REGIONE SICILIANA SISTEMA STATISTICO NAZIONALE

Transcription

1 REGIONE SICILIANA SISTEMA STATISTICO NAZIONALE

2 Edited by: Lia Giambrone - Regione Siciliana Roberto Foderà - National Statistical Istitute Scientific co-ordination Francesca Abate - National Statistical Istitute Roberto Foderà - National Statistical Istitute Lia Giambrone - Regione Siciliana Giuseppe Nobile - Regione Siciliana Giuseppe Quirino - National Statistical Istitute Alberto Tulumello - University of Palermo Text by Elisabetta Lipocelli chap. 1 - Territory and Environment Anna Militello chap. 2 - Population and Family Roberto Foderà chap. 3 - Work Salvatore Vassallo chap. 4 - Health and Healthcare Giuseppe Lecardane chap. 5 - Social welfare, social assistance and voluntary work Anna Pia Mirto chap. 6 - Regional Economic Accounts Rosalia Giambrone chap. 7 - Law and Order Rosalia Giambrone chap. 8 - Leisure Donatella Cangialosi chap. 9 - Tourism Sergio Passannanti chap Transport and Communications Placido Salimbeni / Massimo Giacalone chap Domestic and foreign trade Alessandra Testa chap Construction Giuseppe Lecardane chap Agriculture Giuseppe Morales chap Education, training and research Giuseppe Nobile chap Credit Giuseppe Morales chap Public finances Pietro Ruolando chap Industry Anna Pia Mirto chap Italian regional differences Rosario Milazzo chap Socio-economic differences in the Mediterranean area For ulterior clarification regarding the contents of this booklet, please contact: Assessorato Regionale al Bilancio e alle Finanze Servizio Statistica via Notarbartolo, Palermo Tel Fax statistica@regione.sicilia.it National Statistical Istitute Regional Office for Sicily via G.B. Vaccarini, Palermo Tel Fax urpa@istat.it Councillor for Regional Budget and Finance Hon. Guido Lo Porto General Director of Regional Department for Budget and Treasury Dr. Vincenzo Emanuele Head of Regione Siciliana Statistical Office Dr. Giuseppe Nobile

3 PRESENTATION With this edition, updated and augmented, of the Sicilian Annual Statistical Yearbook, I have the honour of offering the general public an important tool for discovering Sicily and the complex economic and social phenomena that occur there. It is not merely a question of formal accomplishment the acquisition of knowledge is development. The importance of the information society is well-known in defining the new standards of civil progress as is the role it plays in everyday competition between the various national and regional systems in the global market. However, the information must be opportunely processed and selected, it must reflect real phenomena and lend itself to continual verification in order to establish its reliability; essentially it must be assisted by statistical functions that, in the public sector and respecting constitutional principles, are inspired by criteria of impartiality, accessibility and democratic control. In conformity with these rules, the Regional Statistical Service, in operation at the Department for the Budget and Finance, in the year 2002, started to put together a general statistical compendium regarding Sicily. The present volume, the fifth annual yearbook, has been overhauled with regard to its structure and its sequence of illustrated topics and for the first time contains a section devoted to a comparison between the Regions and countries lying in the Mediterranean area. This new look is not the result of chance but an effort on the part of the statistics office to adhere more and more to a shifting reality, and in this light it constitutes a fine example of synergy and cooperation between public bodies, since it is the fruit of work carried out together by the Sicilian ISTAT Office and our own Service, in virtue of a special agreement signed this very year. Such contributions do not remain isolated or unutilised in the sense that for an administration that is improving there corresponds a reactive society. Sicily has demonstrated, as these

4 pages also show, that it knows how to renew itself and to face up to the challenges offered by the new millennium with confidence. The commitment of its autonomous institutions and its Regional government is geared towards not disappointing it. Palermo, December 2006 Councillor for the Budget and Finance of Regione Siciliana The Honourable Guido Lo Porto

5 As well as continuing the policy of the Sicilian Regional Budget and Finance Department (General Accounts) of constantly reaching outwards, the present edition of the Regional Statistical Yearbook has the innovative feature of being the first Regional volume of statistical information to have been written in collaboration with another office of SISTAN. The Statistical Services have worked effectively in the preparation of this work, in collaboration with the Sicilian Regional office of ISTAT; the work was initiated several years ago, but it was only in 2006 that the official stamp of approval was given for a long-term accord signed by myself and, on behalf of ISTAT, Giuseppe Quirino. The Department is obviously committed to proceeding along the chosen path, whilst studying new forms of collaboration and possibly extending its accords to other departments of the Region or public administration. Sound statistical information as a basis for a sounder knowledge of the local reality leads to ever more transparent, effective and efficient public decision-making processes. This is the motivating factor driving us onward, along with mounting evidence of requests from all quarters for easier access to an understanding of the complex local Regional situation. Palermo, December 2006 Accountant General for the Region Vincenzo Emanuele

6

7 INTRODUCTION The Regional Statistical Yearbook for 2006 comes out in a slightly different form as a result of efforts at innovation to offer the reader a more complete and more easily accessible set of data. The Regional ISTAT office for Sicily and the Sicilian Regional Statistical Services have entered into an agreement which has as its goal future collaboration on three editions of the Regional Statistical Yearbook, whilst aiming, at the same time, for data-quality control and the editing of meta-data (definitions, statistical sources etc.), as well as the study and diagnosis of the main phenomena of Sicily s socio-economic situation. In order to achieve these aims, a special scientific committee was put together from the two structures and included a member of the teaching staff in Economic Sociology from Palermo University. In this way the body responsible for the precision of the data (ISTAT) was co-operating with those working to utilise and interpret the data in the social science context (University) and those who had the institutional duty (Statistical Services) to supply the worlds of politics and the Regional administration with the necessary information and data to give shape to the scenarios emerging from the collective action. The project is proceeding with activities already launched by ISTAT and the Statistical Services, through official accords regarding Operational Protocols aimed to disseminate statistical data. These included the 2005 Statistical Information and Territory Congress, during which there was the presentation of a volume of municipal information and a fostering of greater inter-institutional collaboration, with the aim of utilising, for statistical purposes, the accumulation of information available at the administrative offices. With the help of invaluable experience gained over the previous years producing the Regional Statistical Yearbook for Sicily for the years 2002 to 2005, the Scientific Committee monitored the various phases of the activity in order to try to improve both configuration and user-friendliness. Nine plenary sessions and an indeterminate number of informal meetings were held in addition to the work on texts and collection and elaboration of data. It was,

