Cal Pen Code Offering false or forged instruments for filing

Transcription

1 This document is current for urgency legislation through Chapter 1 of the 2016 Session. Deering s California Code Annotated > PENAL CODE > Part 1. Of Crimes and Punishments > Title 7. Of Crimes Against Public Justice > Chapter 4. Forging, Stealing, Mutilating, and Falsifying Judicial and Public Records and Documents 115. Offering false or forged instruments for filing (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Every person who knowingly procures or offers any false or forged instrument to be filed, registered, or recorded in any public office within this state, which instrument, if genuine, might be filed, registered, or recorded under any law of this state or of the United States, is guilty of a felony. Each instrument which is procured or offered to be filed, registered, or recorded in violation of subdivision (a) shall constitute a separate violation of this section. Except in unusual cases where the interests of justice would best be served if probation is granted, probation shall not be granted to, nor shall the execution or imposition of sentence be suspended for, any of the following persons: (1) Any person with a prior conviction under this section who is again convicted of a violation of this section in a separate proceeding. (2) Any person who is convicted of more than one violation of this section in a single proceeding, with intent to defraud another, and where the violations resulted in a cumulative financial loss exceeding one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000). For purposes of prosecution under this section, each act of procurement or of offering a false or forged instrument to be filed, registered, or recorded shall be considered a separately punishable offense. (1) After a person is convicted of a violation of this section, or a plea is entered whereby a charge alleging a violation of this section is dismissed and waiver is obtained pursuant to People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d 754, upon written motion of the prosecuting agency, the court, after a hearing described in subdivision (f), shall issue a written order that the false or forged instrument be adjudged void ab initio if the court determines that an order is appropriate under applicable law. The order shall state whether the instrument is false or forged, or both false and forged, and describe the nature of the falsity or forgery. A copy of the instrument shall be attached to the order at the time it is issued by the court and a certified copy of the order shall be filed, registered, or recorded at the appropriate public office by the prosecuting agency. (2) (A) If the order pertains to a false or forged instrument that has been recorded with a county recorder, an order made pursuant to this section shall be recorded in the county where the affected real property is located. The order shall also reference the county recorder s document recording number of any notice of pendency of action recorded pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (f).

2 (f) (B) As to any order, notice of pendency of action, or withdrawal of notice of pendency of action recorded pursuant to this section, recording fees shall be waived pursuant to Section of the Government Code. A prosecuting agency shall use the following procedures in filing a motion under subdivision (e): (1) Within 10 calendar days of filing a criminal complaint or indictment alleging a violation of this section, the prosecuting agency shall provide written notice by certified mail to all parties who have an interest in the property affected by the false or forged instrument, or in the instrument itself, including those described in paragraph (5). (2) (A) Within 10 calendar days of filing a criminal complaint or indictment alleging a violation of this section, the prosecuting agency shall record a notice of pendency of action in the county in which the affected real property is located. (B) Within 10 calendar days of the case being adjudicated or dismissed without obtaining an order pursuant to subdivision (e), the prosecuting agency shall record a withdrawal of the notice of pendency of action in the county where the affected real property is located. (3) The written notice and notice of pendency of action described in paragraphs (1) and (2) shall inform the interested parties that a criminal action has commenced that may result in adjudications against the false or forged instrument or the property affected by the false or forged instrument, and shall notify the interested parties of their right to be heard if a motion is brought under subdivision (e) to void the false or forged instrument. The notice shall state the street address, if available, and the legal description of the affected real property. (4) Failure of the prosecuting agency to provide written notice or record a pendency of action as required under paragraphs (1) and (2) within 10 calendar days shall not prevent the prosecuting agency from later making a motion under subdivision (e), but the court shall take the failure to provide notice or record a pendency of action as required under paragraphs (1) and (2) as reason to provide any interested parties additional time to respond to the motion. Failure of the prosecuting agency to so notify interested parties under this subdivision or record a pendency of action as required under paragraphs (1) and (2) within 10 calendar days shall create a presumption that a finding as described in paragraph (9) is necessary to protect the property rights of the interested party or parties. (5) If the instrument sought to be declared void involves real property, interested parties include, but are not limited to, all parties who have recorded with the county recorder in the county where the affected property is located any of the following: a deed, lien, mortgage, deed of trust, security interest, lease, or other instrument declaring an interest in, or requesting notice relating to, the property affected by the false or forged instrument as of the date of the filing of the criminal complaint or indictment. (6) Any party not required to be noticed under paragraph (1) or (5) who nonetheless notifies the prosecuting agency in writing of the party s desire to be notified if a motion is brought under subdivision (e) to void the false or forged instrument shall be treated as an interested party as defined in paragraph (1) or (5). Page 2 of 10

