Taking Photographs in public : What s Lawful and What s Not?

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2 Taking Photographs in public : What s Lawful and What s Not? "#$%&'())&%*+%,-+./)&0+01*%2&3/+)4+55/0(+6 Table Of Contents 78(965/.(:6;;+%#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<= 2D(C+B+015D(%(+C/5#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<? -/)9C+/;(%<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<F $+%5GH:&;(4(0(%+C$%/09/IC()<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<F J6;+0K/LD5)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<M A%/;/0+CC/+3/C/5#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<M $%/.+5(C(L+C%/LD5)NA&;;&0C+B+010&0O9%/;/0+CC(L/)C+5/.(C/+3/C/5#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<M P.(%C+I3(5B((09%/;/0+CC/+3/C/5#+01I%/.+5(C/+3/C/5#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GQ $+%5RO2+,/0L$D&5&L%+ID)/0$63C/9S$&5(05/+C9%/;/0+C&''(09()<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GQ G<2%()I+))5&E+01H)MTGUT(UOTLU"##$%&'())*+,*-'.,/'0122<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GQ R<@/)6+CC#9+I56%/0LL(0/5+C&%+0+C%(L/&0H)=G""##$%&'())*+,*-'.,/'0122<<<<<<<<<<<GR V<"(D+./0L/0+0&''(0)/.(&%/0)6C5/0L;+00(%H)G?TGU"##$%&'())*+,*-'.,/'0122<GR 2D(9+)(C+B<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GV >;IC/9+5/&0)'&%$63C/9$D&5&L%+ID#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<G= =<$%&169/0L9D/C1I&%0&L%+ID#H)W?A%/;()X95<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GY Y<:I(9/'/9E(L/)C+5/&0A&05%&CC/0L:I(9/'/9:/5()<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GY A&;;&0B(+C5DK()(%.()<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GY 1

3 @/95&%/+0$+%,)Z:5+5([&%()5)+01&5D(%C+01;+%,)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GW -('(09([&%9(:/5()<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GF E&9+CA&609/C%()5%/95/&0)&0$D&5&L%+ID#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GM $+%5VO$&))())/0L+01-/)5%/365/0L$D&5&L%+ID)S$&5(05/+C9%/;/0+C&''(09()<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GM G<P''(0)/.(Z/0)6C5/0LZ/01(9(053(D+./&6%<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<GM R<-/)5%/365/&0&'/;+L(&'L(0/5+C&%+0+C%(L/&0H)=GA"##$%&'())*+,*-'.,/'0122 T(89(I5/&0)H)=G-U<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RQ V<$&))())/&0&'9D/C1I&%0&L%+ID#+011/)5%/365/&0H)?Q3%4#*-'.,/'0156<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RQ =<AC+))/'/9+5/&0&';+5(%/+CH[(1(%+CC+B)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RQ $+%5=OA/./CE/+3/C/5#'&%2+,/0L$D&5&L%+ID)/0$63C/9<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RQ G<2%()I+))<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RQ R<\6/)+09(+01$%/.+9#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RG V<"%(+9D&'A&0'/1(09(<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RV -('(09(&'I63C/9/05(%()5<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<R= =<:(C'O%(L6C+5/&0&'/0.+)/&0&'I%/.+9#<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<R= Y<A&05%+95%/LD5)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<R= $+%5YHA/./CE/+3/C/5#'&%$&))())/0L+01-/)5%/365/0L$D&5&L%+ID)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RY G<*/)C(+1/0L+011(9(I5/.(9&01695<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RY R<A&I#%/LD5<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RW V<"%(+9D&'A&0'/1(09(<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RF =<2%()I+))<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RF Y<\6/)+09(<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RF W<A&05%+95<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RF $+%5WOK(;(1/()<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RM G<-+;+L()<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RM R<>0]6095/&0)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RM V<:(C'OJ(CI<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<RM $+%5?OJ#I&5D(5/9+C:9(0+%/&)<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VQ 2

4 :9(0+%/&GS<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VQ :9(0+%/&G+U<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VQ :9(0+%/&G3U<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VQ :9(0+%/&G9U<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VG :9(0+%/&G1U<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VG :9(0+%/&G(U<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VV :9(0+%/&G'U<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VV :9(0+%/&GLU<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VV :9(0+%/&GDU<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<V= :9(0+%/&RS<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<V= :9(0+%/&VS<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VY :9(0+%/&V+U<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VY :9(0+%/&V3U<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VW $+%5FO:(C(95(1^(3)/5()&'$&C/9/()ZA&05%+95)Z+0146/1(C/0()9&09(%0/0L$D&5&L%+ID# <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VW G<*6)(6;)+01E/3%+%/()S<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VW R<$63C/92%+0)I&%5S<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VW V<:I&%5)AC63)+01X))&9/+5/&0)S<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<V? =<E+B)+01K(L6C+5/&0)%(ID&5&L%+ID#/0A&;;&0B(+C5DK()(%.()S<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<V? Y<P5D(%%(C(.+05C(L/)C+5/&0S<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VF W<P5D(%S<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<VF 3

5 Taking Photographs in public : What s Lawful and What s Not? Executive Summary -/L/5+C5(9D0&C&L#0&B+1+#)(0+3C()+0#&0(5&9+I56%(Z%(I%&169(Z+011/)5%/365(/;+L() +0#BD(%(Z +0#5/;(Z +5 5D( I6)D &' &0< X) + %()6C5Z /0 %(9(05 5/;() 5D( 9&01695 &' ID&5&L%+ID(%)H3&5D+;+5(6%+01I%&'())/&0+CHD+)/09%(+)/0LC#9&;(601(%)9%65/0#Z+01 B+) 5D( )63](95 &' ;69D 9&05%&.(%)#< X5 5D( D(+%5 &'5 5D( I63C/9 1/)96))/&0 %(;+/0) 5D( _6()5/&0ST^D(0U/)5D(5+,/0L&'ID&5&L%+ID)`/0I63C/9aC+B'6Cb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c $&5(05/+C9%/;/0+C&''(09()+%/)/0L'%&;5D(5+,/0L&'ID&5&L%+ID)+%(S o 2%()I+))< :(95/&0 MTGUT(UOTLU "##$%&' ())*+,*-'.,/' 0122 T@/9UZ BD(%( + ID&5&L%+ID(% (05(%) &05& + I%/.+5( I%&I(%5# B/5D&65 C+B'6C (896)( &% I(%;/))/&0 &' 5D( C+B'6C &B0(% &996I/(% &% &996I/(%Z &% %(;+/0) &0 5D( I%&I(%5#+'5(%5D(I(%;/))/&05&(05(%D+)3((0%(1%+B0<2D/)+C)&+IIC/() 5&IC+9()5D+5+%(9C+))/'/(1+)+`I63C/9IC+9(a365+%(I%/.+5(C#&B0(1c o 9+I56%/0L L(0/5+C &% +0+C %(L/&0 &' +0&5D(% I(%)&0< :(95/&0 =G" "##$%&' ())*+,*-'.,/' 0122 T@/9UZ BD(%( 601(%5+,(0 /05(05/&0+CC# +01 /0 9/%96;)5+09()/0BD/9D/5B&6C13(%(+)&0+3C('&%5D(&5D(%I(%)&05D+5D/) &%D(%%(C(.+05%(L/&09&6C10&53(9+I56%(1Z(<L<d6I),/%5/0Lec "(D+./0L /0 +0 &''(0)/.( &% /0)6C5/0L ;+00(%< :(95/&0 G?TGU "##$%& ())*+,*-'.,/' 0122 T@/9UZ BD/9D +IIC/() BD(%( + I(%)&0 /0 &% 0(+% + I63C/9 IC+9(&%B/5D/0./(B&%D(+%/0L&'+0#I(%)&0&%I+))/0L5D(%(/0&%5D(%(&0 3(D+.() /0 + %/&5&6) /01(9(05 &''(0)/.( &% /0)6C5/0L ;+00(%< 2D/) &''(09( 4

6 ;+#+IIC#5&5D(5+,/0L&'+ID&5&L%+ID+)B(CC+)5&5D(1/)5%/365/&0&')69D +ID&5&L%+ID/'5D(;+00(%+019&05(85/0BD/9D5D(/;+L(/)1/)IC+#(1/) 9&0)/1(%(1&''(0)/.(&%/0)6C5/0Lc o o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o o o -/)5%/365/&0 &' /;+L() 5D+5./)6+CC# 9+I56%( 5D( L(0/5+C &% +0+C %(L/&0 &' +0&5D(%I(%)&0Z)=GA"##$%&'())*+,*-'.,/'0122T@/9Uc &' '(1(%+C 9C+))/'/9+5/&0 C(L/)C+5/&0 )69D +) 5D( 37$--4)4,$/48+' 9:";74,$/48+-<'=47#-'$+>'38#?"/*%'@$#*-A'.,/'0115TA5DU< R< A/./C C/+3/C/5# H 5D( 9&05%+.(05/&0 &' 5D( 9/./C %/LD5) &' +0&5D(% I(%)&0< :69D %/LD5) ;+# %()6C5 '%&; 9&;;&0 C+B &% 9&05%+956+C +L%((;(05)< f)6+cc# &0C# 5D( I(%)&0 B/5D5D(%(C(.+05C(L+C%/LD5);+#5+,(I%/.+5(C(L+C+95/&0Z)69D+)9&6%5+95/&0'&% %(;(1/()Z/09C61/0L/0]6095/&0)Z)I(9/'/9+95/&0)&%1+;+L()Z&%)(C'OD(CI< A/./CC/+3/C/5#'&%5+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)/0I63C/9;+#+%/)(&65&'5D('&CC&B/0LS o o o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c "%(+9D&'A&0'/1(09(<2D(9&05%+.(05/&0&'+C(L+C&3C/L+5/&00&55&1/.6CL( 9&0'/1(05/+C/0'&%;+5/&0BD(%(+%(+)&0+3C(I(%)&0B&6C1%(+C/)(5D+55D( /0'&%;+5/&0 /) &' 9&0'/1(05/+C 0+56%( +01 5D( I(%)&0 %(9(/./0L 5D( /0'&%;+5/&0 /) %(_6/%(1 5& ;+/05+/0 5D+5 9&0'/1(05/+C/5#< >0 %(C+5/&0 5& 5

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10 X)+L(0(%+C%6C(Z&6%C(L+C)#)5(;&I(%+5()&05D(3+)/)5D+5+0#+95/./5#/)I(%;/55(160C()) 5D(%( /) + C+B 5D+5 I%&D/3/5) &% %()5%/95) 5D+5 +95/./5#< :& 5D( )5+%5/0L I&/05 /) 5D+5 ID&5&L%+ID#/)C+B'6C60C())5D(%(/)+C(L+C/;I(1/;(055&5D(5+,/0LZI&))())/&0+01N&% 1/)5%/365/&0&'5D(ID&5&L%+ID)/0_6()5/&0<f0'&%560+5(C#Z5D(%(+%(_6/5(+'(B)69DC(L+C /;I(1/;(05)5&ID&5&L%+ID#<2D()&6%9()&'5D()(C(L+C/;I(1/;(05)+%(B/1(+01.+%/(1< :&5D(%(/)C/55C(9D&/9(3655&601(%) ,0&B+3&65+CC5D(1/''(%(053+)()6I&0BD/9D 5D(%(;+#3(+C(L+C&3](95/&05&)&;(I+%5/96C+%+95/./5#3#+ID&5&L%+ID(%< Human Rights >0+11/5/&05&5D(`0(L+5/.(a%/LD55&1&BD+5(.(%/)0&5)I(9/'/9+CC#I%&D/3/5(1Z5D(@/95&%/+0 AD+%5(%&'J6;+0K/LD5)I%&./1())&;(.(%#C/;/5(1I%&5(95/&0'&%ID&5&L%+ID#601(%5D( %/LD55&'%((1&;&'(8I%())/&0BD/9D/09C61()5D('%((1&;5&`/;I+%5/0'&%;+5/&0+01/1(+) &'+CC,/01Z3#B+#&'+%5&%/0+0&5D(%;(1/6;<a G 2D/)'%((1&;/))63](955&C+B)%(C+5/0L5& %()I(95/0L5D(%/LD5)+01%(I65+5/&0)&'&5D(%I(&IC(+015D(I%&5(95/&0&'0+5/&0+C)(96%/5#Z I63C/9&%1(%+01;&%+C/5#< R >0+0#(.(05Z5D(%/LD51&()0&5&.(%%/1(C(L/)C+5/&0+C5D&6LDC(L/)C+5/&0;+#3(/05(%I%(5(1 )&+)5&3(9&0)/)5(05B/5D5D(%/LD5/09/%96;)5+09()BD(%(5D(C(L/)C+5/&0/)+;3/L6&6)< V Criminal liability >0@/95&%/+Z9%/;/0+CC/+3/C/5#/)/;I&)(13#5D(9&;;&0C+BT]61L(;+1(C+BUZ+)+C5(%(13# C(L/)C+5/&0'%&;5/;(5&5/;(<E(L/)C+5/&0`5%6;I)a5D(9&;;&0C+B+01/59+09%(+5(0(B 9%/;/0+C&''(09()Z+3&C/)D&C1&''(09()&%+C5(%5D(1('/0/5/&0)&'.+%/&6) &''(09()+015D( 1('(09()5&5D(;< *&)5&'5D(9%/;/0+C&''(09()/0@/95&%/++%(%('(%%(15&/0)&;(B+#/05D(A%/;()X95&%5D( :6;;+%# P''(09() X95< = >5 /) 5D()( I/(9() &' C(L/)C+5/&0 5D+5 +%( ;&)5 C/,(C# 5& +IIC# 5& ID&5&L%+ID)5+,(0/0I63C/9+015D(/%)63)(_6(051/)5%/365/&0< Private legal rights/ Common law and non-criminal legislative liability >01/./16+C);+#D+.(C(L+C%/LD5)5D+55D(#9+0+))(%5+L+/0)5&5D(%/01/./16+C)<2D()(%/LD5) +%( %(9&L0/)(1 3# (/5D(% 5D( 9&;;&0 C+B &% %(C(.+05 C(L/)C+5/&0 5D+5 9&0'(%) %/LD5) &0 I+%5/96C+%/01/./16+C)5D+55D(#;+#5D(0+))(%53#B+#&'C(L+C+95/&0<2D(%/LD5)+%(I%/.+5( 1 Section 15(2) subs (d)- (e) Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic). 2 Section 15(3) Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic). 3 See ss1(2)b; 32(1) Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic): Statutory provisions must be interpreted in a way that is compatible with human rights so far as is possible to do so consistently with their purpose. 4 The Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) and Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic). 9

