted to determine the time limit for appeal to the Supreme Court or District Court (e.g. 30 days under the Freedom of Information Act 1991 (SA), one month under the Motor Vehicles Act 1959 (SA) and 14 days under the Public and Environmental Health Act 1987 (SA). A comprehensive list of the time limits in which internal review can be sought is governed in each instance by the legislation under which the decision is made (and it should be noted that internal review mechanisms are not provided for all administrative decisions this will depend on the applicable legislation) generally 28 days is allowed. Regard should be had to s,29 of the AAT Act to determine how the time limit is calculated depending on whether reasons were provided at the time the decision was notified or requested later. ASBESTOS CLAIMS Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s.36 (1) A claim for an asbestos disease (being a personal injury) must be commenced within 3 years of when the cause of action accrued. The Court may extend the time in which a claim can be brought for a further 12 months after the claimant became aware of a material fact. Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s.48 (3) (b)

4 Page 3 Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s.36 (1a) If the injury is latent for some time after its cause, then the 3 years begins to run when the injury first comes to the claimant s knowledge. AVIATION Civil Aviation (Carriers Liability) Act 1959 (Cth) s34 For claims for injury or death on aircraft: 2 years from date of arrival of aircraft at destination or, where aircraft does not arrive at destination. 2 years from: (a) the date on which aircraft ought to have arrived; or (b) the date on which the carriage stopped, whichever is the later. The legislation provides that after the 2 year period the right to damages is extinguished. Presumably there is therefore no way of securing an extension of time. Note also there are special rules which apply to international travel see the Montreal Convention which is given effect through the Civil Aviation Carriers Liability Act 1959 (Cth). Extensions available only in respect of baggage: s30(3) and (4) of the Civil Aviation Carriers Liability Act 1959 (Cth). Civil Aviation (Carriers Liability) Act 1959 (Cth) s.30 (2) For claims for damage to, or loss or destruction of, baggage, the limitation is 2 years as stipulated above. Periods for giving a notice of claim range from 3 days to 21 days. For claims for injury or death from things falling from aircraft see Damage by Aircraft Act 1999 (Cth); s30(3) Civil Aviation (Carriers Liability) Act 1959 (Cth); s30(4) Civil Aviation (Carriers Liability) Act 1959 (Cth). BUILDING WORK Development Act 1993 (SA) s.73. Despite the Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) or any other Act or law, no action for damages for economic loss or rectification costs resulting from defective building (including an action for breach of statutory duty) can be commenced more than 10 years after the completion of the building work. This period cannot be extended (s.73(2)). This period does not apply to actions to recover damages for death or personal injury resulting from defective building work. CHILD SUPPORT Rule 4.20 Family Law Rules 2004 (Cth). For a declaration that a person should or should not be assessed in respect of the costs of the child: within 56 days after being served with a notice confirming acceptance

5 Page 4 or rejection of an application for administrative assessment. s81 Child Support (Registration and Collection) Act 1988 (Cth). Internally lodging objections to decisions: within 28 days after a notice of the decision is served on the person, or within 28 days after the decision first comes to the notice of the person where the person is in Australia, or within 90 days if the person is a resident of a reciprocating jurisdiction. A person may apply to the Registrar to consider the objection outside time - see s82 Child Support (Registration and Collection Act 1988 (Cth). ss86 and 86A Child Support (Registration and Collection Act 1988 (Cth). Opposing objections to decisions: may lodge written notice in opposition to objection within 28 days after service on them of the objection if the person opposing the objection lives in Australia, otherwise within 90 days after service on them of the objection if the person opposing the objection is a resident of reciprocating jurisdiction. See87AA in relation to care percentage decisions. From 1 July 2015 (previously reviews lay with the Social Security Appeals Tribunal) For applications for review of decisions of a Registrar to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT first review): within 28 days of the notice being served on the person if living within Australia, or within 90 days if person is a residence of a reciprocating jurisdiction. If the period for applying for review has ended, a person may make an application for review asking the AAT to consider the application for review despite the ending of the period. See s91-93 Child Support Registration and Collection) Act 1989 (Cth). There is no time limitation for applying for a review of a decision relating to a care percentage, however if made after the usual 28/90 day period the date of the effect of the review decision will be the date the application was made (s87aa). 289 Child Support (Registration and Collection Act 1989 (Cth) for the types of decisions and who can review them.