8 above all, the participants that were rewarded by the activity, as usually happens when different points of view and functions are compared. Of course, users will be the eventual judges of the quality of the results, but, as previously mentioned, the reason why the work (with regard to method) might be considered innovative lies with the attempts, here in Sicily, to experiment with an active relationship between the various functions of statistical information, scientific research and the public administration, whilst not forgetting that the goal of the Yearbook is, on the one hand, to offer all citizens (above all, administrators and politicians) correct and precise data, and on the other, easily accessible data that adequately describes the on-going scenario. The yearbook s lay-out reflects these objectives; the introductory comments to each chapter aim to be user-friendly in describing the most significant and important indicators. The tables have been arranged in a new and, as far as possible, uniform fashion. A historical series of Regional data has been provided, which might help delineate the mid-period trends; there is also a decomposition at the Provincial level of the final year of the time series. There are constant comparisons between Regional data and the North/centre and South/islands, as well as the overall national figures, and the glossary of terminology has also been extended. Two new sections have been introduced in the list of chapters. In the first, devoted to Regional differences, data from the 20 Regions is compared with the North/centre and South/islands divisions, and Italy as a whole, through a series of tables, graphs and charts regarding the environment, socio-demography, welfare, the labour market, etc. The second is more innovative and is devoted to socio-economic differences in the Mediterranean area; on the one hand Sicily is compared with areas on the southern shores of the Mediterranean, and on the other hand, with the European areas on the northern shores. Above all, with the launching of the free-market zone in mind, measuring the changes is one way of understanding the role that might be undertaken and the opportunities that the geographical position might offer the Region. The tables, graphs and series of data offered to the user, are the result of choices geared towards accessibility and visibility of all that is deemed most useful and significant. The volume has been made available via the web-site of the Regional Statistical Services: (also in an English version). It should perhaps be pointed out that the work carried out so far is to be seen merely as an initial step, bearing in mind the interinstitutional collaboration that has been undertaken. Any observations, criticisms and suggestions are warmly welcomed, especially with regard to the yearbook s user-friendliness and accessibility for the ordinary citizen and the specialised user. The Scientifc Commitee

9 INDEX OF TABLES Chapter 1. Territory and Environment 1. 1 Classification of area by altrimetrical zone and seismicity Classification of area by altrimetrical zone and Province Rain-fall and temperature Communes and resident population by demographic size classification Protected nature reserves and wet zones Protected marine areas Forest fires Water infrastructure, sewerage systems and purification plants Production of solid urban waste Collection of solid urban waste Differentiated solid waste collection by type of waste Chapter 2. Population and Family 2. 1 Resident population and registered migratory movement Indicators of demographic movement Resident population by age - Jan 1, cont. Resident population by age - Jan 1, Indicators of population structure Resident population by civil status - Jan 1, Weddings Resident foreign citizens Families and aspects of daily life Durable goods possessed Chapter 3 - Work 3. 1 Labour force and percentage rates Population aged 15 and over, by status, Province and gender The employed, by position in profession Irregularity-rate of work Overall full-time and part-time employed Employees with permanent or temporary contracts Chapter 4. Healthcare 4. 1 National Health Service balance-sheet indicators Public and private hospitals Personnel in public and private hospitals Indicators for hospital personnel structure Voluntary interrupted pregnancy by mothers age and Province of operation Voluntary interrupted pregnancy by mothers age and Province of residence Deaths by groups of cause cont. Deaths by groups of cause Deaths by age and cause - Sicily cont. Deaths by age and cause - Sicily

10 Chapter 5. Social welfare and social assistance 5. 1 Hours authorised for salary supplement industry Hours authorised for salary supplement - construction Accidents reported and compensated, by sector Private and public sector pensions Indemnity, welfare and IVS Pensions Synthetic indicators for pensions Beneficiaries and welfare expenditure of Provincial administrations Social security benefits and contributions of social security companies, by function Volunteer organisations and volunteers Chapter 6. Regional Economic Accounts 6. 1 Economic accounts for resources and investments Value added at base prices by branch of activity Value added at base prices in industry in the strict sense Work-units by branch of activity Work-units in industry in the strict sense Family and public administration expenditure Fixed investments by productive branch Employee income by branch of activity Full-time employee income in industry in the strict sense Value added at base prices by branch of economic activity, GDP and per capita GDP Chapter 7. Law and Order 7. 1 Declared bankruptcies and characteristics of the bankrupt enterprise by Court of Appeal district Declared bankruptcies percentage per 1,000 active enterprises of the same type Bankruptcies with winding-up order and sharing of assets Protests per type of credit instrument and Province cont Protests per type of credit instrument and Province Requests for separation and separations granted by proceeding Crimes and persons denounced, against whom the judicial authorities have initiated legal proceedings per Province year Crimes denounced to the judicial authorities, by the police force Crimes denounced to the judicial authorities, by the police force, by type of crime cont Crimes denounced to the judicial authorities, by the police force 7. 9 Convicted persons and drug-addicts in prison, by nationality Suicides and attempted suicides Chapter 8. Culture 8. 1 Theatre and musical events per type of show Cinema Number of performances, tickets sold and expenditure Public expenditure on sporting events cont Public expenditure on sporting events Circulation and sales of the main Regional daily newspapers Fruition of cultural assets in Sicily

