Court Cases Jason Ballay
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1 Court Cases Jason Ballay 1. Engel V. Vitale, a Jewish man named Steven Engel challenged, New York law that had mandatory prayers with the wording Almighty God in it. He challanged that it went against his religious beliefs. The supreme court ruled in favor of his case stating that it violated the establishment clause of the 1st amendment, and the states 14th amendment. 2. Gideon V. Wainwright, a poor man in Florida was denied legal representation, so he represented himself and was found guilty by a jury of his peers. He challenged the states ruling in the state supreme court and it was denied. So, he handwrote a petition to the United states supreme court challenging the verdict. They agreed to hear the case and overthrew the case the state supreme court cited (Betts v brady). They stated the he 6th amendment guarantees that the right to counsel is a fundamental right and shall not be infringed upon. 3. Abbington School District v. Schenpp, Abington township in Pennsylvania requires children to recite bible verses and religious text in school. Edward Schenpps' case was consolidated with Murray v. curlett (she was an atheist). The supreme court ruled against the state and said that the law was unconstitutional via the 1st amendment and they went on to say that it si the government's responsibility to remain neutral in matters or religion. 4. New York Times Co. V. Sullivan, a tactic used by southern politicians was to sue papers and reporters to thwart civil right stories. The case went to the supreme court where they adopted actual malice standards and reduced the finical hazards from political claims which was also used by political officals to suppress political critism.
2 Court Cases-Efrain Moreno Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965 court case was argued in the U.S. Supreme court on March 29th and 30th of It is a fact that in 1879, Connecticut passed a law that made it illegal to use any medical devices, instruments or medication in order to prevent pregnancy. This law criminalized the use or encouragement of birth control. The prohibition of contraceptives made it difficult for women to plan the growth of their families during these times. Estelle Griswold, a planned parenthood leader and a medical doctor by the name of Buxton both were arrested and charged with the illegal acts of providing information and services to patients on contraception. Both Griswold and Buxton fought the alleged charges under the precedence that the laws violated their right to due process under the 14th Amendment. Both the Appellate Division court and Connecticut Supreme Courts affirmed their convictions, however, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed their convictions and found the Connecticut laws unconstitutional. Justice Douglas wrote that there is a right to privacy implied throughout the Bill of Rights. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 1964 was argued in the U.S. Supreme Court on January 6th and 7th of This case was decided together along with another case named Abernathy v. Sullivan in which the case argues that an ad placed in a New York Times page was defamatory against a government official. The ad alleged that the arrest of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. for perjury in Alabama was part of a campaign to destroy Dr. Kings efforts to help the integration of public facilities in the south and encourage African Americans to vote. L.B. Sullivan claimed personal defamation against the New York Times and four African American Ministers who sponsored the ad and won a $500,000 judgment. Sullivan did not prove that he was harmed and still won. Alabama s libel law did not require Sullivan to prove that he was harmed by the ad. Seditious libel was common practice among many states if not all and even as the first amendment protects our freedom of speech and of the press it came under close scrutiny in this case. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. defended the New York Times publishing of the add and argued in favor of adding stricter rules against the use of libel law by government officials. The U.S. Supreme court reversed the decision of the Alabama Supreme court and The New York Times was not liable for defamation.
3 NAACP v. Alabama, 1958 the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was ordered to produce a membership list by the state court of Alabama. The factual rule of law is that the freedom of association to promote beliefs is insured by the fourteenth amendment and is protected against strict scrutiny and regulatory interference. In 1956 the Attorney General of Alabama brought suit against the NAACP alleging that they did not meet qualifications to conduct business in the state of Alabama. The circuit court agreed to issue an ex parte order restraining the NAACP from conducting business in the state or taking steps to qualify it to do so. This case was very important to civil rights movement in my opinion and it was very controversial as well especially when it came to the rights to assemble and the rights to associate protected by the 14th Amendment. After a few backs and forth between the Alabama Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court it was decided in favor of the NAACP. "Immunity from state scrutiny of petitioner's membership lists is here so related to the right of petitioner's members to pursue their lawful private interests privately and to associate freely with others in doing so as to come within the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment" -John Marshall Harlan II. Mapp v Ohio, 1961 here s a little history of the exclusionary rule of obtaining evidence by illegal or questionable means was only subject to federal law enforcement agencies since 1914 until this case came to light. So basically if the FBI, for example, obtained evidence by illegal means it could essentially send this evidence to the local police agencies and then it would be ok to be used in any court proceeding since the rule only applied to federal agencies. So this case gets interesting when the police department goes to Ms. Mapp s home and demands entry to search her home for a potential criminal suspect. When Mapp denies them entry and calls her lawyer on them in order to produce a lawful warrant before search and seizure procedures can be made. The police return later and lie about an official warrant and arrest Mapp for a mere possession of pornographic materials that were illegal in Ohio at the time. The U.S. Supreme court ruled in favor of Mapp in this case and thus made it clear to all government levels that they were all subject to the exclusionary rule in obtaining evidence. This was because the illegal searches violated the fourth amendment.
4 Terrence Lee Case: Roe v. Wade Year: 1973 Facts Behind the Case: The United states supreme court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions. Decision: 7-2 Outcome: That a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th amendment extended to a woman s decision to have an abortion, but that this right must be balanced against the states interests in regulating abortions. Case: United States v. Nixon, Year: 1974 Facts Behind the Case: The Jul 8th to 24th case was a landmark case in the united states Ordering him to deliver tape recordings and other subpoenaed materials to a federal district courts. United States V. Nixon is Considered a crucial precedent limiting the power of any U.S. president to claim executive privilege. Decision: Unanimous decision Outcome: The decision was important to the late stages of the Watergate scandal, when there was an ongoing impeachment process against Richard Nixon. Case: Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. Year: 1977 Facts Behind the Case: A case heard by the supreme court of the United States dealing with a zoning ordinance that in a practical way barred families of carious socio-economic, and etho-racial backgrounds from residing in a neighborhood. Decision: 5-3 Outcome: The court held that the ordinance was constitutional because there was no proof that discriminatory purpose was a motivating factor in the village s decision.
5 Case: Ingraham v. Wright Year: 1977 Facts Behind the Case: James Ingraham was a 14-year-old eighth grader who was accused of failing to promptly leave the stage of the school auditorium when asked to do so by a teacher. He was then taken to the school principle, where he stated that he was not guilty of the accusation against him. The principal, ordered Ingraham to bend over so that wright could spank him with a spanking paddle. When Ingraham declined to bend over he was forcibly placed face down on the top of the table and was his 20 times. Decision: 5-4 Outcome: The court favored James with the upheld of the disciplinary corporal punishment policy.
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