Index. Belief in a just world, 149 Bench trial, , 257 agreement with jury decisions, Benevolent gestures, , 168

Transcription

1 Index Abuse of discretion standard, 98 Additur, Affective forecasting, 74 Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), 5, 10, , 260, , 277 arbitration, 5, 266 mediation, 5, , 266 negotiation, 244 prevalence of, 247, 257 American Medical Association (AMA), 3 ethical obligation to disclose errors, 159, 250 lack of error reporting guidelines, 182 medical liability crisis, 7 9 American Tort Reform Association (ATRA), 3 7, 9, 14, 277 judicial hellholes, 5 6, 14 points of light, 6 reform platform, 4 Anchoring, 41, 48 49, damage award benchmarks, Anti-plaintiff sentiment, 134, , , 180 Apology, , attributional effects, empirical evidence, , , moderators, evidentiary restrictions, , 168, , 219, , expectations about claim success, 208 forbearance, injury severity, mitigation, 206, , 245, offer of compensation, reduction in antagonism, remorse, 137, , , responsibility, , settlement, , 197, , , 249 sincerity, 216, 223, 226, theoretical support, timing, Arizona Civil Jury Project, Attorneys case screening, 104 increase in the number of, 4 lack of empirical training, plaintiffs, trial tactics, 25 26, 30 32, , 126 Attribution theory, Automobile negligence, 39, 46, , 177 admissions of fault, 59 case screening, 104 crossover effect, 96 empirical research on whiplash, experts, 40 infrequency of punitive damages, 96 insurance practices, media coverage, 13 prevalence, 13, 132 prior injury, 45 settlement, temporal patterns in awards, time to trial, 240 Belief in a just world, 149 Bench trial, , 257 agreement with jury decisions, Benevolent gestures, , 168 Bifurcation, 55, 82 85, 98, 101, 120, 123, 248 Blindfolding, 173 Blockbuster awards, 12 14, 110, 115 BMV v. Gore, v, 86 87, 105, 118 Burdens of proof, 39 Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), 108, 112, 132, 134,

2 282 Index Calculation of damages, 11, 15 16, 41 42, 48 51, 119 Candor, 159, 165, Capital Punishment Project, 58 Causal model, see Story model Causation, 26 29, 40, 43 45, 85 Chestnut v. City of Lowell, 86 Chilling effect, , 162 Civil claims perception of fraudulence/frivolousness, 6 7, 46, , , , 177 prevalence, 7 9, 13, 132 success rates, 10, 63, , 180 Civil Justice Survey of State Courts, 61, 94, 106, 108, , 132 Clear and convincing evidence, 39 Closing arguments, 32, 41, 101, 140 Cognitive appraisal theory, 74 Comparative fault, 39, 41, 68 Constitutionality of damage awards Due Process concerns, 105, 118 Equal Protection concerns, 10 ratio analysis, 86 88, 99, 105 Construct validity, Convergent validity, 57, 60 61, 70 72, 121, 275 Corporate defendant, 26 29, 90 91, 170, 178, 180 Counterfactual thinking, Crossover phenomenon, , empirical evidence, 88 97, explanations, preventative measures, Damage award patterns over time, 2, 8 9, 12 13, , Damage caps, 3 5, 9 10, 15, , , 125, Equal Protection concerns, 10 nondisclosure of, 88, 93 Damage mitigation, , 245, Deep pockets effect, 84 85, 178, 180 Defamation, 215, 242, 245, 248 De minimis, Dignitary harms, 79, Disclosure of caps, 88, 93 of medical error, , , , 242, Distributive justice, , Due process, 100, 105, 118 Ecological validity, 35 65, 68 70, 93 Econometric regression, 81, 88, Economic (or special) damages, 11, 41, 48 49, , Emotion, 31, 68 69, 72 74, , 211, 217, Emotional distress, 79 80, 87 88, 97 99, , 236, 248 Enterprise liability, 161, Equal Protection, 10 Equifinality, Equity in damage awards, 64 Equity theory, 201, 209, 212, 259 Error reporting, see Medical malpractice Evidence presentation, see Story model Evidentiary restrictions, Experts, 38 41, 43, 45 46, 52, 55, 58 60, 62 63, , 172, 268, External validity, 36 37, 52, 70, 93 Forbearance, Foreseeability, 26, Fraud, 55 Gilbert v. Daimler Chrysler Corp., Grief, 237 Hersch-Viscusi dataset, Hindsight bias, Horizontal equity, 64 Impression management, 245 Injury duration of, 40, failure to mitigate, 46 prior, 40, 45 severity, 11, 43 45, 63, , , type, In re Diet Drugs, 100 Institute of Medicine (IOM), , 169, 171, 176, 181, 184 Insurance bad faith, v vi, See also State Farm v. Campbell Interactional justice, Internal validity, 52, 57, 70 definition, 36 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), Judicial hellholes, 5 6, 14 Judicial reduction of damage awards, 6, 12, 42 43, 103