6 Page 5 96A Child Support (Registration and Collection) Act 1989 (Cth) and s43 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) and s29 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth). For applications for further review (AAT second review) in relation to section 92 (decision to refuse an extension of time for a person to make an application for AAT first review) and an AAT first review care percentage decision or a decision in relation to the date of effect of a decision by AAT first review of a care percentage decision: within 28 days of the written reasons for the AAT first review decision, or, where no written reasons are given, within 28 days of receipt of the first review decision. Or within 90 days if person is a resident of a reciprocating jurisdiction. Rule 4.22 Family Law Rules 2004 (Cth) and ss44, 44AA and 44AAA Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth). For appeals from a decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal under Part VIII of the Child Support (Registration and Collection) Act 1989 (Cth) on a question of law: within 28 days of receipt of the written reasons for the AAT decision or such other time as provided for by the Federal Court. ss102, 102A and 105 Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989 (Cth) and ss107, 107A and 110 of the Child Support (Registration and Collection) Act 1988 (Cth), and see the Family Law section of this document for appeal limitation periods under the Family Law Rules 2004 (Cth). For appeals to the Family Court and the Full Court of the Family Court from other Courts exercising original or appellate jurisdiction under the Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989 (Cth), leave is required, and appeals must be made within the time frames specified under the Family Law Rules 2004 (Cth). Applications for an extension of time within which to institute an appeal may be heard and determined by a Judge of the Appeal Division or other Judge if there is no Judge of the Appeal Division available, or by a Full Court of the Family Court see s102(8) Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989 (Cth). s23 Child Support (Registration and Collection Act 1988 (Cth). Notifications to the Registrar: Where an order is made or a maintenance agreement is registered or approved by a Court, and a registrable The payee is not required to give the Registrar notice if the payee, within that period of 14 days, elects, by giving the Registrar a notice, not to have the registrable maintenance

7 Page 6 maintenance liability arises or the order or agreement varies or affects a registrable maintenance liability, the payee and payer shall notify the Registrar within 14 days of the order being made or agreement being registered. liability enforced. See s23(3) Child Support (Registration and Collection) Act 1988 (Cth). s33 Child Support (Registration and Collection Act 1988 (Cth). Where an order is made or a maintenance agreement is registered or approved by a Court, and the order or agreement varies or affects a registered maintenance liability, the payee shall notify the Registrar within 14 days of the order being made. s34 Child Support (Registration and Collection Act 1988 (Cth) and s4 Child Support (Registration and Collection Act 1988 (Cth) for definition of "affecting event". Upon the happening of an affecting event, the payee of an enforceable maintenance liability shall notify the Registrar within 14 days after the happening of the event. COMMON LAW PROCEEDINGS / WORK INJURIES Return to Work Act 2014 s66(7)(g)9ii) 3 years from date of trauma. Only applies in circumstances where a negligent third party causes the action. See also comments in Work Injuries. CONTRACT 6 years from the date upon which that the cause of action accrues (i.e. from breach of the contract). A plaintiff may suffer damage arising out of breach of contract but will often also allege negligence. Note the time at which the limitation period will commence for breach of contract and for claims in tort for negligence will sometimes be different became

8 Page 7 of the different manner in which the causes of action accrue. CONTRIBUTION An action for contribution against a person liable in damages for the same harm as a person liable to a claimant must be brought within the period within which the person who suffered the harm could have brought an action against the person from whom contribution is sought or 2 years after the damages payable by the person entitled to contribution are finally determined. CRIMINAL LAW Appeals Supreme Court Criminal Appeal Rules 2014 R days to Appeal from the date of the conviction, sentence, order or decision appealed from. Supreme Court Civil Rules 2006 R days to Appeal from Magistrates Court to single Judge. CRIMINAL LAW Criminal Assets Confiscation Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.35 (1) A person whose property would be covered by a restraining order may apply to the Court to exclude specified property from the restraining order within 14 days of being notified of the application for the order. An application can be made to exclude property covered by the restraining order may be made after the order has been made, but only if the applicant had a good reason for not appearing when the order was made or new evidence is available. s.35 (3).

9 Page 8 Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.43 A person who was not notified of the application for the restraining order may apply to the Court to revoke the order with 28 days of the person being notified that the order was made or within such longer period (not exceeding 3 months after notification) as the Court allows. Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.47 An application for a forfeiture order that relates to a conviction for a serious offence must be made (by the DPP) before the end of the period of 6 months after the date of conviction. CRIMINAL LAW Criminal Assets Confiscation cont. Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.60 A person may apply for an order excluding property from a forfeiture order within 6 months of the order being made. If the applicant appeared at the hearing of the application for the forfeiture, or didn t appear but was given notice of the hearing, they will only be permitted to make the application if they had good reason for not appearing when the order was made, where new evidence is available or where special grounds for giving permission exist. s.60 (3). Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.62 A person whose property is specified in a forfeiture order may apply for a compensation order. The application must be made within 6 months of the forfeiture order being made. The Court may give permission for an application for a compensation to be made more than 6 months after the forfeiture order was made. S.63 (2) (3). Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005(SA) s.80 If property is forfeited as a result of a restraining order and the subsequent conviction of a person of a serious offence (see s.74) then an application may be made that the property be transferred or bought back (see s.78/79). Any such application must be made within 6 months of the forfeiture. The Court may give permission for a person to apply after 6 months from the forfeiture if the Court is satisfied that the delay was not due to neglect on the part of the applicant. A person who was given notice of the application for the restraining order or the making of the restraining order must not apply for a transfer/buy back order unless the Court is satisfied that the failure to have the property excluded from forfeiture was not due to that person s neglect.