11 Chapter 9. Tourism 9. 1 Overall movement in tourist accommodation by guests nationality Movement in hotels by guests nationality Movement in other collective accommodation by nationality Quality of tourist accommodation Arrivals, overnight stays and average length of stay in hotels per foreign guests geographical area of origin Arrivals and overnight stays, by month, in all tourist accommodation Chapter 10. Transport and Communications Number of registered motor vehicles according to the results of the Public Register of Motor Vehicles cont Number of registered motor vehicles according to the results of the Public Register of Motor Vehicles Road accidents Accidents and injured persons by road category and consequences cont Accidents and injured persons by road category and consequences Accidents and injured persons, by consequences Accidents involving moving vehicles by type of accident Local public transport companies per type of service offered and Province Distribution of workers and means of transport by Province Main traffic data regarding urban and out-of-town services per Province Goods and passengers transported by sea Total air services in Sicilian airports International air services in Sicilian airports Total amount of pleasure boating Chapter 11. Domestic and foreign trade Domestic trade Whole-sale enterprises by goods specialisation Retail outlets with fixed premises Large-scale businesses Retail sales of food and non-alimentary products Foreign trade Trade exchanges between Sicily and abroad Imports cont Trade exchanges between Sicily and abroad - Imports Trade exchanges between Sicily and abroad Exports cont Trade exchanges between Sicily and abroad Exports Chapter 12. Construction Residential and non-residential buildings New dwellings and rooms in residential and non-residential buildings Procedure for moving out of housing Public works offered to bids Chapter 13. Agriculture Production and value added of agriculture, forestry and fishing at base prices Production and value added of agriculture, forestry and fishing at base prices. Values at fixed year prices

12 13. 3 Production of main agricultural produce Wine-production and wine-grapes, by seal of quality Area utilised by principal agricultural crops Livestock slaughtered by species Organic farms by type of activity Agritourism accommodation by type of hospitality authorisation cont Agritourism accommodation by type of hospitality authorisation Chapter 14. Education Infant school didactic circles - School year Primary schools School year Lower secondary schools - School year Upper secondary schools School year cont Upper secondary schools School year Full-time permanent teaching staff - School year University students enrolled by faculty and university Academic year 2004/ cont University students enrolled by faculty and university Academic year 2004/ cont University students enrolled by faculty and university Academic year 2004/ University education indicators R&D expenditure Personnel working in R&D Chapter 15. Credit Main indicators of bank system structure Bank deposits by area of economic activity Investments of banks by area of economic activity Bank deposits per size of groups of banks Investments of banks by size of groups of banks Bank branch-offices in operation per institutional group Bank branch-offices in operation by size of groups Bank financing beyond the short term Chapter 16. Government finance Sicilian Regional balance-sheet - Accruals Sicilian Regional balance-sheet - Accounts receivable Sicilian Regional balance-sheet - Accounts payable Sicilian Regional balance-sheet : Results of synthesis of cash flow Regional loans by ISTAT sector Sicily: Consolidated account: Extended Public Sector : revenue Sicily: Consolidated account: Extended Public Sector : spending Communal administration in Sicily: Cash flow Provincial administration in Sicily: Cash flow Chapter 17. Industry Electricity production per energy source utilised and category of producer Electricity consumption Petrol sales Sales of motor diesel-oil and fuel-oil Manufacturing enterprises registered with the CCIAA (Chamber of commerce, industry, crafts and agriculture)

13 17.5- cont Manufacturing enterprises registered with the CCIAA (Chamber of commerce, industry, crafts and agriculture) Italian Regional differences Table 1 Environmental indicators Graph 1 Differentiated collection of solid urban waste (as % of solid urban waste) Graph 2 Value added for petrochemical industry Table 2 Transport indicators Graph 3 Rate of road-deaths Graph 4 Indices for air traffic, goods transport by road and by rail Table 3 Socio-demographic indicators Graph 5 Foreign residents Graph 6 Index of dependence of the elderly Table 4 Educational indicators Graph 7 Level of schooling index at the 2001 Census Graph 8 Young people dropping out of education Table 5 Cultural indicators Graph 9 Cultural demand index Graph 10 Diffusion of theatre and musical shows Table 6 Socio-sanitary indicators Graph 11 Places in day-hospital Graph 12 Number of hospital beds per inhabitant in accredited state hospitals Table 7 Labour-market indicators Graph 13 Irregularity-rate Graph 14 Youth unemployment rate (%) and long-term unemployment rate (%) Table 8 Social welfare and insurance indicators Graph 15 Health spending as % of GDP Graph 16 Number of insured persons Table 9 Social anxiety indicators Graph 17 Violent crime index Graph 18 Index of criminality in cities and families perception of the risk of criminality in the area in which they live Table 10 Agricultural indicators Graph 19 Value added for agriculture Graph 20 Production of milk, vegetables and wine Table 11 Industry indicators Graph 21 Enterprises in industry in the strict sense Graph 22 Labour productivity in industry in the strict sense Table 12 Credit indicators Graph 23 Bank branch-offices Graph 24 Index of volume of credit Table 13 Trade indicators Graph 25 Exports as % of GDP Graph 26 Average monthly expenditure on food and non-alimentary consumption Table 14 Tourism indicators Graph 27 Number of beds per inhabitant Graph 28 Labour productivity in tourism Table 15 Indicators for Regional Accounting Graph 29 Per capita GDP Graph 30 Family consumption per inhabitant

