Criminal Record Clearing in a Nutshell

Transcription

1 Criminal Record Clearing in a Nutshell October 2015 Justice Studies Department College of Applied Sciences and Arts CommUniverCity San José State University Record Clearance Project Laws change. Individual cases differ. This information currently is accurate. Because laws and legal procedures change, please check to be sure that the information here is current at the time you use it. This is general information; do not rely on this information regarding your individual, specific situation. October 2015 Adapted from a slideshow by the Stanford Community Law Clinic by Shaun Naidu, Jr. and Margaret Stevenson. An earlier version was developed from materials prepared by the East Bay Community Law Center 1

2 Community education presentations Basic information regarding the expungement process and the SJSU Record Clearance Project Speed Screenings Individual interviews regarding eligibility for record clearance. SJSU students work under attorney supervision Please bring your RAP sheet or other criminal history report. RAP sheet = Record of Arrests and Prosecutions No Charge 2

3 Speed Screenings Students review clients rap sheets and advise about next steps toward expungement Next community Speed Screenings: Tuesday, October 27, :30 5:30 p.m. Maranatha Christian Center 1811 S. 7 th Street, San José Thursday, November 19, :30 5:30 p.m. Shirakawa Community Center 2072 Lucretia Avenue, San José Criminal records: Types of RAP sheets County County information only RAP sheet Record of Arrests and Prosecutions Excerpt from Santa Clara county rap sheet 6 3

4 Criminal records: Types of RAP sheets State LiveScan California state information all counties Excerpt from state rap sheet 7 Criminal records: How to get a RAP sheet People can get a copy of their rap sheets at the Sheriff s Office State ( LiveScan ) All counties $ 45 Arrives in ~ one week Important: Make sure that there are no warrants pending before going to the Sheriff s Office County More complete $ 25 Arrives in ~ one month If you have no convictions outside Santa Clara County, then best to get county rap sheet 4

5 Criminal records: How to get a RAP sheet For state rap sheet: Go to any LiveScan provider, or Call the Sheriff s office in San Jose at (408) to schedule an appointment or register online at Bring photo ID and $ 45 For Santa Clara County rap sheet: Can drop in to order county record (no appointment needed) Bring photo ID and $ 25 For both state and county rap sheets: Go to the Sheriff s office at 55 Younger Avenue, near the county jail and North First Street 9 Court Petition Preparation RCP has limited capacity to assist people in court. The Public Defender s office assists with expungement petition preparation at the Reentry Resource Center. 151 W. Mission (corner San Pedro & Mission), San José (408) Monday 9:30 a.m. 11:00 a.m. Tuesday 1:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. Thursday 1:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. Friday 9:30 a.m. 11:00 a.m. 10 5

6 Mentoring Mentor student teams assist clients upon release from custody to be ready to apply for expungement when they are eligible. Benefits include support, access to services, guidance in preexpungement activities and expungement preparation in court. 11 Record Clearing Options 6

7 Record cleaning options The following information applies to California state convictions only Expungements = dismissals of convictions (jail sentences, including 1170(h) / realignment ) Reducing felonies to misdemeanors ( wobblers and Prop 47) Certificates of Rehabilitation (prison sentences) Sealing (drug diversions, factual innocence, juvenile) Once file is sealed, no conviction exists; nothing to dismiss Purging (small amounts of marijuana) After two years, all record of the case should be destroyed automatically. 13 Expungements Almost all sentences of county jail or probation or fines can be expunged Exception: the majority of sex and child pornography offenses are ineligible to be dismissed All 1170(h) convictions can be expunged Sentences to state prison cannot be expunged apply instead for a Certificate of Rehabilitation What does an expungement do? dismisses a conviction, or withdraws a plea 14 7

8 Expungements Expungements are either: required ( mandatory ), or up to a judge ( discretionary ) To decide if expungement is mandatory or discretionary, find out: Whether probation was part of the sentence, and What happened after the conviction? 15 Expungements When probation was part of the sentence: For record clearances, it does not matter whether probation was formal (reporting) or court (non reporting) If the Petitioner successfully completed probation, no new convictions during probation no probation violations then the court must dismiss the conviction ( mandatory ) PC Exception: Most Vehicle Code offenses must be heard in court 16 8