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12 P0(&'5D(9&0'6)/0L+)I(95)&'5D/)+%(+&'C+B5&;+0#I(&IC(/)5D(0+56%(&'+I63C/9 IC+9(+01+I%/.+5(IC+9(<2D('+95/)5D+5;+0#IC+9()D+.(3&5DI63C/9+01I%/.+5(+)I(95)< 2D(#+%(I63C/9/05D+5;(;3(%)&'5D(I63C/9+%(I(%;/55(15&(05(%365I%/.+5(/05D()(0)( 5D+55D(#+%((/5D(%I%/.+5(C#&B0(1&%&996I/(13#+0/01/./16+C&%+9&;I+0#<X0&3./&6) (8+;IC(/)+)D&II/0L9(05%(<2D(9(05%(/)+I63C/9IC+9(/05D+5Z+)+L(0(%+C%6C(Z;(;3(%) &'5D(I63C/9+%(&3./&6)C#B(C9&;(5&(05(%5D(9(05%(<X55D()+;(5/;(Z/5/)+I%/.+5(C# &B0(1I%&I(%5#+015D(&B0(%&996I/(%&%&996I/(%/)I(%'(95C#(05/5C(15&%('6)((05%#5& +0#&%+CCI(&IC(+5+0#5/;(+015&%(_6/%(+0#&%+CCI(&IC(5&C(+.(+5+0#5/;(< 2D(6I)D&5/)5D+55D(&B0(%&996I/(%&'5D(9(05%(Z&%5D&)(+95/0L&05D(/%3(D+C'Z9+05(CC #&65D+5#&69+00&55+,(ID&5&L%+ID)/05D(/%9(05%(<2D(#9+0%(_6/%(#&65&C(+.(/'#&6 /0)/)5 &0 1&/0L )&< 2D(# 9+0 +C)& IC+9( 9&01/5/&0) &0 #&6% &%/L/0+C (05%# /05& 5D(/% 9(05%( )69D +) I%&D/3/5/0L #&6 '%&; 5+,/0L ID&5&L%+ID) 3# IC+9/0L + I%&;/0(05 )/L0 6I 5& 5D+5 (''(95< >5/)+C)&I&))/3C(5&3(L6/C5#&'5%()I+))/0L/0+I63C/9IC+9(3#0&5C(+./0L)69D+IC+9(+'5(% 3(/0L 5&C15&1&)&3#5D(&B0(%&996I/(% &% + I(%)&0 +65D&%/h(1 3# &% &0 3(D+C' &' 5D( &B0(%&%&996I/(%<2D(:6;;+%#P''(09()X95)I(+,)&'5B&1/''(%(055#I()&'I63C/9IC+9(Z 0+;(C#Z+I63C/9IC+9(+01+:9D(16C(1I63C/9IC+9(< Y XL+/0Z5D(1/9D&5&;#/06)(&'5D(5(%;)`I63C/9a+01`I%/.+5(a/)I&5(05/+CC#9&0'6)/0L<*+0# &' 5D( IC+9() 1('/0(1 /0 5D( C(L/)C+5/&0 +) I63C/9 IC+9() W +%(Z /0 '+95Z I%/.+5(C# &B0(1 &% &996I/(1<[&%(8+;IC(ZC/9(0)(1I%(;/)()+019D6%9D()+019D6%9DD+CC)BD(%()(%./9()+%( 3(/0L9&01695(1+%(/09C61(1/05D(1('/0/5/&0&'+I63C/9IC+9(+)5&&+%(%+9(9&6%)()+01 9%/9,(5+01'&&53+CCL%&601)+01+0#%+/CB+#)5+5/&0&%IC+5'&%;<? X :9D(16C(1 I63C/9 IC+9( /) ;&%( (+)/C# 1('/0(1 F +01 /5 /) (+)/(% 5& I%&.( +0 &''(09( &' 5%()I+))/0)69D+IC+9(3(9+6)(Z3#5D(/%0+56%(Z5D(#+%(IC+9()BD(%(&0(B&6C1(8I(95 5D+5 &0C# + );+CC I(%9(05+L( &' 5D( I63C/9 B&6C1 D+.( L&&1 9+6)( 5& L&< 2D( :6;;+%# P''(09()X95D+)+:9D(16C(5&/5BD/9D1('/0()+:9D(16C(1I63C/9IC+9(<:69DIC+9()/09C61( )9D&&C)Z %()/1(05/+C +%(+) '&% 5D&)( B/5D 1/)+3/C/5/()Z ;(05+C D(+C5D /0)5/565/&0) +01 I63C/9 9(;(5(%/()< [&% 5D( I6%I&)() &' 5D( :6;;+%# P''(09() X95Z :9D(16C(1 I63C/9 IC+9() +%( 5%(+5(15D()+;(+)I%/.+5(IC+9()< 2D((01%()6C5/)5D/)<>'5D(IC+9(/)+I%/.+5(IC+9(Z#&69+03(I%(.(05(1'%&;(05(%/0L'&% 5D(I6%I&)(&'5+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)<7.(0/'#&6+%(+CC&B(15&(05(%Z#&6;+#3(%(_6/%(15& C(+.(+5+0#5/;(<2D()+;(+IIC/()5&:9D(16C(1I63C/9IC+9()<>'5D(IC+9(/)+I63C/9IC+9(Z +) 1('/0(1 /0 5D( :6;;+%# P''(09() X95Z #&6 ;+# )5/CC 3( %(_6/%(1 5& C(+.( 5D( IC+9( /0 _6()5/&0<2D(%(+C/))6(B/CC3(BD&D+)5D(I&B(%5&%(_6()5#&65&C(+.(+015D+5/)6)6+CC# 5D( &996I/(%Z 5D( I(%)&0 &% &%L+0/)+5/&0 /0 9D+%L( &' 5D( +%(+ /0 _6()5/&0Z &% )&;(&0( +65D&%/)(13#5D(;<[&%(8+;IC(Z+C&9+C9&609/C;+#L/.(9&05%&C&.(%+3(+9D5&+)6%'C/'( )+./0L+))&9/+5/&0'&%+1+#&%I+%5&'+1+#Z5D6)(05/5C/0L5D(+))&9/+5/&05&(89C61(I(&IC( '%&;5D(+%(+'&%5D+5I(%/&1&'5/;(< 5 See s9 subs (d)-(g) Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic). 6 See definitions in s3 public place Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic). 7 Ibid. 8 see Schedule 1 Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic). 11

13 2. Visually capturing genital or anal region s41b Summary Offences Act 1966 >5 /) +0 &''(09( 5& /05(05/&0+CC#./)6+CC# 9+I56%( +0&5D(% I(%)&0a) L(0/5+C &% +0+C %(L/&0 /0 9/%96;)5+09()/0BD/9D/5B&6C13(%(+)&0+3C('&%5D+5&5D(%I(%)&05&(8I(955D+5D/)&%D(% L(0/5+C&%+0+C%(L/&09&6C10&53(./)6+CC#9+I56%(1< M 2D(&''(09(%(C+5()5&3+%(L(0/5+C&% +0+C%(L/&0)&%5D&)(9&.(%(13#601(%B(+%< GQ 2D(&''(09(/)/05(01(15&I%(.(05+95/./5/())69D+)ID&5&L%+ID/0LI(&IC(/0I63C/91%())/0L %&&;)/0)5+5()&'601%())<>5B+)/05%&169(1+)I+%5&'5D(:6;;+%#P''(09()X;(01;(05 TfI),/%5/0LUX95RQQ?Z+01I+%5/96C+%C#1()/L0(15&&65C+B5D(I%+95/9(&'`6I),/%5/0LaZ GG /<(< 5D(9&.(%55+,/0L&'ID&5&L%+ID)601(%0(+5D9C&5D/0L< 3. Behaving in an offensive or insulting manner s17(1) Summary Offences Act 1966 X0&''(09(5D+5D+)%(L6C+%C#3((0%(C/(16I&05&I%&D/3/5ID&5&L%+ID#/0I63C/9/)5D+5&' 3(D+./0L/0+0&''(0)/.(;+00(%<`X0#I(%)&0BD&/0&%0(+%+I63C/9IC+9(&%B/5D/05D(./(B &% D(+%/0L &' +0# I(%)&0 3(/0L &% I+))/0L 5D(%(/0 &% 5D(%(&0 3(D+.() /0 + %/&5&6) /01(9(05 &''(0)/.( &% /0)6C5/0L ;+00(%a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ee s41(b) Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic). 10 See s40 Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic). 11 See Clauses 1 and 3 of the Summary Offences Amendment (Upskirting) Bill 2007 Explanatory Memorandum, available at 12 In one case, a professional photographer was questioned by police for attempting to take photographs of sleeping backpackers at Bondi in 2006, see Dupain beach snaps draw police attention at ; in 2004 a man was arrested, charged with offensive behaviour, and fined for using his mobile phone to photograph topless female beachgoers at Coogee beach, see Fine for topless phone photos in The Age on 1 December 2004, available at for an overview of incidents involving photography on public beaches see Caslon Analytics note, unauthorised photos, available at 13 See eg Crime and Justice Statitstics Queensland at In , 823 people were charged with abusive or obsence or insulting language and 824 people were charged with indecent or offensive behaviour 12

14 1(9/)/&0<*&)5&'5D(9+)()%(C+5/0L5&5D/)&''(09(/0.&C.(/0)6C5/0LZ&''(0)/.(&%&3)9(0( C+0L6+L( %+5D(% 5D+0 &5D(% 3(D+./&6% )69D +) 5+,/0L ID&5&L%+ID) /0 I63C/9 IC+9()< >0 +11/5/&0Z5D(3(D+./&6%/)&'5(01/%(95(1+5I&C/9(&''/9(%)BD(%(+)ID&5&L%+ID#/0I63C/9/) %+%(C# )& 1/%(95(1< A&0)(_6(05C#Z B( 0((1 5& +55(;I5 5& I%(1/95 5D( +IIC/9+5/&0 &' 5D( %(C(.+05I%/09/IC()5&ID&5&L%+ID#/0I63C/9< The case law 2D( J/LD A&6%5 1(9/)/&0 &' A&C(;+0. $&B(% G= B+) + 9&05(05/&6) 9+)(< >5 /0.&C.(1 5D( 1/)5%/365/&0 &' I+;IDC(5) /0 + I63C/9 IC+9( /0 2&B0)./CC(Z 5D( C&9+C ;+CC< 2D( I+;IDC(5) +996)(1 0+;(1 I&C/9( &''/9(%) &'.+%/&6) '&%;) &' ;/)9&01695Z /09C61/0L 9&%%6I5/&0< A&C(;+0 B+) 9D+%L(1 B/5D +0 &''(09( BD/9D I%&D/3/5(1 `6)/0L /0)6C5/0L B&%1) 5& +0# I(%)&0a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i/%3#Z46;;&B+01J+#0(ggU<2D&)(]61L()5&&,5D(./(B5D+55D( &''(09(&0C#+%&)(/'5D((''(95&'5D(B&%1)B+)C/,(C#5&I%&.&,(./&C(09(< GY 2D%((]61L() 5&&,+B/1(./(BT*9J6LDZA+CC/0+0+01J(#1&0ggUB/5D/53(/0L)6''/9/(055D+55D(#B(%( 6)(1/0+I63C/9IC+9(+01B(%(9+C96C+5(15&D6%55D('((C/0L)&'+I(%)&0+011/1+''(955D( '((C/0L)&'5D+5I(%)&0< GW 2D((''(95B+)5D+55D()B/0L/0L.&5(&05D(/))6(B+)5D+5&'5D( AD/(' g6)5/9( 4C(()&0 BD& 5&&, +0 +II%&+9D )&;(BD(%( 3(5B((0 5D( %()5%/95/.( /05(%I%(5+5/&0+015D(B/1(/05(%I%(5+5/&0< J(;+1(5D('&CC&B/0L&3)(%.+5/&0)S GR< A&09(I5)&'BD+5/)1/)&%1(%C#Z&%/01(9(05Z&%&''(0)/.(Z.+%#B/5D5/;(+01IC+9(Z +01;+#3(+''(95(13#5D(9/%96;)5+09()/0BD/9D5D(%(C(.+059&01695&996%)<2D( )+;(/)5%6(&'/0)6C5/0L3(D+./&6%&%)I((9D<>05D(9&05(85&'C(L/)C+5/&0/;I&)/0L 9%/;/0+C)+095/&0)'&%3%(+9D()&'I63C/9&%1(%ZBD/9DI&5(05/+CC#/;I+/%)'%((1&;&' )I((9D +01 (8I%())/&0Z /5 B&6C1 3( B%&0L 5& +55%/365( 5& $+%C/+;(05 +0 /05(05/&0 5D+5 +0# B&%1) &% 9& D+5 9&6C1 B&601 + I(%)&0k) '((C/0L) )D&6C1 /0.&C.( + 9%/;/0+C&''(09(<X55D()+;(5/;(Z5&%(56%05&+0(8+;IC(L/.(0(+%C/(%Z+L%&6I&' 5D6L)BD&Z/0+I63C/9IC+9(Z5D%(+5(0Z+36)(&%/0)6C5+B(+,+01.6C0(%+3C(I(%)&0 ;+#3(60C/,(C#5&I%&.&,(+0#%(5+C/+5/&0Z3655D(/%9&01695Z0(.(%5D(C())Z;+#3( &'+,/015D+5$+%C/+;(05/05(01(15&I%&D/3/5< 14 Patrick John Coleman v Brendan Jason Power & Ors [2004] HCA 39; 220 CLR 1; 209 ALR 182; 78 ALJR 1166 (1 September 2004). 15 Ibid. at par 200 (Gummow and Hayne JJ); par 256 (Kirby J). 16 Ibid. at par 64 (McHugh J); par 302 (Callinan J); par 323 (Heydon J). 13

