Index. 'business motive' in supply of products see Consumer Protection Act 1987 'but for' test see causation

Transcription

1 345 Bibliography Alexander (1972) 'The Law of Tort and Non-Physical Loss: Insurance Aspects', 12 JSPTL 119. Allen et al. (1979) Accident Compensation after Pearson (Sweet & Maxwell). Anderson (1994) in Markesinas & Deakin, Tort Law. Atiyah (1967) Vicarious Liability in the Law of Torts (Sweet & Maxwell). Atiyah (1972) 'Res Ipsa Loquitur in England and Australia', 35 MLR 337. Atiyah (1989) An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 4th edn (Oxford University Press). Baker (1990) An Introduction to English Legal History, 3rd edn (Butterworths). Baker and Milsom (1986) Sources of English Legal History (Butterworths). Bell (1983) Policy Arguments in Judicial Decisions (Oxford University Press). Beyleveld and Brownsword (1991) 'Privity, Transivity and Rationality', 54 MLR48. Birks (1985) An Introduction to the Law of Restitution (Oxford University Press). Birks (1991), 'Civil Wrongs: A New World', Butterworths Lectures Bishop (1980) 'Negligent Misrepresentation through Economists' Eyes', 96 LQR 360. Bishop (1982) 'Economic Loss in Tort', 2 OJLS 1. Bowman and Bailey (1986) 'The Policy Operational Dichotomy - A Cuckoo in the Nest', 45 CLJ 430. Buckley (1996) The Law of Nuisance, 2nd edn (Butterworths). Burrows (1994) Remedies for Torts and Breach of Contract, 2nd edn (Butterworths) Burrows (1993), 'The Scope of Exemplary Damages', 109 LQR 358. Calabresi (1970) The Costs of Accidents (New Haven, CT). Calcutt (1990) Report on Privacy and Related Matters (HMSO), Cmnd Calcutt (1993) Review of Press Self-Regulation (HMSO), Cm Cane (1989) 'Economic Loss in Tort: Is the Pendulum out of Control', 52 MLR 200. Cane (1996) Tort Law and Economic Interests, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press). Cane (1993) Atiyah's Accidents, Compensation and the Law, 5th edn (Butterworths). Clerk and Lindsell (1995) Torts, 17th edn, ed. M. Brazier (Sweet & Maxwell). Cornish and Clark (1989) Law and Society in England (Sweet & Maxwell). Craig (1994) Administrative Law, 3rd edn (Sweet & Maxwell). Dewees and Trebilcock (1992), 'The Efficiency of the Tort System and its Alternatives: A Review of the Empirical Evidence', 30 Osgoode Hall LJ 57. Dias (1967) 'Trouble on Oiled Waters: Problems of the Wagon Mound (No.2)' [1967] CLJ 62. Dworkin (1986) Law's Empire (Fontana). Fleming (1988) The American Tort Process (Oxford University Press). Fleming (1989a) 'Probabilistic Causation in Tort Law', 68 Can Bar Rev 661. Fleming (1989b) 'Property Damage-Economic Loss: A Comparative View', 105 LQR 508. Fleming (1990) 'Requiem for Anns', 106 LQR 525.