9 Expungements When probation was part of the sentence: If the Petitioner did not successfully complete probation, new conviction during probation probation violation then the dismissal of the conviction is up to a judge ( discretionary ) A judge will decide in court whether it is in the interests of justice to dismiss the conviction 17 Expungements Early termination of probation Example: 5 years probation, terminated after 4 years If the Petitioner is granted early termination of probation, PC even after an earlier probation violation even with victim restitution due People v. Seymour (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 1418 then the court must dismiss the conviction ( mandatory ) PC

10 Expungements When probation was not part of the sentence If the Petitioner had no further involvement with the criminal justice system during the one year following the conviction, then the court must dismiss the conviction ( mandatory ) PC a Note: PC a the expungement law that applies when probation is not a term of sentence does not apply to felonies. For the (rare) felony with no probation, see if it is a wobbler or Prop 47 felony. If so, ask to reduce the felony to a misdemeanor and seek to dismiss. 19 Expungements When probation was not part of the sentence If the Petitioner had further involvement with the criminal justice system within one year following the conviction, then the dismissal of the conviction is up to a judge (discretionary) A judge will decide in court whether it is in the interests of justice to dismiss the conviction 20 10

11 Expungements AB 109 = Realignment = 1170(h) October 2011 law turned some state prison sentences into ones to be served in county jail non violent, non serious, non sex offenses All 1170(h) cases are eligible for expungement All 1170(h) cases are discretionary: A judge will decide in court whether it is in the interests of justice to dismiss 1170(h) convictions PC Expungements AB 109 = Realignment = 1170(h) People with a split sentence (released with a tail ; CASU ) can apply for expungement one year after completing supervision Convictions sentenced under PC 1170(h)(B)(5) People with straight time (no tail ) can apply two years following release from custody Convictions sentenced under PC 1170(h)(A)(5) 22 11

12 Reducing felonies to misdemeanors Many felonies are wobblers. If the offense can be charged either as a misdemeanor or as a felony, it is a wobbler. Examples: assault with deadly weapon vandalism domestic violence DUI with injury welfare fraud 23 Reducing felonies to misdemeanors When a jail sentence has a wobbler felony, a judge can reduce it to a misdemeanor at any time. o o Petitioner can ask for reduction and dismissal in the same petition The judge considers evidence of rehabilitation and the interests of justice Once a felony is reduced to a misdemeanor, it is considered as a misdemeanor for all purposes. PC 17(b) 24 12

13 Reducing felonies to misdemeanors The new Proposition 47 requires: * misdemeanor instead of felony sentence for three drug possession offenses: Health & Safety Code sections 11350(a), 11357(a), 11377(a) * misdemeanor instead of a felony sentence for the following theft offenses when $950 or less is involved: commercial burglary (PC 459), petty theft (PC 488) and petty theft with a prior (PC 666), receiving stolen property (PC 496(a)), and forging/writing bad checks (PC 473, PC 476a) Prop 47 allows sentences for the above offenses to remain as felonies if the person has a previous conviction for crimes such as rape, murder, or child molestation, or is registered sex offender. 25 Reducing felonies to misdemeanors Proposition 47: Gives people until November 5, 2017 to file an application with the court to have the listed felony convictions reduced to misdemeanors. No fee or court hearing required Permits resentencing for persons serving felony sentences for the previously specified drug and theft offenses under $950, unless the court finds an unreasonable public safety risk

14 Prop 47 in Santa Clara County Use form CR 6087 for previous felonies _filing/forms/cr 6087.pdf Or contact the Public Defender s Prop 47 unit in custody: (408) out of custody: (408) Prop 47: filing Fill out form and keep a copy for yourself Send a copy of completed form to the DA or, if you are going to the court to file it, ask the court clerk to give the DA the copy File by mail or in person at the Clerk s Office, Hall of Justice Street Address: West Hedding Street, San Jose, CA Mailing Address: 191 N. First Street San Jose, CA No filing fee The court will process the application and send you the completed paperwork at the address you list 28 14