10 Page 9 Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.95 Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.97 DPP may make application for a pecuniary penalty order before the end of 9 months commencing from the date of conviction (3 month extension applicable in certain circumstances s.95 (5) (b). A Court must not, make a pecuniary penalty order in relation to a person s conviction of a serious offence until after the end of the period of 6 months commencing on the date of conviction. CRIMINAL LAW Criminal Assets Confiscation cont. The Court may, however, make a pecuniary penalty order in relation to the person s conviction when it passes sentences on the person. Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.122 If a pecuniary penalty order is made in relation to a person s conviction when sentence is passed, that pecuniary penalty order cannot be enforced within the period of 6 months commencing on the day the order was made. Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.200 The Administrator of property confiscated may destroy or sell that property however the Administrator must give not less 14 days notice of that intention to the owner of the property or any other person the Administrator has reason to believe may have an interest in the property. Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA) s.201 A person who has been so notified may object to the Administrator within 14 days of receiving the notice. CRIMINAL LAW Criminal Injuries Compensation / Victims of Crime Victims of Crime Act 2001 (SA) s.18 (2) (a) A victim of crime may make an application for compensation within 3 years after the commission of the offence. The Court may, for any proper reason, extend a period of limitation fixed by s.18. s.18 (7). Victims of Crime Act 2001 (SA) s.18 (5) (6) If after a further 3 months (the negotiation period ) the claim has not been settled then the claim must be made to the Court within 6 months from

11 Page 10 the end of the negotiation period. Victims of Crime Act 2001 (SA) s.18 (2) (b) An application for compensation arising from the death of a victim may be made within 12 months after the death. DE FACTO RELATIONSHIPS See DOMESTIC PARTNERS PROPERTY DEFAMATION Limitation of Actions Act, 1936 (SA) s.37 1 year from the date of publication of the matter complained of. A court must, if satisfied that it was not reasonable in the circumstances for the plaintiff to have commenced an action in relation to the matter complained of within 1 year from the date of publication, extend the limitation period to a period of up to 3 years running from the date of the publication (but no further extension is to be allowed under any provision of the Limitation of Actions Act, 1936 (SA). DEPENDANT'S CLAIMS Wrongful Death Civil Liability Act, 1936 (SA) s.25 Such action shall be commenced within 3 years after the date of death (if a dependant is a minor, the period runs from when the plaintiff reaches majority). In order for dependants to commence an action, deceased must have had a cause of action at the moment of death. An action on behalf of the deceased s dependants may be extended to such an extent and upon such terms (if any) as the justice of the case may require. Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s.48. DISCRIMINATION (CTH) There is no specific time limit for making complaints of discrimination which in the first instance must go to Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC). This includes claims made under the Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth), Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) and Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth). Australian Human Rights Commission Act (Cth) section 46PH The President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission may however terminate a complaint if the complaint was lodged more than 6 months after the alleged unlawful discrimination took place. Note definitions of unlawful discrimination and alleged unlawful discrimination in s3(1) of the Australian Human Rights Commission Act (Cth). Section 46PO If the complaint has been terminated by the President then application may be made to the Federal Court or the Federal Circuit Court within 60 days of the decision to terminate or such further time as the Court allows.