14 Table 1 Graph 1 Graph 2 Table 2 Graph 3 Graph 4 Table 3 Graph 5 Graph 6 Table 4 Graph 7 Table 5 Graph 8 Table 6 Graph 9 Socio-economic differences in the Mediterranean area Environmental indicators for the countries in the Mediterranean area Protected areas in the countries of the Mediterranean area Demographic density in the countries in the Mediterranean area Socio-demographic indicators for the countries in the Mediterranean area Unemployment-rate in the countries in the Mediterranean area Hospital beds in the countries in the Mediterranean area Economic indicators for the countries in the Mediterranean area Per capita GDP in the countries in the Mediterranean area Value added in agriculture, forestry and fishing in the countries in the Mediterranean area Environmental indicators for the European regions in the Mediterranean area Demographic density in the European regions in the Mediterranean area Socio-demographic indicators for the European regions in the Mediterranean area Hospital beds in the European regions in the Mediterranean area Economic indicators for the European regions in the Mediterranean area Per capita GDP in the European regions in the Mediterranean area

15 NOTE Conventional symbols In the tables the following conventional symbols are used: Line (-) N/A a) the phenomenon does not exist b) the phenomenon exists and has been noted, but no case has occurred data not available Percentage composition Figures are rounded up to the first decimal point; therefore the total percentage figures calculated in this way might not total exactly 100. Rounding up Since the figures in the tables are rounded up to the nearest thousand or million, they may not tally exactly (varying by +/- thousands or millions) Eurolire This is a reference to the currency in use before 1999, when the EURO did not exist as currency. Values are obtained by converting LIRE into EUROS, in accordance with the fixed parity (1 EURO = 1, LIRE). Geographic divisions North/centre: Piemonte, Valle d Aosta, Trentino-Alto Adige, Lombardia, Liguria, Veneto, Friuli- Venezia Giulia, Emilia-Romagna, Toscana, Umbria, Marche, Lazio South/islands: Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Puglia, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicilia, Sardegna

16

17 1 Territory and Environment The island of Sicily extends over an area of 25,711 sq. km. and is the largest island in the Mediterranean, and also the largest Italian Region. It is situated between the 12 and 16 Greenwich meridian east, and the 36 and 39 parallel north. Its coastline measures 1,484 km., and hilly areas make up over 60% of the total Regional area; mountainous zones make up a quarter and plains account for the rest. According to the latest classification 90% of Communes are situated in areas of medium-high seismicity. In 2005 there was an increase in the amount of rainfall increased over the previous year, as regards both quantity of rainfall and duration, except in Gela, where a notable decrease was registered (of over 30%). In the same year the highest temperature was recorded in Catania, a monthly average of over 32 as opposed to the 28 in Gela. As for the lowest temperatures, Catania had the coldest weather (5 the monthly average), whereas in Messina the lowest temperatures were almost double (9 on average). In the last four-year period rainfall has increased considerably in Catania (+161% the rate accrued), followed by Gela with a 60% increase. In Messina and Palermo the increase was much slighter (a little over 40% in both cases between 2001 and 2005). Protected nature areas (the last available data is from 2003) extend over an area of 2,707 sq km and make up 10.5% of the Regional territory and 9.3% of the protected areas of the whole country. As for marine reserves, they cover an area of 760 sq km, which is equal to 2.7% of the corresponding national figure. The largest marine reserve in Sicily, the Egadi islands, covers an area of 54,000 hectares, most of which is part of the partial reserves where sports fishing and boating are regulated, along with the economic and social promotion zone. On the basis of a survey carried out by ARPA and the local organisation of the State Forestry Corps, in 2005, 690 forest-fires were recorded in the island, with a slight drop in comparison with the abnormal number of cases in The area affected covered 8,676 hectares, 45% of which was made up of woodland and the remaining part of other type of land. Each incident affected on average hectares, with a drop of almost 30% when compared to the

18 previous year. Provincial analysis for 2005 highlights the negative record held by Catania, with an average area of hectares destroyed per fire, and the positive record of Trapani (6.40 hectares per fire). In 2005, total drinking-water amounted to 554 million cubic metres, corresponding to 6.4% of the national total. The percentage of water subjected to processes of purification was 29.2%, which was lower than the Italian average (31.1%), possibly because the submerged hydro-potable resources were of reasonable quality. The total amount of water supplied amounted to 68.7% of the total amount of water introduced into the water-supply network (69.9% for the whole of Italy); there were a number of elements to blame, including leaks in the water-pipes, the quantity destined for public consumption and not recorded, siphoning off from reservoirs and so on. Out of a total of 390 Communes, 342 have a public sewer purification capacity to either a partial or complete degree, with 93.2% coverage in terms of population. There were 366 purification-plants for urban waste-water in operation in 2005, serving a little over 3.5 million inhabitants. The amount of solid urban waste produced in Sicily during the year 2004 (last available data) came to 2,544,316 tonnes and is almost stable when compared to the previous year (+0.2%). The per capita annual production is of about 508 kilograms, a slightly lower figure than in In solid urban waste production saw an increase of 8%, whereas the per capita figure fell from 513 kg annually to the afore-mentioned 508 kg. At the Provincial level the statistics confirm Catania and Palermo in first place as regards the quantity of solid urban waste produced, both in absolute and relative terms. With reference to data per inhabitant Catania has an annual production of 583 kg and Palermo 536 kg, both above the national average. Among the Provinces Enna finds itself bottom of the list with 417 kg. In 2004 differentiated disposal of solid urban waste amounted to 138,266 tonnes (5.4% of the total), 6.6% down on the previous year. Analysis by type of waste revealed the prevalence of paper material, accounting for 2.8% of the national total and over 40% of differentiated disposal in Sicily. In the period differentiated disposal rose by 177%, the high figure resulting from the rather low initial levels. This was more than double the original total, whilst there was a per capita rise from 9.8 kg in 2000, to almost 28 kg at the end of the period in question. At the Provincial level, in 2004, the results ranged from Ragusa at the top with 8.5% and Messina bringing up the tail with a less than praiseworthy 2.5%. Glossary Altimetrical hill zone: an area characterised by the presence of elevations not higher than 600 m in northern Italy, and 700 m in central-southern Italy and the islands.