3 (g) (7) The court shall set a hearing for the motion brought by the prosecuting agency under subdivision (e) no earlier than 90 calendar days from the date the motion is made. The prosecuting agency shall provide a copy by certified mail of the written motion and a notice of hearing to all interested parties described in paragraphs (1), (5), or (6), and all other persons who obtain an interest in the property prior to recordation of notice of pendency of action no later than 90 days before the hearing date set by the court. The notice shall state the street address, if available, and the legal description of the affected real property. (8) At a hearing on a motion brought by the prosecuting agency under subdivision (e), the defendant, prosecuting agency, and interested parties described in paragraphs (1), (5), or (6), shall have a right to be heard and present information to the court. No party shall be denied a right to present information due to a lack of notice by the prosecuting agency or failure to contact the prosecuting agency or the court prior to the hearing. (9) (A) At a hearing on a motion brought by a prosecuting agency under subdivision (e), if the court determines that the interests of justice or the need to protect the property rights of any person or party so requires, including, but not limited to, a finding that the matter may be more appropriately determined in a civil proceeding, the court may decline to make a determination under subdivision (e). (B) If, prior to the hearing on the motion, any person or party files a quiet title action that seeks a judicial determination of the validity of the same false or forged instrument that is the subject of the motion, or the status of an interested party as a bona fide purchaser of, or bona fide holder of an encumbrance on, the property affected by the false or forged instrument, the court may consider that as an additional but not dispositive factor in making its determination under subdivision (e); provided, however, that a final judgment previously entered in that quiet title action shall be followed to the extent otherwise required by law. As used in this section, prosecuting agency means a city attorney, a district attorney, the Attorney General, or other state or local agency actively prosecuting a case under this section. (h) An order made pursuant to subdivision (e) shall be considered a judgment, and subject to appeal in accordance with, paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section of the Code of Civil Procedure. History Enacted Amended Stats 1984 ch 593 1, ch ; Stats 1985 ch ; Stats 2014 ch (AB 1698), effective January 1, Historical Derivation: (a) Field s Draft NY Pen C 149. (b) NY Pen C 95. Page 3 of 10

4 Annotations Notes Amendments: 1984 Amendment: In addition to making technical changes, added subds (b) and (c) and the last paragraph. (As amended by Stats 1984, ch 1397, compared to the section as it read prior to This section was also amended by an earlier chapter, ch 593. See Gov C 9605.) 1985 Amendment: Routine code maintenance Amendment: Added subds (e)-(h). Case Notes 1. Generally 2. Construction 2.5. Construction with Other Law 3. Application 1. Generally This section simply seeks to bring within its terms various classes of instruments entitled under our law to be recorded, without any regard to whether the particular instrument is defective in form or certification. People v. Webber (1919, Cal App) 44 Cal App 120, 186 P 406, 1919 Cal App LEXIS 473; People v. Baender (1924, Cal App) 68 Cal App 49, 228 P 536, 1924 Cal App LEXIS 217. The statute was designed to prevent the recordation or registration of spurious documents, knowingly offered for record with intent to defraud. People v. Baender (1924, Cal App) 68 Cal App 49, 228 P 536, 1924 Cal App LEXIS 217. The constitutionality of this section is upheld as against an attack based on former Cal Const Art IV 24 (see now Cal Const Art IV 9), requiring that the subject of an act be expressed in its title. People v. Standley (1932, Cal App) 126 Cal App 739, 15 P2d 180, 1932 Cal App LEXIS 587. The trial court erred in failing to dismiss an amended information in which defendant was charged with 10 counts of forgery, Pen C 470, and 10 counts of presenting a false or forged document for recording, Pen C 115. The counts contained in the amended information and the counts contained in the original information for which a guilty verdict had been reversed for insufficient evidence were based on the identical conduct. Since defendant s conviction was reversed for insufficiency of Page 4 of 10