2 346 Bibliography Fleming (1992) The Law of Torts, 8th edn (The Law Book Co.). Furmston (ed.) (1986) The Law of Tort: Policies and Trends in Liability for Damage to Property and Economic Loss (Duckworth). Gearty (1989) 'The Place of Private Nuisance in the Modern Law of Torts', 48 CU214. Gilmore (1974) The Death of Contract (Ohio State University Press). Give1ber (1982) 'The Right to Minimum Social Decency and the Limits of Evenhandedness: Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress by Outrageous Conduct', 82 Columbia Law Review 42 Goodhart (1966) Note, 82 LQR 444 Government Actuaries Department Actuarial Tables with Explanatory Notesfor Use in Personal Injury and Fatal Accident Cases (The 'Ogden' Tables). Green (1989) Land Law (Macmillan). Grubb and Mullis (1991) 'An Unfair Law for Dangerous Products: The Fall of Anns' [1991] Conv 225. Grubb and Pearl (1990) Blood Testing, Aids and DNA Profiling: Law and Policy (Jordan). Harris (1988) Remedies in Contract and Tort (Weidenfeld & Nicolson). Harris, Maclean, Genn, Lloyd Bostock, Fenn, Corfield and Brittan (1984) Compensation and Support for Illness and Injury (Oxford University Press). Harris and Veljanovski (1986) 'Liability for Economic Loss in Tort', in Furmston (1986), 45. Hart and Honore (1985) Causation in the Law, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press). Hedley (1995), 'Negligence - Pure Economic Loss - Goodbye Privity, Hello Contorts' (1995] CLJ 27. Hepple and Matthews (1991) Tort: Cases and Materials, 4th edn (Butterworths). Hitcham (1986) 'Some Insurance Aspects', in Furmston (1986), 191. Holmes (1881) The Common Law (London). Honore (1983) 'Causation and Remoteness of Damage', Int Ene Comp L, XI, Torts, Ch. 7. Huber (1988) Liability: The Legal Revolution and its Consequences (Basic Books). Jaffey (1985) 'Volenti Non Fit Injuria', 44 CU 87. Jolowicz (1987) 'Product Liability - Directive and Bill', 46 CLJ 16. Judicial Studies Board (1994) Guidelinesfor the Assessment of General Damages in Personal Injury Cases. Kemp (1984) 3 CJQ 120. Kemp (1985) 101 LQR 556 Kemp and Kemp (1985) The Quantum of Damages, 4th edn. Kennedy & Grubb (1994) Medical Law, 2nd edn (Butterworths). Kennedy (1995) Note 3 Med LR 189 Kodilinye (1986) 'Public Nuisance and Particular Damage in Modern Law', 6 LS 182. Kodilinye (1989) 'Standing to Sue in Private Nuisance', 9 LS 284. Law Commission (1969) The Interpretation of Statutes, Law Com No 21. Law Commission (1970a) Civil Liability for Dangerous Things and Activities, Law Com No 32, Cmnd 142. Law Commission (1970b) Civil Liability of Vendors and Lessors for Defective Premises, Law Com No 40, Cmnd 184. Law Commission (1976) Report on Liability for Damage or Injury to Trespassers and Related Questions of Occupiers' Liability, Law Com No 75 (HMSO). Law Commission (1993) Aggravated, Exemplary and Restitutionary Damages, Consultation Paper No l32 (HMSO).