12 Page 11 DISCRIMINATION (SA) Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (SA) s.93 (2) 12 months from the date on which the contravention is alleged to have been committed. S.93 (2b). If a complaint concerns a series of acts within 12 months of the last of those acts. s93 (2a). The Equal Opportunity Commissioner, may on application, extend the time for a complaint to be made if the Commissioner is satisfied that there was good enough reason for the delay and that is it just and equitable to do so. DOMESTIC PARTNERS PROPERTY Domestic Partners Property Act 1996 (SA) s.9 (3) Application for division of property must be made within 1 year after the end of the domestic partnership. The court, after considering the interests of both domestic partners, may extend the limitation period to avoid serious injustice to the applicant. DUST DISEASES (SA) Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s36 (1) (1a) Being a claim in respect of personal injuries the time limit for such a claim is 3 years after the cause of action accrues. Where an injury (such as is common in a Dust diseases claim) remains latent for some time after its cause the limitation period (3 years) runs when the injury first comes to the person s knowledge. Also refer Dust Diseases Act DUST DISEASES (NSW) Dust Diseases Tribunal Act 1989 (NSW) s.12a No limitation period for a dust related condition. This applies only where there is jurisdiction under the Dust Diseases Tribunal Act 1989 (NSW). ESTATE / INHERITANCE Inheritance (Family Provision) Act 1972 (SA) s.8 (1) Application to be made and served within 6 months from the date of the grant of probate of the will, or letters of administration of the estate, of the deceased person. An extension of time to bring a claim may be granted, however any application for such an extension shall be made before the final distribution of the estate. s.14 (2) (3) (4). Inheritance (Family Provision) Act 1972 (SA) s.14 (2) Powers of Attorney and Agency Act 1984 (SA) s.11 (a) Guardianship and Administration Act 1993 (SA) s.43 Notice of claim expires after 3 months. 6 Months after probate. An extension of time to bring a claim may be granted however any application for such an extension must be made before the final distribution of the estate. s.11 (4) (5) (6). 6 Months after probate. An extension of time to bring a claim may be granted however any application for such an extension must be made before the final distribution of the estate. s.43 (4) (5) (6).

13 Page 12 Aged and Infirm Persons Property Act 1940 (SA) s.11 (a) 6 Months after probate. An extension of time to bring a claim may be granted however any application for such an extension must be made before the final distribution of the estate. s.16a (4) (5) (6). Wills Act 1936 (SA) s.25 AA 6 Months after probate (rectification). An application for rectification of a will should be made within 6 months of the grant of probate only with the consent of the Court. s.25aa (2). Administration and Probate Act 1919 (SA) s.72l 3 Months (election by a spouse to purchase real estate). Court may allow an extended period within which to bring application. s.72l (2) (b). ESTATE / INHERITANCE cont. Probate Rules 2004 (SA) Rule A caveat preventing the grant of probate must be made prior to any such grant however, such caveat remains in force for a period of 6 months only. Caveats may be renewed from time to time for further periods of 6 months. Administration and Probate Act 1919 (SA) s.120a Interest becomes payable on pecuniary legacies contained in wills on the date so fixed in the will or on the date of the first anniversary of the testator's death.

14 Page 13 EXTENSIONS OF TIME Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s.48 Pre 1 May 2004 A Court may grant an extension of time in aspects of a time limit contained in Acts / Regulations/Rules/By-Laws (other than the Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA)) upon such terms as the justice of the case may require. (s.48 (1)). Where the time limit is imposed by the Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) itself an extension may be granted if facts material to the plaintiff s case where ascertained 12 months prior to the expiration of the limitation period or material facts to the plaintiff s case where ascertained after the expiration of the limitation period and proceedings are instituted within 12 months after the ascertainment of those facts. Post 1 May 2004 Same but have regard to s.48 (3a) as to the definition of a material fact and have regard to s.48 (3b) as to factors the Court is to consider in determining whether it is just in the circumstances to grant an extension of time. See also s.47 of the Limitations of Actions Act 1936 (SA) for special provisions which apply to time limitations of less than 12 months prescribed by Acts / Rules / Regulations. FAIR TRADING See also MISLEADING AND DECEPTIVE CONDUCT Fair Trading Act 1987 (SA) s.85 Applications for orders with respect to contraventions of the Fair Trading Act 1987 (SA) may be commenced at any time within 3 years after the day on which the cause of action arose. The Fair Trading Act 1987 (SA) adopts the text of the Australian Consumer Law as in force from time to time as a law of South Australia. The right to seek orders for the contravention of the Fair Trading Act 1987 (SA) does not apply to conduct which would be in contravention of the Australian Consumer Law (i.e. it applies only to other provisions of the Fair Trading Act 1987 (SA). FAMILY LAW Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) s months from decree nisi becoming absolute for s.79 (property settlement) and s.74 (spousal maintenance) proceedings: s.44 (3) and (3A) of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth). Generally no extensions available but see s.44 (3A), (3B) and (4) Family Law Act 1975 (Cth). In relation to an appeal, within 28 days after the date the order appealed from was made: Rule Family Law Rules ss.94 (2D) (a) and 94AAA (10) (a) of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth), ss.102 (8) (a) and 102A (9) (b) of the Child Support (Registration and Collection) Act

