MHRD CHAIR ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS & CENTRE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RESEARCH AND ADVOCACY NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL OF INDIA UNIVERSITY, BANGALORE

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1 MHRD CHAIR ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS & CENTRE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RESEARCH AND ADVOCACY NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL OF INDIA UNIVERSITY, BANGALORE Report Topic: ARBITRATION AS A WAY OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISPUTES RESOLUTION IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND INDIA December, 2017 Under the Guidance of: Prof. (Dr.) T. Ramakrishna, MHRD Chair Professor on IPR Mr. Satyadeep Singh And Mr. Vivek Anand Sagar. B Research Associates Submitted by: Ekaterina Konstantinovna Kupriyanova LL.B. (Jurisprudence), 4 th Year Saratov State Law Academy, Russian Federation

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT... 3 DECLARATION... 5 Introduction... 6 Historical review of development of arbitration in Russia and India... 6 Intellectual property disputes resolution in arbitrazh, Russian Federation... 8 Arbitration as an alternative way of solving Intellectual Property disputes in Russia.. 12 Arbitrability of IP disputes in Russia Arbitration in India Arbitrability of IP disputes in India Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 2

3 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ekaterina Konstantinovna Kupriyanova, 4 th Year student of Saratov State Law Academy, Russian Federation has successfully completed and submitted her report on Arbitration is a way of solving Intellectual Property disputes resolution in Russian Federation and India. This has been submitted in fulfilment of internship at the Centre for Intellectual Property Research and Advocacy (CIPRA) during the 2 months of November-December Signature of the Guide Prof. (Dr.) T. Ramakrishna MHRD Cgair Professor of IPR Mr. Satyadeep Singh Research Associate CIPRA Mr. Vivek Anand Sagar.B. Research Associate CIPRA Page 3

4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank Prof. (Dr.) T. Ramakrishna, MHRD Chair Professor of IPR, National Law School of India University, Bangalore, for giving me opportunity to do internship in CIPRA, be a part of amazing University, be participant of a Round Table on Emergining Trends in Privacy and Data Protection in India and be a student of course Changing Conceptions of Justice and Globalised Legal Order. Further, I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Satyadeep Kumar Singh, Research Associate, CIPRA, for a great guiding me through my project. Also, I acknowledge Mr. Vivek Anand Sagar B., Research associate, CIPRA, for his support throughout the internship and Mrs. Sdhna Kutty, office Assistant, CIPRA, for providing administrative co-opertaion. Ekaterina Konstantinovna Kupriyanova Saratov State Law Academy, Russian Federation Page 4

5 DECLARATION Certified that this research work is my original work and I have not borrowed any material from other s work nor have I presented this party or fully to any other institution/college/university. I have completed with all the formalities prescribed in this regard. Date: 20 th Dec, 2017 Place: Bengaluru E.K. Kupriyanova Page 5

6 "Differences we shall always have but we must settle them all, whether religious or other, by arbitration. Mahatma Gandi Introduction Nowadays Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is a strong developing area. Intellectual Property (IP) is playing important role in business and it is getting more recognition and value in modern world. In the cruel business area IPR violations always have been existing. Enormous amount of IPR disputes between parties have contractual nature, when one of parties do not fulfill the terms of the contract. So, one of the ways of IP disputes resolution is arbitration. Arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute 1. Interest of writing this report was called by existing of some differences in arbitration systems of Russian Federation and India. The aim of present report is to provide analyse of using arbitration as an IP disputes resolution in India and Russian Federation and highlight differences between two systems in such respect. For achieving previously mentioned aim necessary to carry out next tasks: to trace the historical development of arbitration in Russian Federation and India; to evaluate arbitration mechanism to solve IP disputes in Russian Federation and India and differences in two such systems: Historical review of development of arbitration in Russia and India Arbitration in Soviet Union since was existing as a system of government arbitration commissions which solving disputes between government agencies and companies. The highest commission for appellation was High arbitration commission. The 1 See, last accessed on 10 th Dec 2017, 14:30 pm Page 6

