ANSWERING MACHINES AUDIO SURVEILLANCE ANSWERING PHONE

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Marylou Beasley
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1 INDEX Index 911 CALLS callers reliability, 175 exigent circumstance, MOTIONS, Chapter Topic, 295 ABANDONED EVIDENCE, 2, 312, 318 ABANDONED VEHICLES, 313 ADMISSIONS, 185, 272, 273 AERIAL SURVEILLANCE, 219 ANONYMOUS CALLERS, probable cause source, 175 ANSWERING MACHINES, searching, 164 ANSWERING PHONE, executing search warrants, 167 ANTICIPATORY SEARCH WARRANTS, 154 APPEARANCE ORDERS (for physical lineups), 283 ARANDA-BRUTON RULE, Chapter Topic, 273 ARRAIGNMENT, 35, 268 ARREST WARRANTS Chapter Topic, 29 bench warrants, 31 good faith rule, 316 notification during illegal detention, 319 parolee-at-large (PAL) warrants, 31, 67, 87 Ramey warrants, 30, 67, 68, 72, 155, 260 Steagald warrants, 65, 67, 72, 155 ARRESTS Chapter Topic Arrests, 23 Chapter Topic Arrest Warrants, 29 Chapter Topic Post-Arrest Procedure, 33 Chapter Topic Citizens Arrests, 39 Chapter Topic Searches Incident to Arrest, 61 Chapter Topic Entry to Arrest, 65 Chapter Topic Booking Searches, 131 Chapter Topic Probable Cause to Arrest, 179 de facto, 2, 23 disposition of arrestees, 40 force, 26 out of county, 37 release of arrestees, 34 resisting, 2, 23, 26, 27, 28, 203 ARSON, probable cause to arrest for, 187 ATM, photos of users, obtaining, 119 ATTENUATION, factor in suppression of evidence, ATTORNEYS complying with demands, 261 lineups, when presence required, 282 mail sent to inmate, 229 Miranda invocation of right to, 249 Miranda, right to, 242 phone calls to by arrestees, 33 recording conversations with, 227 search warrant on, 153 Sixth Amendment, right to, 259 visiting arrestee, right to, 33, 261 AUDIO SURVEILLANCE, 219 AUTHENTICATING EVIDENCE, 293 AUTOMOBILE EXCEPTION SEARCHES, 75 BAD CHECKS, obtaining financial records, 119 BAIL, 33, 35, 37, 62, 214 BARRICADED SUSPECT, exigent circumstance, 96, 100 BEAN BAG GUNS, 28 BEEPERS (electronic tracking), 219, 220 BELTON SEARCHES, 82 BENCH WARRANTS, 31 BINOCULARS, during surveillance, 217 BLACK BOX (vehicle event recorder), searching, 76 BLOOD TESTS DUI, 127, 129 BODILY INTRUSION SEARCHES, Chapter Topic, 127 BOILERPLATE, in search warrants, 119 BOOKING, 33, 38, 131, 238 BOOKING SEARCHES, Chapter Topic, 131 BOOKMAKING, probable cause to arrest for, 188 BUGS (covert audio recording), 225 BURGLARY exigent circumstance, 100 probable cause to arrest for, 187 BUSINESSES financial records, obtaining, 117 permeated with fraud rule, 118 records as probable cause source, 173 workplace searches, Chapter Topic, 121 CARS See VEHICLES

2 CALIFORNIA CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION CASING, probable cause factor, 184 CELL PHONES cell tower contact records, 115 pinging, 115 phone company records, obtaining, 112 searches incident to arrest, 64 searching in vehicle, 76 standing to challenge search, 310 tracking, 115 Vehicle Code violations, 13 CERTIORARI DENIED, consequences of, 340 CHAIN OF CUSTODY, 294 CHECKPOINTS, 11 CHEMICALS, as exigent circumstance, 100 CHILD PORN, 103, 105, 141, 146, 193, 195, 210, 214 CHIMEL SEARCHES, 63 CHOKE HOLDS, 129 CHP 180 FORM, 81 CITE AND RELEASE, 25, 33 CITIZENS ARRESTS, Chapter Topic, 39 CITIZEN INFORMANTS, 174 CO-CONSPIRATOR EXCEPTION, Aranda-Bruton, 274 COLLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE RULE, 171 COMMUNITY CARETAKING detentions, 9 searches, 98 COMPASSIONATE USE ACT, 291 COMPUTER SEARCHES Chapter Topic, 101 consensual, 