19 Altimetrical mountain zone: an area characterised by the presence of elevations not higher than 600 m in northern Italy, and 700 m in centralsouthern Italy and the islands. Altimetrical plain zone: low and flat land characterised by the absence of elevations. The tracts of land that, even at their furthest point from the sea, slope gently upwards, and can also be considered part of the plain (the land never rising above 300 m in height). Altimetrical zones: the division of the land into homogeneous areas, with adjacent Communes being clustered together on the basis of threshold altimetrical values. There are three types of zone: mountain, hill and plain. The sea has a moderating effect on the climate, and in order to take this into account, the hill and mountain altimetrical zones have been divided into internal and coastal altimetrical mountain zones and internal and coastal altimetrical hill zones; the land that is washed by the sea, or close to it, and excluded from the plain zone, is included in the coastal areas. Average maximum temperature: the average daily maximum temperature over all the seasons Average minimum temperature: the average daily minimum temperature over all the seasons Differentiated disposal: collection of urban waste to be subsequently divided into homogenous types of material, including organic household waste (destined to be re-used and re-cycled), and the recovery of raw materials. Forest area: total wooded forest area and total un-wooded forest area Maximum temperature: maximum daily temperature over the four seasons Minimum temperature: minimum daily temperature over the four seasons National parks: areas of land, river, lake or sea with one or more eco-systems (which might be intact or slightly altered as a result of human intervention), with one or more physical, geological, geo-morphological or biological formations, which might be deemed of international or national importance for naturalistic, scientific, aesthetic, cultural, educational and recreational reasons, thus requiring government intervention so that they can be conserved for present and future generations. Nature reserves: areas of land, river, lake or sea with one or more species of flora or fauna of naturalistic significance, or with important biologically-varied eco-systems; they might also be used to conserve genetic resources. The

20 amount of relative interest that they generate dictates whether they are run by the government or the Region. They can be classified as follows: Biological nature reserves: areas set aside principally for the safeguard of the wealth of flora and fauna located there. Controlled nature reserves: controlled areas to be utilised in accordance with local environmental features. The management strategies in these reserves are geared not only towards conservation but also development of the full naturalistic potential of the area. There are also programmes for nature education to foster compatible forms of tourism that are more environmentallyfriendly and aware. Off-limits nature reserves: areas in which the presence of Man is limited to strictly scientific or supervisory activity. Special nature reserves: areas set up in such a way as to ensure the safeguard of individual natural phenomena or places (e.g. waterfalls, caves etc.), natural monuments, etc. Of course, the individual character of each nature reserve necessitates appropriate regulations. Protected marine areas are classified into: Zone A: untainted reserve where any activity that might harm or disturb the marine environment is strictly prohibited. Zone B: general reserve, where those activities that exploit the resources and guarantee sustainable use of the area with the least impact possible, are allowed, but often regulated and authorised, if necessary, by the managing body. Zone C: partial reserve, where exploitative activities, allied to a sustainable use of the sea and with low environmental impact, are allowed (to a greater extent than in the other zones) and regulated by the managing body. Most of the protected marine area usually falls into this category. Zone D: area of economic and social promotion. Protected nature area: area under special management and protection, in which there are to be found physical, geological, geo-morphological, biological formations, of naturalistic and environmental significance. Purification plant: there are three types of purification treatment The first permits the removal of most of the sedimentable suspended solids via mechanical decantation, with or without the use of chemicals; The second, using aerobe bacteria, renders possible the processes of biological oxidisation of the bio-degradable, organic substances suspended and dissolved in waste water;

21 The third permits the effective removal of substances not eliminated entirely by the previous treatments (micro-organisms, nutritive salts, organic substances) Rainfall frequency: number of days in which rainfall reaches one millimetre Regional parks: adjacent areas of land, river, lake or stretches of coastland, of naturalistic or environmental importance, which might make up a homogenous zone, enhanced by the area s natural assets, by the beauty of the scenery and surroundings and by the cultural traditions of the local people. Seismicity: obviously, in order to classify seismicity one has to carry out tests on earthquakes in the area in question. Information is also gathered from historical sources, going back to the year 1000 AD. Communes where seismicity is absent, and those for which the present analysis does not consent any possible classification, are included in the non-classified category. Solid urban waste: a) household waste, (including cumbersome objects), issuing from premises used as dwellings; b) safe waste issuing from places and premises not used as dwellings, and integrated with solid urban waste as regards quality and quantity; c) waste from road sweeping; d) waste of any kind or origin, left on the streets or in public places, or private streets/areas open to the general public, or on beaches, lakesides or riverbanks; e) vegetal waste from parks, gardens, cemeteries. Knowing the precise composition of urban waste permits one to plan for better management, and, consequently, better disposal and recycling. Total rainfall: total daily rainfall measured over all the seasons Un-wooded forest area: tract of land consisting of a surface that is nonproductive, but nevertheless essential for production (forest roads, fire-screen roads, timber storage), and other surfaces (stones, swamps, streams, forest nurseries) situated in the forest and intended for personal use, along with forestry-personnel dwellings with adjoining land, and the relative forestry outbuildings. Waste: any substance or object deriving from human activity or natural cycles, and which has been abandoned or is about to be abandoned, is governed by a decree of law stating that a person disposes of, has decided to dispose of, or is obliged to dispose of the following categories (Directive 91/156/CEE regarding waste, 91/689/CEE on harmful waste and 94/62/CE on packaging and packaging waste, decree 5/2/1997, no. 22). Waste is classified according to its

