Women in Peace Operations

Transcription

1 Women in Peace Operations Lusaka, Zambia October 12 and 13, 2009

2 Table of Contents Part I: Introduction Background... 1 Aim and Objectives... 1 Methodology... 2 Part II: Seminar Overview Day 1: Peace Operations Context and the Importance of Women... 3 Day 2: Challenges and Opportunities for Incorporating Women... 3 Part III: Key Observations and Conclusion Key Observations... 5 Conclusion... 5 Part IV: Annexes Annex 1: List of Participants... 6 Annex 2: Seminar Agenda... 7 Annex 3: Results from the small group discussions (Day 1)... 8 Annex 4: Results from the small group discussions (Day 2) Annex 5: Summary of Presentations on Peacekeeping Activities Annex 6: Summary of Presentations on National Police Women s Network Annex 7: Presentation by Antoinette Chibi, PPC Annex 8: Presentation by Cristobel Mbekela, SAPS How to Read this Report The main purpose of this report is to provide a record for participants, as well as other individuals, groups, and organizations working toward similar goals. This report also provides a consolidated account of the conclusions and recommendations from the small group discussions, for those who will take the process forward. The report is divided into four parts: Part I serves as Introduction; Part II of the report presents an overview of the Seminar format and of the topics discussed; Part III of the report highlights a number of key observations and gives a brief conclusion; and Part IV of the report presents a series of supporting documents and additional resources for future reference. ii

3 Rough seas make good sailors, we are surely journeying through the shores of success - one tide at a time. - Anonymous

4 Part I: Introduction On October 12 and 13, 2009 the Pearson Peacekeeping Centre (PPC) hosted a Women in Peace Operations Seminar in Lusaka, Zambia. Twenty-seven police officers (7 men and 20 women) from six Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries (Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania and Zambia) took part in the Seminar. Immediately following the Seminar, on October 14 and 15, the PPC organized an all-women Capacity Building Workshop. This 2-day workshop addressed the issue of gender mainstreaming within complex peace operations and was specifically targeted for the women police officers that participated in the Seminar. The Seminar and Workshop were made possible with funding from the Federal Republic of Germany, Foreign Office. Background The Seminar built on the findings and recommendations of a series of international roundtables on Women in Peace Operations organised by the PPC between 2006 and Each roundtable organised enabled participants to explore the operational advantage of having women participate in military, police and gendarmerie organizations at the country level and in peace operations in particular. Each event also equipped participants and stakeholders with strategies to promote women during the recruitment, retention, promotion, deployment and reintegration processes. The Seminar also builds on the recent United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) International Campaign titled The Power to Empower, which aims at increasing the number of female police officers in peacekeeping missions from 8 to 20 % by This campaign is directly linked to the need to implement UN Security Council Resolutions 1325, 1820, 1888 and 1889 on women, peace and security. The relative absence of a women-specific forum for deliberation and mutual support of all women interested in peacekeeping is one of the main reasons why the PPC organised a seminar on gender and peace operations. Findings from structural visits and interviews with female police officers, conducted by the PPC s Pan African Capacity Building Program (PAPCBP) in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region in March and April 2009, pointed to two specific challenges facing female police officers: 1) their lack of access to training and seminars; and 2) the existence of systematic barriers to their participation and integration into peace operations. Aim and Objectives The aim of the seminar was to strengthen a gender mainstreaming approach within the departments of peacekeeping operations of the SADC National Police Services as a way to deploy more female UNPOL officers in missions. This seminar also aimed at continuing to address the issue of gender mainstreaming within complex peace operations by specifically targeting female police officers from 6 SADC countries (Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania and Zambia) and their implication in both the women s network of the Southern African Regional Police Chief Council Organisation (SARPCCO) and their respective national police women s network. 1