5 evidence, Pen C 1262 and 1009 had no application to the case. While it is true that a defendant may be retried when a conviction is reversed for trial error, retrial on the same charge is impermissible if the reversal is based on insufficiency of the evidence. The prosecution here made a deliberate choice of prosecuting defendant originally on grand theft charges, while all along knowing that the identical evidence could support forgery and filing false document charges. Defendant s prosecution on the new information was barred by Pen C 654(a). Sanders v. Superior Court (1999, Cal App 2d Dist) 76 Cal App 4th 609, 90 Cal Rptr 2d 481, 1999 Cal App LEXIS Construction The word instrument, in this section, is limited in its application to that class of instruments invariably referred to throughout our statutes. People v. Fraser (1913, Cal App 1st Dist) 23 Cal App 82, 137 P 276, 1913 Cal App LEXIS 182. Generally the term instrument as applied to documents necessarily imports a paper writing; but every paper writing is not necessarily an instrument within the statutory meaning of the term. With reference to writings the term instrument as applied in our statutes has been defined to mean an agreement expressed in writing, signed and delivered by one person to another, transferring the title to or creating a lien on real property, or giving a right to a debt or duty. People v. Fraser (1913, Cal App 1st Dist) 23 Cal App 82, 137 P 276, 1913 Cal App LEXIS 182. It is only the recording of an instrument entitled to be recorded which constitutes a crime under this section. People v. Webber (1919, Cal App) 44 Cal App 120, 186 P 406, 1919 Cal App LEXIS 473. The gist of the offense is the offering for record of a false or forged deed. People v. Standley (1932, Cal App) 126 Cal App 739, 15 P2d 180, 1932 Cal App LEXIS 587. Intent to defraud another or the defrauding of anyone is not required. People v. Standley (1932, Cal App) 126 Cal App 739, 15 P2d 180, 1932 Cal App LEXIS 587. This section does not require a specific intent, as the word knowingly does not impart the idea of intent, but merely refers to a knowledge of the essential facts which bring the act within the statute. People v. Horowitz (1945, Cal App) 70 Cal App 2d 675, 161 P2d 833, 1945 Cal App LEXIS This section does not require that the act be done with intent to defraud, nor does it require that anyone be defrauded thereby. The crime is sufficiently proved when it is shown that the accused intentionally committed the forbidden act. People v. Geibel (1949, Cal App) 93 Cal App 2d 147, 208 P2d 743, 1949 Cal App LEXIS Word instrument as used in section is limited in its meaning and application to that class of instruments defined as agreements expressed in writing, signed, and delivered by one person to another, transferring title to or creating lien on realty, or giving right to debt or duty. People v. Olf (1961, Cal App 2d Dist) 195 Cal App 2d 97, 15 Cal Rptr 390, 1961 Cal App LEXIS Pen C 115, stating that every person who offers any false or forged instrument to be filed, registered or recorded in any public office is guilty of a felony, was designed to prevent the recordation of spurious documents knowingly offered for record. In the case of a deed, the crime is complete when Page 5 of 10