7 decisions of arbitration commissions had a power of court decisions and came into force according to the way which was clarified in decision 2. Until 1974, in the bodies of arbitration there was no system of subordination of subordinate bodies to superiors. This system of arbitration commissions had been existing till Since 1 of October, 1991 the arbitration system was abolished and replaced by system of arbitration courts. Developing of Indian arbitration system was going under influence of British regime. So, the first Indian Arbitration Act 1st July, 1899 was fundamentally based on British Arbitration Act, It is worth noting that unlike Russian arbitration, arbitration in India has evolved over the years as the ideal tool for resolution of disputes that saves the court's time and largely instrumental in assisting the parties to resort to quick remedial measures. Nowadays, the Indian law of arbitration is contained in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 (Act) 3. The Act is based on the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules Necessary to notice that between Indian system of arbitration which is playing role of alternative dispute resolution and Russian arbitration system there are sufficient distinctions. Nowadays, two types of arbitration are existing in Russia. First type is arbitration which represented by arbitration courts ( arbitrazh ). As mentioned previously, in Russia in 1991 there was created the system of arbitration courts. So these arbitration courts fall within the state judicial system and have little to do with arbitration. The second type is arbitration as an alternative way of solving disputes. It is regulated by The Law of the Russian Federation No dated 7 July 1993 on International Commercial Arbitration (the ICA Law) governs international arbitrations where the seat of arbitration is Russia and Federal Law No. 382-FZ dated 29 December 2015 on Arbitration (Arbitration Proceedings) in the Russian Federation (the DCA Law). The DCA Law applies to domestic arbitration with certain provisions applicable to international commercial arbitration with seat in Russia. As Indian arbitration law Russian law are largely a mirror image of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985) and place Russia on the map of the countries with modern arbitration legislation 4. 2 Article 12, Regulation on the procedure for resolving property disputes between public services and enterprises 21 September, 1922; 3 Full text of the Act can be viewed at: last accessed 10 th of Dec, :00 pm; Page 7

8 Despite the fact that arbitration and arbitrazh bear a phonetic resemble to each other, they are two separate and independent systems of dispute resolution. Sum up, this historical review can help to understand the difference in arbitration systems of India and Russian Federation. So in Russian Federation arbitration is represented by two types: government judicial system and alternative dispute resolution. In India arbitration is only alternative dispute resolution. Further would be considered issues regarding when IP disputes could be solved in arbitration and arbitrazh in Russian Federation and India and which categories of IP disputes possible to solve in arbitration and arbitrazh in Russia and in arbitration in India. Intellectual property disputes resolution in arbitrazh, Russian Federation Disputes related to the protection of intellectual property rights are rightly referred to as one of the most difficult civil cases to handle and there are some reasons for that. The cases related to the protection of intellectual property are specific; to ensure their correct and fair trial requires a set of special legal and technical knowledge, and this "causes the need for special legal preparation of judges". We should agree with the position of those judges who argue that "experience in solving such cases, thorough knowledge of the law in a certain area of law can be achieved only with the regular resolution of disputes of this category." 5 In other words, litigation in the field of IP is labour-intensive, requires a lot of time and special knowledge, therefore, to ensure a high professional level of solving intellectual property cases is necessary to have corresponding specialization of judges 6. According to these circumstances, in 2013, in the system of arbitration courts of Russian Federation was instituted a specialised Court for Intellectual property rights (the IPR Court). The IPR Court was established by the Federal constitutional law of 6 December 2011 N 4-FKZ that amended the Federal constitutional law On the Judicial System of the Russian 4 See, last accessed on 11 th Dec 2017, 15:30 PM; 5 Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1991, No. 25, art.703; 6 O.V. Dobrynin, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Article, The Court of Intellectual Rights as an effective mechanism aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the intellectual property protection system in Russia // "Journal of the Court of Intellectual Rights," No. 2, December 2013, p ; Page 8