3 Bibliography 347 Law Commission (1994) Structured Settlements and Interim and Provisional Damages, Law Com No 224 (HMSO). Law Commission (1994b) How Much is Enough? A Study of Compensation Expereiences of Victims of Personal Injury, Research Report No 225 (HMSO). Law Commission (1995), Liability for Psychiatric Illness: A Consultation Paper, Consultation Paper No. 137 (HMSO). Law Commission (1995b) Damages for Personal Injury: Non-Pecuniary Loss, Consultation Paper No 140 (HMSO) Law Commission (1996) Damages for Personal Injury: Medical. Nursing and Other Expenses, Consultation Paper No 144 (HMSO). Lewis (1988) 'Pensions Replace Lump Sum Damages: Are Structured Settlements the Most Important Reform of Tort in Modem TimesT, 15 JLS 392. Likierman (Chairman) (1989) Professional Liability Review (HMSO). Lord Chancellors Department (1993) Infringement of Privacy. Lunney ( ), 'Chances of Recovery in Tort' 7 KCLJ 101 Matthews and Lunney (1995) 'A Tortfeasor's Lot is Not a Happy One?, 58 MLR 395 McKendrick (1994) Contract Law, 2nd edn (Macmillan). McKendrick (1990) 'Vicarious Liability and Independent Contractors - A Re-examination', 53 MLR 770. Maitland (1936) The Forms of Action at Common Law (Cambridge University Press). Markesinis (1987) 'An Expanding Tort Law - the Price of a Rigid Contract Law', 103 LQR 354. Markesinis (1989) 'Negligence, Nuisance and Affirmative Duties of Action', 105 LQR 104. Markesinis and Deakin (1992) 'The Random Element of their Lordships' Infallible Judgement: An Economic and Comparative Analysis of the Tort of Negligence from Anns to Murphy', 55 MLR 619. Markesinis and Deakin (1994) Tort Law, 3rd edn (Oxford University Press). Milmo (1996) 146 NLJ 222 Mullis (1991) 'Review of Tort Cases', All England Rev Mullis (1993) 'Wrongful Conception Unravelled', 1 Med LR 320. Mullis and Oliphant (1991) Auditors' Liability', 7 PN 22. Mullis (1997) 'Compounding the Abuse? The House of Lords, Childhood Sexual Abuse and Limitation Periods', 5 Med LR 22 Newark (1949) 'The Boundaries of Nuisance', 65 LQR 480. Newark (1961) 'Non-Natural User and Rylands v. Fletcher', 24 MLR 557. Newdick (1985) 'Strict Liability for Defective Drugs in the Pharmaceutical Industry', 101 LQR 405. Newdick (1988) 'The Development Risk Defence of the Consumer Protection Act 1987',47 CU 455. North (1972) 'Breach of Confidence: Is There a New TortT, 12 JSPTL 149. O'Dair (1991) 'Murphy v. Brentwood District Council: A House with Firm FoundationsT, 54 MLR 561. Oliphant (1996) 'Tort', 49 CLP (Part I Annual Review) 29. Ogus, Barendt and Wikeley (1995), The Law of Social Security, 4th edn (Butterworths). Pearson, Lord (Chairman) (1978) Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury (HMSO), Cmnd Posner (1992), Economic Analysis of Law, 4th edn (Little, Brown & Co.). Priest (1987) 'The Current Insurance Crisis and Modem Tort Law', 96 Yale U 1521.

4 348 Bibliography Prosser (1953), 'Palsgraf Revisited', 52 Mich L Rev 1. Prosser (1955) 'False Imprisonment: Consciousness of Confinement', 55 Columbia Law Review 847. Prosser and Keaton (1984) On Torts, 5th edn (West Publishing Co.). Salmond and Heuston (1996) The Law of Torts, 21st edn by R. F. V. Heuston and R. A. Buckley (Sweet & Maxwell). Schlechtriem (1989) 'Presentation of a Product and Products' Liability under the EC Directive', 9 Tel Aviv Studies in Law 33. Shalleck et al. (1992) 'Five Approaches to Legal Reasoning in the Classroom: Contrasting Perspectives on O'Brien v. CunaT(f, Missouri LR 351. Skegg (1988) Law, Ethics and Medicine (Clarendon Press). Smith and Burns (1983) 'Donoghue v. Stevenson - the Not So Golden Anniversary', 46 MLR 147. Spencer (1987) 'Flooding, Fault and Private Nuisance', 46 CLJ 205. Spencer (1989) 'Public Nuisance - A Critical Examination', 48 CLJ 55. Stanton (1986) Breach of Statutory Duty (Sweet & Maxwell). Stapleton (1986a) Disease and the Compensation Debate (Oxford University Press). Stapleton (1986b) 'Products' Liability Reform - Real or Illusory?', 6 OJLS 392. Stapleton (1988a) 'The Gist of Negligence: Part I (Minimum Actionable Damage)', 104 LQR 213. Stapleton (1988b) 'The Gist of Negligence: Part II (The Relationship between Damage and Causation)" 104 LQR 389. Stapleton (1991) 'Duty of Care and Economic Loss: A Wider Agenda', 107 LQR 249. Stapleton (1994) Product Liability (Butterworths). Stapleton (1995) 'Duty of Care: Peripheral Parties and Alternative Opportunities for Deterrence', III LQR 301. Stapleton (1997) 'Negligent Valuers and Falls in the Property Market', 113 LQR 1. Stevens (1964) 'Hedley Byrne v. Heller: Judicial Creativity and Doctrinal Possibility', 27 MLR 121. Sutherland (1992) 'Fair Comment by the House of Lords?', 55 MLR 278. Tan (1981) 'A Misconceived Issue in the Tort of False Imprisonment', MLR 166 Tunc (1983) 'Introduction', Int Enc Comp L, XI, Torts, Ch. 1. Warren and Brandeis (1890) 'The Right to Privacy', 4 Harvard Law Review 193 Wedderburn (1978) 'Natural Nuisances Again', 41 MLR 589. Weinrib (1975) 'A Step Forward in Factual Causation', 38 MLR 518. Weinrib (1995), The Idea of Private Law (Harvard University Press). Weir (1989) 'Government Liability' [1989] PL 40. Weir (1990) 'Statutory Auditor not Liable to Purchaser of Shares', 49 CLJ 212. Weir (1991) 'Fixing the Foundations', 50 CLJ 24. Weir (1992) A Casebook on Tort, 7th edn (Sweet & Maxwell). Weir (1996) A Casebook on Tort, 8th edn (Sweet & Maxwell). Weir (l996b) 'Swag for the Injured Burglar', CLJ 182 Whittaker (1989) 'European Product Liability and Intellectual Products', 105 LQR 125. Williams (1951) 'The Aims of the Law of Tort', 4 CLP 137. Williams (1960) 'Penal Legislation in the Law of Tort', 23 MLR 232. Williams and Hepple (1984) Foundations of the Law of Tort, 2nd edn (Butterworths). Winfield and Jolowicz (1994) Tort, 14th edn, ed. W. V. H. Rogers (Sweet & Maxwell). Wright (1985) 'Causation in Tort Law', 73 Cal L Rev 1737.