45, 50 establishing PC for, 194 records, obtaining, 111 standing to challenge search of, 311 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANTS See INFORMANTS CONFIDENTIALITY OF MEDICAL INFO. ACT, 123 CONNECTION TRAPS, 113 CONSENSUAL ENCOUNTERS, Chapter Topic, 17 CONSENT SEARCHES Chapter Topic, 41 attenuation, factor, 318 computer searches, 50 consent to enter, 52 contacts, during, 20 and voic searches, 112 financial records searches, 120 medical records searches, 123 Miranda, when warning necessary, 238 police dogs, using, 50 refusal to consent as probable cause factor, 186 second search, 50 traffic stops, 16 workplace searches, 121 CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION, 188 CONTACTS Chapter Topic, Investigative Contacts, 17 Chapter Topic, Knock and Talks, 207 CONTINGENT SEARCH WARRANTS, 154 CONTRABAND TRACKING, 220 CONTROLLED BUYS/DELIVERIES, 154, 176 CORDONING OFF, Chapter Topic, 205 CORONER entry by, 95 medical records, release to, 123 CORROBORATION, probable cause factor, 177 COUNSEL See ATTORNEYS COUNTERSURVEILLANCE, probable cause factor, 184 COVERT SEARCH WARRANTS, 156 CREDIT REPORTS, obtaining, 117 CRIs See INFORMANTS CRIME SCENES exigent circumstance, 94, 100 search warrant for, 143, 145 securing, 10, 205 CURFEW ARRESTS, 33 CURTILAGE, 89, 161, 165, 307 CUSTODIAN OF RECORDS, service on, 118 CUSTODY Fourth Amendment, 1 Miranda, 231 D-ORDERS, 109, 112 DE FACTO arrests, 2, 23 custody, Miranda, 231 detentions, 17 interrogation, Miranda, 237 DEAD BODY, exigent circumstance, 93 DEADLY FORCE, use of, 28 DECOY OPERATIONS, 286 DEPUBLICATION OF OPINIONS, 340 DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE exigent circumstance, 96 knock-notice exception, 200 mouth, removing evidence from, 129 DETENTIONS Chapter Topic Investigative Detentions, 1 Chapter Topic Special Needs Detentions, 9 Chapter Topic Traffic Stops, 13 Chapter Topic Reasonable Suspicion, 169, 179 Miranda,

3 INDEX property, detaining, 1 parking violations, 13 reasonable suspicion, 179 roadblocks, 11 school grounds, on, 10 search warrants, while executing, 161 vehicle passengers custody status, 1 wall stops, 14 witnesses, detaining, 10 DIALED NUMBER RECORDERS, 113 DICTA, in published cases, 339 DIGITAL SIGNATURES, 157 DISCARDED EVIDENCE, 2, 312 DISCLAIMER OF OWNERSHIP, 313 DISSENTING OPINIONS, in published opinions, 340 DMV CHECKS, 15 DMV EMPLOYEES, 315 DMV RECORDS, 173 DNA, 30, 64, 128, 129, 186, 193, 312 DOE ARREST WARRANTS, 30, 31 DOGS (K9) See POLICE DOGS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, 24, 93 DOUBLE-BLIND LINEUPS, 278 DOYLE ERROR, 258 DRUG ABUSE TREATMENT RECORDS, 123 DRUG LABS, exigent circumstance, 94 DRUGS abuse treatment records, 123 destruction, exigency, 96 paraphernalia, 189, 191, 192 possession, probable cause to arrest for, 189 questioning detainee about, 3 under the influence, probable cause to arrest for, 187 voluntariness, affect on, 270 DUI, 24, 127, 187 DUI BLOOD DRAWS, 127, 129, 152 DUI CHECKPOINTS, 11 EAVESDROPPING, 219 ELECTRICAL USAGE meters, 220 probable cause factor, 193 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS, intercepting, 226 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY ACT, 111 ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE, 218 ELSTAD RULE (Miranda), 262 arrest warrants, obtaining by, 30, 31 messages, obtaining, 107 records, obtaining, 111 search warrants, obtaining by, 157 standing to challenge search of, 310 ENTRAPMENT, Chapter Topic, 285 EVIDENCE CODE 352: : 257, 262, 271, : : 