5 The seminar objectives were as follows: Seminar Objectives Examine the roles, opportunities and challenges associated with female police officers; Better understand the strategies to promote a gender perspective during the recruitment, retention, promotion, deployment and reintegration processes; Develop a key understanding of UN SCR 1325 and 1820 and other regional legal instruments as a way to promote the integration of more female police officers in complex peace operations; Provide a networking opportunity for female police officers from SADC and reinforce the gender and peace operations segment of the women s network of SARPCOO; and Share experiences, knowledge and personal reflection in confidence with other women police officers in the field of peace and security. Methodology The Seminar followed a sequence of plenary and small group discussions, each of which generated outputs useful in subsequent discussion sessions. Discussions were subjected to the Chatham House Rule. The Seminar brought together 27 participants from the six countries mentioned above including: 7 male police officers, among which two were Directors from the national peacekeeping divisions within the National Police Services (from Tanzania and Zambia), and 20 female police officers, including 3 national representatives of the Women s Network of SARPCCO (from Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia). The list of participants is included in Annex 1. 2

6 Part II: Seminar Overview The Seminar was divided into four parts (two mornings and two afternoons), each of which aimed at examining the subject of this seminar from a different angle (see Annex 2 for agenda). Each morning began in plenary with a series of guest speakers. In the afternoon, participants were divided into small groups to discuss specific questions related to the morning session with the help and guidance of facilitators. Facilitators were asked to refer to a non-exhaustive list of questions to help shape and guide small group discussions. Peace Operations Context and the Importance of Women Day 1 set the stage for the seminar by articulating an overview of the evolution and context of peace operations and the importance of women in peace processes, providing both participants and facilitators with a contextual framework for addressing the seminar content. The day began with a presentation on the evolution of peace operations and the current context, including peacekeepers roles and responsibilities. Next, was a presentation by Levinia Pienaar on her experience as a Gender Officer with the African Union and United Nations mission in Darfur (UNAMID) and the challenges she faced while in mission and upon return from mission. The third presentation, by Antoinette Chibi, focused on the importance of women in peace operations as outlined by United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UN SCR) 1325 on women, peace and security (see Annex 3 for presentations). In the afternoon, participants were divided into small discussion groups and were guided through a series of discussion questions focusing on the peacekeeping context, the roles and responsibilities of peacekeepers, and the importance of incorporating women in peace operations. The understanding of UN SCR 1325 was a significant aspect of the discussion, as well as the roles and responsibilities of the various actors in implementing this resolution. Each group was asked to come up with four reasons why the participation of women in peace operations is important and to share their findings in plenary. The findings are included in Annex 5. Challenges and Opportunities for Incorporating Women Day 2 focused on the challenges and opportunities for incorporating women at the national and international level and used the discussions and findings from Day 1 as a starting point for discussions. The day began in plenary with a presentation by Cristobel Mbekela from the South African Police Service (SAPS). Madame Mbekela spoke eloquently about the Women s Network of the South African police. SAPS is a good model for integrating female police officers in a national police service having reached the 30/70 ratio, one of the highest in the world. The Men for Change program initiated by SAPS resonated into the hearts and minds of police officers especially among the male participants (see Annex 4 for presentation). The morning was followed by presentations from a representative from each national police service, and by presentations by a representative from each chapter of the women network. These presentations provided an overview of current activities and efforts, and helped to identify possible gaps that need to be addressed (see Annex 6 for a summary of the presentations). 3

7 In the afternoon, participants were divided into groups to discuss challenges to women participating in peace operations at the national and regional levels. Participants were also asked to identify ways or means of mitigating these challenges and find collaborative strategies for moving forward. Each group came up with four main challenges and two to three initiatives and/or recommendations (see Annex 8 for a consolidation of findings). 4