9 Federation, and the Federal constitutional law On Arbitration Courts of the Russian Federation. The IPR Court shall be a specialised arbitration court considering, within the limits of its competence, cases concerning disputes connected with protection of intellectual rights in the capacity of the court of the first and cassational instances 7. The idea of setting up a specialised IPR court can be traced back to the Soviet Union times: the Law of the USSR of 31 May 1991, On Inventions in the USSR provided for the establishment of the Patent Court. Being introduced shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the idea of the Patent Court was not implemented in practice, nor was the draft law On Patent Court of the USSR ever adopted 8. The initiative of establishing in the system of arbitration courts of Russian Federation a specialised court the Patent Court was presented in 2008 by Anton Ivanov, head of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. (In 2013 Supreme Arbitration Court was abolished). Later on, the concept of the specialised court was broadened to encompass jurisdiction over the cases related to other categories of IPR as well. According to the Russian law, currently, cases related to the protection of IPRs can be considered and resolved by courts 9. In practice, courts of general jurisdiction hear cases on IP if one of the parties is a natural person; whereas arbitration ( arbitrazh ) courts adjudicate disputes between legal entities. IPR Court as a specialised court has jurisdiction to adjudicate cases related to protection of intellectual property rights as a court of first instance and cassation instance. Both categories of cases shall be heard by the Intellectual Property Court, irrespective of whether a party to a dispute is a natural person or a legal entity. As a court of first instance, the IPR Court has competence over the following exhaustive list of cases: 1. the case of challenging the normative legal acts of federal executive bodies in the field of patent rights and rights to selective achievements, the right to secrets of production (know-how), the right to means of individualization of legal 7 Article 26.1, FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW NO. 1-FKZ OF DECEMBER 31, 1996 ON THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (with the Amendments and Additions of December 15, 2001, July 4, 2003, April 5, 2005, November 9, December 27, 2009, December 6, 2011); 8 See, last accessed 14 th Dec, 2017, 10:38 am; 9 Article 1248 (1) of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation CC RF; Page 9

10 entities, goods, works, services and enterprises, the right to use the results of intellectual activity as part of a unified technology 10 ; 2. cases on challenging acts of federal executive bodies in the field of patent rights and rights to selective achievements, rights to the topology of integrated microcircuits, the right to secrets of production (know-how), the right to means of individualization of legal entities, goods, works, services and enterprises use of the results of intellectual activity as part of an unified technology, containing explanations of legislation and possessing regulatory features 11 ; 3. cases on disputes on the provision or termination of legal protection of the results of intellectual activity and the means of individualization of legal entites, goods, works, services and enterprises that are equivalent to them (with the exception of objects of copyright and related rights, topographies of integrated microcircuits) 12 ; 4. cases on challenging non-normative legal acts, decisions and actions (inaction) of the federal executive body on intellectual property, the federal executive authority on selective achievements and their officials, as well as bodies authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation to consider applications for the grant of a patent for secret inventions 13 ; 5. cases on challenging the decision of the federal antimonopoly authority on recognizing as unfair competition the actions connected with the acquisition of the exclusive right to the means of individualization of a legal entity, goods, works, services and enterprises 14 ; 6. cases on the establishment of the patent owner 15 ; 7. cases on the invalidation of a patent for an invention, utility model, industrial design or selection achievement, decisions on granting legal protection to a 10 Subsection 1, section 1, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On 11 Subsection 1.1, section 1, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On 12 Subsection 2, section 1, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On 13 Subsection 2, section 1, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On 14 Subsection 2, section 1, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On 15 Subsection 2, section 1, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On Page 10