6 the deed has been prepared so that upon its face it will have the effect of defrauding one who acts upon it as genuine. It is not necessary to constitute a completed offense that anyone actually be defrauded. A violation of the statute does not require a writing which falsely purports to be the writing of another, that is, a forgery. The statute differentiates between the two categories, clearly proscribing either a false or a forged instrument. Obviously, an instrument may have the effect of defrauding one who acts on it as genuine even though it does not bear a forged signature or otherwise meet the technical requirements of a forged instrument. Generes v. Justice Court (1980, Cal App 3d Dist) 106 Cal App 3d 678, 165 Cal Rptr 222, 1980 Cal App LEXIS In a prosecution in which the information charged defendant with attempting to file a forged death certificate, and in which defendant pleaded nolo contendere to offering a forged instrument for filing (Pen C 115), defendant was entitled to appeal the conviction, since he was able to establish jurisdictional grounds going to the legality of the proceedings, as required under Pen C (prerequisites to appeal from conviction on plea of guilty or nolo contendere). Both defendant and the prosecution agreed that a death certificate was not an instrument within the meaning of Pen C 115, thereby rendering the plea defective. Since the issue raised by defendant was jurisdictional, it was cognizable on appeal after defendant s plea. People v. Soriano (1992, Cal App 1st Dist) 4 Cal App 4th 781, 6 Cal Rptr 2d 138, 1992 Cal App LEXIS 323, reh g denied, (1992, Cal App 1st Dist) 1992 Cal App LEXIS 518. An altered temporary restraining order was an instrument for purposes of Pen C 115 (filing false instrument). Thus, defendant s conviction of violating 115 was not improper, where he had obtained an ex parte order enjoining his former girlfriend from contacting or harassing him, and had added false requirements to the order before filing it with the marshal. Although prior case law had required that a document represent an agreement in order to qualify as an instrument, a more recent appellate court opinion rejected this requirement. Subsequently, the Legislature extensively revised 115, leading to the presumption that the more recent case was approved. Moreover, the amendments to 115 demonstrate a legislative intent to protect judicial and public records such as the temporary restraining order. People v. Parks (1992, Cal App 4th Dist) 7 Cal App 4th 883, 9 Cal Rptr 2d 450, 1992 Cal App LEXIS 811. Materiality is not an element of the offense of offering a false or forged instrument for record (Pen C 115). The terms of 115 do not suggest materiality is an element of the offense. The core purpose of 115 is to protect the integrity and reliability of public records. This purpose is served by an interpretation that prohibits any knowing falsification of public records. Accordingly, a court may not insert into 115 a requirement of materiality that the Legislature did not see fit to include. People v. Feinberg (1997, Cal App 1st Dist) 51 Cal App 4th 1566, 60 Cal Rptr 2d 323, 1997 Cal App LEXIS 17. Fishing activity record is an instrument within the meaning of Pen C 115, and the definition of instrument in the statute is not unconstitutionally vague; moreover, prosecution of an offending fishing boat operator was not precluded by a regulation governing fishing records, 14 Cal Code Reg 190, because the two provisions were not identical. People v. Powers (2004, Cal App 1st Dist) 117 Cal App 4th 291, 11 Cal Rptr 3d 619, 2004 Cal App LEXIS 418. Violation of Pen C 115, is governed by Pen C and 803(c), notwithstanding its absence from the list of specific offenses. Regardless of subsequent actions by the legislature, the terms of Pen C Page 6 of 10

7 803.5(c), applied to the violation of Pen C 115, as charged against defendant. People v. Soni (2005, Cal App 4th Dist) 134 Cal App 4th 1510, 36 Cal Rptr 3d 864, 2005 Cal App LEXIS 1944, review denied, (2006, Cal) 2006 Cal LEXIS Because filing a false vehicle theft report in violation of Veh C would commonly result in a violation of the general false report statute, Pen C 115(a), prosecution under the general statute is precluded. People v. Murphy (2011, Cal) 52 Cal 4th 81, 127 Cal Rptr 3d 78, 253 P 3d 1216, 2011 Cal LEXIS Construction with Other Law For purposes of unemployment benefits, there was no basis for a finding that a reasonable person would have thought it was not dishonest when a school district employee exceeded break times and falsified time sheets, given that making false entries in a public document could be a crime. Irving v. California Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (2014, 2d Dist) 2014 Cal App LEXIS Application Where an instrument, if genuine, would not be entitled to be recorded under the law of the state, as in the case of a forged instrument purporting to be an assignment of an interest in certain letters patent for an invention, it is not a felony to offer it for record, or to cause or procure it to be recorded. People v. Harrold (1890) 84 Cal 567, 24 P 106, 1890 Cal LEXIS 843. A birth certificate is not an instrument within the meaning of this section. People v. Fraser (1913, Cal App 1st Dist) 23 Cal App 82, 137 P 276, 1913 Cal App LEXIS 182. There can be no forgery of an instrument which is void upon its face. People v. Baender (1924, Cal App) 68 Cal App 49, 228 P 536, 1924 Cal App LEXIS 217. A deed was constituted a false and forged instrument within the meaning of this section by the signing of the grantor s name to the deed, valid upon its face, by another, and the impersonation of the grantor in the acknowledgment, with intent on the part of the person procuring such signature and impersonation to defraud his wife of a life estate in the property, and the actual deception of a title company in insuring title in the belief that such deed was genuine. People v. Baender (1924, Cal App) 68 Cal App 49, 228 P 536, 1924 Cal App LEXIS 217. Although a deed conveys no title, being valid on its face it may be the subject of forgery. People v. Baender (1924, Cal App) 68 Cal App 49, 228 P 536, 1924 Cal App LEXIS 217. No proof is required that anyone has been defrauded by the filing of a false or forged instrument. People v. Horowitz (1945, Cal App) 70 Cal App 2d 675, 161 P2d 833, 1945 Cal App LEXIS In a prosecution for forgery of a will and a contract, for offering a false document to be filed of record, and for offering false evidence, it is error to instruct as to the meaning of criminal intent and to define the word wilfully in connection therewith, without limiting the application of such instruction to the charge of forgery, which is the only one involving actual intent, and the prejudicial effect of such error is not cured by an instruction to the effect that forgery is one of the crimes in which a specific element Page 7 of 10