8 Part III: Key Observations and Conclusion Key Observations The seminar brought together seven representatives from peacekeeping units within national police services of six SADC countries and 20 female officers from the same six countries. The seminar proved successful in various ways. First, it provided a space for the men and women to learn about peacekeeping operations, the functioning of the United Nations, the limits of international law, and the role that nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) can play in influencing decision makers. The seminar was also successful in providing participants with an understanding of gender and gender mainstreaming. Gender was understood as being the domain of both men and women, and men have a crucial role to play in supporting gender mainstreaming efforts. In this regard, the seminar provided an opportunity for the participants to discuss gender mainstreaming efforts and share experiences as to challenges and opportunities for incorporating more women into the police force and in peacekeeping. A recurring theme among participants was the women s lack of driving skills, which was identified as one of the main obstacles to women being deployed on peacekeeping missions. This obstacle is coupled with the fact that women and men often do not have the same opportunities due to cultural, social and economic factors. It is worth mentioning that the head of the peacekeeping department from the Tanzania police service committed to work hand in hand with the women s network of the Tanzania Police Service when recruiting police officers for peace operations in order to increase the number of female police officers in missions. He also stated that he would present a project proposal to the Inspector General of Police (IGP) to encourage women to learn how to drive a 4X4 vehicle, whereby the Tanzania Police Service would pay for the test if the woman passes. Participants were also highly interested in the men for change program presented by Cristobel Mbekela from SAPS. The program was viewed as a great way to educate and involve men in gender issues. Finally, the seminar provided the women police officers with an opportunity to network and to reinforce the gender and peace operations segment of the women s network of SARPCOO. Conclusion The seminar helped increase the awareness of the participants on the issue of peace operations and the operational advantage of women s meaningful participation in peace operations. The seminar also helped raise awareness on UN Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 and other regional legal instruments as a way to promote the integration of more female police officers to complex peace operations. In conclusion, the seminar achieved its aim of discussing challenges to the participation of women in peace operations and of identifying preliminary strategies for addressing these challenges. 5

9 Part IV: Annexes ANNEX 1: List of Participants Participants Gender Seminar and Workshop - October 12-15, 2009 Last Name Middle Name First Name Country/Region Gender Rank Assistant 1 Mothibedi T.S. Mavis Botswana F superintendent 2 Ramotshabi D. Keolebale Botswana F Superintendent 3 Baluwa Chatsoka Arlene Malawi F SACP Assistant 5 Idi Loveness Malawi F superintendent 6 Chambuluka Binny Patrick Malawi M Sub/inspector 7 Gunda Clara Landirani Malawi F Sergent 8 Ibraimo Odete Maria Mozambique F Superintendent 9 Antonio Marilia Claudia Apolonia Mozambique F S/inspector 10 Gimo Awasse Cheia Mozambique M Superintendent Senior 11 Castelo Armando Edmundo Mozambique M superintendent 12 Iiyambo Nuusiku Helena Namibia F Chief inspector Detective 13 Nawa Kumangamanga Edina Namibia F inspector 14 Sakuwa Iuze Julia Namibia F Inspector Deputy 15 Amwele Rauha Namibia F Commissioner 16 Kavungo Venolwaambo Penehupifo Namibia M Inspector 17 Mapunda Elice Tanzania F Assistant commissioner 18 Swebe Martin Edith Tanzania F Assistant superintendent 19 Mzee Amour Naima Tanzania F Sergent 20 Hassan Shukuru Tanzania F Constable Senior 21 Kitalika Benedict Tanzania M superintendent 22 Ngumbulu Joshua Oscar Tanzania M Inspector 23 Tembo Mary Zambia F Senior assistant commissioner 24 Chikwanda Mary Zambia F Senior assistant commissioner 25 Zulu Cheelo Sharon Zambia F S/superintendent 26 Libongani Stella Zambia F S/superintendent 27 Mwanza Godfrey Zambia M 6

10 ANNEX 2: Seminar Agenda Day 1 Day 2 Understanding Peace Operations National Strategies Plenary session Plenary Session 9:00 9:30 Opening Remarks Session 1: Understanding the evolution and context of UN and AU (including ASF) peace operations and the importance to integrate police officers and especially female police officers in missions 9:00 Session 3: The challenges and opportunities for incorporating women at the national and international level 10:45 Coffee Break 10:30 Coffee Break 11:00 Session 2: Importance of women in peace operations (UN SCR 1325, 1820), peace processes, and peace negotiations/mediation 11:00 12:30 Lunch talk with the media 12:15 Lunch 13:30 Small Group Discussion Discuss peacekeeping context, and roles and responsibilities of peacekeepers Discuss importance of incorporating women in peace operations Session 4: Panel Discussion by Women s Network and selected National Police Services Peacekeeping Divisions 13:00 Small Group Discussion 15:45 Coffee Break 15:45 Coffee Break 16:00 Report back to Plenary 16:00 Identify and discuss challenges to women participating in peace operations (both at the national and regional levels) Identify means of mitigating the challenges (networks, training, etc.) Identify strategies for moving forward Report back to plenary 16:45 Set stage for Day 2 16:45 Identify next steps 17:00 Free Evening 18:30 Closing Dinner 7