11 trademark, appellation of origin and granting of an exclusive right to such a name, unless the federal law provides otherwise for their invalidation 16 ; 8. cases on early termination of the legal protection of the trademark as a result of its non-use 17. As a court of cassation instance, the IPR Court has jurisdiction over 1. cases decided by it at first 18 ; 2. cases regarding protection of IPRs decided by arbitration courts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation at first instance and arbitration appeal courts 19. Necessary to notice that questions regarding jurisdiction of other categories of cases in the area of IP were clarified in the judgement of Supreme Court of Russian Federation March 26, 2009 N 5/ Disputes about who is the author of the result of intellectual activity are subordinated to the courts of general jurisdiction as not related to the implementation of entrepreneurial and other economic activities 21. Jurisdiction of disputes on violations of intellectual property rights to the results of intellectual activity and equated to them means of individualization of legal persons, goods, works, services and enterprises, on the establishment of the patent holder, on the right of prior use and after-use, as well as disputes arising from agreements on the alienation of exclusive rights and licensing contracts, is determined on the basis of the subject composition of the parties to the dispute, if such a dispute is related to the implementation of entrepreneurial and other economic activities of the state Subsection 2, section 1, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On 17 Subsection 2, section 1, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On 18 Subsection 1, section 3, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On 19 Subsection 2, section 3, article 43.4 of the the Federal constitutional law of 28 April 1995 N 1-FKZ On 20 Judgment of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2009 N 5/29 "On certain issues that arose in connection with the introduction of part four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation"; 21 Article 1, Judgment of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2009 N 5/29 "On certain issues that arose in connection with the introduction of part four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation"; 22 Subsection3, Article 1, Judgment of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2009 N 5/29 "On certain issues that arose in connection with the introduction of part four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation"; Page 11

12 Summarizing foregoing, possible to say, that idea of creating in the system of arbitration courts of specialised court which would solve disputes in the area of IPR was really essential. As far as IPR cases are typically more complex than standard commercial disputes and their resolution generally requires not only legal but also specialist technical knowledge to ensure timely, accurate and consistent outcomes. A specialized IP Court dedicated to handling such cases also helps minimize judicial errors, lower litigation costs and boost business confidences. Arbitration as an alternative way of solving Intellectual Property disputes in Russia In this charter would be considered issues regarding arbitration in Russian Federation as an alternative way of solving IP disputes. As mentioned previously arbitrazh have little to do with arbitration. This system of arbitration represented in Russia by institutions and centres which specializing on IP disputes resolution as on domestic level and international as well. Among them, for example The International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation. Federation (the ICAC at the RF CCI). It is an independent permanent arbitration institution located in Moscow, Russia. The ICAC is the leading arbitration institution in Russia and in East European countries which deals with resolving IP disputes of international nature. It is the successor to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission (FTAC), legislatively created in Moreover, there is an Arbitration centre at the Institute of Modern Arbitration which located in Moscow and Vladivostok, Russia. This centre provides IPR disputes resolution by high-professional Russian and international lawyers. So, using arbitration as a way of intellectual property disputes resolution has several advantages: Confidentiality of proceedings; Possibility to nominate a specialist arbitrator; Possibility to choose the dispute resolution procedure; Certainty in jurisdictional issues (in case of correct wording of an arbitration clause; Enforceability of final awards on the basis of an international mechanism. Page 12

13 Arbitrability of IP disputes in Russia According to the Arbitration procedure code of Russian Federation, one of the tasks of preparing a case for hearing is a conciliation of the parties 23. In this circumstances, the parties have a right to use any conciliation procedures, including arbitration procedure, at any stage of the arbitration process and in the enforcement of the judicial act 24. If parties conclude an arbitration agreement about the transfer the dispute to an arbitration during the trial but before the adoption of the judicial act, which ends the consideration of the case on the merits, so arbitration court leave the lawsuit without consideration 25. In Russia, It is possible to use arbitration if the case is arbitrable and arbitration court do not determines that arbitration agreement between parties is invalid, expired or cannot be executed. Now necessary to consider questions regarding arbitrability of IP cases in Russia. In fact, Russian arbitration law does not contain detailed provisions about arbitrability or nonarbitrability of IP disputes. But through analysing law possible to distinguish which disputes are arbitrable and which are not. According to the Article 248 of Arbitration procedure Code of Russian Federation Russian state arbitration courts have exclusive jurisdiction in cases where foreign entities are involved if the dispute relates to: registration or issuance of patents; registration and issuance of certificates for trademarks, industrial designs, utility models; registration of other rights to intellectual property results that require the registration or issue of a patent or certificate in the Russian Federation. So, possible to conclude that this category of cases are not-arbitrable. Besides, IP disputes are non-arbitrable if a one party of the dispute is state authority (e.g. Rospatent) and if a dispute is connected with unfair competition in Intellectual property sphere. To the category of arbitrable intellectual property disputes would be related such of them where parties concluded arbitration agreement and where is no public interest. In other 23 Article 1, Judgmenet OF THE PLENUM OF THE SUPREME ARBITRATION COURT Russian Federation, Moscow, No. 50,18 July 2014 On the Conciliation of the Parties in the Arbitration Process; 24 Subsection 2, Article 138, subsection 1, Article 139, Arbitration Procedure Code of Russian Federation; 25 Subsection 6, Article 148, Arbitration Procedure Code of Russian Federation; Page 13