15 Expungements When can a person file for expungement? Not serving time Not on probation, parole or supervision No criminal charges pending Owing money to the County does NOT bar expungements People v. Bradus (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 636,638 (successful completion of probation); People v. Holman (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1438 (early termination of probation); People v. Seymour (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 1418 (early termination of probation requires expungement even when victim restitution due) 29 Expungements: balance due to County It helps to know what the County believes a person owes before filing for expungement to address any issues. Call Department of Revenue (408) Ask for detailed statement of any balance due to see whether it is fees, fines or restitution The court can forgive ( commute ) balances due at a record clearance hearing If the petitioner wants to ask the court to forgive the balance due, he/she must include this request in the expungement papers filed Provide an explanation as to why it is needed Making small, regular payments when one is able, can be beneficial to a later request for commutation of fees 30 15

16 Immigration status There is no immigration status requirement to be eligible to petition for expungement. The Record Clearance Project asks its clients who do not have legal status to consult an attorney who specializes in immigration law before beginning the expungement process. Some agencies that offer immigration legal services: Alexander Community Law Center, San José: (408) Asian Law Alliance, San José: (408) Catholic Charities, San José: 408 (408) Community Legal Services, East Palo Alto: (650) International Institute, Redwood City: (650) SIREN, San José: (408) And various private attorneys What does not change after expungement Still counts as a prior Still counts as a strike if it previously counted as a strike Firearm ban remains unchanged Sex offender registration remains unchanged Driver s license suspension remains unchanged 32 16

17 What does change after expungement Expungement often helps with: Employment Housing Family unification Student loans Immigration* Public safety Civil rights Fundamental fairness Dignity value * Check with an immigration attorney before proceeding 33 Expungement: How to apply Apply in the county where the conviction took place File a separate petition for each case number One case may have several counts ( charges ); once the one case is dismissed, all the counts are dismissed Two ways to apply for expungement: filing a form no court appearance fill out application form going to court court appearance required prepare a petition 34 17

18 Expungement: How to apply Filing a form (no court appearance) Useful for mandatory dismissals (court must dismiss the conviction) When person successfully completed probation If didn t get probation, when person did not have another problem with law enforcement within the year following the conviction Form is on Probation Department website at sccgov.org (search for adult record clearance ) or call (408) for an application 35 Expungement: How to apply Filing a form (no court appearance) For those able to pay: o o $ 150 for (if have a probation case); $ 60 for a (if have only non probation case) Pay to Department of Revenue (for Probation Department s review) In Santa Clara County, about 3 months after submitting form, Probation Department will send a letter stating which convictions o o have been dismissed require a court hearing No new payment is required if go to court Lewis v. Clarke (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 563 (cannot require payment as a condition of filing PC petition unless there is decision that person has ability to pay) 36 18

19 Expungement: How to apply Preparing a petition for a court hearing: For discretionary dismissals when Petitioner: Did not successfully complete probation Had new encounter with law within one year of non probation case Is asking the court to reduce a wobbler felony to a misdemeanor Is asking court to dismiss a 1170(h) (realignment) case 37 Expungement: How to apply Other counties (not Santa Clara): California has Judicial Council forms to file for expungements: forms CR 180 & CR drop down menu: criminal Send to the court clerk s office in the county where the conviction took place. Keep a copy

20 Expungement: How to apply The petition shows the judge that the interests of justice support dismissing the conviction by: a Declaration (sworn, personal statement), and supporting documents o letters of support from co workers friends and family church community volunteer placements o certificates of accomplishments o other evidence of rehabilitation 39 Expungements = Dismissals of convictions (jail, probation, 1170(h) sentences) Reducing felonies to misdemeanors ( wobblers and Prop 47) Certificates of Rehabilitation (prison sentences) 20

21 Certificates of Rehabilitation Certificates of Rehabilitation are for prison sentences and convictions that cannot be expunged Expunge all eligible jail convictions before applying for Certificate of Rehabilitation A Certificate of Rehabilitation does not erase or dismiss a conviction It does: certify rehabilitation by the court relieve registration requirement for some sex offenses PC PC Certificates of Rehabilitation: Requirements Residence requirements must have lived in California for five years immediately before filing, and Time requirements starting with either the o last release from last custody, or o last encounter with law enforcement (whichever is later) person must have no problems with law for 7 years (for most offenses) Judge can shorten the 7 years if it is in the interests of justice to do so 21

22 Certificates of Rehabilitation: Procedure File application with court Include supporting statement and documents (similar to filing for discretionary expungements) District Attorney s office does an investigation Judge decides at a hearing 43 Some employment rights of people with criminal convictions 22