11 ANNEX 3: Results from the small group discussions (Day 1) In the afternoon of Day 1, participants reflected on the presentations from the morning and discussed the peacekeeping context, the roles and responsibilities of peacekeepers, and the importance of incorporating women in peace operations. The groups were asked to identify reasons why the participation of women in peace operations is important. These reasons are listed below (not in order). The participation of women in peace operations is important because: A peacekeeping operation is a male dominated environment, which does not reflect the constitution of a society. More female police officers in peacekeeping operations would ensure a more adequate representation of society within the peacekeeping community and would help ensure that the needs of local women and children are met; Men are usually the perpetrators of sexual and gender-based violence, including the military, police and humanitarian personnel of peacekeeping operations. Having more female police officers in missions may not only lessen the occurrence of such acts, but also deter men from behaving in a patronizing manner; It is important to incorporate more female police officers in peacekeeping operations because of cultural and sensitivity barriers. In some cultures, women can only speak to women when reporting a crime (rape, domestic violence and other forms of violence towards women). In terms of sensitivity, it may be easier for a woman to open up to another woman when discussing about a gender-based violence crime; In certain countries such as in Sudan, cultural practices prohibit women to speak to men. Women police officers play an essential role in linking up with women and girls to understand their realities and respond to their needs; Female police officers in peacekeeping operations may be able to better understand the problems faced by the female population then their male counterparts; Female police officers may have a more holistic approach when thinking about a problem, especially when dealing with SGBV cases; To abide by international law and meet the demand of the UN DPKO global campaign The Power to Empower, which aims to increase the presence of female police officers in mission from 8 to 20 per cent by 2014; As a means of empowering other women (IDPs, civil society, national female police officers, etc.); The presence of female police officers will help local women to know their rights, which will in turn empower them individually; Upon return to their home country, female police officers will not only be empowered by their own experience, but can also convince other fellow women to apply to a peacekeeping operations; 8

12 Women are believed to be good listeners and communicators. These qualities can be beneficial in peacekeeping operations especially when collecting information on SGBV cases; It is believed that female police officers take a caring and humanistic approach vis-à-vis their fellow colleagues and the local population (especially women and children) which will benefits peacekeeping operations. 9

13 ANNEX 4: Results from the small group discussions (Day 2) In the afternoon of Day 2, participants reflected on the presentations and discussions from the morning and from Day 1, and exchanged opinions on the challenges to women participating in peace operations (both at the national and regional level). The groups identified several main challenges and proposed a number of recommendations and/or strategies for addressing these challenges. The challenges and recommendations/strategies listed below are not in order of priority. There is also considerable overlap or similarities among the different points identified. Challenges: 1. Gender discrimination; 2. Cultural and social stereotypes: these stereotypes go against full acceptation of women as equal to men, especially in a male-dominated environment such as the police; 3. Gender imbalance in police service (women are doing logistics and administrative work whereas men are on the ground doing policing work or are in decision-making positions); 4. Lack of awareness and most of all commitment on gender issues from senior management; 5. Lack of recognition by senior management on the ability and capacity of female police officers to be part of a peace operation and to do certain policing tasks such as special operations, investigations, etc.; 6. Difficulty in changing men s mindset and the ways in which to do so; 7. Lack of support from superior officers vis-à-vis women police officers; 8. Lack of training for women, particularly in driving; 9. Shortage of resources within the police service; 10. Inferiority complex in women; 11. Assumption that policing work is too demanding for women, and thus, it is not a very attractive profession to them. Recommendations: 1. Put into place a deliberate gender policy; 2. Sensitize society as far as gender discrimination is concerned; 3. Women should be empowered by those already in high positions; 10