15 Page (Cth) and Division of the Family Law Rules From 11/6/1996, in relation to claims for child bearing expenses (where father not married to mother) pursuant to s.67g Family Law Act 1975 (Cth): (a) any time during the pregnancy; or (b) after the birth, but not later than 12 months after the birth, except by leave of the Court. s.67g (2) provides the Court must not grant leave unless refusal to grant leave would cause hardship. Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) s.44 (5) Ìn relation to orders regarding maintenance and adjustment of property interests in respect of a de facto relationship (ss.90se, 90SG, 90SM and 90SL of the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth)) the application for such orders must be made within 2 years after the end of the de facto relationship. The Court may grant leave to apply after the end of the 2 year period if the court is satisfied that hardship would be caused to the party on a child. s.44 (6) (a). See also s.44 (6) (b) for the position regarding an application for maintenance after a de facto relationship. GUARANTEES See SPECIALTY JUDGMENTS (ENFORCEMENT OF) s41(3)(c) Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth). A bankruptcy notice will not be issued in respect of a judgment or order for payment of monies where more than 6 years has elapsed since the date of judgment or the date the order was made by a court: s6 Foreign Judgments Act 1973 and s6 Foreign Judgments Act 1991 (Cth) For foreign judgments, 6 years after date of judgment. LEGAL PRACTITIONERS Legal Practitioners Act 1981 (SA) s.61 (1) A time limit of 6 months for claims against the Fidelity Fund in respect of a fiduciary or professional default by a legal practitioner from the publication of a Notice by the The Law Society can determine that a claim not made within the time limited can proceed. s.61 (2).

16 Page 15 Law Society may be fixed by the Law Society. MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s.36 3 years from the date of the cause of action arising. The cause of action arises when a negligent act occurs which results in loss, damage or injury. In the case of negligent treatment, this is likely to be the date on which the treatment occurred. The date on which the cause of action arises can be a complex issue and requires consideration in each case. For example, in the case of a personal injury that remains latent for some time after its cause, the 3 year period begins to run when the injury first comes to the person s knowledge. MINING Mining Act (1971) SA s.65 (3b) Mining Act (1971) SA s.73b One month after the publication of the Judgment or order of the Warden s Court. Caveat lapses upon the expiration of 14 days after notification that application has been made for the registration of a transfer or after instruments affecting the subject matter of the caveat has been sent to the Register. An appeal lies to the ERD Court from a judgment or order of the Warden s Court. Appeals must be instituted within one month after the judgment or order of the Warden s Court, but the ERD Court may, for proper cause, extend the period for instituting any appeal. A person claiming a legal or proprietary interest in a mining tenement may lodge a Caveat forbidding the registration of any transfer or other instrument affecting that tenement. The caveat will lapse after 14 days unless the Warden s Court otherwise orders. MINING Aboriginal Mining Act (1971) SA s.63l Mining Act (1971) SA s.63m Mining Act (1971) SA s.63n Mining Act (1971) SA s.63(s) The relevant period is: In relation to mining operations which are merely A proponent who seeks a native title mining agreement may negotiate with native title parties (a native title mining agreement is required prior to carrying out mining operations that affect native title). A proponent initiates negotiations by giving notice under this section. If after 2 months of giving notice, there are no native title parties in relation to the land to which the notice relates, the proponent may apply without notice to any person, to the ERD Court for a summary determination. If an agreement is not reached between the proponent and the native title parties within the

17 Page 16 exploratory in nature, four months from when the negotiations were initiated. In any other case, six months from when the negotiations were initiated. relevant period, any parties to the negotiations or the minister may apply to the ERD Court for a determination. MISLEADING AND DECEPTIVE CONDUCT (CTH) Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) Actions for damages in respect of contraventions of Chapters 2 or 3 of the Australian Consumer Law may be commenced within 6 years after the date on which the cause of action accrued: s.236 Australian Consumer Law. From 1/1/11 Note: For claims on or after 1/1/11 for negligently-inflicted economic loss or property damage made under s.236 Australian Consumer Law, caused by conduct in breach of s.18 Australian Consumer Law, damages are to be apportioned between wrongdoers: s.87cb, s.87cc and s.87cd Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Note: The Australian Consumer Law text can be found in Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (Cth) Actions in respect of misleading and deceptive conduct with respect to financial services must be commenced within 6 years of the cause of action arising on or after 11/3/02: s.12gf(2) and s.12gm(5) Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (Cth), as amended by the Financial Services Reform (Consequential Provisions) Act Note: For claims on or after 26/7/04 s12gf(1b) Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (Cth) as amended by Schedule 3 to the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (Audit Reform and Corporate Disclosure) 2004 (Cth), provides for proportionate liability for negligently inflicted economic loss or property damage in claims for contravention of s12da Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (Cth). PERSONAL INJURIES including MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS and claims for NERVOUS SHOCK Limitation of Actions Act, 1936 (SA) s.36 3 years from the date of accident. If the injured person was a minor at time of accident, 3 years after turning 18. s.45a Limitations of Actions Act 1936 (SA). All actions in which the damage claimed consist of or include damages in respect of personal injuries to any person, shall be commenced within 3 years next after the cause of action accrued but not after. In the case of a personal injury that remains latent for some time after its cause, however, the 3 year period begins to run when the injury first comes to the person s knowledge. If person bringing the action is under a legal disability, the action can be extended by periods for which the disability exists or continues after the time at which the right to bring the action or proceeding arose. No period of action shall be