15 GV< 2D(%( /) + )/;/C+% I%&3C(; /0 +IIC#/0L 5D( 9&09(I5 &' &''(0)/.( 3(D+./&6%Z BD/9D &'5(0+%/)()/0%(C+5/&05&9& (%5+,(0/05D((8(%9/)(&'I&C/5/9+C(8I%())/& /&0<>0F$77'G'H,I+/&%*lG=mZi(%%g9&0)/1(%(15D(9&01695&'+)561(05BD& 1(;&0)5%+5(1 +L+/0)5 ^+% 3# D+0L/0L + IC+9+%1 &0 + )5+56( /0 A+03(%%+<J(1(9/1(15D+55D(3(D+./&6%B+)0&5&''(0)/.(B/5D/05D(;(+0/0L&' 5D(:874,*'())*+,*-'(%>4+$+,* GMVQOGMWGTXA2U(.(05D&6LD)&;(I(&IC(;+#3( &''(01(13#/5<J()+/1lGYmS n2d(b&%1k&''(0)/.(k/0l5d(p%1/0+09(m/)5&3('&601b/5d5d(b&%1)k5d%(+5(0/0lz +36)/.(+01/0)6C5/0LkZ+CCB&%1)BD/9DZ/0%(C+5/&05&3(D+./&6%Z9+%%#B/5D5D(;5D( /1(+&'3(D+./&6%C/,(C#5&+%&6)()/L0/'/9+05(;&5/&0+C%(+95/&0<n J( )+/1 5D+5 BD+5 B+) /0.&C.(1 D+1 5& 3( 3(D+./&6% 5D+5 B&6C1 I%&169(Z /0 5D( %(+)&0+3C( I(%)&0Z +0 (;&5/&0+C %(+95/&0 T)69D +) +0L(%Z %()(05;(05Z 1/)L6)5 &% &65%+L(U3(#&01+%(+95/&05D+5B+)0&;&%(5D+05D(9&0)(_6(09(&'+1/''(%(09( &'&I/0/&0&0+I&C/5/9+C/))6(< G? 2D(./(B) &' 5D( AD/(' g6)5/9( /0 A&C(;+0. $&B(% B(%( 9&0)/1(%(1 3# J+%I(% g /0 GF J(9&09C61(15D+55D(1('/0/5/&0 &'/0)6C5/0L3(D+./&6%+1&I5(13#5D(AD/('g6)5/9(B+)`BD(5D(%5D(/;I6L0(13(D+./&6%/) )&1((IC#&%)(%/&6)C#/0)6C5/0LZ+015D(%('&%()&'+%9&05%+%#5&9&05(;I&%+%#)5+01+%1)&' I63C/9L&&1&%1(%Z+)5&B+%%+055D(/05(%'(%(09(&'5D(9%/;/0+CC+Ba< GM Implications for Public Photography :&BD+51&()+CC&'5D(+3&.(;(+0+)5&BD(05+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)/0I63C/9B/CC9&0)5/565( 3(D+./0L/0+0&''(0)/.(;+00(%bX'(BI&/05)9+03(;+1(S G< :&;(&0(B/CCD+.(5&3(&''(01(1&%5D(I&C/9(B/CCD+.(5&'&%;5D(./(B5D+55D(# &%&5D(%)D+.(3((0&''(01(1< R< 7.(0/'I+%5/96C+%/01/./16+C)+%(&''(01(1Z5D/)1&()0&5;(+05D+55D(3(D+./&6%/) &''(0)/.(< 2D( 5()5 /) BD(5D(% + `%(+)&0+3C( I(%)&0a B&6C1 3( &''(01(1 +01 (.(0 5D(05D(1(L%((&'&''(09(;6)53()&L%(+55D+55D(9&01695/)5&3(9&0)/1(%(1 9&05%+%# 5& 9&05(;I&%+%# I63C/9 )5+01+%1) 5& )69D + 1(L%(( +) 5& B+%%+05 5D( /05(%'(%(09(&'5D(9%/;/0+CC+B< V< 2D(5&5+C/5#&'5D(3(D+./&6%B/CCD+.(5&3(9&0)/1(%(1<:&5D(/))6(B/CC 56%0&0 BD+5 ID&5&) B(%( 5+,(0 &' BD&; +01 /0 BD+5 9/%96;)5+09()< [&% (8+;IC(Z + I+0&%+;/9)D&55+,(0&0+3(+9D5D+55+,()/0+06;3(%&')603+5D(%)/)C())C/,(C# 5&3(&''(0)/.(5D+0&0(/0.&C./0L+ID&5&L%+ID(%B+C,/0L6I.(%#9C&)(5&+3(+9D L&(% +01 h&&;/0l /0 &0 5D(/% C('5 3655&9,Z (.(0 /' /5 /) 9&.(%(1 3# + )B/;;/0L 9&)56;(<P5D(%'+95&%)5D+5;/LD53(%(C(.+05B&6C13(5D(9&6%)(+0116%+5/&0&' 9&01695Z)69D+)B+C,/0L1&B0+9%&B1(13(+9D+015+,/0L9C&)(6IID&5&)&'(.(%# )/0LC( I(%)&0 &% (.(%# I(%)&0 BD& '+CC) /05& + I+%5/96C+% 9+5(L&%#Z 5D( ;+00(% /0 17 Ibid. at paras (Gleeson CJ). 18 Ferguson v Walkley & Anor (2008) VSC 7 (31 January 2008). 19 Ibid. at par

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`&''(0)/.(a /) )&;(BD+5.+L6(< >' 5D( 3(D+./&6% /) 9&05%+%# 5& 9&05(;I&%+%# )5+01+%1) &' I63C/9 L&&1 &%1(%Z /5 /) &''(0)/.(Z 365 9&05(;I&%+%# )5+01+%1) 9D+0L( '%&; 5/;( 5& 5/;(< 2D( ;&%( +95/&0 /) 5+,(0 5& I%(.(05 ID&5&L%+ID#/0+I63C/9IC+9(+015D+5+95/&0/)+99(I5(1Z5D(;&%(C/,(C#/5/)5D+5 5D(ID&5&L%+ID#B/CC3(%(L+%1(1+)&''(0)/.(3(D+./&6%&05D(L%&601)5D+5/5/) 0&B+99(I5(15D+5ID&5&L%+ID#)D&6C13(%()5%/95(1< P0+1+#5&1+#3+)/)Z5D(/))6(B/CC3(1%/.(03#5D(&I/0/&0)&'5D&)(BD&+%(5+,/0L+95/&0< 2D()(;+#/09C61(I&C/9(ZC/'()+.(%)BD&Z+C5D&6LDD+./0L0&I+%5/96C+%I&B(%)Z;+#%(I&%5 5D(;+55(%5&I&C/9(+01/01/./16+C9/5/h(0)BD&&3](955&I+%5/96C+%+95/./5#+01BD&%(I&%5 /55&5D(I&C/9(<>5/)9&;;&0I%+95/9(&0X6)5%+C/+03(+9D()'&%ID&5&L%+ID(%)5&3(5&C1 5D+5 5D(# 9+00&5 5+,( I/956%() &0 5D( 3(+9DZ I+%5/96C+%C# /' 5D( ID&5&L%+ID# /) 9C(+%C# 1/%(95(1 +5 I+%5/96C+% /01/./16+C)< J&B(.(%Z /0 +5 C(+)5 &0( /0)5+09( BD(%( + I(%)&0 B+) 9D+%L(1B/5D)6%%(I5/5/&6)C#5+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)&'5&IC())B&;(0B/5DD/);&3/C(ID&0(Z 5D(9D+%L()B(%()63)(_6(05C#1%&II(1< RQ 4. Producing child pornography s67 Crimes Act 2D( A%/;() X95 ;+,() /5 +0 &''(09( 5& ;+,( &% I%&169( 9D/C1 I&%0&L%+ID#< RG AD/C1 I&%0&L%+ID#/09C61()+ID&5&L%+ID5D+51()9%/3()&%1(I/95)+I(%)&0BD&/)&%+II(+%)5& 3(+;/0&%(0L+L/0L/0)(86+C+95/./5#&%1(I/95(1/0+0/01(9(05)(86+C;+00(%&%9&05(85< RR 5. Specific Legislation Controlling Specific Sites $D&5&L%+ID#/0)I(9/'/9L(&L%+ID/9IC+9();+#3(%(L6C+5(13#)I(9/'/9C(L/)C+5/&0L&.(%0/0L 5D&)(IC+9()< Commonwealth Reserves [&%(8+;IC(Z5D(A&;;&0B(+C5DL&.(%0;(059&05%&C))&;('&%;)&'ID&5&L%+ID#&0 A&;;&0B(+C5D%()(%.())69D+)fC6%6\+5/&0+C$+%,+01i+,+16./+C(L/)C+5/&01()/L0(15& I%&5(955D((0./%&0;(05Z0+;(C#5D(70./%&0;(05$%&5(95/&0+01"/&1/.(%)/5#A&0)(%.+5/&0 20 In April 2005, two university students were charged with offensive behaviour after they were caught using their mobile phone cameras to take photographs of topless beachgoers at Coogee beach, but charges were formally dismissed, see Charges dropped against camera phone duo in the Sydney Morning Herald on 5 April 2005, available at 21 See s68 Crimes Act 1958 (Vic). 22 See definition in s67a Crimes Act 1958 (Vic). 15

17 X95GMMMTA5DU< RV 2D(%(L6C+5/&0);+1(I6%)6+055&5D+5C(L/)C+5/&0I(%;/55D(%()5%/95/&0&' ID&5&L%+ID#+01'/C;/0L< R= >0I%+95/9(Z9&;;(%9/+CID&5&L%+ID#&%'/C;/0L%(_6/%()+I(%;/5 +01Z/05D(+3)(09(&')69D+I(%;/5Z5D(ID&5&L%+ID#/)/CC(L+C< RY 2D(I(%;/5/;I&)().+%/&6)9&01/5/&0)&05D(9&;;(%9/+CID&5&L%+ID(%<[+/C6%(5&&35+/0+I(%;/5;+#%()6C5/0 '&%'(/56%(&'+CC/;+L()+011(./9()6)(15&9+I56%(5D(/;+L()< 2D('&%;'&%+019&01/5/&0)&'5D(I(%;/59+03(&35+/0(1'%&; Victorian Parks, State Forests and other landmarks +01 :5+5( [&%()5) ;+# 3( )63](95 5& %()5%/95/&0) +01 %(_6/%( + I(%;/5 '%&; 5D( %(C(.+05 ;+0+L/0L3&1#< [&% (8+;IC(Z +CC +%(+) %()(%.(1 601(% 5D( J$/48+$7' :$%K-'.,/' 01C5 T@/9U +%( ;+0+L(1 3# $+%,)@/95&%/+<2D()(/09C61(\+5/&0+C$+%,)Z:5+5($+%,)Z+01^/C1(%0())$+%,)+01o&0()Z )69D +) 5D( 4%+;I/+0) \+5/&0+C $+%,Z $&%5 A+;I3(CC \+5/&0+C $+%,Z *&%0/0L5&0 $(0/0)6C+ \+5/&0+C$+%,Z+01^/C)&0$%&;&05&%#\+5/&0+C$+%,Z*+%/0($+%,+01*+%/0(K()(%.(< RW >0 +11/5/&0 5& 5D()(Z +C)& ;+0+L() + C+%L( 06;3(% &' ;(5%&I&C/5+0 I+%,)Z /09C61/0LXC3(%5$+%,Z:5i/C1+$/(%+015D(j+%%+"(01$+%,< R? $+%,)@/95&%/+1&()0&53+0 ID&5&L%+ID#< RF J&B(.(%Z/5D+)1(.(C&I(1L6/1(C/0()'&%'/C;/0L+01ID&5&L%+ID#BD/9D+%( 5D( '&601+5/&0 &0 BD/9D ;+0+L() ID&5&L%+ID# /0 /5) $+%,)< RM $%&'())/&0+C ID&5&L%+ID# %(_6/%() + I(%;/5 )63](95 5& + 06;3(% &' 9&01/5/&0)< VQ >01/./16+C +;+5(6% ID&5&L%+ID(%)5+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)'&%I(%)&0+C/05(%()51&0&50((1+I(%;/5<$D&5&L%+ID# '&%0(B)+0196%%(05+''+/%)I6%I&)()+)B(CC+));+CC)9+C((1/5&%/+CID&5&L%+ID#'&%3&&,)Z 23 Section 354(1) sub (f) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) penalises actions for commercial purposes in a Commonwealth reserve, unless the actions are in accordance with the management plan in operation for the relevant reserve. This section applies to commercial photography. 24 Under reg subregs (1) and (3) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000, the capturing of images in or of a Commonwealth reserve is subject to the prohibition or restriction of its Director. Reg Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 also penalises the use of a captured image of a Commonwealth reserve to derive commercial gain, including an image that was not captured for commercial purposes. 25 Under policy of the Kakadu National Park Management Plan , commercial photography in the Park may be carried out in accordance with a permit issued by its Director. For the Uluru Commonwealth reserve, see policy Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park Management Plan For a complete list, see Schedules 2 to 4 National Parks Act 1975 (Vic). 27 See for detailed listing of parks. 28 There is no mention of filming or photography in the National Parks Act 1975 (Vic), nor in the associated National Parks (Park) Regulations For example, policy of the Port Campbell National Park and Bay of Islands Coastal Park Management Plan expressly formulates the aim to continue to permit commercial photography in accordance with Parks Victoria guidelines; Parks Victoria s Guidelines for Filming and Photography are available at 30 See Filming and Photography in parks and other areas managed by Parks Victoria information sheet, available at 16