14 4. Introduce women empowerment programs to achieve gender balance; 5. Build women s capacity through training, workshops, and sensitization efforts; 6. Find ways to involve men in women s networking program(s); 7. Women at the decision-making level need to portray their competences vis-à-vis men and mentor other women to transfer their skills; 8. Recruitment policies of the national police services need to be gender sensitive; 9. Convince and demonstrate to male counterparts that women are equally competent than men, and bring an added value to policing; 10. Conduct police career talks in schools in order to make this profession attractive to women at a young age; 11. Driving skills should be included in the curriculum of the police academy, as a basic requirement upon joining the police service; 12. Sharing of resources between men and women, i.e., vehicle and other training facilities; 13. Full commitment of senior management towards peacekeeping missions and the integration of women. 11

15 ANNEX 5: Summary of Presentations on Peacekeeping Activities 1) Botswana Botswana s involvement in peace operations dates back to 1994 when officers took part in the United Nations Operations in Mozambique (UNOMOZ). In the period from 2005 to 2009, the Botswana Police Service (BPS) deployed 12 police officers to Darfur. At present, there are no UNPOL officers in mission. While a woman UNPOL was never deployed, Botswana sent 6 women to participate in the Exercise-Golfino that was held in September 2009 in South Africa, an exercise intended to test the capability of the SADC standby force. The recruitment process is per the UN standards, i.e., a person must among other things: Have served as a police officer for a minimum of 5 years; Be a citizen of Botswana; and Be 25 years of age. 2) Malawi The Malawi Police Service (MPS) has been involved in peacekeeping operations since the year To date, the MPS has deployed about 300 officers to Kosovo, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Darfur among which 30 were women. Presently, 58 UNPOL officers (including 7 women) are serving in Darfur. As for the system of recruitment, a pool of qualified police officers has been created that are ready to pass the SAT test whenever a call is sent by the UN to send UNPOL officers to mission. As of now, the pool consists of 160 officers of which 25 are women. 3) Mozambique Mozambique was the terrain of a United Nations operation in the beginning of the 1990s. Even, though Mozambique sends Military Observers to peacekeeping operations since 2007, it has never sent an UNPOL officer. The Mozambique Police Service (MPS) is, however, starting to participate in regional peacekeeping exercises such as the recent one in South Africa and will thus be a full player in the African Standby Force (ASF). In the later exercise, 8 women participated. The MPS aims to train more women to be part of the ASF. 4) Namibia The Namibia Police Service (NPS) is constituted of 11,323 members among whom 3,500 are female. The involvement of the NPS in peacekeeping dates back to As of now, 86 Namibians have participated in 13 peacekeeping operations, among which 24 have been females. Currently the deployment is as follow: UNMIS: 3 men and 3 women; UNAMID: 6 men and 3 women; UNMIL: 7 men and 1 woman; and UNMIT: 12 men and 4 women. The NPS does conduct basic pre-deployment training, but only if the UN does not send a SAT test team. The candidates that follow the training are brought to the Police Academy and are being tested on language, driving and shooting skills. The main impediment faced by women in terms of qualification is driving. Most of them fail the test. Currently, the NPS is preparing the deployment of UNPOL female officers. Indeed, NPS received a demand from the UN to send 300 women in UNAMID. However, because of the lack of women 12