23 Most employers cannot have an absolute ban on hiring anyone with a conviction history. We cannot conceive of any business necessity that would automatically place every individual convicted of any offense in the permanent ranks of the unemployed. Court decision in Green v. Missouri Pacific Railroad, 523 F.2d 1290 (8 th Cir. 1975) Employers must make an individualized assessment of each applicant to consider: The nature and gravity of the offense or conduct; The time that has passed since the offense, conduct and/or completion of the sentence; and The nature of the job held or sought. EEOC Guidance p Different employers can see different information Government employers can see full record, including expunged convictions Examples: Department of Social Services State lottery Elmwood Jail Banking and hospitals / medical facilities special rules apply have greater access than private employers Federal employers Most federal employers can see records, but many are limited in how they consider criminal convictions 46 23

24 Different employers can see different information Licensing boards can see full record, including expunged convictions Examples: Real estate agents Security guards Accountants Caregivers for special populations will find out about expunged convictions from the state Department of Social Services Examples: Child care workers Disabled people s assistants Elder care workers 47 Licensing boards and caregivers People can advocate for permission to work even with convictions on their records Often the law allows a worker to present evidence that he/she is rehabilitated licensing boards have a procedure to present information caregivers can follow a procedure with the Department of Social Services to request an exemption to be able to work Expungement and Certificates of Rehabilitation are useful 48 24

25 Different employers can see different information Private employers do not have access to state computer files Examples: Target, Cisco, Safeway cannot see rap sheets Private employers usually buy background check reports In California, background check companies are not supposed to report: past arrests, or convictions that are older than 7 years Cal. Civil Code (a)(7) 49 Background check companies When employers ask applicants for permission to get a background check report, they must offer the applicant a free copy. This gives people the right to know what is on their report. Cal. Civil Code (b)(1)) (Cal. Civil Code (a)(2) and 15 U.S.C. 1681b(b)(2) Mistakes on background reports are common People who are the subject of an unlawful report can sue for $10,000 Cal. Civil Code

26 Keep in mind An employer can use an employee s false statements on a job application as a legal reason to not hire or to fire someone, even after years of work Most expunged (dismissed) convictions remain in a person s computer file the issue is which employers can find out about them. Generally: the courts, law enforcement and national security workplaces can see everything in a person s record. Expunged convictions shielded A new law shields expunged (= dismissed ) convictions: As of January 1, 2014, most California employers cannot ask about or consider expunged convictions in employment decisions Exceptions permit employers that are otherwise required to find out about conviction histories to ask about / consider expunged convictions Labor Code 432.7(a) 26

27 Most California employers cannot ask about or use expunged convictions No employer, whether a public agency or private individual or corporation, shall ask an applicant for employment to disclose, through any written form or verbally, information... concerning a conviction that has been judicially dismissed or ordered sealed *... nor shall any employer seek from any source whatsoever, or utilize, as a factor in determining any condition of employment including hiring, promotion, termination, or any apprenticeship training program or any other training program leading to employment, any record... concerning a conviction that has been judicially dismissed or ordered sealed* * Referring to PC sections , a, and Labor Code 432.7(a) 53 When California employers can consider dismissed convictions Exceptions to Labor Code 432.7: employers can consider dismissed convictions in the following circumstances: peace officers (b), (e) health facilities (f) PC 290 related arrests for positions with regular access to patients HS related arrests for positions with access to medication concessionaires with government (k), (l) though keep in mind new Ban the Box re government employment employer required by law to obtain conviction information (m) position requires possession/use of firearm in employment (m) conviction bars applicant from holding position, notwithstanding dismissal (m) employer is prohibited from employing applicant with conviction (m) 54 27

28 Ban the Box applies to government employers in California Ban the Box : government employers must wait until later in the employment process before asking applicants about criminal histories Government employers must wait until the agency has determined the applicant meets the minimum employment qualifications before asking about criminal history Labor Code (effective July 1, 2014) 55 Ban the Box: exceptions Some employers are allowed to ask about convictions up front: if the agency is required to do a background check Example: caregivers for the elderly, disabled and children are required to check workers backgrounds if the position is with a criminal justice agency Labor Code 432.9(b) 56 28

29 57 For more information, or to sign up for Speed Screening, leave a message for the SJSU Record Clearance Project at expunge@sjsu.edu Or (408) (message line) (408) (mentoring program line) 29