18 ;+L+h/0() +01 0(B)I+I(%) 9+0 3( 601(%5+,(0 B/5D&65 + I(%;/5Z 5&&< VG ^(11/0L ID&5&L%+ID#/)+C)&(8(;I5L/.(05D+5+I(%;/5+013&&,/0LD+13((0/))6(1'&%5D(+956+C B(11/0L (.(05< ^D(%( ID&5&L%+ID) +%( 5+,(0 /0 +0 +%(+ 5D+5 D+) 96C56%+C +01 )I/%/56+C )/L0/'/9+09('&%/01/L(0&6)I(&IC(Z+0+11/5/&0+CI(%;/5D+)5&3()&6LD5'%&;5D(%(C(.+05 /01/L(0&6)9&;;60/5#< >5)D&6C13(0&5(15D+5(.(05D&6LD5D(5+,/0L&'ID&5&L%+ID)+))69D;+#0&53()63](955& +I(%;/5Z5D(ID&5&L%+ID(%a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pQWMF<I1'< :5+5( [&%()5)Z BD/9D +%( ;+0+L(1 3# 5D( -(I+%5;(05 &' :6)5+/0+3/C/5# /%&0;(05Z9(%5+/0C/;/5+5/&0)+IIC#5&9&;;(%9/+CID&5&L%+ID#Z5&&<>0`'&%()5I+%,)a+01 `'&%()5 %()(%.()a 5D( 5+,/0L &' ID&5&L%+ID) '&% I%&'/5 9&0)5/565() +0 &''(09(Z 60C()) 5D( ID&5&L%+ID(% D+) &35+/0(1 + I(%;/5 '%&; 5D( -(I+%5;(05 &' :6)5+/0+3/C/5# /%&0;(05< VY `[&%()5I+%,)a+%(5D(P5B+#[&%()5$+%,+015D(A&3&3&&0(([&%()5$+%,< VW `[&%()5 %()(%.()a +%( 5D( -(C+5/5( X%; K()(%.(Z *6%%/01/01/ :9(0/9 K()(%.(Z :#C./+ [+CC) :9(0/9 K()(%.(Z :5(+.(0)&0 [+CC) :9(0/9 K()(%.(Z j&6 j+0l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small scale being defined as a maximum of one photographer and one assistant with low level equipment whichever fits in one backpack, or a tripod no props or talent. 32 See reg 8 subreg (3) National Parks (Park) Regulations See reg 9 National Parks (Park) Regulations For a quick overview see Parks Victoria s Guidelines for Filming and Photography, available at 35 See reg 23 subreg (2) in conjunction with reg 23 subreg (6) Forests (Recreation) Regulations see Part 7 of Schedule 5 of the Crown Land (Reserves) Act 1978 (Vic) which is referenced in the definition of forest parks in reg 5 Forests (Recreation) Regulations See definitions in reg 5 Forests (Recreation) Regulations See reg 20 subreg (b) Royal Botanical Garden Regulations

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a%( )&C(C#&%I%/09/I+CC#%(C+5/0L5&5D(:D%/0(< =Q X0 +IIC/9+5/&0 '&%; '&% + ID&5&L%+ID# I(%;/ ( 1&B0C&+1(1 +5 D55ISNNBBB<)D%/0(<&%L<+6N9&05(05<+)Ib1&96;(05p/1qM?? [(1(%+5/&0 :_6+%( /0 *(C3&6%0( /) +0 (8+;IC( &' + I%/.+5(C# &B0(1 `I63C/9 )I+9(a +) 1/)96))(1+3&.(/0%(C+5/&05&5%()I+))<>5/)&B0(1+01&I(%+5(13#[(1:_6+%($5#E51Z+01 +CC9&;;(%9/+CID&5&L%+ID#&05D(I%(;/)()%(_6/%()+I(%;/5< =G Defence Force Sites $D&5&L%+ID/0L+0X6)5%+C/+0-('(09(>0)5+CC+5/&0B/5D&65C+B'6C+65D&%/5#5&1&)&/)+0 &''(09(601(%)(95/&0FRTGU&'5D(-('(09(X95GMQVTA5DU<2D(ID&5&L%+ID)+01+II+%+56) 6)(15&9+I56%(5D(ID&5&L%+ID)+%('&%'(/5(1< :(95/&0FRTGU&'5D(N*)*+,*'.,/'01OPTA5DUI%&./1()5D+5/' T+U+I(%)&0;+,()+),(59DZ1%+B/0LZID&5&L%+IDZI/956%(&%I+/05/0L&'+0#1('(09( /0)5+CC+5/&0/0X6)5%+C/+&%&'+0#I+%5&'&0(c+01 T3U5D(I(%)&0D+)0&C+B'6C+65D&%/5#5&1&)&c5D(0S T9U5D(I(%)&0/)L6/C5#&'+0&''(09(c+01 T1U+CC),(59D()Z1%+B/0L)ZID&5&L%+ID)ZI/956%()Z+01I+/05/0L)Z+01+CC5&&C)+01+CC ;+5(%/+C)&%+II+%+56)'&%),(59D/0LZ1%+B/0LZID&5&L%+ID/0L&%I+/05/0L'&601/0D/)&%D(% I&))())/&0+%('&%'(/5(1+01;+#3(1()5%&#(1Z)&C1Z&%&5D(%B/)(1/)I&)(1&'Z+)5D( 4&.(%0&%O4(0(%+C1/%(95)< :(/h6%(;+#5+,(ic+9(b/5d&65+b+%%+05< 39 See s5(2) sub (b) Shrine of Remembrance Act 1978 (Vic). 40 See s5(2) sub (c) Shrine of Remembrance Act 1978 (Vic). 41 The permit is required to ensure that Federation Square s safety requirements are fulfilled by the photographer, see 18

20 Local Council restrictions on Photography *+0#C&9+C9&609/C)0&B+1+#)D+.(I&C/9/()/0IC+9(BD/9D/;I&)(%()5%/95/&0)&0 ID&5&L%+ID#<2D()(+%(;+/0C#+/;(1+59&;;(%9/+CID&5&L%+ID#+016)6+CC#%(_6/%(5D+5+ I(%;/53(&35+/0(1)63](955&)(.(%+C9&01/5/&0)Z)69D+)5D(+9_6/)/5/&0&')6''/9/(05I63C/9 C/+3/C/5#/0)6%+09(Z+01I+#;(05&''(()< =R :69DI&C/9/()+%(;+1(/0+99&%1+09(B/5DC&9+C L&.(%0;(05C+B< =V [+/C6%(5&&35+/0)69DI(%;/5Z&%'+/C6%(5&9&;IC#B/5D+0#9&01/5/&0)&' 5D(I(%;/5B/CC%()6C5/0+0&''(09(< == E&9+C9&609/C)D+.(+65D&%/5#5&I+)))69DC&9+CC+B) d;+,(c&9+cc+b)'&%&%b/5d%()i(955&+0#+95z;+55(%&%5d/0l/0%()i(95&'bd/9d5d( A&609/CD+)+'6095/&0&%I&B(%e<2D(;+/0%+5/&0+C(3(D/01)69D%(L6C+5/&0)/)5&3(+3C(5& ;+0+L(5D(/;I+955D+59(%5+/0+95/./5/()D+.(&05D(L(0(%+C)+'(5#&%6)(+01(0]&#;(05 &'5D(C&9+C9&609/CC+013#5D(L(0(%+CI63C/9Z =Y BD/9D/)/0+99&%1+09(B/5DC&9+C9&609/C)a '6095/&0)&'I%&./1/0L+01;+/05+/0/0L9&;;60/5#/0'%+)5%6956%(B/5D/05D(/%1/)5%/95< =W >5 )D&6C13(0&5(15D+5(.(05D&6LDC&9+CC+B);/LD5&0C#9&05+/0+%('(%(09(5&`'/C;/0LaZ I&C/9/()+015(%;)+01L6/1(C/0()L(0(%+CC#(85(015&`9&;;(%9/+C)5/CC)ID&5&L%+ID#a< Part 3 - Possessing and Distributing Photographs: Potential criminal offences 1. Offensive, insulting, indecent behaviour ^D/C(5D(5+,/0L&'I+%5/96C+%ID&5&L%+ID);+#&%;+#0&59&0)5/565(&''(0)/.(Z/0)6C5/0L&% /01(9(053(D+./&6%Z5D(;+00(%+019&05(85/0BD/9D5D(#+%(1/)IC+#(1;+#3(&''(0)/.(Z /0)6C5/0L&%/01(9(05<[&%(8+;IC(Z/5;+#3(&,+#5&5+,(ID&5&L%+ID)&'#&60LC/'()+.(%) (0L+L(1 /0 +95/./5/() )69D +) %&B/0L 3&+5) +01 I+11C/0L )6%' 9%+'5< >5 ;+# 3( #(5 +0&5D(% ;+55(% 5& 1/)IC+# 5D&)( ID&5&L%+ID) &0 + B(3)/5( 5&L(5D(% B/5D 9&;;(05+%# +3&65 5D( )(86+C+55%+95/.(0())&'5D&)(#&60LC/'()+.(%)<>05D+5)/56+5/&0Z/5/)Z+L+/0Z5D(5&5+C/5#&' 5D( 3(D+./&6% 5D+5 0((1) 5& 3( 9&0)/1(%(1< >5 /) 0&5 5D( ID&5&L%+ID) I(% )( 5D+5 +%( &''(0)/.(&%/01(9(05Z/5/)5D(ID&5&L%+ID)+)1/)IC+#(1/05D(I+%5/96C+%9&05(85< P05D(&5D(%D+01Z5D(1/)IC+#&%1/)5%/365/&0&'5D&)()+;(ID&5&L%+ID)/0+9&05(855D+5/) 0&51(;(+0/0L&%9+%%#/0L)(86+C&.(%5&0()/)(85%(;(C#60C/,(C#5&9&0)5/565(+0&''(09(<X 42 see for example City of Port Phillip Filming Policy and associated Guidelines, available at also see Melbourne City Council s Terms and Conditions set out at 43 in the case of the City of Port Phillip, see clauses 7 and 13 Port Phillip City Council Community Amenity Local Law No. 3 (July 2005) in conjunction with part 9 Port Phillip City Council Procedures And Protocols Manual (September 2003), both available at for the city of Melbourne see clauses 5.5A and 13.2 Melbourne City Council Local Activities Local Law 2009, available at 09.pdf. 44 see clause 14.1 Melbourne City Council Activities Local Law 2009, and clause 7 subclauses (2) and (3)(b) Port Phillip City Council Community Amenity Local Law No.3 (July 2005). 45 See for example the objectives set out in clause 1.2 Melbourne City Council Activities Local Law 2009; also see clause 2 Port Philip City Council Community Amenity Local Law No. 3 (July 2005). 46 See s3e Local Government Act 1989 (Vic). 19

21 B(3)/5( 1()/L0(1 5& %(9&%1 5D( 1(5+/C) &' 5D( )6%'/0L 9+%0/.+C +01 /09C61/0L + '(B +95/&0 )D&5) )/;IC# B/CC 0&5 3( 9&05%+%# 5& 5D( C+B< 2D( )+;( B&6C1 +IIC# 5& +CC )&%5) &' ID&5&L%+ID)< 2. Distribution of image of genital or anal region s 41C Summary Offences Act 1966 (exceptions s41d) 2D( C(L+C/5# &' 9%(+5/0L 5D()( )&%5) &' /;+L() /) 1/)96))(1 +3&.(< >5 /) /CC(L+C 5& 1/)5%/365( 5D(;< 3. Possession of child pornography and distribution s70 Crimes Act D( C(L+C/5# &' 9%(+5/0L )69D ;+5(%/+C /) 1/)96))(1 +3&.(< >5 /) /CC(L+C 5& I&))()) &% 5& 1/)5%/365()69D;+5(%/+C< 4. Classification of material Federal laws. $D&5&L%+ID/9 ;+5(%/+C 5D+5 /) I63C/)D(1 ;+# 0((1 5& 3( 9C+))/'/(1 +99&%1/0L 5& 5D( AC+))/'/9+5/&0T$63C/9+5/&0)Z[/C;)+01A&;I65(%4+;()UX95GMMYTA5DU<$D&5&L%+ID)5+,(0 /0I63C/93#5D(.+)5;+]&%/5#&'ID&5&L%+ID(%)+%(60C/,(C#5&3(+''(95(13#5D/)C(L/)C+5/&0 Part 4 - Civil Liability for Taking Photographs in Public 1.Trespass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

22 9+)(C+B/)+;3/L6&6)&05D(I&/05B/5D)&;(9+)(+65D&%/5#)6LL()5/0L5D+5Z(.(05D(0Z5D( &996I/(% &' 5D( C /0)/)5 &0 5D( I(%)&0a) 1(I+%56%(< =? >5 B/CC 3( %+%( 5D+5 5D( ID&5&L%+ID(%B/CCD+.()69D+9&05%+956+C%/LD55D+5D+)3((0L%+05(13#5D(&996I/(%&'5D( C+01< 2. Nuisance and Privacy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n Cowell v The Rosehill Racecourse Co Ltd [1937] 56 CLR 605 (22 April 1937) it was held by the High Court of Australia that a licensor can use reasonable force to evict a licensee from his premises after the initial license to enter the premises has been revoked, and the licensee refuses to leave, even though the revocation was in breach of the contractual licence. In Forbes v New South Wales Trotting Club [1979] 143 CLR 242 (21 June 1979) at p. 274 however, Murphy J hinted that in his opinion, the decision in Cowell was wrong. 48 Victoria Park Racing & Recreation Grounds Co Ltd v Taylor [1937] 58 CLR 479 (26 August 1937) at p. 492/493 per Latham CJ. 49 Victoria Park Racing & Recreation Grounds Co Ltd v Taylor [1937] 58 CLR 479 (26 August 1937). 50 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 63; (2002) 208 CLR 199 (15 November 2001). 21

23 5D(J/LDA&6%5< YG P0(1(9/)/&0&'5D(r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a) +95/./5/() &0 5D(/%I%&I(%5#;+#9&0)5/565(+060%(+)&0+3C(/05(%'(%(09(B/5D+I(%)&0a)%/LD55& _6/(5 (0]&#;(05 &' 5D(/% I%&I(%5#< X &0( &'' ID&5& )())/&0 /) D/LDC# 60C/,(C# 5& 9&0)5/565()69D+06/)+09(< 51 Ibid. at paras 35, 39, 41-43, 52, 55 per Gleeson CJ; paras 126,130, 132 per Gummow and Hayne JJ; paras per Kirby J. 52 Grosse v Purvis [2003] QDC 151 (16 June 2003) at para per Skoien DCJ. 53 see e.g. the Federal Court decision in Kalaba v Commonwealth of Australia [2004] FCA 763 (8 June 2004) at para 6 per Heerey J; the Victorian Supreme Court decision in Giller v Procopets [2004] VSC at para 187 et seq. per Gillard J. 54 Raciti v Hughes [1995] 7 BPR 14, Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] 1 QB 479 (10 February 1977) at p. 489 para G. The court held, though, that the taking of only one photograph from an aircraft flying over a property in compliance with the relevant aviation legislation did not constitute a nuisance (Ibid. at paras E-F). 22