22 origin, as either urban or special waste, and, according to its characteristics, as dangerous or non-dangerous waste. Wooded forest area: an extensive forest area of not less than half an acre, in which there are ligneous, arboreal and/or shrubby forest plants that provide wood and other related products; once fully grown, the area of incidence (the area of ground over which the foliage projects) covers at least 50% of the surface, with a potentially indirect impact on the climate and water regime. Further reading Volumes Suitable waters for the life of fish, National Agency for the Protection of the Environment Suitable waters for the life of molluscs, 1999 National Agency for the Protection of the Environment Environmental Data Yearbook Extract, 2005/2006 National Agency for the Protection of the Environment, Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT Internet National Agency for the Protection of the Environment Environmental data yearbook 1 st report on the state of realisation of acoustic zoning of Italian Communes Regional Agency for the Protection of the Environment the environment in Sicily Report on the state of Committee for surveillance of Water resources: The principal economic variables of the water services sector Annual report to Parliament on the state of the water services APAT ONR, Report on waste APAT ONR, Annual report on urban waste management

23 Environmental statistics Italian Statistical Yearbook Chapter 1 Territory and Environment Statistics about water Environmental data Regional yearbook Report on the state of the environment in Sicily Thematic areas Analysis and data Territory Environment Data about the Territory and Data about the coasts and bathing possibilities

24 Table 1.1 Classification of area by altrimetrical zone and seismicity Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Total area by altrimetrical zone (in hectares) Mountain inland coastal Hill inland coastal Plain Total Seismicity Number of Communes - High Medium Low Minimum Area (in hectares) - High Medium Low Minimum Population (in thousands) - High Medium Low Minimum Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

25 Table 1.2 Classification of area by altrimetrical zone and Province Mountain Hill Plain Number of Communes Area Population (000) Number of Communes Area Population (000) Number of Communes Area Population (000) Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 1,0 5,9 8,7 7,5 12,6 10,5 1,8 5,2 6,9 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

26 Ta 1.3 Rain-fall and temperature Total (in mm.) Rainfall Temperature (monthly averages) Rainy days Maximum Minimum Palermo , ,6 10, , ,7 8, , ,0 8, , ,2 9, , ,4 8,4 Gela , ,4 10, , ,4 8, , ,2 8, , ,3 9, , ,2 8,5 Catania , ,2 6, , ,4 5, , ,8 6, , ,1 4, , ,6 4,9 Messina , ,4 11, , ,1 10, , ,5 8, , ,3 9, ,5 91 n.d. 9,1 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

27 Table 1.4 Communes and resident population by demographic size classification Number of Communes Population Number of Communes Population Number of Communes Population up to from to from to Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy from to over Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

28 Table 1.5 Protected nature reserves and wet zones Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Protected nature reserves (area in hectares) National parks Natural reserves of the state Regional national parks Regional national reserves Other Regional protected nature areas Total surface area Natural and marine reserve area Total Wet zones of international importance Number of sites Area Source: Elaboration from data from the Ministry for the Environment and Tutelage of the Territory

29 Table 1.6 Protected marine areas Zone A Zone B Zone C Zone D Total Marine surface area (hectares) Sicily Island of Ustica Ciclopi islands Egadi islands Capo Gallo-Isola Fe Pelagie islands Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy = Italy = ,8 27,0 28, ,0 Length of coast (metres) Sicily Island of Ustica Ciclopi islands Egadi islands Capo Gallo-Isola Fe Pelagie islands Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy = Italy = ,0 13,4 27,7-20,4 Source: Elaboration from data from the Ministry for Infrastructure and Transport Zone A: unspoilt area where any activity that might harm or disturb the marine environment is forbidden Zone B: conventional reserve where activities are consented, often regulated and authorised by the managing body, with sustainable growth and exploiting the area, with as little environmental impact as possible Zone C: partial reserve, where activities are consented, often regulated and authorised (and often more so than in other zones), for exploiting the sea with sustainable growth, and with as little environemntal impact as possible. The largest part of the protected marine area is usually situated in this zone. Zone D: zone for economic and social promotion

30 Table 1.7 Forest fires Number of forest fires Total area of forest affected by fire (in hectares) Wooded area Nonwooded area Total area Average area affected by fire (hectares/fires) Sicily , , , , ,57 Provinces Agrigento ,86 Caltanissetta ,85 Catania ,77 Enna ,09 Messina ,69 Palermo ,88 Ragusa ,03 Siracusa ,30 Trapani ,40 Divisions South/islands ,96 North/centre ,04 Italy = ,98 Italy = 100 8,7 18,2 18,3 18,2 210,2 Source: Elaboration from data from Anti-forest fire services and State Forestry Corps

31 Table 1.8 Water infrastructure, sewerage systems and purification plants Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Volume of water for drinking (thousands of cu m) Sample taken Purified Introduced into network Distributed Purified/taken as sample 29,2 26,1 33,8 31,1 Distributed/introduced into network (%) 68,7 62,66 73,4 69,99 Sewerage service and level of sewerage purification Complete purification Number of Communes Resident population Partial purification Number of Communes Resident population No purification Number of Communes Resident population Number of plants Equivalent inhabitants served Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Purification-plants in operation