333 EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES Chapter Topic, 91 bodily intrusion searches, 129, 130 Miranda exception, 239 EXPLOSIVES, exigent circumstance, 94, 100 FAX arrest warrants, obtaining by, 30 probable cause declarations, obtaining by, 31 search warrants, obtaining by, 156 FELONY CAR STOPS, 3 FIELD CONTACT CARDS, 7, 16, 20 FIFTH AMENDMENT INVOCATION, 247 FINANCIAL RECORDS, Chapter Topic, 117 FINGERPRINTS booking, 33 detainees, 7 probable cause factor, 186 suppression of, 319 warrant for, 7 FIREARMS detectors, 220 detention at gunpoint, 3 exigent circumstance in residence, 94, 99 FIRES, exigent circumstance, 94, 100 FIREWALL, investigative, 290 FLASHBANGS, 197 FLIGHT BY SUSPECT, 1, 182 FOOTNOTES, in published cases, 340 FORCE arrests, 26 bodily intrusion search warrants, 128 citizen, making citizens arrest, 40 detentions, use of, 2 entry by means of, Chapter Topic, 197 police dogs, 26 FRANKS MOTIONS, Chapter Topic, 303 FRESH INFORMATION,

4 CALIFORNIA CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION FRESH PURSUITS, 95 FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE RULE Chapter Topic, 317 arraignment delays, 36 evidence from search warrant execution, 163 evidence from involuntary statement, 272 Miranda violations, 258 probable cause declaration delays, 35 Sixth Amendment violations, 262 voluntariness, 272 FURTIVE GESTURE pat search factor, 55 probable cause factor, 183 GANG BOOKS, as photo lineup, 278 GARBAGE, searching, 163, 312 GETAWAY CARS, 77, 181 GOOD COP, BAD COP, 237, 247, 266 GOOD FAITH RULE, 29, 150, 225, 315 GOOGLE STREET VIEW, use of, 142 GOVERNMENT RECORDS, probable cause source, 173 GRAND JURY, 31, 67, 158, 289, 290 HAIR SAMPLES, obtaining, 128 HANDCUFFING consent, affecting voluntariness of, 43 detainees, 3 Miranda custody factor, 234 search warrants, executing, 162 showups, 279 HAND-TO-HAND EXCHANGE, probable cause factor, 184 HANDWRITING ANALYSIS, probable cause factor, 186 HANDWRITING EXEMPLARS, search warrant for, 147 HEALTHCARE RECORDS, Chapter Topic, 123 HEARSAY, 139, 145, 171, 335 HEAVY FOOT TRAFFIC, probable cause factor, 193 HELICOPTER SURVEILLANCE, 219 HIGH CRIME AREA, 56, 182 HIGH-RISK CAR STOPS, 3, 15 HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability Act), 123 HOBBS MOTIONS, Chapter Topic, 333 HOT PURSUITS, 66, 95 HOTLINE TIPSTERS, duty to disclose identity of, 328 IDENTIFICATION contacts, obtaining from suspect, 20 detainees, obtaining from suspect, 4, 5 refusal to ID, 5, 55, 186 traffic violators, obtaining from violator, 15 vehicle search for, 77 IMMUNITY Chapter Topic, 287 medical marijuana, 291 voluntariness, affecting, 270 IMPEACHMENT, 225, 262, 297, 299, 314 IMPLIED CONSENT LAW, 129 IMPLIED MIRANDA WAIVERS, 244 IN CAMERA HEARINGS Hobbs motions, 334 Luttenberger motions, 330 motion to disclose informant, 327, 331 IN THE PRESENCE RULE, 24, 39 INDEPENDENT SOURCE RULE, 321 INDICIA, 143, 146, 164, 188, 193, 325 INDICTMENT WARRANTS, 31 INEVITABLE DISCOVERY RULE, Chapter Topic, 321 INFORMANTS motion for discovery, 329 motion to disclose identity, 323 probable cause source, INTERNET protocol (IP) address, 113 records, obtaining, 111 INTERROGATION Chapter Topic (Voluntariness), 265 Miranda, 237 INTERVENING INDEPENDENT ACT, 318 INVENTORY SEARCHES OF VEHICLES, 78 INVESTIGATIVE CONTACTS, Chapter Topic 17 INVESTIGATIVE DETENTIONS, Chapter Topic, 1 INVESTIGATIVE FIREWALL, 290 JAILS AND PRISONS booking searches, Chapter Topic, 131 cells, searching, 310 intercepting communications in, Chapter Topic, 227 mail, reading, 229 Miranda, when questioning inmates, 235, 255 JOHN DOE WARRANTS, 30, 31 JUVENILES arrest of, 24, 33, 34, 62 consent to search by, 48 Miranda, 240, 242, 243 questioning (voluntariness), 270 K9s See POLICE DOGS KEEP THE PEACE CALLS, 98 KNOCK AND TALKS, Chapter Topic, 207 KNOCK-NOTICE,