24 3. Breach of Confidence $D&5&L%+ID# ;+# /0.&C.( + 9&05%+.(05/&0 &' + C(L+C &3C/L+5/&0 0&5 5& 1/.6CL( 9&0'/1(05/+C /0'&%;+5/&0< 2D( 3+)/9 C(L+C I%/09/IC( /) 5D+5 /' + I(%)&0 %(9(/.() /0'&%;+5/&0 /0 9/%96;)5+09() BD(%( + %(+)&0+3C( I(%)&0 B&6C1 %(+C/)( 5D+5 5D( /0'&%;+5/&0 /) &' + 9&0'/1(05/+C 0+56%( +01 I%&./1(1 &0 5D+5 3+)/)Z 5D( I(%)&0 %(9(/./0L 5D( /0'&%;+5/&0 /) %(_6/%(15&;+/05+/05D+59&0'/1(05/+C/5#< :&;( ]61L() /0 )&;( 9+)() D+.( 3((0 I%(I+%(1 5& )+# 5D+5 +./1(& &% + ID&5&L%+ID 9&0)5/565( 9&0'/1(05/+C /0'&%;+5/&0 /' 5D(# %(9&%1 I%/.+5( +95/./5/() 5D+5 +0# %(+)&0+3C( I(%)&0B&6C1%(L+%1+)3(/0L/05(01(15&%(;+/0I%/.+5(<[&%(8+;IC(Z/0&0(\(B:&65D ^+C()9+)(-&00(CC#.X;+CL+;+5(12(C(./)/&0:(%./9()$5#E51Z YW 5D(]61L(1(9/1(15D+5+./1(&%(9&%1/0L&'5D(IC+/05/''/0D/)601(%I+05)/0D/)3(1%&&;5D+5B+)5+,(03#I&C/9( BD/C((8(965/0L+)(+%9DB+%%+05B+)I%/.+5(/0'&%;+5/&05D+5)D&6C10&53(%(.(+C(1<>05D( X6)5%+C/+0J/LDA&6%51(9/)/&0&'X"A.E(0+D4+;()*(+5)$5#E51ZAD/('g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onnelly v Amalgamated Television Services Pty Limited & Anor [1998] NSWSC 509; (1998) 45 NSWLR 570 (5 November 1998). 57 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 63; (2002) 208 CLR 199 (15 November 2001) at para 53 et seq., per Gleeson CJ. 58 Douglas & Ors v Hello Ltd & Ors [2005] EWCA Civ 595; (2005) 4 All ER 128 (18 May 2005). 59 Ibid., at paras 10-11: Invitations to the wedding reception included a politely worded statement which made it clear that no photographs were to be taken ; professional photographers were hired; security staff were at the hotel venue well before the scheduled date, and on the day before the wedding, all 350 guests received entry cards with a view to ensuring, by means of a coded marking on each card, that, so far as possible, no unauthorised person got in. 60 Ibid., at paras

25 Defence of public interest 2D(+95/&0'&%3%(+9D&'9&0'/1(09(/))63](955&+I63C/9/05(%()51('(09(<>'%(.(+C/0L5D( )63](95 ;+55(% /) /0 5D( I63C/9 /05(%()5Z 5D( &3C/L+5/&0 &' 9&0'/1(09( /) 0&5 +IIC/9+3C(< WG $D&5&L%+ID/0LI63C/9'/L6%()(0L+L(1/0/CC(L+C+95/./5#;+#B(CC3()69D+0(89(I5/&0< 4. Self-regulation of invasion of privacy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ontract rights X9&05%+95/)+C(L+CC#(0'&%9(+3C(+L%((;(053(5B((05B&&%;&%(I(&IC(<2D(0+56%(&'+ 9&05%+95 /) 5D+5 (+9D I(%)&0 5& 5D( 9&05%+95 I%&;/)() 5& 1& )&;(5D/0L &% 5& %('%+/0 '%&; 1&/0L)&;(5D/0LZ6)6+CC#'&%5D(3(0('/5&'5D(&5D(%I+%5/()5&5D(9&05%+95<X0+L%((;(05 /)0&50(9())+%/C#+9&05%+95<2D(%(0((1)5&3(5D(L/.(+015+,(%('(%%(15&/05D(I%(./&6) )(05(09(<2D/)/)1()9%/3(1./+5D(5(9D0/9+C5(%;&'`9&0)/1(%+5/&0a< WV >0+11/5/&0Z5D(I+%5/() ;6)5/05(015D+55D(+L%((;(053(C(L+CC#(0'&%9(+3C(< $%&./1(15D(9&05%+95/)0&5&0(5&1&)&;(5D/0L5D+5/)/CC(L+CZ5D(9&05%+959&6C1/0.&C.( I+#;(05 '&% 5+,/0L ID&5&L%+ID) +01 /5 9&6C1 /;I&)( 9&01/5/&0) &' +C;&)5 +0# )&%5 &0 ID&5&L%+ID#<[&%(8+;IC(Z5D(X6)5%+C/+A&609/C'&%5D(X%5)D+)`$%&5&9&C)'&%B&%,/0LB/5D 9D/C1%(0/0+%5a+019&;IC/+09(B/5D5D(I%&5&9&C)/)+9&01/5/&0&'%(9(/./0LL%+05;&0(# '%&;5D(A&609/C< W= 61 See e.g. Fn 31 at per Gleeson CJ with reference to an English decision. In Allied Mills Industries Pty Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (No.1) [1981] FCA 11; (1981) 55 FLR 125 (18 February 1981) at para 105, Sheppard J held that the public interest in the disclosure (to the appropriate authority or perhaps the press) of iniquity will always outweigh the public interest in the preservation of private and confidential information. ; also see The Commonwealth of Australia v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd [1980] HCA 44; (1980) 147 CLR 39 at para. 50 per Mason J: It has been accepted that the so-called common law defence of public interest applies to disclosure of confidential information. 62 Australian Press Council Adjucation No. 916 [1997] APC 17; also see HP Lee - The public interest test in: Australian Press Council News (August 2007) Vol. 19, No. 3, available at 63 A quid pro quo, see Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth [1954] 92 CLR 424 at p. 456 et seq.; also see Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256 at 264 per Lindley LJ; 271 per Bowen LJ; 272 per Smith LJ. 64 Protocols for working with children in art, available at 24

26 XC5(%0+5/.(C#Z 5D( 9&05%+95 9&6C1 (8I%())C# '&%3/1 5D( 5+,/0L &' ID&5&L%+ID)< :&;( )I&%5).(06()+019&09(%5.(06()%(C#&09&05%+956+CI%&D/3/5/&0)+)B(CC+)5D(%/LD5)+))&9/+5(1 B/5D3(/0L&B0(%)&%&996I/(%)&'C+015& I%(.(05&%%()5%/95ID&5&L%+ID#&%&5D(%./)6+C %(9&%1/0L)< P5D(% I&))/3C( /0)5+09() &' 9&05%+95) 5& %()5%/95 ID&5&L%+ID# ;+# /09C61( +L%((;(05)5&+3/1(3#5D(%6C()&'9C63)&%+))&9/+5/&0)5D+5Z/056%0Z%()5%/95ID&5&L%+ID#< [&%(8+;IC(Z+)I&%5/0L9C63;+#D+.(+;&0L)5/5)%6C()+I%&D/3/5/&0&%%()5%/95/&0&05+,/0L ID&5&L%+ID)&'5D()I&%5/0L(.(05)<-(I(01/0L&05D(;+00(%/0BD/9D5D(9C63a)%6C()+%( 9%(+5( D( ;+00(% /0 BD/9D ;(;3(%) +L%(( 5& 5D&)( %6C()Z + 9&05%+95 ;+# (8/)5 3(5B((0+CC9C63;(;3(%)5&9&;IC#B/5D5D(%6C()< >5/)/;I&%5+055&%(;(;3(%5D+5&0C#5D(I+%5/()5&+9&05%+95;+#(0'&%9(5D(9&05% D(#9+0&0C#(0'&%9(/5+L+/0)5&5D(%I+%5/()5&5D(9&05%+95<[&%(8+;IC(Z9C63;(;3(%) ;+#;+,(+%6C(I%(.(05/0L`+0#I(%)&0a'%&;5+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)&';+59D()/0.&C./0L5D( 9C &0C# 5D&)( I(&IC( BD& +%( ;(;3(%) &' 5D( 9C63 +01Z 5D(%('&%(Z I+%5# 5& 5D( 9&05%+95 +%( )63](95 5& 5D( 9&05%+95< 2D( 9C63 B&6C1 0((1 5& D+.( )&;( &5D(% ;(+0) &' I%(.(05/0L0&0O;(;3(%)'%&;5+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)3#Z'&%(8+;IC(Z(89C61/0L0&0O;(;3(%) '%&;5D(L%&601)&'5D(9C63< Part 5 Civil Liability for Possessing and Distributing Photographs 1. Misleading and deceptive conduct >0X6)5%+C/+Z5D(%(/)Z+)#(5Z0&%/LD5I(%)(5&I%/.+9#+010&%/LD5&'I63C/9/5#/(<+%/LD55& 9&05%&C5D(I63C/9/5#)6%%&601/0L5D(6)(&'&0(a)/;+L(<A&0)(_6(05C#Z5D(1/)5%/365/&0&'+ I(%)&0a) ID&5&L%+ID B/CC L(0(%+CC# 3( I(%;/))/3C(< \(B)I+I(%) %(L6C+%C# IC+9( 5D( ID&5&L%+ID)&'I(&IC(ZBD(5D(%5D(#+%(B(CC,0&B0&%0&5Z&05D(/%I+L()B/5D&65D+./0L 5&)((,5D(9&0)(05&'5D&)(I(&IC(&%5&I+#5D(;< 2D( 9&05(85 /0 BD/9D 5D( ID&5&L%+ID /) 6)(1 ;+# +C5(% 5D+5 I&)/5/&0< >0 I+%5/96C+%Z /' 5D( ID&5&L%+ID/)3(/0L6)(1+)I+%5&'5D(I%&;&5/&0&%)+C(&'L&&1&%)(%./9()Z5D(6)(&'+ I+%5/96C+%I(%)&0a)/;+L(;+#;/)C(+1/0LC#)6LL()55D+55D(I(%)&0/)+))&9/+5(1B/5D&%/0 )&;(B+#)6II&%5)5D&)(L&&1)&%)(%./9()<A&;;&0B(+C5D+01@/95&%/+0C(L/)C+5/&03&5D I%&D/3/5(0L+L/0L/09&016955D+5/);/)C(+1/0L+011(9(I5/.(&%BD/9D/)C/,(C#5&;/)C(+1&% 1(9(/.(< WY f)/0l 5D( /;+L( &' + B(CC,0&B0 I(%)&0 / (%5/)(;(05 /) C/,(C# 5& 9&0.(# 5D( ;/)C(+1/0L/;I%())/&05D+55D(#D+.(3((0I+/1'&%5D(/%I+%5/9/I+5/&0/05D(+1.(%5/)(;(05 65 See s52(1) Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth): A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive. ; also see s9(1) Fair Trading Act 1999 (Vic): A person must not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive.. 25

27 &% 5D(# &5D(%B/)( (01&%)( 5D( I%&1695) /0 _6()5/&0< WW 2D( 9&05(85 /0 BD/9D 5D( /;+L( /) 6)(1 /) (.(%#5D/0L +01 5D( B&%1/0L )6%%&601/0L 5D( ID&5&L%+ID B&6C1 3( 9%/5/9+C< [&% (8+;IC(Z 5D(%( ;+# 3( (%5/)(;(05 9&0)/)5/0L &' + ID&5&L%+ID &' + B(CC,0&B0 )I&%5)I(%)&06)/0L5D(+1.(%5/)(%a))I&%5/0L(_6/I;(05<2D()I&%5)I(%)&0;+#D+.(5+I(1 &.(%5D(5%+1(;+%,)&05D((_6/I;(053(9+6)()D(1/10&5D+.(+)I&0)&%)D/I+L%((;(05 B/5D 5D( +1.(%5/)(%< 2D( B&%1/0L &' 5D( +1.(%5/)(;(05 (8IC+/0) BD# 5D( 5%+1( ;+%,) +%( 5+I(1&.(%+01BD/9D(_6/I;(05/)+956+CC#3(/0L6)(1<2D(9C(+%;())+L(9&0.(#(1/)5D+5 5D()I&%5)I(%)&0/)0&53(/0LI+/15&(01&%)(5D(L&&1)&%'&%5D(+1.(%5/)(;(053655D+5 )D(+956+CC#1&()5D/0,5D((_6/I;(05/)L&&1< 2D( )/56+5/&0 /) )C/LD5C# ;&%( 9&;IC(8 BD(0 5D( I(%)&0 /0 _6()5/&0 D+) 0& %(I65+5/&0 &' 0&5(<2D(ID&5&L%+ID;+#0&5)6LL()55D+55D(I(%)&0D+)(01&%)(15D(I%&1695)3(9+6)(Z /05D(+3)(09(&'+%(I65+5/&0Z5D(+.(%+L(./(B(%B&6C10&53(9&09(%0(1+3&65BD(5D(% &%0&55D(I(%)&0D+)(01&%)(15D(I%&1695)<2D+5I(%)&0a)&I/0/&0B&6C13(/%%(C(.+055& 5D(./(B(% 3(9+6)( 5D(# +%( + `0&3&1#a T&0C# /0 5(%;) &' 5D(/% I63C/9 I%&'/C(sU +01 5D( 9&05(85/0BD/9D5D(#+%(I&%5%+#(1B&6C1)6LL()55D+55D(#+%()/;IC#3(/0L6)(1+)+I%&I '&%5D(L&&1)&%)(%./9()/0_6()5/&0< [%&;+I%+95/9+CI&/05&'./(BZ5D(1/''/96C5#/)5D+55D(I(%)&0ID&5&L%+ID(1;+#0&5D+.(+ %(I65+5/&0+5+CCBD(05D(#+%(ID&5&L%+ID(1365D+.(+)63)5+05/+C%(I65+5/&0+55D(5/;( 5D+55D(ID&5&L%+ID/)1/)5%/365(1<[&%(8+;IC(Z+0&C1ID&5&L%+ID&'g(00/'(%J+B,/0)Z5D( '&%;(%*/))f0/.(%)(z;+#d+.(3((05+,(0+5+5/;(bd(0)d(b+)60,0&b05&5d(i63c/9< >5) 6)( 0&B /0 + 9&;;(%9/+C 9&05(85 BD(%( 5D( ID&5&L%+ID /) 6)(1 5& I%&;&5( L&&1) &% )(%./9()B&6C1+C;&)59(%5+/0C#3(;/)C(+1/0L+011(9(I5/.(3(9+6)(&'5D(%(I65+5/&05D+5 )D(D+)()5+3C/)D(1)/09(5D(ID&5&L%+IDB+)5+,(0<[&%5D/)%(+)&0Z/5/)/05D(/05(%()5)&' 5D( ID&5&L%+ID(% 5& L+/0 + B%/55(0 9&0)(05 5& '656%( 6)( &' 5D( ID&5&L%+ID) '%&; + ID&5&L%+ID#;&1(C+55D(5/;(&'5D(ID&5&L%+ID#< 2. Copyright $D&5&L%+ID)+%(/09C61(1/05D(1('/0/5/&0&'+%5/)5/9B&%,)'&%5D(I6%I&)()&'5D(A&I#%/LD5 X95GMWFTA5DU<2D(&B0(%)&'5D(9&I#%/LD5/05D(ID&5&L%+ID)D+.(+3601C(&'C(L+C%/LD5) 5D+5 5D(# 9+0 (8(%9/)(< >0 I+%5/96C+%Z 5D(# 9+0 I%(.(05 &5D(%) '%&; %(I%&169/0L 5D( ID&5&L%+IDZI63C/)D/0L5D(ID&5&L%+ID)&%9&;;60/9+5/0L5D(ID&5&L%+ID)5&5D(I63C/9< W? `K(I%&169/0La+ID&5&L%+ID/09C61()9&I#/0L+ID&5&L%+ID<A&;;60/9+5/0L5&5D(I63C/9/0 5D/) 9&05(85 ;(+0) ;+,/0L +.+/C+3C( &0OC/0( &% &5D(%B/)( (C(95%&0/9+CC# 5%+0);/55/0L 5D( ID&5&L%+ID)< 66 s53 sub (c) Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), and s12 sub (e) Fair Trading Act 1999 (Vic) both list the representation that goods or services have sponsorship, approval, performance characteristics accessories, uses or benefits they do not have as a false or misleading representation. 67 With photographs being artistic works, s35(2) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) states that the author of an artistic work is the owner of any copyright in the work. In relation to artistic works, s31(1) sub (b) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) defines copyright as the exclusive right to reproduce, publish or communicate to the public the work. 26