16 power within the NPS and the low percentage of success with the driving test only 79 women have sent their application and are waiting to be approved and assigned a task. The deployment of the 79 female UNPOL officers is planned for November ) Tanzania Tanzania started to send UNPOL officers in the late 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, during the United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia. After that, police officers were sent to Sierra Leone and Southern Sudan. Currently there are 57 officers acting as UNPOL officers in Darfur, among which 3 are women. The Tanzania Police Service (TPS) established a UN peacekeeping desk last year. There are presently 2 police officers (1 male and 1 female) that are part of this department. The recruitment procedure of the UN peacekeeping desk is as follows: when a UN call is received to send UNPOL officers in missions, a message is sent to the police commanders in the different regions for selection. The selection is based on the following specific skills: language, driving and shooting. As for pre-deployment training, it is either being done locally using the TPS resources or the officers are sent to the Kenya Peacekeeping Training Centre. As for future plans, the TPS wants to put a particular attention on female police officers. As most of the women fail the SAT test, the TPS is planning a pre-deployment course for women only as a way to increase their language, shooting and driving skills. The aim is to increase the percentage of SAT test success among the female officers. In addition, a proposal was recently sent to the Inspector General of Police to encourage women to take driving lessons. The proposal suggests that any woman, who, at her own cost, takes a driving course, would be reimbursed for the expenses incurred if she passes the driving test. 6) Zambia Zambia sent their first peacekeeper in 1989 with the peacekeeping operation in Namibia. They followed with Mozambique, Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan and East Timor. Currently Zambia police officers can be found in four missions: Sudan (Darfur and South Sudan), Liberia and East Timor. There are 306 officers that are presently deployed of which 37 are women (35 women in Darfur and 2 in Liberia). The criteria used by the Zambia Police Service (ZPS) when selecting UNPOL officers are in line with the UN, i.e., the projected UNPOL officer must: Have a minimum of 8 years of police service; Not have committed a crime; and Be able to drive a manual shift 4x4 vehicle. The process to recruit UNPOL officers within the ZPS is decentralised. When a call to recruit UNPOL officers is received from the UN, a message is sent by the peacekeeping department of the ZPS to all 17 police units across Zambia s 9 provinces. The police units are the ones who do the selection process. Once the police officers have been selected locally, the ZPS conducts a pre- SAT test (language, driving and shooting test) prior to the actual SAT test given by the UN. Within the UNPOL recruitment policy of the ZPS there is a 30 % target for selecting female police officers. 13

17 The 30 % goal however, is hard to reach as women only constitute 18 % of the ZPS. In addition, many of the female police officers are unable to drive a 4X4 manual shift vehicle, a mandatory requirement imposed by the ZPS and by the UN. Some criteria might however be lifted as the ZPS received in October 2009 a communication from the UN asking for 50 female police officers to be sent to Darfur without having to be SAT tested. 14

18 ANNEX 6: Summary of Presentations on National Police Women s network 1) Botswana The Botswana Women Police Network was established in The Network was launched in February 2009 and the chairperson of the Botswana network is a member of SARPCCO women s network sub-committee. The main focus of the network is to have a common understanding of the challenges faced by women in the Botswana Police Service and to advocate for an environment that will afford women police officers equal opportunities as their male counterparts. Some of the challenges faced by the network are the lack of understanding by men and some women about the women s network. In addition, there are still some duties that are male dominated in the police service, such as dog handling, horse riding, scuba diving, etc. Sensitization workshops about gender issues will be conducted and will target both women and men police officers. 2) Mozambique The women s network of the Mozambique Police Service has existed for the last 3 years. The women s network ensures the implementation of the SADC Declaration on Gender and Development and aims at reducing the level of discrimination towards female police officers within the service. Its plan of action has been agreed upon and activities are being carried out such as capacity building workshops for female police officers and workshops on the role of female police officers during elections. 3) Namibia The focus of the women s network of the Namibia Police Service (NPS) is to empower women in the police service and ensure their implication in the decision making process. The network has been in existence for 1 year and will officially be launched on October 28-29, The network s vision of the future is to have 50/50 representation in the NPS. In order to ensure wide dissemination of the network and its ownership, women police officers have been appointed as coordinators in all thirteen regions of Namibia. Their tasks will be to carry out activities as elaborated in the plan of action. According to the network, the main challenge ahead is to get buy-in from the NPS male population. To do so, workshops will be organised in order for all men and women to understand the raison d être of the women s network and its importance. The establishment of the network is already showing its strength and success with the upcoming deployment of 79 female police officers to Darfur. 4) Tanzania The women s network of the Tanzania Police Service (TPS) started in October The membership consists of all the female population of the TPS, which represent 21 % of the police service. The Inspector General of Police is the patron of the network. The chairperson of the network is the most senior women. 15

19 The mission of the network aims at empowering women within the police service as well as within the community. As an example, it is thanks to the women s network that victims support units were established in police stations to address issues of sexual and gender-based violence. 5) Zambia All female police officers from the Zambia Police Service (ZPS) are members of the women police network. The network was launched in August 2009 by the Inspector General of Police, who is very committed to this issue. By the end of 2010, he aims to have 30 per cent of women in the ZPS. In terms of figures, out of 12,872 police officers 2,187 are female and 10,685 are males. The women network mainly focuses on: The empowerment of women and the uplifting of disadvantaged women by advocating welfare of women police officers; The training of women police officers; and Cross-border operational participation of women police officers. Since the formulation of the Zambia National Gender Policy, the Government of Zambia recognized the need for equal and full participation of women and men at all levels of national development. Deliberate efforts are being made to ensure that barriers preventing equal and effective participation of women and men in the formal and informal education and employment sectors are removed. 16