32 Table 1.9 Production of solid urban waste Total solid waste produced (tons/year) Per capita production (kg/inhab. x year) % variation of waste (over previous year) Sicily , , , , ,2 Provinces Agrigento ,2 Caltanissetta ,9 Catania ,8 Enna ,5 Messina ,3 Palermo ,4 Ragusa ,8 Siracusa ,8 Trapani ,3 Divisions South/islands ,1 North/centre ,0 Italy = ,7 Italy = 100 8,2 95,2 - Source: Elaboration from APAT data

33 Table 1.10 Collection of solid urban waste (absolute figures in tons) Mixed Differentiated Bulky to dispose of Total % differentiated out of total Sicily , , , , ,4 Provinces Agrigento ,2 Caltanissetta ,5 Catania ,7 Enna ,5 Messina ,5 Palermo ,0 Ragusa ,5 Siracusa ,1 Trapani ,6 Divisions South/islands ,1 North/centre ,8 Italy = ,7 Italy = ,2 2,0 0,3 8,2 24,0 Source: Elaboration from APAT data

34 Table 1.11 Differentiated solid waste collection by type of waste (absolute figures in tons) Glass Paper Plastics Other Differentiated collection per inhabitant (in kg) Sicily , , , , ,6 Provinces Agrigento ,4 Caltanissetta ,3 Catania ,1 Enna ,8 Messina ,3 Palermo ,6 Ragusa ,8 Siracusa ,1 Trapani ,1 Divisions 2004 South/islands ,7 North/centre ,6 Italy ,9 Italy = 100 1,5 2,8 2,4 1,5 22,8 Source: Elaboration from APAT data

35 2 Population and Family More than 5 million, more women than men and among the youngest in Italy : one could begin a thumbnail sketch of the island s inhabitants in this way: We might add that Sicilians are very close to their family and tradition, there are still many church-weddings and a sustained birth-rate. And lastly, they seem to be quite tolerant towards the ever growing number of foreign citizens; they do worry about the diminishing economic resources and the gradual deterioration of the environment; they are determined to defend their own positions in the face of assaults from traffic, pollution and noise. On December 31 st, 2005, the population of Sicily stood at 5,017,212, with an increase of 4,131 over the previous year. The growth was due exclusively to the natural component, which again signalled a positive balance, though down by almost half compared to The birth-rate in the island was 10.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. The mortality-rate was 9.4 per 1,000 inhabitants, lower than that of the country as a whole, but higher than the figures for the south and the islands. During the year 2005 the number of persons registered at the General Registry Office of the 390 Communes in Sicily was 106,407; following postcensus revision this represented a synthesis of real movement around the Region and administrative movement linked to the last fringe-groups; in the same period an almost equal number of deletions was recorded (included in the amendments) with a migratory balance of 244 units and a migratory-rate of zero. At the beginning of 2006 there were 74,595 foreign citizens resident in Sicily, an increase of 7.1% over the previous year; they make up 1.5% of the population, three points lower than the national figure (4.5%). In 2004, 26,823 weddings were recorded in Sicily, 774 more than in the previous year, with religious rites accounting for 81% of the total (71.3% in Italy). Sicilians seem to be staying young: the old-age index reveals there to be elderly persons (over the age of 64 years) for every 100 young persons (under the age of 15 years), against a figure of at the national level. Statistical analysis highlights a slow, but constant growth in the number of inhabitants in the island, from 4,965,669 in 2001 to over 5 million in 2005, thanks to the ever positive natural balance (though this is slowing down).the birth-rate managed to balance out the rise in the mortality-rate, which touched

36 its maximum level (9.7 per 1000 inhabitants) in 2003, probably because of the extreme heat-wave that, in fact, affected the whole country. The migratory component remained negative from 2001 to 2004, with a slight recovery in 2005; in absolute terms the migratory balance is becoming progressively less substantial. It fell by half in the first two years, then almost arrived at zero in 2003, only to recover the following year and invert the trend in 2005 with a balancing-out of the registrations and deletions in the official records. People living in Sicily with foreign citizenship are increasing noticeably in number: from 50,890 in 2002 to 74,595 in 2005; the presence of minors is constant (1 out of 5), whereas the female component, falling slightly from the beginning of the period, recovered almost a whole percentage point in the last year. The population in Sicily is ageing; in the four-year period the index of the elderly rose by almost two points, resulting in the elderly overtaking the youngsters in number. In 2005, the 1,239,808 inhabitants in the Province of Palermo again put it in first place with a little less than a quarter of the Regional total, followed by Catania, which was home to one Sicilian out of five; the Province of Messina was in third place with 13% of the island s citizens. With regard to birth-rate, Caltanissetta found itself in first place (11.2 per 1000 inhabitants), followed by Palermo (10.9 per 1000) and Catania (10.8 per 1000); Messina (8.3 per 1000 inhabitants) was in last place. As for the mortality-rate the situation was almost the reverse, with Messina in first place (10.8 per 1000 inhabitants), followed by Enna with 10.3 per 1000 inhabitants; Catania had the lowest rate (8.6 per 1000). The migratory balance amounted to zero and embraced a range of figures going from -5.7 per 1000 in Caltanissetta to +3.7% in Trapani and Ragusa. The foreign proportion of the total resident population was highest in the Province of Ragusa (3.7%), almost double that of Messina in second place with 1.9%; the Provinces of Trapani and Palermo were in line with the Regional figure (1.5%), and the others were below the average, Enna being the lowest (0.6%). In 2004 the Provinces with the highest number of weddings were, naturally, Palermo, Catania and Messina. The highest number of civil weddings was recorded in the Province of Siracusa with almost one wedding out of four, followed by Catania; Messina and Palermo were slightly further back with one civil wedding out of five. The most youthful Province was Catania (with an index of the elderly of 94.4); it had a higher proportion of young people in its population than elderly ones. Palermo also found itself below 100; figures for all the other Provinces were higher, with Messina (136.8) only one point below the national figure. Glossary Birth-rate: ratio between the number of live births in one year and the total average resident population (multiplied by 1000).