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j&69+00&5)5&I;('%&;1&/0L)&+)>&B05D(9&I#%/LD5<J&B(.(%Z/'>a;'+;&6)&% 3(9&;('+;&6)Z>9+0a5+CC&B\(B>1(+&%)&;(&5D(%I63C/9+5/&05&9&I#T%(I%&169(U5D( ID&5&L%+ID)+011/)IC+#5D(;/05D(;+L+h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ee s33(2) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). 69 See definition in s10 Copyright Act 1968 (Cth): author, in relation to a photograph, means the person who took the photograph. 70 see Fn 42 and S 35(4) subs (a) -(d) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) state that where an artistic work is made by the author under the terms of his or her employment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical and is so made for the purpose of inclusion in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, the proprietor owns the copyright. However, the author owns the limited copyright in relation to reproduction of the work for inclusion in a book, and reproduction of the work in a hardcopy facsimile of the newspaper, magazine or periodical. 72 See s35(5) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). 73 The definition of artistic works in s10 Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) includes a building or a model of a building, whether the building or model is of artistic quality or not. 74 S66 Copyright Act (1968 (Cth). 75 See s196(1) and (3) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) where is stated that copyright is personal property and is transmissible by assignment (s196(1)), and that an assignment of copyright does not have effect unless it is in writing signed by the assignor (s196(3)). 27

29 3. Breach of Confidence >'ID&5&L%+ID)+%(5+,(0/09/%96;)5+09()BD(%(+0&3C/L+5/&0&'9&0'/1(09(/)/;I&)(1T)(( 1/)96))/&0+3&.(UZ5D(1/)5%/365/&0&'5D(ID&5&L%+ID)B/CC9&0)5/565(+3%(+9D&'5D+5 &3C/L+5/&0<2D(I(%)&0&B(15D(&3C/L+5/&0&'9&0'/1(09(;+#B(CC3(+3C(5&&35+/0+0 /0]6095/&0I%(.(05/0L5D(1/)5%/365/&0/'/5/)5D%(+5(0(1365D+)0&5#(5&996%%(1< XC5(%0+5/.(C#Z5D(#;+#3(+3C(5&%(9&.(%1+;+L()/'5D(ID&5&L%+ID)+%(1/)5%/365(1/0 3%(+9D&'5D(&3C/L+5/&0<?W < 4. Trespass 2D(1/)5%/365/&0&'ID&5&L%+ID)5+,(016%/0L+5%()I+))5&I%&I(%5#;+#3(I%(.(05(13#+0 /0]6095/&0&%1+;+L();+#3(L/.(0'&%5D((''(95)&'5D(5%()I+))<?? P0(I&5(05/+C1/''/96C5# B/CC3(5D+55D(I(%)&01/)5%/365/0L5D(ID&5&L%+ID);6)5D+.(3((0+I+%5#5&5D(5%()I+))< P09(+5D/%1I+%5#C+B'6CC#+9_6/%()5D(ID&5&L%+ID)Z/5;+#3(1/''/96C55&I%(.(055D(; '%&;'6%5D(%1/)5%/365/0L&%(8D/3/5/0L5D(ID&5&L%+ID)<?F 5. Nuisance >'5D(5+,/0L&'ID&5&L%+ID)9&0)5/565()+I%/.+5(06/)+09(Z/5;+#3(I&))/3C(5&I%(.(05 5D(/%1/)5%/365/&03#&35+/0/0L+0/0]6095/&0<:((5D(1/)96))/&0&'/0]6095/&0)3(C&B<X)5D( 9/%96;)5+09()/0BD/9D5+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)B/CC9&0)5/565(+06/)+09(+%(.(%#%+%(Z5D(%(/) C/55C(9+)(C+B&05D(I&/05< 6. Contract X9&05%+95;+#%(L6C+5(5D(I&))())/&0+011/)5%/365/&0&'ID&5&L%+ID)<[&%(8+;IC(Z+ 9&05%+953(5B((0+ID&5&L%+ID(%+015D(;&1(C'&%5D(ID&5&L%+ID);+#)I(9/'#BD+55D( ID&5&L%+ID(% &51&B/5D5D(ID&5&L%+ID)< 76 (ABC v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd 2001 HCA 63). 77 Lincoln Hunt Australia Pty Ltd v Willesee (1986) 4 NSWLR ABC v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001) HCA 63 at para

30 Part 6 - Remedies ^D(09/./CC/+3/C/5#'&%5+,/0L+011/)5%/365/&0&'ID&5&)/)9&0)/1(%(1Z+.(%#%(+C/))6(/)5D( 0+56%(&'+0#%(;(1#5D+5+I(%)&0&3](95/0L5&5D(5+,/0L&%1/)5%/365/&0;+#3(C/,(C#5& &35+/0+015D(9&)5&'&35+/0/0L5D+5%(;(1#< 1. Damages' -+;+L()+%(+B+%1)'&%;&0(#'&%3%(+9D/0LC(L+C&3C/L+5/&0)<2D(5()5'&%1(9/1/0LD&B ;69D1+;+L()+%(5&3(+B+%1(1B/CC.+%#+99&%1/0L5&5D(0+56%(&'5D(9+6)(&'+95/&0/(< 5D(0+56%(&'5D(C(L+C&3C/L+5/&05D+5D+)3((03%(+9D(1<>'5D(1+;+L()+%(C/,(C#5&3( );+CCZ5D(#;+#0&5]6)5/'#5D(3%/0L/0L&'5D(C(L+C+95/&0/0_6()5/&0< -+;+L() ;+# /09C61( (8(;IC+%# &% I60/5/.( 1+;+L() /0 )&;( 9/%96;)5+09()< 2D()( +%( 1+;+L()5D+5+%(+B+%1(13(9+6)(5D(1('(01+05a)9&01695/01('#/0L5D(IC+/05/''a)%/LD5) +%()&&65%+L(&6)5D+51+;+L())D&6C13(L/.(05&I60/)D5D(1('(01+05'&%/5)9&01695<?M 2D()(1+;+L()+%(&.(%+01+3&.(5D(1+;+L()I+#+3C(5&5D(IC+/05/'''&%5D(C&))&%D+%; )6''(%(13#/5+)+9&0)(_6(09(&'5D(/CC(L+C+95/./5#< 2. Injunctions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elf-Help X I%/.+5( 9/5/h(0 ;+# (0L+L( /0 )(C'OD(CI O 9&%%(95/.( &% I%(.(05/.( ;(+)6%() 5D ( C+B'6CC#601(%5+,(03#+I%/.+5(9/5/h(0B/5D&65+9&6%5&%1(%&%+65D&%/5#<X0(8+;IC(/)+ 79 Lincoln Hunt Australia Pty Ltd v Willesee (1986) 4 NSWLR

31 C+01 &996I/(%a) %/LD5 5& ID#)/9+CC# (./95 + 5%()I+))(% 3# 6)/0L %(+)&0+3C( '&%9( 5& 1& )&< FQ 2D(&996I/(%1&()0&5D+.(+%/LD55&)(/h(Z1+;+L(&%1()5%&#I(%)&0+CI%&I(%5#)69D+)+ 9+;(%+< Part 7 - Hypothetical Scenarios Scenario 1: X)I/%/0L ID&5&L%+ID(% $(00# /) 96%%(05C# B&%,/0L &0 +0 &0L&/0L +%5) I%&](95 BD/9D D/LDC/LD5)+CC5D(1/''(%(05'+9(5)&'6%3+0C/'(/05D(;(5%&I&C/5+0+%(+&'*<:D(D&I()5& '/01/05(%()5/0L)63](95)/05D(D(+%5&'5D(A"-Z+5+C+%L(I63C/9+%(+9+CC(15D(d:_6+%(e C&9+5(11/%(95C#&II&)/5(+36)#5%+/0)5+5/&0< Scenario 1a) $(00#5+,()I/956%()&'I+))(%)O3#+55D(d:_6+%(eZ+01/05D(./9/0/5#&'5D(;+/0(05%+09( 5&5D()5+5/&0B/5D&65+),/0L+0#&0(a)I(%;/))/&0<:D(6)()D(%I%&'())/&0+C1/L/5+C:EK/0 +0&I(0;+00(%Z+01'&96)();+/0C#&05%#/0L5&9+I56%(C+%L(%L%&6I)&'I(&IC(%6)D/0L I+)5D(%Z&%9%&))/0L5D(36)#)5%((5)Z%+5D(%5D+0&0)/0LC(I(%)&0)< O2D(C&9+5/&0$(00#D+)9D&)(0/)+I63C/9)I+9(<\(/5D(%5D(d:_6+%(e0&%5D()5%((5)+01 I(1()5%/+0I+5D)/0./9/0/5#&'5D(5%+/0)5+5/&0+%(I%/.+5(C#&B0(1<2D6)Z)D(1&()0&50((1 I(%;/))/&05&5+,(ID&5&L%+ID)5D(%(< O4/.(05D(0+56%(&'5D(+95/./5#5D+5$(00#/)5%#/0L5&I&%5%+#Z+015D('+955D+5)D(/)0&5 +95/.(C# 5%#/0L 5& )/0LC( &65 I+%5/96C+% )63](95)Z 0&% /0 +0# B+# +95/0L )6%%(I5/5/&6)C#Z D(% 9&01695 B&6C1 ;&)5 C/,(C# 0&5 3( &''(0)/.( 5& + %(+)&0+3C( I(%)& (%5+/0C# 0&5 )6''/9/(05C#&''(0)/.(5&]6)5/'#5D(/05(%.(05/&0&'5D(9%/;/0+CC+B< Scenario 1b) $(00# 5D(0 1(9/1() 5& 5+,( + )(%/() &' ID&5&L%+ID) /0 5D( ;6)(6; +%&601 5D( 9&%0(%Z 3(9+6)()D(5D/0,))D(B&6C1'/01+I(%'(959&05%+)55&5D(D(95/9)9(0())D(]6)59+I56%(1< :D(9D&&)()5&ID&5&L%+IDL%&6I)&'./)/5&%)Z+;3C/0L/03(5B((0I+/05/0L)+01)96CI56%() &05D(L%&601C(.(C&'5D(;6)(6;<XL+/0Z)D(6)()+I%&'())/&0+C9+;(%++015+,()5D( I/956%()&I(0C#Z'%&;+1/)5+09(Z3651&()0&5+),D(%)63](95)'&%I(%;/))/&0< O2D(;6)(6;/)&I(05&5D(I63C/9+01$(00#9+05+,(ID&5&L%+ID))63](955&5D( ;6)(6;a) %6C() +3&65 )69D +95/./5#< >5 9+0 IC+9( 9&01/5/&0) &0 (05%# 5D+5 ;+# %()5%/95 &% I%&D/3/5 ID&5&L%+I#< :/09( $(00# D+) 0&5 #(5 3((0 +1./)(1 &' )69D %()5%/95/&0)&%+),(15&C(+.(Z)D(/)+5C/3(%5#5&5+,(5D(ID&5&L%+ID)/0_6()5/&0< 80 See Cowell v The Rosehill Racecourse Co Ltd [1937] 56 CLR