20 ANNEX 7: Presentation by Antoinette Chibi, PPC Women in Peace Operations 1 Civilians - the vast majority of them women and children - are increasingly the targets of war. Some 80 percent of the world s 40 million refugees and internally displaced persons are women and children. Women are subjected to abuses as they flee conflict zones and in locations where they seek refuge. 3 peace is inextricably linked to equality between women and men and their rightful and equal place at the decision-making table in questions of peace and security Kofi. A. Annan, Statement to Security Council, 24 October

21 Population is affected differently by conflict Differences exist in ways that men and women experience and cope with conflict; Displacement of war-affected populations has an impact on gender relations and population sex-ratios; It is necessary to enhance general levels of security, especially for the most vulnerable; 4 Responsibility lies with the SRSG; In some Missions they are supported by Gender Units/Senior Advisors; These should be located in O/SRSG (as with Human Rights Units) Clear reporting lines to SRSG, and United Nations Headquarters, with commitment and support of senior management 7!" #$ Inter-Congolese Dialogue The Gender Section has undertaken consultations with Congolese civil society organisations and media to examine common visions and strategies to develop a common civil society platform to advance the peace process. 9 The Senior Gender Adviser has raised genderrelated issues with senior management and military; 18

22 !" #$ DDRRR the Gender Section has participated in meetings of the DDRRR Section, contributing to the MILOBS reporting guidelines to ensure exact number of female ex-combatants and dependents. Training - the Gender Section, in conjunction with the Human Rights Unit has undertaken gender awareness training for military observers, as well as inductions for civilian staff. The Senior Adviser is cooperating with the UNPOL Commissioner and staff preparing the Kisangani training programme for local police. 10!" #$ Inter Agency Cooperation the Gender Section is cooperating with UNHCR and USAID to develop a gender strategy supporting gender-related governance and communications projects relating to the peace process. 11 Outreach the Section has undertaken gender awareness briefings with civilian, military and UNPOL in Kisangani and Goma, and held consultations with women leaders and civil society representatives to develop initiatives for the peace process. %&' ()**+, Established gender mainstreaming as a major global strategy for the promotion of gender equality. Contains guidelines and strategic goal for women in armed conflicts. Unpac.ca Will be one of the bases of the UNSCR

23 $# )-.+(.///, First SCR to link women to the peace and security agenda: addressing the impact of war on women and their contribution to conflict resolution and sustainable peace. Mainstreaming gender at all levels of peace operations. 13 $# )0./(.//0, First SCR to recognize sexual violence as a self-standing security issue, linked with reconciliation and durable peace. Notes that rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity Stresses that women and girls are particularly targeted by the use of sexual violence. 14 Alissa Everett Nine years after the adoption of the UN SCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security obstacles to their full participation remain. The UN SG has highlighted the need to strengthen the involvement of women in peace processes worldwide. 15 Many existing challenges reflect the fact that women continue to be considered as victims and not as key partners in addressing and resolving situations of armed conflict, UN photo/alissa Everett 20

24 1 $# )000 (.//*, Strengthening of monitoring and reporting on sexual violence in mission; Retraining of peacekeepers, national forces and police; and Boost the participation of women in peace building and other post-conflict processes. 16 $# )-.+)0./)000 Maintaining and promoting peace and security requires women s equal participation in decision-making. Massive violations of human rights, in the form of genocide, systematic rape of women in war situations, exodus of refugees and displaced persons, are abhorrent practices that are strongly condemned, must be stopped immediately, and perpetrators of such crimes must be punished Reaffirm the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in peace-building. Stress the importance of the increased participation of women in all aspects of the conflict prevention and resolution process

25 ANNEX 8: Presentation by Cristobel Mbekela, SAPS!!"!# $ # " %& 22

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