8 of intent is required. People v. Geibel (1949, Cal App) 93 Cal App 2d 147, 208 P2d 743, 1949 Cal App LEXIS Prosecution of automobile dealer for offering to be filed with the department of motor vehicles certain false documents described as Dealer s Reports of Sale, and Certificates of Non-Operation, assuming that such documents were instruments within meaning of this section, under which prosecution was brought, such prosecution should nevertheless have been brought under former Veh C 131(d), providing that one who knowingly makes false statements in any document required to be filed with departments of motor vehicles is guilty of misdemeanor. People v. Wood (1958, Cal App 2d Dist) 161 Cal App 2d 24, 325 P2d 1014, 1958 Cal App LEXIS Motion to set aside count of indictment charging president of company with wilful violation of this section was properly granted where allegedly false or forged document offered to be filed of record was application for permit filed with Corporations Commissioner which was not instrument within meaning of section. People v. Olf (1961, Cal App 2d Dist) 195 Cal App 2d 97, 15 Cal Rptr 390, 1961 Cal App LEXIS The trial court properly dismissed an information charging defendant with violating Pen C 115, prohibiting the filing, registration, or recording of any false or forged instrument, by procuring and filing a false affidavit of voter registration, on the ground that the affidavit of voter registration was not an instrument within the meaning of that term as used in Pen C 115, in view of the long standing judicial definition of the term as including only an agreement expressed in writing, signed, and delivered by one person to another, transferring the title to or creating a lien on real property, or giving a right to a debt or duty. People v. Fox (1977, Cal App 1st Dist) 73 Cal App 3d 178, 140 Cal Rptr 615, 1977 Cal App LEXIS Wills are not agreements, and they also are considered instruments within the contemplation of Pen C 115, providing that every person who offers any false or forged instrument to be filed, registered or recorded in any public office is guilty of a felony. Generes v. Justice Court (1980, Cal App 3d Dist) 106 Cal App 3d 678, 165 Cal Rptr 222, 1980 Cal App LEXIS Prosecution of defendant for offering a false or forged instrument to be filed in a public office (Pen C 115), based on allegations that defendant, an attorney, had offered a forged will for probate, was barred by the general three-year statute of limitations for felony prosecutions (former Pen C 800(a)), where the criminal complaint was not filed for more than three years after the alleged offense. Violation of 115 does not constitute the falsification of public records within the meaning of former Pen C 799, which provided that there was no limitation within which a prosecution for the falsification of public records must be commenced. A will is not a public document before it is filed for probate; thus, any falsification of a will before it is filed would not constitute the falsification of a public record. The procuring or offering of a false instrument for filing in a public office ( 115) is an entirely separate offense from the falsification of a document already part of the public record (Gov C 6200, 6201), and there was nothing to show that the Legislature intended the exception created by former Pen C 799 to be interpreted broadly so as to include Pen C 115 offenses. People v. Garfield (1985) 40 Cal 3d 192, 219 Cal Rptr 196, 707 P2d 258, 1985 Cal LEXIS 402. Fines were properly imposed against a defendant convicted of filing false deeds of trust in connection with an elaborate scheme to unlawfully shield a friend s personal assets from collection by judgment Page 8 of 10