14 words, arbitrability of IP disputes would be if this disputes do not concerning rights exercisable against the world at large. Russian arbitration law provides definition of arbitration agreement. It is an agreement of the parties on the transfer to arbitration of all or certain disputes that have arisen or may arise between them in connection with any particular legal relationship, regardless of whether such a relationship was of a contractual nature or not 26. Thereby, for solving intellectual property dispute in arbitration in Russian Federation is compulsory existence of arbitration agreement between parties, whereas contractual nature of relationship does not play role. Russian arbitration law provides two ways of concluding arbitration agreement; in the form of an arbitration clause in the contract or in the form of a separate agreement. Moreover, arbitration agreement should be concluded in written form. So, for using arbitration as an IP disputes resolution is necessary existing of next conditions: firstly, between parties should be an arbitration agreement, secondly, the IP dispute should not have public interest and finally the IP dispute should not be under exclusive jurisdiction of the court. Arbitration in India Unlike Russian dual system of arbitration Indian arbitration represented only as an alternative way of intellectual property disputes resolution. As far as law of arbitration of India and Russia is based on the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration there should not be significant differences because international law provisions were implemented to the domestic law of both countries. Notwithstanding the foregoing, through analyse of arbitration law of India it was noticed some differences. As previously was mentioned, Russian arbitration law provides for parties of IP dispute opportunity to conclude arbitration agreement for transferring dispute to arbitration after filing case to the court on the different stage of procedure. Unlike Russian Law, Indian law does not allow to do such act. This issue was reflected in the judgement of the Supreme Court of India A. Ayyasamy vs A. Paramasivam & Ors on 4 26 Article 7, Federal Law No. 382-FZ of December 29, 2015 "On Arbitration (Arbitration Proceedings) in the Russian Federation"; Page 14

15 October, The Courts have held that certain kinds of disputes may not be capable of adjudication through the means of arbitration. The Courts have held that such categories of disputes like patent, trademarks and copyright cannot be referred to arbitration 27. Another difference regarding the procedure of challenging award. According to the provisions of Indian arbitration law the right to challenge an award is a statutory right and thus cannot be waived or taken away by an agreement between the parties. So, parties cannot exclude by agreement any right of appeal or other recourse that the law may provide. According to the Russian arbitration law, procedure of challenging award depends on parties wish. Federal Law on Arbitration (Arbitration Proceedings) in the Russian Federation provided opportunity for parties to include in arbitration agreement provision which says that the award is final for the parties. In this case, the final award is not subject to cancellation. Otherwise, if the arbitration agreement does not consist provision that the award is final, such award may be revoked on the basis established by the civil procedural law of the Russian Federation. Arbitrability of IP disputes in India As far as Indian law system is based on common law, for analysing issues regarding arbitrability of IP disputes in India there were considered several judgments. In Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc. v. SBI Home Finance Ltd. ( Booz Allen ) 28, the Supreme Court of India determined arbitrability under Indian law. It observed that disputes involving rights in rem (i.e. disputes concerning rights exercisable against the world at large) are not arbitrable, while disputes concerning rights in personam (i.e. rights exercisable against specific persons) are arbitrable. In Eros International Media Limited v. Telemax Links India Pvt. Ltd 29., the Bombay High Court considered the arbitrability of disputes involving Intellectual Property rights. The decision of Court was as Eros action concerned a specific particularized relief against a particular defined party, which would not give it any rights against the world at large, the Court found that Eros action was not in rem but in personam. On this basis, the Court concluded that the dispute between the Parties was arbitrable. 27 Supreme Court of India, A. Ayyasamy vs A. Paramasivam & Ors on 4 October, 2016; 28 Booz Allen & Hamilton Inc. v. SBI Home Finance Ltd. ( Booz Allen ) AIR; 29 Eros International Media Limited v. Telemax Links India Pvt. Ltd, AIR; Page 15