5 349 Index A abnonnal susceptibility to injury 31, 35-6 see also 'thin skull' rule account of profits 3, 54 action on the case 2 Agent Orange litigation amends for, offer of amenities, loss of, damages for animals, for 145-6, 147 see also cattle trespass; scienter action Anns v. Merton 'retreat from Anns' two-stage test in 18-19, 32 ante-natal injury 84, 86-8 assault see also battery; false imprisonment auditors, of 54, 62-4 Australia, no fault compensation in 148, 152 B battery benefits, collateral Bolam test 92, 103 breach of statutory duty 180ff alternative method of enforcement 183, ambit of discretion elements of the tort 'indicators' insurance and 189 industrial safety legislation 188 nominate tort 180 parliamentary intention 181 particular class, benefit of presumption approach 182 public right refonn regulatory statutes 'business ' see Unfair Contract Tenns Act 1977 'business motive' in supply of products see Consumer Protection Act 1987 'but for' test see causation C Caparo principles 20 cattle trespass 145 causation 10-2, 50, 62, , 121, 176, 178 act of plaintiff 75,85,115, acts of third parties 76-8, 79, 86, 'but for' test 107-9, 110 causation in fact cumulative causation 110 indetenninate plaintiffs and defendants legal causation loss of a chance multiple causation novus actus interveniens , 121 'occasioning' hann 76, 77, 116 overtaken or pre-empted causes 110 proof of causation quantification of damages and Ill, successive injuries children consent of damages for , 322, 335 juvenile courts reporting 252 standards expected of 99 as trespassers chronic fatigue syndrome 31,34 civil and criminal wrongs 1-2 common interest,, qualified privilege common practice, as evidence of negligence compensation 13-15, see also damages; economic loss; injuries; workers' compensation schemes

