Chapter 2. Contract, breach of contract and remedies in contract... 7
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1 CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction Research theme Research questions Methodology and justifications for the chosen approach... 3 Chapter 2. Contract, breach of contract and remedies in contract Introduction The notion of contract Preliminary remarks A common law approach English law US Law A continental law approach French law German law Dutch law Contract in soft law bodies: PECL, DCFR and PICC The Proposal for a Regulation on a Common European Sales Law: the notion of contract Contract, promise and obligation: various theoretical approaches The notion of breach of contract and remedies in contract Introductory remarks Breach of contract: a common law perspective Remedies in contract: a common law perspective Damages Actual performance of the contract Termination The notion of breach of contract and remedies in contract: a continental law perspective vii
2 French law German law Dutch law A curiosum? CISG, PICC, DCFR, CESL and the notion of fundamental breach Breach of contract anticipated upon by parties: penalty clauses and exclusion clauses Penalty clauses and liquidated damages clauses Exclusion and limitation clauses Conclusion Chapter 3. Deliberate breach of contract: a notion to be explored, but not defined Introduction Introducing the concept of deliberate breach Deliberate breach and the distinction between excusable and nonexcusable breach The theory of efficient breach: a belief with supporters and opponents Deliberate breach and efficient breach compared: similar but not equal Deliberate breach of contract from a tort law perspective Deliberate breach in empirical legal studies Proving deliberateness? A comparison between deliberate breach and criminal intent Conclusion Chapter 4. Deliberate breach of contract and its influence in (legal) practice on core remedies in contract: an exploration Introduction Deliberateness and enforced performance Introductory remarks English law Ia: Raphael v Thames Valley Railway Company English law Ib: Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd English law IIa: Rankin v Lay English law IIb: Celestial Aviation v Paramount Airways US law: two case law examples indicating an implicit influence of deliberateness French law: the pool case German law: the window case Dutch law I: limited relevance of deliberateness for a claim for enforced performance Dutch law II: NSI Kantoren BV/Ernst & Young Accountants viii
3 Concluding remarks Deliberateness and its influence on the validity of penalty clauses and the court s discretion to mitigate or to increase the penalty Introductory remarks English law: Bridge v Campbell Discount Co. Ltd US law: a call for a different approach towards the penalty clause, but on which grounds? French law: the notion of dol and penalty clauses Swiss law: mitigation and motive connected Dutch law: NVB/Helder and the Buck case Concluding remarks Deliberateness and expectation damages Introductory remarks English law I: Golden Strait Corporation v Nippon Yusen Kubishika Kaisha (The Golden Victory) English law II: Patrick v Russo-British Grain Export Company, Limited US law: a principled no on an explicit link between deliberateness and expectation damages French law I: deliberateness and the requirement of foreseeability French law II: the airline case German law Dutch law I: deliberateness in the Civil Code or not? Dutch law II: Vos Logistics/TSN PECL, DCFR and CESL Concluding remarks Deliberateness and damages for non-pecuniary losses Introductory remarks English law: Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth US law: Lutz Farms et al. v. Asgrow Seed Company French law: recapturing the swimming pool case Dutch law: article 6:106 s. 1a Cc; an exceptional provision in the Dutch Civil Code Concluding remarks Deliberateness and punitive damages Introductory remarks US law I: deliberateness, punitive damages and the issue of contract and tort US law II: Fletcher v. Western National Life Insurance Co US law III: Seaman s Direct Buying Service Inc. v. Standard Oil Co Dutch law: Van Rossum/Fortis Concluding remarks Deliberateness and account of profits Introductory remarks ix
4 English law I: Surrey County Council and another v Bredero Homes Ltd English law II: Attorney General v Blake (Jonathan Cape Ltd, third party) English law III: Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc and another US law I: Earthinfo, Inc v. Hydrosphere Resource Consultants, Inc US law II: The Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment Dutch law: Doerga/Stichting Ymere Concluding remarks Deliberateness and (partial) termination Introductory remarks US law: deliberateness and material breach; a few case law examples Deliberate breach and termination in a convergent soft law vehicle: the Draft Common Frame of Reference Concluding remarks Deliberateness and recovering costs for legal representation Introductory remarks US law: James T. Wellman et al. v. Energy Resources Inc Concluding remarks An outsider: exclusion clauses limiting liability in a contractual context Introductory remarks English law: Astrazeneca UK Ltd v Albemarle International Corporation US law: William D. Huggins and Dona. G. Huggins v. Marriott Ownership Resorts, Inc Dutch law: Telfort/Scaramea Concluding remarks Conclusion Chapter 5. A framework for solving cases of deliberate breach: four arguments and six recommendations for adaptations in remedies in contract Introduction The moral argument The systematic argument The practical argument The economic argument Intermezzo: three remarks Recommendation I: Deliberate breach and actual performance Recommendation II: Deliberate breach and expectation damages Recommendation III: Deliberate breach and account of profits Recommendation IV: Deliberate breach and punitive damages x
5 5.11. Recommendation V: Deliberate breach and termination Recommendation VI: Deliberate breach and penalty clauses Conclusion: 4 arguments, 6 recommendations; a general approach or case-by-case solutions? Chapter 6. Eight case studies on deliberate breach of contract: the pudding and the eating Introduction Case study 1: the double sale case Case study 2: the farmland case Case study 3: the car service case Case study 4: the supermarket case Case study 5: the swimming pool case Case study 6: the airline tickets case Case study 7: the aluminium pipes case Case study 8: the bad faith insurance case Conclusion Chapter 7. Summary Principal argument and research questions Deliberate breach of contract: a notion with many faces Deliberate breach of contract in current practice: a denied reality? Deliberateness of the breach, a factor to take into account: why and how? The pudding and the eating: case studies to explore the effects of deliberateness on remedies in contract References Index xi
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