32 O J(% 9&01695 B&6C1 D+%1C# 9&0)5/565( &''(0)/.( 3(D+./&6%< :D( 1&() 0&5 5%# 5& )6%%(I5/5/&6)C# 9+I56%( D(% ID&5&L%+ID)Z #(5 +5 5D( )+;( 5/;( &I(%+5() 1/)9%(5(C# (0&6LD0&55&)I&/C5D(;6)(6;(8I(%/(09('&%5D(I+5%&0)<>0+11/5/&0Z)D(&0C# %(C/()&0D(%9+;(%+B/5D&655D(6)(&''6%5D(%(_6/I;(05Z'&%(8+;IC('C+)DC/LD5&% +5%/I&1<:69D(_6/I;(05;/LD5/05(%'(%(B/5D5D(&5D(%./)/5&%)a(0]&#;(05&'5D( ;6)(6;3#/;I+/%/0L5D(/%./(B&'5D((8D/3/5)&01/)IC+#&%3#3C&9,/0L5D(/%B+#< FG Scenario 1c) $(00# 0&B 1(9/1() 5& 5+,( )(.(%+C 9C&)(O6I )D&5) &' &0( I+%5/96C+%./)/5&%Z '&CC&B/0L D/; +%&601 +) D( ;&.() '%&; &0( I+/05/0L 5& +0&5D(%< J( (.(056+CC# &3](95) 5& 3(/0L ID&5&L%+ID(1Z 1()I/5( $(00#a) +55(;I5) 5& (8IC+/0 D(% +%5 I%&](95 5& D/;< $(00# /) 5D(0 +II%&+9D(1 3# )(96%/5# )5+'' BD& +), D(% 5& (/5D(% 9(+)( ID&5&L%+ID#Z &% C(+.( 5D( I%(;/)()<$(00#D&B(.(%Z%(;+/0)/05D(;6)(6;+019&05/06()5&5+,(ID&5&L%+ID)&0 5D('/%)5'C&&%<$(00#5D(0/)()9&%5(1&''5D(I%(;/)()3#)(96%/5#)5+''< - XC5D&6LD /0 + I63C/9 IC+9(Z $(00#Z /) 0&B 5%()I+))/0L< J(% 9&01695 /) 0& C&0L(% 5&C(%+5(13#5D(&I(%+5&%&'5D(;6)(6;<)(95/&0MTGU)63T1UU"##$%&'())*+,*-'.,/'0122T@/9U+IIC/()3(9+6)()D(d0(LC(95)&%%('6)()5&C(+.(+'5(%3(/0LB+%0(1 5& 1& )&ec $(00# D+1 3((0 +),(1 5& 1()/)5 &% C(+.( 5D( I%(;/)() 3# )(96%/5# &0 3(D+C'&'5D(&B0(%Z5D6)D+13((0`B+%0(1a<J(%3(/0L()9&%5(1&''5D(I%(;/)()/0 5D/)9+)(9&0)5/565()%(+)&0+3C('&%9(< - 2D(_6()5/&00&B+%/)()ZBD(5D(%$(00#a)9&01695_6+C/'/()+)&''(0)/.(3(D+./&6%< >0+IIC#/0L5D(`%(+)&0+3C(I(%)&05()5a;(05/&0(1+3&.(ZB(D+.(5&+),BD(5D(%+ %(+)&0+3C( I(%)&0 /0 5D( IC+9( &' 5D( I+%5/96C+%./)/5&% B&6C1 '((C &''(01(1 3# $(00#a)3(D+./&6%<>5/)C/,(C#5&3(I(%9(/.(1+)3(/0L`%61(a5D+5$(00#1/10&5+), 5D(./)/5&% '&% I(%;/))/&0Z '&CC&B/0L D/; +%&601 B&6C1 I&))/3C# +C)& 3( '&601 +) `+00&#/0La< "65 &0 5D( &5D(% D+01Z 5D( I+%5/96C+% +95/./5# 1(I/95(1 /0 $(00#a) ID&5&L%+ID))((;)%+5D(%D+%;C())<>5/)D+%15&/;+L/0()&;(&0(B&6C11((;/5 `/01(9(05a &% `/0)6C5/0La< 2D6)Z $(00#a) 9&01695 B&6C1 ;&%( C/,(C# 0&5 _6+C/'# +) &''(0)/.(3(D+./&6%< Scenario 1d) X'5(%3(/0L(](95(1'%&;5D(;6)(6;Z$(00#1(9/1()5&I6%)6(D(%I%&](95+55D(0(+%3# )D&II/0L 9(05%(< X) )D( 5+,() ID&5&L%+ID) /0 5D( 9(05%(Z )D( /) +II%&+9D(1 3# )(96%/5# L6+%1) +01 +L+/0 %(_6/%(1 5& C(+.( 5D( I%(;/)() BD(%( )D( /) 5+,/0L ID&5&L%+ID)< :D( 1(9/1()5&5+,(5D(5%+/05&+0(+%3#3(+9D+01ZBD/C(5+,/0LID&5&)&'9&;;65(%)&05D( IC+5'&%;Z/)+L+/05&C15&1()/)5< - f0c/,( 5D( 5%+1/5/&0+C ;+%,(5 )_6+%(Z BD/9D 6)(1 5& 3( L&.(%0(1 3# 5D( %(C(.+05 I63C/9+65D&%/5#Z)D&II/0L9(05%()+%(I%/.+5(C#&B0(1+01&I(%+5(1<4(0(%+CC#Z5D( 81 For example, at the National Gallery of Victoria, the use of a hand-held camera is allowed. However, flash photography or the use of tripods will not be tolerated unless the gallery has granted express permission, see the Photography and Filming Guidelines available at 31

33 )+;( +IIC/() 5& %+/CB+# )5+5/&0)< [&% (8+;IC(Z /0 *(C3&6%0( 5D( 96%%(05 %+/CB+# &I(%+5&% /) *(5%&< J(09(Z /5 /) +5 5D( &I(%+5&%a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`%+/CB+# (05D6)/+)5)a B/5D 9+;(%+) B&0a5 /05(%'(%( B/5D 5D( 'C&B &' I+))(0L(%) +01 5%+/0)Z +01 B&0a5 (01+0L(% 5D(;)(C.() BD/C( 5+,/0L ID&5&L%+ID)< F= \(.(%5D(C())Z /5 /) +5 5D( %()I(95/.( &I(%+5&%a)1/)9%(5/&05&+CC&B&%1/)+CC&BID&5&L%+ID#&05D(IC+5'&%;)Z+01$(00# B&6C13(/00&I&)/5/&05&/0)/)5&05+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)<:69D3(D+./&6%B&6C1+L+/0 9&0)5/565(5%()I+))/')D(%('6)(15&C(+.(BD(0+),(15&1&)&< - ^/5D%(L+%15&*(C3&6%0(a);(5%&I&C/5+05%+/0)#)5(;/0I+%5/96C+%ZID&5&L%+ID#/) 0&5 +CC&B(1 &0 5D( IC+5'&%;) &' 5D( 601(%L%&601 A/5# E&&I )5+5/&0) $+%C/+;(05Z [C+L)5+'' +01 *(C3&6%0( A(05%+C< 2D( )#)5(;a) '&%;(% &I(%+5&%Z A&00(8 &09( (8IC+/0(1 5D/) +II%&+9D +) 0(9())+%# 5& 9&;IC# B/5D &3C/L+5/&0) 601(% +05/O 5(%%&%/); C(L/)C+5/&0< FY >0 '+95Z 3# &%1(% &' 5D( 4&.(%0&% /0 A&609/CZ 5%+0)I&%5 B+) 1(9C+%(1 +0 `())(05/+C )(%./9(a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g, though unwritten, and not advertised on their websites, Chadstone and Highpoint shopping centres have such strict policies in place. 83 Melbourne Central follows such a policy, application forms can be obtained through centre management. 84 Flash photography, for instance is not allowed on Metro operated platforms, and you are to remain behind the yellow safety lines, see items 7 and 8 of Metro s Policy & Guidelines Amateur and Rail Enthusiast photography, available at For similar guideline in NSW see RailCorp guideline for hobbyists and secondary students at Both operators require permission to photograph be asked in advance. 85 See online discussion at 86 see Victoria Government Gazette G52 23 December 2004 p 3525, available at 87 see s29(1) and s30 subs (a) and (b) Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003 (Vic). 32

34 Scenario 1e) $(00#0&BI%&9((1)&05&5D(3(+9DZB+01(%/0L/03(5B((03(+9DL&(%)<:D(5+,()I/956%() &'3(+9DL&(%)(0L+L/0L/0+L+;(&'[%/)3((Z+01+9&6IC(&'ID&5&L%+ID)&'+L%&6IIC+#/0L /05D()6%'< - 2D()()I/956%();(%(C#1(I/95)9(0()&'%(9%(+5/&0+C)I&%5/0L+95/./5#<2+,/0L5D()( ID&5&L%+ID)/)60C/,(C#5&9+6)(&''(09(< Scenario 1f) $(00# 5D(0 5+,() + 9&6IC( &' 9C&)(O6I )D&5) &' /01/./16+C 3(+9DL&(%) )603+5D/0L &0 5D( 3(+9D< J(% 9C&)(O6I) /09C61( ID&5&L%+ID) &' + '(B 5&IC()) '(;+C( 3(+9DL&(%)< :D( +C)& 5+,()+9&6IC(&'ID&5&L%+ID)&'9D/C1%(0/05D(/%3+5D(%)IC+#/0L/05D()+010(+%5D(B+5(%Z BD/9D+55%+95)5D(+55(05/&0&'5D(/%I+%(05)<P0(&'5D(C&9+C:E:X;(;3(%)&0165#5D(0 +II%&+9D() $(00# +01 1(;+01) 5D+5 )D( D+01) &.(% D(% 9+;(%+< $(00# %('6)()Z 365 5D( :E:X;(;3(%0(.(%5D(C())+55(;I5)5&9&0'/)9+5(D/)9+;(%+< - XL+/0Z $(00#a) 9&01695 ;+# D+.( 9&0)5/565(1 &''(0)/.( 3(D+./&6%Z +01 5D( %(+)&0+3C(I(%)&05()50((1)5&3(+IIC/(1 - P0 5D( &0( D+01Z 5D( _6()5/&0 /) BD(5D(% 0&B+1+#) ID&5&L%+ID/0L 5&IC()) 3(+9DL&(%)/)C/,(C#5&3(I(%9(/.(1+)`/01(9(05a3#+%(+)&0+3C(I(%)&0<2D/)B&6C1 9(%5+/0C# 3( 5D( 9+)( /' 5D( ID&5&L%+ID D+1 3((0 5+,(0 '&% )(86+C L%+5/'/9+5/&0< AC(+%C#Z5D/)B+)0&5$(00#a)/05(05/&0<0&%1/1)D(+95)6%%(I5/5/&6)C#< FF J&B(.(%Z 5D/)I(%9(I5/&0;/LD59D+0L(/05D(0(+%'656%(< FM - K(L+%1/0L$(00#a)ID&5&L%+ID)&'5D(9D/C1%(0+55D(3(+9DZ5D(%(;+#+CB+#)3( 9&09(%0) %(L+%1/0L I&))/3C( /0)5+09() &' 9D/C1 I&%0&L%+ID#< X ID&5&L%+ID &' 9D/C1%(0 IC+#/0L &0 5D( 3(+9DZ 5D&6LDZ /) 60C/,(C# 5& 3( )((0 +) 1(I/95/0L 5D( 9D/C1%(0 /0 + )(86+C ;+00(% &% 9&05(85< XC)& L(0(%+C 9&09(%0 /0 5D( 9&;;60/5# +3&65)(86+CI%(1+5&%)9&6C13(+'+95&%Z365/05D/))9(0+%/&B&6C1;&)5C/,(C#0&5 )6''/9(5&9&09C61(5D+5$(00#a)9&01695B+)&''(0)/.(< - 2D(+55(;I5(19&0'/)9+5/&0&'$(00#a)9+;(%+3#:E:X;(;3(%/)60]6)5/'/(1S2D(%( /)0&+65D&%/5#'&%5D(:E:X5&9&0'/)9+5(9+;(%+)&05D(3(+9D< MQ Scenario 1g) X'5(% 5D( (.(05) +5 5D( 3(+9DZ $(00# +99&;I+0/() D(% 1+6LD5(% 5& D(% 1+6LD5(%a) )&99(% L+;(< X5 5D( L+;(Z $(00# )5+%5) 5+,/0L ID&5&L%+ID) &' 5D( IC+#(%) BD& +%( +CC +3&65 GQ 88 In Unauthorised Photographs on the Internet And Ancilliary Issues Discussion Paper of the Standing Committee of Attorneys- General (August 2005) p.19 paras it is suggested to use legislation similar to Victoria s offensive behaviour offence to deal with surreptitious photographs of topless beachgoers. 89 For an overview of incidents involving photography on public beaches see Caslon Analytics note, unauthorised photos, available at 90 See policy 2.2 Surf Life Saving Australia Policy Statement, Photography Policy, Policy Number 6.18 July

35 #(+%)&C1<:&;(9C63&''/9/+C)+),D(%5&)5&I<2D(#%(;/01D(%5D+5)D(/)+;(;3(%&'5D( )&99(%9C63+015D+55D(9C63k)%6C()I%(.(05ID&5&L%+ID#&']60/&%IC+#(%)B/5D&65B%/55(0 I(%;/))/&0&'5D(9C63<2D(9C63+C)&&B0)5D(L%&601< - :/09($(00#/)+;(;3(%&'5D(9C63Z)D(;+#3(3&6013#5D(9C63a)I&C/9/()+)+ ;+55(%&'9&05%+95C+B<J&B(.(%_6()5/&0+3C(5D(B/1()9&I(&'5D(9C63a)%6C()&0 ID&5&L%+ID# ;+# 3(Z $(00# ;+# D+.( 5& +3/1( 3# 5D( %6C() +01 9(+)( ID&5&L%+ID/0L5D(]60/&%IC+#(%)< - >05D/)I+%5/96C+%)9(0+%/&ZC(+./0L5D(L%&601Z+015+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)'%&;&65)/1( 5D(I%(;/)()(''(95/.(C#B&6C1+C)&3(/0./&C+5/&0&'5D(9C63a)%6C()<E(+./0L5D( I%(;/)()1&()0a556%0$(00#/05&+0&0O;(;3(%&'5D(9C63< - 7.(0 /' $(00# B+)0a5 + ;(;3(%Z B/5D 5D( 9C63 3(/0L 5D( &B0(% &996I/(% &' 5D( IC+#/0L L%&601Z 9C63a) &''/9/+C) B&6C1 D+.( 5D( %/LD5 5& %(;&.( D(% '%&; 5D( I%(;/)()&05D(L%&601)&'5%()I+))/')D(B+)5&9&05/06(5+,/0LID&5&L%+ID)&0 5D(L%&601< Scenario 1h) X'5(%5D(L+;(Z$(00#+01D(%1+6LD5(%9+59D5D(5%+/0D&;(<X)5D(5%+/0I+))()+;/C/5+%# 5%+/0/0L9+;IZ$(00#)5/9,)D(%D(+1&655D(B/01&B+015+,()+'(B_6/9,)0+I)&'5D+5 ()5+3C/)D;(05< - X) 1/)96))(1 +3&.(Z 5D/) 9& &0)5/565() +0 &''(09(< :(95/&0 FRTGU &' 5D( N*)*+,*'.,/'01OP'TA5DU - A&0)(_6(05C#Z$(00#9&6C13('/0(16I5&tRQQ&%(.(0'+9(/;I%/)&0;(05&'6I5& W;&05D)Z+01D(%9+;(%+9&6C13()(/h(1+011()5%&#(1B/5D&65+B+%%+05< :9(0+%/& GT/U [/0+CC# $(00# L&() D&;( ,() + '(B ID&5&L%+ID) '%&; D(% 6I)5+/%) 3+C9&0#&'D(%0(/LD3&6%)D+./0L+""r<^D(05D(#0&5/9(BD+5)D(/)1&/0LZ5D(#&3](95 +01)D()5&I)5+,/0LID&5&)+01;+,()+0+I&C&L#< - X)D+)3((0()5+3C/)D(1Z5D(%(/)0&1('/0(1%/LD55&I%/.+9#/0X6)5%+C/+ - A&05/06&6)+01%(I(+5(1ID&5&L%+ID#&'D(%0(/LD3&6%)'%&;D(%3+C9&0#5D&6LD ;/LD5_6+C/'#+)+06/)+09(Z/(+60%(+)&0+3C(/05(%'(%(09(B/5D5D((0]&#;(05&'+ %(9&L0/)(1%/LD5/0D(%0(/LD3&6%)aI%&I(%5#<2D(9&016955&1+5(/)60C/,(C#5&'/5 /05&5D+59+5(L&%#< Scenario 2: "+9,D&;(Z$(00#)I(01)5D(%()5&'5D(1+#%(5&69D/0L5D(ID&5&L%+ID))D(5&&,(+%C/(%< :D( 5D(0 6IC&+1) D(% ID&5&L%+ID) &05& + ID&5& L+CC(%# /0 D(% /05(%0(5 3C&L 601(% 5D( 34