6 350 Index compensation orders in criminal courts 2 'complex structures' see economic loss confidence, breach of 2, 252 congenital disability see ante-natal injury consent 128,207-10,246 see also volenti non fit iniuria conspiracy 4, 5 consumer protection 52,65, , Consumer Protection Act consumer expectations test 'defect' meaning of defences 'development risks' defence 171, 'producer', meaning of 174 'product', meaning of processed goods 'state of the art' defence 171, waste products 177 contract 3, 74, 130, 169 concurrent in contract and tort 58-9, 60, consideration, doctrine of 59, 70 contract-tort boundary 52, 53, 55, 58-9,68-71 defective products see economic loss; products privity of contract 9, 52, 59, 69, 70-1, 131, 169 see also exclusions contribution to damages between tortfeastors contributory negligence 62, 78, 84, 85, 87, 118, 128, 132, 134, 137-8, 178,237 'control' test see 'occupier' conversion 145 corrective justice 13, 145 costs 299 Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme 14 criminal law 1-2, 132 Crown Prosecution Service, of 96 D damage, proof of in slander see damages 150-1, aggravated as compensation 298 collateral benefits contemptuous damages for death see death empirical research exemplary future prospects in indemnity principle 298 inflation 319 injury itself 315 interest 327 interim for economic loss for non-pecuniary loss for pecuniary loss loss of amenities loss of earnings 'lost years' medical expenses 'multiplier'method nominal 299 other expenses pain and suffering personal injury, assessment of damages for provisional 307 in private nuisance for property damage recoverable only once 306 restitutionary social security benefits and special and general 310 structured settlements for trespass to the person 206 tax 316,321,332 see also compensation; contribution; illegality; loss; nervous shock death damages for apportionment between dependants 335 deductions in dependency cases Fatal Accidents Act loss of dependency, assessment of damages for Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act effect on existing causes of action

7 Index 351 deceit 54, ff absolute privilege 269 construction of language 257 amends, offer of damages for definition 255 distinction between libel and slander fair comment group high executive communications 271 innuendo judicial proceedings 270 justification libel, definition of 263 malice 276 meaning of 'defamatory' parliamentary proceedings publication qualified privilege re-publication 260 reference to plaintiff reports, privilege of 271,275 'right-thinking person rumour doctrine 260 slander, definition of 263 special damage 264 truth see justification unintentional , defective premises see economic loss; occupiers' defective products see economic loss; products defences see also consent; contributory negligence; exclusion of ; illegality; necessity; volenti non fit iniuria; voluntary assumption of risk dependancy, loss of 114 deterrence 15-16,149,152-3 'development risks' defence see Consumer Protection Act 1987 disclaimers see exclusion of discovery of documents 103 discretion, excess of 91,92-3 duty, non-delegable duty of care 9-12, 17-29, 121,238 see also ante-natal injury; economic loss; fairness, justice and reasonableness; legal profession; nervous shock; omissions; police; proximity; public bodies; rescuers E earnings, loss of see damages economic analysis of tort law 15, 28, 62, 149 economic loss 19,24,47-71, 237 assumption of responsibility 56-62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71 'complex structures' 49, 51-2, 176 dangerous defects 49-51, 52, 53 defective products 48-53, 55, 176 'equivalence to contract' 56, 57-9, 70 exclusionary (no recovery) rule 47-8, 49, 52, 54, 71 Hedley Byrne indirect reliance 56, 62-5 mutuality 57-8, 71 preventative damages 49-51, 52, 53 pure and consequential economic loss 47-8 reasonable reliance 56, 61-2, 66, 67 special relationships 54, 56, 57-9, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71 special skill 56, 'three party' cases 62-8 economic torts 4, 5, 122 employees, injuries to 188 employers' 41-3, 55, 58, see also employer and employee relationship employment, course of see vicarious environment, harm to see nuisance equitable wrongs 2-3 equity 2-3, 54 fusion of common law and equity 3 executive privilege see exclusion of 54, 64-5, 68, 70, , 132, 133, , 167,178