5 INDEX LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS off-duty, search by, 214 probable cause source, 173 safety, See OFFICER SAFETY school resource officers, 11, 125 LEADING QUESTIONS, 267 LEAST INTRUSIVE MEANS TEST, 2 LIES officer lies to suspect, voluntariness factor, 266 suspect lies to officer, probable cause factor, 185 LINEUPS Chapter Topic, 275 probable cause factor, 185 LUTTENBERGER MOTIONS, Chapter Topic, 329 LOST PROPERTY, 313 LOUD MUSIC, 98 MAIL detaining, 1 prisoners, reading, 229 MARIJUANA (Medical), Chapter Topic, 291 MASSIAH RULE, Chapter Topic, 263 MATERIAL WITNESS, what constitutes, 324 MDI MOTIONS, Chapter Topic, 323 MEASURABLY EXTEND TEST (detentions), 6 MEDICAL RECORDS, Chapter Topic, 123 MERCHANT SEARCH PRIVILEGE, 40 MERE INFORMANTS, 324 METH LABS, exigent circumstance, 94 MINUTE ORDERS, 340 MIRANDA Chapter Topic When compliance is required, 231 Chapter Topic Waivers, 241 Chapter Topic Invocations, 247 Chapter Topic Post-Invocation Communications, 253 Chapter Topic Suppression Rules, 257 standing, 257 waiver as attenuation, 319 MISDEMEANORS in the presence rule, 24 stale, 25 wobblers, 25 MISSING PERSON, exigent circumstance, 93 MISTAKES OF FACT, probable cause factor, 171 MISTAKES OF LAW, probable cause factor, 171, 180 MOTIONS Chapter Topic Miranda, 257 Chapter Topic Suppression of evidence, 295 Chapter Topic Quash search warrant, 301 Chapter Topic Franks, 303 Chapter Topic Informant disclosure, 323 Chapter Topic Luttenberger, 329 Chapter Topic Surveillance site disclosure, 331 Chapter Topic Hobbs, 333 Chapter Topic Harvey-Madden, 335 MOTOR VEHICLES See VEHICLES MOTORIZED BATTERING RAMS, 197 MOUTH, removing evidence from, 129 NERVOUSNESS pat search factor, 56 probable cause factor, 183 NIGHT SERVICE arrest warrants, 30 search warrants, 149, 159 NIGHT VISION, surveillance, 218 NO-BAIL WARRANTS, 37 NO-KNOCK SEARCH WARRANTS, 150 NONDISCLOSURE ORDERS, 109, 112, 113, 118, 158 NONPUBLICATION OF OPINIONS, 340 OFF-DUTY OFFICERS, search by, 214 OFFENSE SPECIFIC RULE, Sixth Amendment, 260 OFFICER SAFETY arrests, use of force, 2, 26 contacts, 19 detentions, 3 exigent circumstance, 93 Miranda exception, 239 protective sweeps, 201 questioning detainee, 3 search warrants, executing, traffic stops, 15 OFFICIAL CHANNELS RULE, 171 OFFICIAL INFORMATION PRIVILEGE, 151, 331 OPEN FIELDS, trespassing on, 309 OUT-OF-JURISDICTION arrests, 37 search warrants, 153 OUTSIDE MIRANDA, 267 PARABOLIC MICROPHONES, 219 PARKING VIOLATIONS, detentions for, 13 PAROLE See PROBATION AND PAROLE PAROLEE-AT-LARGE WARRANTS, 31, 87 PASSIVE WAVE MILLIMETER WAVE IMAGER, 220 PAT SEARCHES Chapter Topic, 53 contacts, searching suspect, 19 search warrants, searching occupant, 162 PEN REGISTERS, 113,