18 Page 17 extended to more than 30 years from the time at which the right to bring the action or proceeding arose. s.45 Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA). PERSONAL INJURIES cont. PRODUCT LIABILITY Consumer guarantee actions against manufacturers and importers of goods (Part 3-2, Division A Australian Consumer Law) 3 years from the date the consumer became aware or ought reasonably to have become aware that the consumer guarantee had not been complied with: s.273 Australian Consumer Law. For actions against manufacturers and importers of goods (Part 3-5 Australian Consumer Law) 3 years from when the person became aware, or ought to have reasonably become aware of all of the following: the alleged loss or damage; the safety defect of the goods; and the identity of the person who manufactured the good: s.143(1) Australian Consumer Law. Provided that the action must be commenced within 10 years of the supply by the manufacturer of the particular goods the subject of the action: s.143(2) Australian Consumer Law. For damages and other orders for contravention of Chapter 2 or Chapter 3 of the Australian Consumer Law 6 years after the date on which the cause of action accrued: s236(2), s237(3) Australian Consumer Law. For personal injury damages claims relating to Part 2-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5 or Division 2 of Part 5-4 of the Australian Consumer Law see Part VIB Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth): (a) 3 years from the date of discoverability of an injury or Notice of an intended action must be given within 6 years after the accident date on behalf of the child. Note: The Australian Consumer Law text can be found in Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). See the definition of "date of discoverability : s.87g Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).

19 Page 18 death: s.87f(1)(a) and s.87g Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). or PRODUCT LIABILITY cont. (b) a 12 year long-stop period for injury or death, from the time when an act or omission causing injury or death occurred:.s.87f(1)(b) and s.87h Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Note: For minors, the running of the limitation period is not suspended until the minor reaches 18 years if the minor has a capable parent or guardian: s.87j(a) Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Minors injured by a parent or guardian or a person in a close relationship with a parent or guardian a special (and longer) limitation period applies: s.87k Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Incapacitated person limitation period not suspended if an incapacitated person has a guardian or other person to manage the incapacitated person s estate under a law of a State or Territory relating to the protection of incapacitated persons: s.87j.(b) Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). For claims for personal injury damages for injury or death to a person resulting from smoking or other use of tobacco products the 12 year long-stop period does not apply: s.87.(f).(1a) Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Latent injuries see the definition of date of discoverability and provisions for extending the long-stop provisions up to a maximum of 3 further years: s.87h Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Otherwise, there are no special provisions for latent injuries. See extensions available: s.87h(1)(b), (2) and (3) Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).

20 Page 19 PROPERTY DAMAGE including DAMAGE TO MOTOR VEHICLES 6 years after the cause of action accrued. REAL PROPERTY Real Property Act 1886 (SA) s.215 Applications to the Registrar- General in respect of claims against the Assurance Fund (where a claimant has been deprived of land in consequence of fraud or as a result of any error in the Register Book) the claim must be made within 20 years from when the right to take action first accrued. Section 45, and see also section 191 A caveat lapses 1 month from lodgement unless notice is given to the Registrar of court proceedings to establish title, or an order has been obtained from a court to that effect. Section 153 A notice of renewal of lease must be lodged not later than 2 months after the lease would have expired but for the renewal Section 154G The applicable period for a priority notice is 60 days unless extended by the Registrar for another 30 days. Section 221(7) A application for review of a decision by the Registrar to SACAT must be filed within 21 days of the decision, or if reasons are given, within 21 days of the reasons. RECOVERY OF MONEY PAID UNDER A MISTAKE OF LAW OR FACT RECOVERY OF MONEY PAID PURSUANT TO AN INVALID TAX Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s.36 (a) / s.36 (2) Actions for the recovery of money paid under a mistake of law or fact, or otherwise based on restitutionary grounds, or actions for the repayment of money paid pursuant to an invalid must be commenced within 6 years of when the cause of action arose. The 6 year period of limitation with respect to the recover of money paid pursuant to an invalid tax cannot be extended and if the action is not brought within that period, the right to recover that money is extinguished. s. 36 (3).