9 creditors (Pen C 115, 115.5). The statutory fines were not meant only to benefit owners of property fraudulently encumbered, but also to protect the interests of judgment creditors of the property owners. The statute (Pen C 115.5) applies to every person filing a false deed of trust on a single family residence with the county recorder, and is clear and unambiguous, neither stating nor implying an exception for deceitful homeowners who unlawfully attempt to encumber their own property. Pen C 115.5, is but a more specific application of the general statute (Pen C 115) and the purpose behind both statutes is the same, to preserve the integrity and reliability of public documents. It is no defense that the accused also owned the property for which the fraudulent documents were filed. People v. Gangemi (1993, Cal App 1st Dist) 13 Cal App 4th 1790, 17 Cal Rptr 2d 462, 1993 Cal App LEXIS 236. Each of two defendants was properly convicted of violating Pen C 115 (offering false or forged instrument for filing), where each defendant was a probationer with a community service requirement as a condition of probation, and each had reported, on a work referral form, community service work that she had not completed. Each defendant s work referral form was an instrument under 115. The object of 115 is to protect the integrity of judicial and public records. The work referral forms in this case were to be filled out by an administering agency to reflect the number of hours defendants had worked on a service project, and they were intended to be filed with the court to demonstrate fulfillment of the work service condition of probation. Defendants had not performed the service reflected on their respective documents, and they knew it. They deliberately filed these false documents with the court in order to induce the court to credit them with satisfaction of a probation term they had not satisfied. Under these circumstances, the documents were instruments within the meaning of 115. People v. Tate (1997, Cal App 2d Dist) 55 Cal App 4th 663, 64 Cal Rptr 2d 206, 1997 Cal App LEXIS 442. Failure to order a competence hearing or assign counsel required reversal of a judgment under Pen C 115 and 523 because the trial court twice expressed doubt about defendant s mental competence and warned of a hearing under Pen C 1367, giving rise to a duty under Pen C 1368(a) to appoint counsel to represent defendant on the competence issue. The trial court s dereliction of that statutory duty denied defendant the right to counsel. People v. Jenan (2007, Cal App 5th Dist) 148 Cal App 4th 1144, 56 Cal Rptr 3d 360, 2007 Cal App LEXIS 420. Although defendant argued that she was improperly convicted of the felony offense of procuring or offering false information in violation of Pen C 115(a) because that offense was preempted by more specific recently enacted misdemeanor offenses, this argument was rejected. Because both Veh C 20 and could operate concurrently with Pen C 115, defendant s conviction was upheld. People v. Murphy (2009, 4th Dist) 180 Cal App 4th 905, 103 Cal Rptr 3d 417, 2009 Cal App LEXIS 2082, review granted, depublished, People v. Murphy (Melissa Kay) (2010, Cal.) 108 Cal. Rptr. 3d 555, 229 P.3d 984, 2010 Cal. LEXIS 3854, rev d on other grounds, (2011, Cal) 52 Cal 4th 81, 127 Cal Rptr 3d 78, 253 P 3d 1216, 2011 Cal LEXIS Defendant s conviction under Pen C 115(a) based on filing a false vehicle theft report had to be reversed because defendant should have been prosecuted under the more specific statute, Veh C People v. Murphy (2011, Cal) 52 Cal 4th 81, 127 Cal Rptr 3d 78, 253 P 3d 1216, 2011 Cal LEXIS Page 9 of 10

10 Quitclaim deeds could reasonably be considered false documents because defendant transferred an interest that he did not have to himself and then he recorded the document, clouding the title of the true property owners. People v. Denman (2013, 4th Dist) 2013 Cal App LEXIS 619. Research References & Practice Aids Cross References: Knowingly : Pen C 7. Forgery and counterfeiting: Pen C 470 et seq. Commencement of time limitation for persons filing forged instruments: Pen C Documents to be recorded: Gov C et seq. Collateral References: Witkin & Epstein, Criminal Law (4th ed), Introduction to Crimes 76. Cal Jur 3d (Rev) Criminal Law Miller & Starr, Cal Real Estate 3d 8:53, 11:11, 11:12. Judicial Council of California Criminal Jury Instructions (LexisNexis Matthew Bender), CALCRIM No. 1945, Procuring Filing of False Document or Offering False Document for Filing. Law Review Articles: Practice Tips: Realignment of California s Criminal Justice Policies. 35 LA Law 15 (April, 2012). Practice Tips: Addressing the Problem of Bogus Liens. 36 LA Law 12 (December 2013). Hierarchy Notes: Pen Code Note Pt. 1, Tit. 7 Note Pt. 1, Tit. 7, Ch. 4 Note Forms SUGGESTED FORMS Allegation Charging Procurement or Offer of False or Forged Instrument for Filing Deering s California Codes Annotated Copyright 2016 by Matthew Bender & Company, Inc. a member of the LexisNexis Group. All rights reserved. Page 10 of 10