8 352 Index F fair comment see fairness, justice and reasonableness 20,23,24,25-9, 84, 131 see also duty of care false imprisonment fault-based see strict fire 247 fireman's rule 'floodgates' argument 19, 26-7, 30, 43-5,47-8,52,57,62,66,88 foreseeability 19,20,21-3, 32-5, 37, 63-4, 84 see also duty of care; remoteness forms of action 2, 4 abolition 4 'free will' defences see voluntary assumption of risk frolic see vicarious G goods, wrongful interference with 145 government servants, and exemplary damages see damages group see H Herald of Free Enterprise 30 highway nuisances emanating from obstruction of 219, 237 structures adjacent to 235, Hillsborough disaster 31,36-41,45 hypersensitive activities see abnormal sensitivity; nuisance I illegality impecuniosity, as cause of loss 126 incremental approach 24,32-3,66, 67 independent contractors collateral negligence 293 employees, distinction from extra-hazardous activities and 292 for non-delegable duties and 292 reform 292 indeterminate see floodgates argument indeterminate plaintiffs and defendants see causation inflation, in assessment of damages see damages injunctions damages in lieu innuendo see interlocutory 340 mandatory prohibitory 339 quia timet 340 insurance 26-7, 55, 58, 59,62,69, 87,99, 100 assessment of damages and 311 breach of statutory duty and 189 in structured settlements intentional interference with the person see trespass to person, battery, false imprisonment, assault interest on damages, award of see damages interference with use and enjoyment of land see nuisance interlocutory injunction see injunctions intimidation 4, 5 J joint and several 109, judicial proceedings, privilege of see jury, in actions 278 justiciability 88, 90-3 justification, in see K King's Cross fire 30 L land, interference with see nuisance Law Commission 38,44-5,53,156, 244, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, ,309, 313, 315, 320, 324, 326, 327 Learned Hand formula legal profession, of 84,95-6 Lewisham railway disaster 40 libel see

9 Index 353 life expectancy, reduced, effect on damages see damages, 'lost years' limitation of action 53,69, 70, Lloyd's of London 27,55,69 'locality principle' see nuisance M malice see nuisance, mandatory injunction see injunctions master and servant relationship see vicarious 'master's tort' theory see vicarious ME see chronic fatigue syndrome meaning of words, in see medical cases, consent in medical expenses see damages mentally handicapped persons and consent 210 misrepresentation, negligent 27, 54, 55,58,62 'mixed system' of accident compensation N name, unauthorised use of National House Building Council 52-3 'natural rights' see nuisance necessity , 246 negligence 4, 5,9-141, , , breach of duty 10, 11, 17,80, , 122-3, , 133 moral culpability and 98-9 nuisance and 220, objectives of negligence objective standard of care , 138-9, 151, 235 see also duty of care 'neighbour' principle 9-10, 17,73, 170 nervous shock 21,22,23,30-45, employees 41-3 primary victims 33-5, 39 proximity in time and space 35, 38,39 proximity of perception 35, 38-9 proximity of relationship 35, 36-8,39 rescuers 33, 34-5, unwitting agents 34-5, 39 witness cases 33, 34, 35--9, 44-5 New Zealand, 'no-fault' compensation in 148, 'no fault' compensation 15, 148, 15~3 non-natural use of land see Rylands v. Fletcher, rule in novus actus interveniens see causation nuisance 79,219-20,222-40,242 act of plaintiff 237 acts of third parties 220, 234 amenity interests defences fault element 23~2, hypersensitive activities landlords, of 235 'locality' principle 227-9, 236, 237 malice natural hazards 220, 226, natural rights, 226, 231, 238 negligence and 220, potential defendants private , prescription prospect, right of 223 public 219, 222, right to sue statutory unlawful interference water rights 226, 231, 238 see also Rylands v. Fletcher, rule in o occupier's 'activity' duties 156 child entrants common duty of care 1~3 defences and exclusion of 163-4, 167 fireman's rule implied license 'occupancy'duties 156 occupier, defmition of premises, definition of 155 private right of way 158 public right of way 158