21 Page 20 RECOVERY OF RENT OR LAND Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s.4 No person shall make an entry on land or distress or bring an action to recover any land or rent unless they do so within 15 years after the time when the right to do so first accrued. See also ss.27, 33 and 34 of the Limitations of Actions Act 1936 (SA) which also provide for a 15 year limitation on particular actions relating to rent reserved mortgages, judgments and liens. SHIPPING Schedule 1 Article 3, paragraph 6 to the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1991 (Cth), incorporating the Hague amended Rules For goods carried by sea, usually 1 year from the date of delivery or date goods should have been delivered. If injury/death arises from a maritime claim (as defined in ss4,5 of the Admiralty Act 1988 (Cth)) then by s37 Admiralty Act, if no claim is brought under another Act or law, limitation period is 3 years from the date the cause of action arises. See under Personal Injuries for State limitations. SPECIALTY Limitation of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s. 34 All actions of covenant or debt upon any bond or other speciality (i.e. a speciality can include a Deed of Guarantee) shall be commenced within 15 years after the cause of action accrued. If the party liable sign an acknowledgement of liability or makes a part payment then the 15 year period runs from the date of the acknowledgement or part payment. SUPERANNUATION CLAIMS Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993 (Cth) A complaint to the Superannuation Complaints Tribunal following a person s objection to the payment of a death benefit by a trustee of a fund, an annuity, a Retirement Savings Account ( RSA ) death benefit or a death benefit in relation to a contract of insurance must be made to the Tribunal within the period prescribed by the trustee or insurer (as appropriate) in a written notice to the person: s.14 (3) Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993 (Cth).

22 Page 21 For complaints to the Tribunal about decisions of trustees of superannuation funds or approved deposit funds by a superannuation fund or an approved deposit fund or an insurer, as appropriate (other than decisions to admit persons to life policy funds): in relation to the payment of a disability benefit made on or after 1/11/94 complaint must be made to the Tribunal within 2 years of the decision to which the complaint relates: s.14 (6A) Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993 (Cth) (but also see below) in relation to the payment of a disability benefit by a superannuation or approved deposit fund and the person permanently ceased employment because of the condition giving rise to the claim for a disability benefit prior to the decision being made complaint cannot be lodged with the Tribunal unless a claim for payment was first lodged with the trustee within 2 years of permanently ceasing work: s.14 (6B) Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993 (Cth). SUPERANNUATION CLAIMS cont. The complaint must be made within 4 years in the case of a person who, before the making of the decision, permanently ceased employment (s.14 (6A(a)) and in other cases within 6 years after the making of the decision. The complaint cannot be heard if the claim was not lodged, or is not lodged, with the trustee within 2 years after the person permanently ceased that employment (s14 (6A)(b)).

23 Page 22 SUPERANNUATION CLAIMS cont. For complaints against insurers to the Tribunal against a decision of an insurer: in relation to the payment of a disability benefit for total and permanent disability complaint must be made to the Tribunal within 1 year of the decision to which the complaint relates: s.15j (5) Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993 (Cth) in relation to the payment of a disability benefit because of total and permanent disability and the person permanently ceased particular employment because of a condition giving rise to the claim for a disability benefit, prior to the decision being made a complaint cannot be lodged with the Tribunal unless a claim was first lodged with the insurer within 1 year of the person permanently ceasing work: s.15j (6) Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993 (Cth). A claim for a civil liability where a person suffers loss or damage because of the contravention of the insider trading rules must be commenced within 6 years after the day on which the cause of action arose: s.1317k of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) maintains a 6 year limitation period following the repeal on 11/3/02 of s.185 (3) Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (Cth). A party may appeal to the Federal Court on a question of law from a determination of the Tribunal, not later than 28 days after the date on which a copy of the determination is given to the person or such further period of time as the Federal Court may allow: s.46 (2) (a) Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993 (Cth). Note: This section does not affect any liability that a person may have under any other provision of the Act or any other law.