6 CALIFORNIA CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION PENAL CODE 148: 2, 5, 58, 183, (a)(1): : : : : (b): 34, : : (c): : : 264 PEPPER SPRAY, 27 PERMEATED WITH FRAUD RULE, 147 PERP WALKS, 37 PETITION FOR CERTIORARI, 340 PETITION FOR REVIEW, consequences of, 340 PHONE CALLS arrestee, right to, 33 executing search warrant, incoming calls, 166 jails and prisons, intercepting in, 227 pen registers, 113 pinging cell phones, 115 records, obtaining, 112 traps, 113 wiretapping, 221 PHOTO LINEUPS, 275 PHOTOGRAPHING, detainees, 7 PHYSICIANS, search warrant on, 153 PLAIN FEEL, 59 PLAIN SMELL, 192 PLAIN VIEW Chapter topic, 209 computer data, 105 probable cause to seize evidence in plain view, 169 protective searches, PLURALITY DECISIONS, 339 POLICE AGENTS private citizens, 213 Miranda exception, 239 questioning by, 263 wired, 219 POLICE CARS bugging, 227 Miranda in, 235 pat searching passengers, 53 suspicious reaction upon seeing, 182 POLICE DOGS alert by, probable cause, 192 consent search, use in, 50 detentions, use during, 6 force by, 26 probation and parole searches, 89 POLICE OFFICERS See LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS POLICE RECORDS, probable cause source, 173 POLICE STATIONS interrogation rooms, affecting voluntariness, 268 Miranda in, 232 prisoner communications, intercepting 227 POLYGRAPHS right to counsel, 250 voluntariness factor, 270 POSSESSION constructive, 325 probable cause to arrest for, 188 PRETEXT arrests, 23, 61 booking questions, 239 searches, 87 traffic stops 14 PRISONS See JAILS AND PRISONS PRIVACY PROTECTION ACT, 105 PRIVATE LAND, warrantless entry upon, 135 PRIVILEGED INFORMATION, use in establishing PC, 171 PROBABLE CAUSE Chapter Topic Principles, 169 Chapter Topic Reliability of information, 173 Chapter Topic Arrest, 179 Chapter Topic Search, PC arrest, 2, 5, 58, 183, 186 declaration of, 31, 34 marijuana, arrest for, 291 plain-view seizure, 210 probability theory, 170 review by judge, 34 training and experience, relevance of, 170 vehicle searches, 75 PROBATION AND PAROLE holds, 34 parolee-at-large warrants, 31, 67, 87 probation violation warrants, 31, 67 searches, Chapter Topic, 85 PROFILES, probable cause factor, 187 PROPOSITION 8, 296, 339 PROTECTIVE CAR SEARCHES, 81 PROTECTIVE SWEEPS, Chapter Topic, 201 PROTOCOLS, 102, 146 PSYCHOLOGICAL COERCION, 266 PUBLIC PLACE, what constitutes, 66,

7 INDEX PUBLIC SAFETY detentions, 9 exigent circumstances, 93 Miranda exception, 239 PURSUITS, 1, 95, 97 QUESTIONING SUSPECTS Chapter Topic Interrogation, 265 detainees, 6 Miranda, 234 traffic stops, during, 16 RAMEY Chapter Topic Entry to Arrest, 65 certificate of service, 73 issuance affecting Sixth Amendment rights, 260 warrants, 30 RAP SHEETS pat search factor, 56 probable cause factor, 186 search warrant affidavit, use in, 173 REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY, 305 REASONABLE SUSPICION Chapter Topic, 169, 173, 179 detentions, 179 pat searches, 53 traffic stops, 13 RECORDING AND VIDEOTAPING authenticating, 293 Miranda waivers, 241 prisoner communications, 227 search warrant execution, 160 surveillance, 217 RED LIGHTS, detention factor, 18 REGISTRATION, vehicle, search for, 77 REISSUANCE OF SEARCH WARRANTS, 158 RESISTING ARREST, 2, 23, 26, 27, 28 RETURN OF SEARCH WARRANT, 167 RIGHT TO FINANCIAL PRIVACY ACT, 117 ROADBLOCKS, 11 SAFES, searching, 163 SCHOOL GROUNDS detentions on, 10 searches on, 125 SCHOOL RESOURCE OFFICERS, 11, 125 SEALING SEARCH WARRANT AFFIDAVITS, 151 SEARCH, defined, 295 SEARCHES INCIDENT TO ARREST Chapter Topic Searches Incident to Arrest, 61 vehicles, search of, 82 SEARCH WARRANTS Chapter Topic Search Warrants, 137 Chapter Topic Special Procedures, 149 Chapter Topic Executing Warrants, 159 Chapter Topic Probable Cause to Search, 191 Chapter Topic Motions to Quash, 301 Chapter Topic Motions to Traverse, 303 Chapter Topic Good Faith Rule, 315 affidavits, training and experience, 145 anticipatory warrants, 154 attachments to, 144 computers, to search, 