10 354 Index occupier's (cant.) trespasser: defences 166; definition of 164-5; duty arising in respect of ; duty owed to 166 visitor, definition of warning omissions, for 19,23, control 75-7, 81 creation of source of danger 77-8, 80,81 exclusionary (no ) rule 73--4, 80 in nuisance landowners police non-feasance 93-5 statutory powers and duties 80-2 voluntary assumption of responsibility 74-5, 81 vulnerable persons 75 out-of-court settlements 112, 137-8, 'overkill' argument 26, 27-9, 60, 62, 88, 89-90, 94 p pain and suffering, damages for see damages Parliamentary privilege see passing off 4, 5 payments into court 138,311 Pearson Commission ,314 personality, interference with photographs, unauthorised taking of 253 pictures, use of 253 Piper Alpha disaster 37,40 plaintiff, reference to, in see police of 76-7, 84, 93-5 powers of arrest 207 policy in breach of statutory duty see breach of statutory duty in negligence 11-12, 13-16, 18-19,22,25 see also floodgates argument; overkill argument policy-operational dichotomy 91-2, 93 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 30-1,36-7,40,43,44 premises, definition of see occupiers' privacy, protection of 252, 253 privilege see products 9-10,48-53, 103, 147, 151, see also Consumer Protection Act 1987 profits made by wrongdoer see damages, restitutionary prohibited conduct see vicarious prohibitory injunction see injunction 'proximity' 12, 18, 20, 23--4, 25 see also duty of care psychiatric illness 14, see also nervous shock public bodies, of 80-2, 84, public interest, in cases see public officials, privilege of see public rights created by statute see breach of statutory duty publication of defamatory statement see Q quia timet injunction see injunctions R remoteness of damage 10-12, 21, 59, , 176, 230, 239, reports, privilege of see reputation, interference with see res ipsa loquitur rescuers 33,34-5,39--41, 74-5, 84-6, 116 'right thinking person' see rights of way see occupiers' road traffic legislation, civil action for breach of see breach of statutory duty Rylands v. Fletcher, rule in 220,242-7 defences 242, escape, requirement of 242, 244, 247 non-natural use , 247 parties see also fire

11 Index 355 S safety legislation, civil actions for breach of see breach of statutory duty scienter action secondary victims 22, 26, 33, 34-9, 42-3 self-defence 'several concurrent' tortfeasters sic utere tuo maxim 225 slander, distinction from libel see social security 13-14, , 'special damage' see stalking 94 'state of the art' defence see Consumer Protection Act 1987 statutory authority see nuisance Statutory Sick Pay 152, 329 stress-related illness 34, 42-3 strict 145-7, 151, 172, 238-9, 242, , 245, 256 striking-out applications 11, 89, 92, 93 surveyors, of 54, T tax payable on damages see damages television interference, for 224,229 Thalidomide 148, 170 'thin skull' rule 115, 125 tort, definition and classification 1-5 trespass actionability per se 206 arrest powers 207 assault, definition of 196, battery, definition of 196, imprisonment within prison children, consent and 209 conditional threats 200 consent, defence of damages for 206 discipline, defence of 207 defences to 20fr-13 defence of others directness, requirement of ejection from land 211 false imprisonment, definition of 201 force feeding hostility requirement 198 intention, meaning of 197 necessity, incompetent patient and 213 intentional infliction of emotional distress, tort, 206 'mere' words 199 necessity, defence of negligence and private necessity 212 provocation 210 public necessity 212 psychological harm 199 reasonable condition for exit self defence 210 transferred intent 197 Wilkinson v. Downton, tort of Wilkinson v. Downton, relationship with trespassory torts trespass to goods 145 trespass to land 211,219-21,223, 224 trespass to the person see trespass trusts, law of 2 truth, in actions for see U ultra vires 91 unborn child, injury to see ante-natal injury unconscious person consent of 210 damages for 313, 314 necessity and Unfair Contract Terms Act unjust enrichment 3, 305 unwanted birth see wrongful birth V vaccine damage payments 151 vicarious contract for services 28fr-7 contract of service 28fr-7 control test 287 course of employment definition of 285

12 356 Index vicarious (cant.) employer and employee relationship frolic, detour and incidental duties intentional misconduct 291 justifications for 286 prohibited conduct view, blocking of see nuisance visitors, to see occupiers' valenti non fit iniuria 62, , 176, 178 voluntary assumption of responsibility 24, 96 see also economic loss voluntary assumption of risk 50-85, , 138, 237 see also valenti non fit iniuria W Wagon Mound test of remoteness , 176, 230, 239, 245 waivers of see exclusions of water rights see nuisance Wednesbury unreasonableness 91, 92 workers' compensation schemes 147 wrongful birth 19, 87-8 wrongful life 87 Y Yorkshire Ripper 77,93-4 Z Zeebrugge ferry disaster 30