16 Unlike Russia, in India only in cases where issues related to IPR is incidental, however, the actual dispute is over the subject which is contractual in nature involving right in personam, may be a subject of arbitration. Conclusion Summing up, possible to say that the established tasks of present report were fulfilled. the aim of present report was achieved. By dint of researching arbitration law of Russian Federation and India It was provided analyse of functioning of arbitration as a way of solving IP disputes. The main difference in arbitration system of Russia and India that is Russian arbitration system represented by two types: arbitration courts and specialised IPR Court within judicial system and arbitration as an alternative way of solving IP disputes, whereas Indian arbitration works only as alternative way of IP disputes resolution and there is no specialised IPR court like in Russia. It was considered arbitrability of IP disputes and exclusive jurisdiction of arbitration courts and IPR Court. Moreover, it was noticed positive influence of IPR Court work on IP disputes resolution. Notwithstanding, the law of arbitration of India and Russian Federation is based UNCITRAL Model Law there were noticed difference in the procedure of challenging arbitration award. Also, through analysing several judgements of Supreme Court of India and High Bombay Court there were considered issues regarding arbitrability of IP disputes in India. On the whole, the aim of present report was achieved. Page 16

17 BIBLIOGRAPHY Russian Laws 1. Regulation on the procedure for resolving property disputes between public services and enterprises 21 September, 1922, USSR; 2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation CC RF, 1994; 3. The Law of the Russian Federation No dated 7 July 1993 on International Commercial Arbitration (the ICA Law); 4. Federal Сonstitutional Law No. 1-FKZ of April 28, 1995, on Arbitration Courts of the Russian Federation (as amended up to Federal Сonstitutional Law No. 4- FKZ of December 6, 2011); 5. Arbitration procedure Code of Russian Federation, 2002; 6. FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW NO. 1-FKZ OF DECEMBER 31, 1996 ON THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (with the Amendments and Additions of December 15, 2001, July 4, 2003, April 5, 2005, November 9, December 27, 2009, December 6, 2011; 7. Federal constitutional law of 6 December 2011 N 4-FKZ that amended the Federal constitutional law On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation ; 8. Federal Law No. 382-FZ dated 29 December 2015 on Arbitration (Arbitration Proceedings) in the Russian Federation (the DCA Law); Indian Laws 9. Indian Arbitration Act 1st July, 1899; 10. Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 (Act); International Laws 11. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 1985; 12. UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 1976; Articles 13. Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1991, No. 25, art.703; 14. O.V. Dobrynin, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Article, The Court of Intellectual Rights as an effective mechanism aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the intellectual property protection system in Russia // "Journal of the Court of Intellectual Rights," No. 2, December 2013, p Rahul Donde, Senior Associate, Lévy Kaufmann-Kohler and Sharad Bansal, LL.M. Candidate, Masters in International Dispute Settlement (MIDS), Geneva// Arbitrability of intellectual property disputes: setting the scene? // 28 July, 2016, youngicca-blog; Page 17

18 16. Mitali Yadav, Managing Partner, Alba Law Offices, a Delhi based law firm// Whether disputes relating to Trademark and Copyright Infringement are arbitrable, 25 th Jan, 2017 ; 17. Dhir & Dhir Associates// Evolution Of Arbitration In India // 21 st Oct, 2016; Internet resources last accessed on 10th Dec 2017, 14:30 pm; last accessed 10th of Dec, :00 pm; last accessed 14th Dec, 2017, 10:38 am; last accessed 15 th of Dec, :37 am. Page 18