101 covert warrants, 156 , obtaining,108 expiration of, 160 financial records, 118 night service, 149 no-knock, 150 nondisclosure orders, 109, 118, 158 obtained by , 157 out-of-jurisdiction warrants, 153 pen registers, 113 post-search procedure, 167 presumption of validity, 299 reading documents, 164 reissuance of warrants, 158 releasing seized property, 158 sealed affidavits, 151, 333 second warrant, when necessary, 166 securing premises, 161 severance rule, 297 special master procedure, 153 Steagald warrants, 155 time extension for financial records, 118 voic , obtaining, 108 urine testing, 128 vehicle tracking warrants, 152 SECOND LOOK SEARCHES booking, 132 consent searches, 50 executing search warrants, 167 SEIZURE, defined, 295 SENSING AND DIAGNOSTIC MODULE, 76 SEQUENTIAL LINEUPS, 278 SEVERANCE RULE, search warrants, 297 SHOT SPOTTER, 219 SHOWUPS, 275 SIXTH AMENDMENT, 52, 259, 263, 282 SKELTON HEARINGS, 178 SNEAK AND PEEK WARRANTS, 156 SOFTENING UP, Miranda, 246 SONIC WAVE DETECTORS, 219 SPECIAL MASTERS, search warrants, executing, 153 SPECIAL NEEDS DETENTIONS, Chapter Topic, 9 STALE INFORMATION, 102, 195, 324 STALE MISDEMEANORS, 25,

8 CALIFORNIA CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION STANDING Chapter Topic, 305 evidence seized during booking, 133 Miranda, 257 Sixth Amendment, 262 suppression hearings, 299 STARE DECISIS, 339 STATEMENTS AGAINST PENAL INTEREST, 178 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS, 29, 30 STEAGALD WARRANTS, 31, 65, 67, 71, 72, 155 STINGS, entrapment, 286 STOLEN PROPERTY, probable cause to arrest for, 189 STOMACH PUMPING, 130 STORED COMMUNICATIONS ACT, 107, 111 STRIP SEARCHES, 63, 132 SUBPOENAS, 105, 108, 110, 158 SURVEILLANCE Chapter Topic Surveillance, 217 Chapter Topic Motions to Disclose Site, 331 TASERS, 27 TELEPHONE CALLS AND RECORDS See PHONE CALLS TESTED POLICE INFORMANTS, 176 TEXT MESSAGES, 107 TEXTING WHILE DRIVING, 13 THERMAL IMAGING, 220 THREATS AND PROMISES, 268 TRAFFIC STOPS Chapter Topic, 13 TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE, 24, 139, 143, 145, 170, 191, 194, 202 TRESPASSING BY OFFICERS Chapter Topic, 135 standing to challenge, 307 UNDERCOVER AGENT EXCEPTION, Miranda, 239 UNDERCOVER OFFICERS, questioning by, 263 UNTESTED POLICE INFORMANTS, 177 UNWITTING INFORMANTS, 178 URINE TESTING, 128 VEHICLE CODE 5201: : : : : (a): : (a): 5 VEHICLES abandoned, 312 event recorder, search of, 76 felony car stops, 4 passengers custody status, 1 probation and parole searches, 89 pursuits, 1 search warrants, 142, 165 searches of, Chapter Topic, 75 theft of, PC to arrest for, 187 towing, 78 tracking, 152, 219 VIN numbers 15, 84, 142, 151, 187 VICINITY SWEEPS, 201 VIDEO RECORDING See RECORDING AND VIDEOTAPING VOIC , 107, 313 VOICE-ONLY LINEUPS, 276 VOLUNTARINESS consent, 42 contacts, 17 interrogation, 265 Miranda waivers, 243 WALL STOPS, 14 WARRANT CHECKS, 3, 15, 20 WELFARE AND INSTITUTIONS CODE 5150: 98, 141 WELFARE CHECKS, 98 WIRED AGENTS, 219 WOBBLERS, 25 YEARBOOKS, as photo lineup,

5. Pursuit... 2:25 6. High Speed Chases... 2:26 III. IDENTIFICATIONS... 3:1 A. In-Person Identifications... 3:1 1. Right to Have Counsel Present...

5. Pursuit... 2:25 6. High Speed Chases... 2:26 III. IDENTIFICATIONS... 3:1 A. In-Person Identifications... 3:1 1. Right to Have Counsel Present... CONTENTS I. PURPOSE AND USE OF THIS MANUAL... 1:1 II. THE POLICE-CITIZEN ENCOUNTER... 2:1 A. Police Activities That Require No Evidence of Wrongdoing... 2:2 1. Routine Patrol... 2:2 2. The Consensual Encounter...