36 D(+1/0L da&05%+)5)o %('C(95/&0) &0 6%3+0 C/'(e< 2D( ID&5& L+CC(%# +C)& '(+56%() + )D&%5 `/05%&1695/&0a/0BD/9D$(00#D/LDC/LD5)+01(8IC+/0)5D(%+5/&0+C(3(D/01D(%I%&](95< 2D( I+%(05) &' 5D( 9D/C1%(0 1(I/95(1 /0 )&;( &' $(00#a) 3(+9D +01 )&99(% ID&5&L%+ID) 9&;(+9%&))$(00#a)B(3)/5(+011(;+015D+5)D(5+,()5D(ID&5&L%+ID)&''D(%B(3)/5(< 25D(#+%(&'5D(&I/0/&05D+55D(1(I/95/&0&'5D(/%9D/C1%(0/)/0+II%&I%/+5(<J(%0(/LD3&6%) +C)&9&;IC+/0&'5D(1(I/95/&0&'5D(;< - 2D(9&05(85/0BD/9D5D(ID&5&L%+ID)+%(1/)IC+#(1/)())(05/+C/01(5(%;/0/0L/5) C(L+C/;IC/9+5/&0)<>0$(00#a)9+)(Z/00&;+00(%BD+5)&(.(%/)5D(I%()(05+5/&0&' D(%ID&5&L%+ID)1(;(+0/0L&%9+%%#/0L)(86+C&.(%5&0()<\&&''(0)/.(Z/01(9(05&% /0)6C5/0L3(D+./&6%9&6C13(+%L6(1D(%(< - ^/5D%(L+%15&5D(I/956%()5+,(0+55D()&99(%;+59DD&B(.(%Z,((I/0L5D&)(&0 D(%B(3)/5(;/LD5+''(95$(00#a)O+016C5/;+5(C#D(%1+6LD5(%a)O;(;3(%)D/I+5 5D(9C63<"(9+6)()D(/0/5/+CC#5&&,5D(I/956%()/03%(+9D&'5D(9C63a)%6C()Z5D(9C63 ;/LD5/0.()5/L+5(+015+,(1/)9/IC/0+%#;(+)6%()ZBD/9D/05D(B&%)59+)(9&6C1C(+1 5&$(00#a)(8I6C)/&0'%&;5D(9C63< - XC5D&6LD$(00#a)0(/LD3&6%)9&;IC+/0+3&655D(/%1(I/95/&0&05D(B(3)/5(Z5D(%( /)0&&3C/L+5/&0'&%$(00#5&%(;&.(5D&)(ID&5&L%+ID)<^/5D5D(ID&5&L%+ID)0&5 D+./0L3((05+,(0/060C+B'6C9/%96;)5+09()Z+0#C(L+C+95/&0+L+/0)5$(00#B&6C1 0&5)699((1< Scenario 3: Scenario 3a) $(00#a) C()) +%5/)5/9+CC# /09C/0(1 'C+5;+5( "%69( )56;3C() +9%&)) )&;( &' $(00#a) ID&5&L%+ID)&0+f:"1%/.(5D(#3&5D)D+%(<J(L&()5D%&6LD5D(;+01I&)5)+9&6IC(&' 5D( ID&5&L%+ID) &' 5D( 5&IC()) 3(+9DL&(%) &0 D/) `[+9(3&&, I+L(a /0 9&0]6095/&0 B/5D %+609D#9&;;(05)&09(%5+/0ID#)/9+C+55%/365()&'5D()63](95)/05D(I/956%()< S2D/)9&01695/)B%&0L&0+06;3(%&'C(.(C)<[/%)5C#Z/05(%;)&'"%69(a)1(+C/0L) B/5D$(00#ZD(D+)/0'%/0L(1$(00#a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b0&5/'#qG O 2D( 6)( &' 5D( ID&5&L%+ID) /0 5D/) 9&05(85 T5D( I&)5/0L &' 5D( ID&5&L%+ID) 5&L(5D(%B/5D5D(9&;;(05+%#U/)+C)&C/,(C#5&3(&''(0)/.(9&01695< 35

37 Scenario 3b) 709&6%+L(13#5D(I&)/5/.(%()I&0)(5&D/)C+5()5I&)5/0L<aZ"%69(1(9/1()5&5&I/5&''B/5D +0&5D(%I&)5<2D/)5/;(D(9D&&)()&0(&'5D(I/956%()$(00#5&&,/05D(;6)(6;<>5)D&B) + #&60L B&;+0 L+h/0L +5 + )96CI56%( 1(I/95/0L + 061( ;+C( ;#5D/9+C '/L6%(< J( +11) + 9+I5/&05D+5.(%#3C605C#+CC61()5&5D(B&;+0a)+II+%(05/05(%()5/05D()96CI56%(a)I%/.+5( I+%5)< S'2D()/56+5/&0D(%(/)5D()+;(+)'&%5D(I%(./&6))9(0+%/&<' O2D(9&05(85&'5D(1/)5%/365/&0;+,()/5&''(0)/.(Z/01(9(05Z+01/0)6C5/0L< O4/.(05D+5"%69(/)9&;;60/9+5/0L;+5(%/+C/0+B+#5D+5/)I&5(05/+CC#1+;+L/0L 5& +0&5D(% I(%)&0a) %(I65+5/&0Z D/) 9&01695 ;/LD5 (.(0 9&0)5/565( &' 1('+;+5/&0ZBD/9D9&6C1C(+15&9/./C+95/&0+L+/0)5D/;'&%1+;+L()< O XL+/0Z 5D( 60+65D&%/)(1 6IC&+1 &' $(00#a) ID&5&L%+ID 9&0)5/565() + 9&I#%/LD5 /0'%/0L(;(05 Part 8 - Selected Websites of Policies, Contracts, and Guidelines concerning Photography 1. Museums and Libraries: \+5/&0+C4+CC(%#&'@/95&%/+$D&5&L%+ID#+01[/C;/0L46/1(C/0()+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<0L.<./9<L&.<+6N+3&65O6)N%(I&%5)OI&C/9/()O+01OIC+0)NI&C/9/()NID&5&L%+ID#O+01O '/C;/0LOL6/1(C/0()O'&%OI(%)&0+CO6)( \+5/&0+C4+CC(%#&'@/95&%/+2(%;)+01A&01/5/&0)&'$63C/9705%#+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<0L.<./9<L&.<+6N+3&65O6)N%(I&%5)OI&C/9/()O+01OIC+0)NI&C/9/()NID&5&L%+ID#O+01O '/C;/0LOL6/1(C/0()O'&%OI(%)&0+CO6)( :5+5(E/3%+%#&'@/95&%/+PI(%+5/0L46/1(C/0()+.+/C+3C(+5D55ISNNBBB<)C.<./9<L&.<+6N+3&65O 6)NIC+0)OI&C/9/()N&I(%+5/0LOL6/1(C/0() 2. Public Transport: *(5%&$D&5&L%+ID#46/1(C/0()K+/C705D6)/+)5)+01X;+5(6%ID&5&L%+ID#+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<;(5%&5%+/0)<9&;<+6NX3&65O6)N$D&5&L%+ID#<D5;C *(5%&$D&5&L%+ID#46/1(C/0()'&%A&;;(%9/+C+01:561(05ID&5&L%+ID#+01'/C;/0L +.+/C+3C(+5D55ISNNBBB<;(5%&5%+/0)<9&;<+6NX3&65O6)N$D&5&L%+ID#<D5;C 36

38 K+/CA&%IT\:^UL6/1(C/0()'&%D&33#/)5)+01)(9&01+%#)561(05)+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<%+/C9&%I</0'&N9&;;(%9/+CN'/C;/0LND&33#/)5) K+/CA&%IT\:^UL6/1(C/0()'&%&5D(%'/C;;+,(%)+01ID&5&L%+ID(%)+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<%+/C9&%I</0'&N9&;;(%9/+CN'/C;/0LN&5D(% 3. Sports Clubs and Associations: :6%'E/'(:+./0LX6)5%+C/+$D&5&L%+ID#$&C/9#Z+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<)C)+<9&;<+6N)/5(Np9&05(05N%()&6%9(NQQQQGFRFO1&9)&6%9(<I1' X)I(01+C(g60/&%:&99(%AC63$D&5&>;+L(+01A+I56%(46/1(C/0(Z+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<+])9<+)0<+6N1&B0C&+1)<IDIb9+5p/1q= ^()5(%0K(L/&0[&&53+CCE(+L6($D&5&L%+ID/0LAD/C1%(0O46/1(C/0() D55ISNNBBB<)I&%5/0LI6C)(<9&;N+))&9pI+L(<9L/b9C/(05qGORYOQOQO Qu)>-qYYVRVuu0(B)p5+),q-72X>Eu+%5/9C(>-qMVYWVYWu)(95/&0>-qYYVRV \(53+CCX6)5%+C/+*(;3(%$%&5(95/&0$&C/9#+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<0(53+CC./9<9&;<+6N(85%+<+)Ib/1qRGFFuP%L>-qRR D55ISNNBBB<./95&%/+<)&'53+CC<&%L<+6Np6IC&+1)N%()NGpGQWVM<I1' 4. Laws and Regulations re photography in Commonwealth Reserves: 70./%&0;(05$%&5(95/&0+01"/&1/.(%)/5#A&0)(%.+5/&0X95GMMMTA5DU+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<9&;C+B<L&.<+6NA&;E+BNE(L/)C+5/&0NX95A&;I/C+5/&0G<0)'NQNMVA7AAAWM[[[?Y= "AXRY??WWQQG?VAQMbPI(0-&96;(05 70./%&0;(05$%&5(95/&0+01"/&1/.(%)/5#A&0)(%.+5/&0K(L6C+5/&0)RQQQ+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<9&;C+B<L&.<+6N9&;C+BNE(L/)C+5/&0NE(L/)C+5/.(>0)5%6;(05A&;I/C+5/&0G<0)'NQNG V=Q[M-RWG[A[VGXAXRY??VWQQFVVX"MbPI(0-&96;(05 i+,+16\+5/&0+c$+%,*+0+l(;(05$c+0rqq?orqg=+.+/c+3c(+5 D55ISNNBBB<9&;C+B<L&.<+6NA&;E+BNE(L/)C+5/&0NE(L/)C+5/.(>0)5%6;(05G<0)'NQN?=Q7[GM-Y? -A"7A?AXRY?R=YQQGXRQFXbPI(0-&96;(05 fc6%6oi+5+2]65+\+5/&0+c$+%,*+0+l(;(05$c+0rqgqorqrq+.+/c+3c(+5 D55ISNN)9+C(IC6)<C+B<L&.<+6N9&;C+BNE(L/)C+5/&0NE(L/)C+5/.(>0)5%6;(05G<0)'NQN7RVVW"7YQRQ F7[7-AXRY?WXVQQQ-V?7[bPI(0-&96;(05 37

39 5. Other relevant legislation: -('(09(X95GMQV'93/LA+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<9&;C+B<L&.<+6N9&;C+BN;+0+L(;(05<0)'NC&&,6I/01(8I+L()3#/1N>$RQQ=QG=VV D55ISNNBBB<C(L/)C+5/&0<./9<L&.<+6N-&;/0&N^(3p\&5()NE-*:N$63E+B2&1+#<0)'NMY9=V11=( +9?G+WF9+RYW11(QQQYW(?3NW=3G'?QM3'9VFQRG9+RY?YY+QQGVQ((MsPI(0-&96;(05 D55ISNNBBB<C(L/)C+5/&0<./9<L&.<+6N-&;/0&N^(3p\&5()NE-*:N$63E+B2&1+#<0)'N+GR'W'WQ'3 1YWFQQ9+RYW1(YQQRQG(Y=N9R'VFF(G+9QRR3WM9+RY?Y+FQQGFRM3VsPI(0-&96;(05 D55ISNNBBB<+6)5C//<(16<+6N+6NC(L/)N./9N9&0)&Cp+95NCL+GMFMGFRN 6.Other: X6)5%+C/+A&609/C'&%5D(X%5)`$%&5&9&C)'&%B&%,/0LB/5D9D/C1%(0/0+%5a+.+/C+3C(+5 D55ISNNBBB<+6)5%+C/+9&609/C<L&.<+6N+3&65p6)N)5%+5(L/()pRN9D/C1%(0p/0p+%5 [+9(3&&,-*AX\&5/9(&'>0'%/0L(;(05P0C/0(XIIC/9+5/&0[&%;+.+/C+3C(+5 L//?TUUVVVW)$,*;88KW,8#U7*E$7U,8?&%4EL/W?L?X+8/4)&Y0 38

40 2D/)I63C/9+5/&0B+)I%/05(1&05D(&99+)/&0&'5D(:L8/8E%$?L&'$-'3%4#* )#;I&)/6;ZI%()(05(13#*&0+)Df0/.(%)/5#+015D(A(05%('&%A&05(;I&%+%# $D&5&L%+ID#Z+01D(C1+55D(A(05%('&%A&05(;I&%+%#$D&5&L%+ID#&0GYP95&3(% RQGG< 2D/)%()(+%9DB+))6II&%5(1601(%X6)5%+C/+0K()(+%9DA&609/Ck)Q4+K$E*':%8Z*,/- '601/0L)9D(;(TI%&](9506;3(%E$QMMQG=GU< Cover design: Gene Bawden, Faculty of Art & Design, Monash University Cover photo: Daniel Palmer, Photographer Trent Parke at Fotofreo [detail],