3 Index 283 Jury agreement with other decision makers, 2, 53 54, characteristics of individual jurors, 42 psychological, 69 race, 24, 70, 179 competence and rationality, 2, 5, 13, 55, 60 64, , 188 comprehension, 55, 74, , 126, 178, 276 deliberation, 43 51, 54, 160, 165 minority influence, 51 transcript excerpts, instructions, 15 16, 26 29, 59, 70, 73 74, 88, 93, 101, , 172, , on damages, 41 42, 49, 82 83, international use, 274 interviews, 55, 57 60, 74, 213 reform, 5, 13, research with actual juries, simulation research methodology, alternative methodologies, criticism of, 2, 35 55, 68 69, 74 defense of, 37, 53, verdict quality, Juryphobia, 5, , 218, 277 Justice theories, in corporate settings, 268 effects on governmental policy acceptance, in healthcare, in higher education, 267 See also Distributive justice, Interactional justice, Procedural justice, and Restorative justice Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, 171 Levka v. City of Chicago, 99 Liability, 3, 40 joint and several, 39 relationship to damages, 40 Litigation crisis, 1 16 role of media, 2, delay, 240 McDonald s, v, 5 6, Mediation, see Alternative dispute resolution Medical malpractice, 39 40, 62 64, , access to healthcare providers, 7, 9, 176 chilling effect, , 162 claim prevalence, 7 8, 9, 13 claim success rate, 10, 63, , 180 error reporting, 152, , , 177, fear of litigation, , insurance premiums, 7 10, , 176 prevalence of medical error, 151, 176, , 277 prevention, reform, 3 4, 7 10, , remorse, Merck, see Vioxx Mitigation by apology, 206, , 245, of damages, , 245, of injury, 46 Motivation of jurors, 68 69, 74, 89 of parties, 27, , 210 theories, 74 Narratives, see Story model National Center for State Courts dataset (NCSC), 61, 94 97, , 132 National Law Journal dataset (NLJ), 107, Near miss definition, 152, 166, 176 reporting, 152, 154, 164, 166, 172, 176, 183 Noneconomic (or general) damages, 9 12, 15, 41 42, 49 51, 102, , caps, 3 5, 9 10, 15 emotional distress, 79 80, 87 88, 97 99, , 236, 248 pain and suffering, 11 12, 15, 41 42, 48 51, 53 54, 124, 209, Pain and suffering, 11 12, 15, 41 42, 48 51, 53 54, 124, 209, crossover effects, 80 81, 92 93, whiplash, 140, 143 Patent infringement, 40, 60, 62 People v. O.J. Simpson, 24, 32 Petrucelli v. Wisconsin Patients Compensation Fund, 5, 10, 12 Phillip Morris v. Williams, 105, , 276 Plaintiff phobia, 177 Positivist critical multiplism, Preponderance of evidence standard, 39

4 284 Index Procedural justice, , 235, 258, , neutrality, 261 respectful treatment, 262 trustworthiness, voice, 261 Products liability, 13, 26, 40, 89 91, 180 claim success rate, 10, 180 empirical research, 26 30, 61, expert testimony, 40 media coverage, 13 reform, 3 4 Punitive damages, 4 6, 9 12, caps, 4 5, 9 10, , , 177 clear and convincing standard, 39 definition and requirements, 42, 79, 123 empirical research, 26 29, 61, 90 97, , excessiveness, 12 13, 86 87, 105, 118, 125 harm to nonparties, prevalence, 10 relationship to compensatory damages, vi, , empirical evidence, 88 97, explanations, preventative measures, 82 85, 120, ratio analysis, 86 88, 99, 105 Qualitative Methodology, 36, 56 60, 71, See also Arizona Civil Jury Project Race, 24, 70, , 260 Rational basis review, 10 Reasonable person standard, 39 Reciprocity norms, Recklessness, 26 29, 42, 73, 123 Regulatory focus, 74 Remittitur, 12, 15, Remorse, 137, , , Reprehensibility, 123 empirical research, 90 92, 119, 124 harm to nonparties, Restorative justice, 5, 236, , 258, , 277 and Therapeutic jurisprudence Retributive justice, , 246, 258, Roth v. Farner-Bocken, 99 Salience, 2, Secondary gain theory, Selection effect, 104 Settlement, 7, 10, 43, 63 64, 100, 168, 181, 257 automobile negligence, influential factors, 40, 104 apology, , 197, , , 249 expectations of claim success, 14, 208 interpersonal treatment, 204 medical consensus of error, medical malpractice, post-verdict, 12, 43, 63 Shifting damages, Simultaneity bias, 95 Sincerity, 216, 223, 226, Social analytic jurisprudence, 71 73, 275 Social identity theory, Social norms, Soft tissue injury, 133 See also Whiplash State Farm v. Campbell, v, 79, 87 88, 99, 105, 118, , 276 Story model, 23 33, 41, 54, 72 74, empirical research, 25 29, 54 civil cases, 26 29, criminal cases, 25 26, 54 evidence presentation order, 25 role of past experiences, 24, stages, story construction, 23, 72 trial tactics, 25 26, Strategic bargaining, Substitution effect, see Crossover effect Therapeutic jurisprudence, , 277 empirical research, justice, see Restorative justice Tort reform, 1 16 See also Damage Caps and Jury Reform Trial, 3, 8 43, 13 delay, 240 infrequency, vii, 2, 10, 63, , 257, , 277 structure, 38 39, 67 68, tactics, 25 26, 30 32, , 126 Veil of ignorance, 259 Vertical equity, 64 Veterans Administration, ,

5 Index 285 Victim-offender mediation, see Restorative justice Vioxx, v, 5 6, 12, 14 Webster v. City of Houston, 86 Whiplash, empirical research, injury terminology, , injury type,