24 Page 23 TORTS ETC - TRESPASS / NUISANCE Limitations of Actions Act 1936 (SA) s36 6 years from the date upon which the cause of action accrues (i.e. from the suffering of loss). A plaintiff may suffer damage arising out of negligence and will often also allege a breach of contract. Note the time at which the limitation period will commence for negligence and breach of contract will sometimes be different because of the different manner in which the causes of action accrue. UNFAIR DISMISSAL (CTH) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) 21 days after dismissal took effect s 394(2) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Unfair Dismissal Appeal General Protections Application involving a dismissal General Protections Application to the Court after making a General Protections Application to the Fair Work Commission involving a dismissal Within 21 calendar days after the date of the decision or order, an appeal may be instituted to the Full Bench of the Fair Work Commission by lodging a notice of appeal: Rule 56 (2) of the Fair Work Commission Rules 2013 (Cth). The Fair Work Commission must not grant permission to appeal unless it is in the public interest to do so and, if the appeal is based on an error of fact, it is a significant error of fact: s.400 (1)-(2) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). An Application to the Fair Work Commission under s.365 Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (involving a dismissal): within 21 days of dismissal or within such further period as the Fair Work Commission allows: s.366 (1) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Within 14 days after the day the Fair Work Commission issues a certificate under s.368 (3) (a) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth), notice can be given to the Fair Work Commission for it to arbitrate the dispute if, following a conciliation conference, the parties agree to the Fair Work Commission arbitrating the dispute: s.369 (1) (c) (i) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Within 14 days after the day the Fair Work Commission issues a certificate under s.368 (3) (a) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth), Within such period as the Fair Work Commission allows if there are exceptional circumstances s.394 (2) (b) and (3) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). On application to the Fair Work Commission, within such time as is allowed where there are good reasons for doing so: Rule 56 (2) (c) of the Fair Work Commission Rules 2013 (Cth) and [22] of the Fair Work Commission Practice Note: Appeal Proceedings. Within such period as the Fair Work Commission allows if there are exceptional circumstances s.366 (1) (b) and (2) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Within such period as the Fair Work Commission allows: s.369 (1) (c) (i) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Within such further period as the Court allows: s.370 (a) (ii) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) unless the application includes an application for an interim

25 Page 24 Unlawful Termination Application a General Protections Court Application may be made: s.370 (a) (ii) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Within 21 days after employment was terminated, an application for the Fair Work Commission to deal with a dispute under s.773 Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) may be made: s.774 (1) (a) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). injunction in which case the 14 day limit does not apply. Provided there are exceptional circumstances, within such further period as the Fair Work Commission allows under s.774 (2) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth): s.774 (1) (b) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Application for an order to stop bullying under P6-4B Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) Other Fair Work Act Applications / General notes If, following a conciliation conference, the parties agree to the Fair Work Commission arbitrating the dispute, notification to be given to the Fair Work Commission within 14 days after the day the Fair Work Commission issues a certificate under s.776 (3) (a) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth): s.777 (1) (c) (i) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). If, following the conciliation conference, an unlawful termination Court application is made to the Court, the Court application must be made within 14 days after the day the Fair Work Commission issues a certificate under s.776 (3) (a) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth): s.778 (a) (ii) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Section 789FC of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) allows a worker as defined to make an application to the Fair Work Commission for an order to stop bullying occurring. The application must be made, and the proceedings conducted, while the worker remains at work. Note: The Fair Work Commission is expressly prohibited from making compensation orders in relation to bullying: s789ff (1) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). An application for orders for breach of: (a) a civil remedy provision; (b) a safety net contractual entitlement; (c) an entitlement arising under ss.542 (1) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth), Within such period as the Fair Work Commission allows: s.777 (1) (c) (i) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Within such further period as the Court allows: s.778 (a) (ii) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) unless the application includes an application for an interim injunction in which case the 14 day limit does not apply. A person aggrieved by a decision made by the Fair Work Commission (other than a decision of the Full Bench or an Expert Panel) or a decision made under the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 by the General Manager (or delegate) may appeal the decision with

26 Page 25 must be made within 6 years after the day on which the contravention occurred: s544 Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). A court cannot make an order in relation to an underpayment under s.545 of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) if it relates to a period that is more than 6 years before the proceedings commenced: s.545 (5) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). the permission of the Fair Work Commission. If the Commission is satisfied it is in the public interest to do so it must grant permission to appeal: s.604 (1) and (2) Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Note: The Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) appeal provisions in relation to appeals where the public interest criterion of s.604 (2) is not met are intended to embrace the historical case law that dealt with seeking leave to appeal. UNFAIR DISMISSAL (SA) Fair Work Act 1994 (SA) s days from the date the dismissal takes effect. The Industrial Relations Court or the Industrial Relations Commission may extend this limitation (except in relation to a monetary claim). S.167 (1) and s.167 (2). Section 72B(6) If SAET is to issue a notice of minimum standards of severance payments, application must be made to SAET with 21 days of the notice of dismissal given to the employee(s). Section 76(1) Section 103(2) An employer about to commence negotiations on an enterprise agreement must give 14 days notice to affected employees An employer must give a copy of an award or enterprise agreement to an employee within 14 days of a request from an affected employee. Section 106(1) An employee has 21 days from the date of termination to apply for relief to SAET.