37 Deletion-rate: ratio between the number of those struck off at the registry office in a given year, and the average total resident population, multiplied by Deletions: can be divided into: - Deletions abroad (i.e. the number of persons struck off following transfer of residence abroad) - Deletions domestically (i.e. the number of persons struck off following transfer of residence to another Italian Commune) Family: a body of people living together and related or linked by matrimonial ties, affinity, adoption, guardianship or emotionally. General Registry Office: a continuous system of registration of the population, constantly up-dated by the Communal administration via registration of births by resident parents, deletions because of death and changes of residence. Index of child-dependence: percentage ratio between persons aged 0-14 years and persons aged years. Index of dependence of the elderly: percentage ratio between aged over 64 years and those aged years. Migratory balance: surplus or deficit of registrations of immigrants from abroad (or another Commune) compared to the deletions of registrations for emigrants abroad (or to another Commune). Mortality-rate: ratio between the number of deaths in one year and the average total resident population, multiplied by Natural balance: surplus or deficit of births compared to deaths. Index of the elderly: percentage ratio between aged 65 years and over and those aged between 0-14 years. Registered persons: can be divided into: - Registered from abroad (i.e. the number of persons registered following transfer of residence from abroad) - Registered domestically (i.e. the number of persons registered following transfer of residence from another Italian Commune) Registration-rate: ratio of number of registered persons in one year to the average total resident population, multiplied by 1000.

38 Total dependence index: percentage ratio between persons who are not autonomous for demographic reasons (aged 0-14 and over 64) and persons who are presumed to be working and supporting them (aged 15-64). Further reading Volumes It alian St at is t ic al Ye arbook ISTAT Le gal populat ion - ISTAT 1 4 Ge neral Ce nsus of t he Populat ion and Habit at ions Fore c as t s for t he re s ide nt populat ion by s ex, age and re ligion from t o ISTAT Resident population by gender, age and civil status ISTAT Caus e s of m ort alit y in t he Re gions Ye ars ISTAT Immigration Statistics Dossier 2006 CARITAS Compendium of official statistics of the domestic administration Internet Ge neral Ce nsus of t he Populat ion and Habit at ions dat a c onsult at ion Family, habit at ion and zone of re s ide nce - Multiscopo s urve y of t he fam ily "Aspects of daily life"- The fore ign populat ion living in It aly St at is t ic s in brie f Re gional de m ographic balance in Sic ily It alian St at is t ic al Ye arbook Chapt e r 2 : Populat ion Relative poverty in Italy demo.istat.it

39 Population and demography: datawarehouse ITALY - Resident foreigners New statistical data about Italians in the world Im m igrat io n Statistical dossier Data about immigration Them at ic are a populat ion analysis and dat a

40 Table 2.1 Resident population and registered migratory movement Population on Dec 31 Live births Natural movement Deaths Natural balance Registered Migratory movement Deleted Migratory balance Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 8,5 9,2 8,3 5,7 6,9 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

41 Table 2.2 Indicators of demographic movement (per 1000 inhabitants) % variation in population Births Natural movement rate Migratory movement rates * Deaths Natural surplus Registered Deleted Migratory surplus Sicily ,9 10,4 9,1 1,4 16,8 21,1-4, ,4 10,3 9,3 1,0 17,8 20,1-2, ,6 10,4 9,7 0,7 19,8 19,9-0, ,3 10,3 8,9 1,4 20,1 21,2-1, ,8 10,1 9,4 0,8 21,2 21,2 0,0 Provinces Agrigento 0,9 9,9 9,5 0,4 18,4 17,9 0,5 Caltanissetta -4,4 11,2 9,9 1,3 11,8 17,6-5,7 Catania 3,5 10,8 8,6 2,2 29,0 27,7 1,3 Enna -1,3 9,5 10,3-0,7 15,2 15,8-0,6 Messina -3,3 8,3 10,8-2,6 17,4 18,1-0,7 Palermo 0,4 10,9 8,8 2,1 22,4 24,0-1,6 Ragusa 4,4 9,9 9,2 0,7 16,3 12,6 3,7 Siracusa 0,4 9,6 9,2 0,4 18,4 18,4 0,0 Trapani 3,4 9,4 9,7-0,3 21,7 18,0 3,7 Divisions South/islands 0,6 9,7 8,9 0,9 20,8 21,1-0,3 North/centre 7,3 9,3 10,1-0,8 37,5 29,4 8,1 Italy 4,9 9,5 9,7-0,2 31,6 26,4 5,2 Italy = ,7 107,1 96,6 67,2 80,1 0,9 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * Including registrations and deletions following post-census registration revision

42 Table 2.3 Resident population by age, on Jan Sicily Males 2001 (*) Females 2001 (*) Total 2001 (*) Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = ,0 10,9 10,3 9,0 8,1 7,8 8,1 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * Data at the census of Oct 21, 2001 Divisions

43 Table 2.3 cont. Resident population by age, on Jan e oltre Sicily Males (*) Females (*) Total (*) Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy 8,3 8,2 8,0 7,5 7,6 8,1 7,7 Italy = 100 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * Data at the census of Oct 21, 2001 Divisions

44 Table 2.4 Indicators of population structure As % of total 0-5 years over 75 years Old-age index Young (0-14 years) Dependence rate (%) Elderly (>64 years) Total Sicily 2001 (*) 6,2 7,4 98,7 26,0 25,6 51, ,2 7,4 99,1 25,9 25,7 51, ,1 7,7 102,0 25,6 26,2 51, ,1 7,9 104,8 25,2 26,4 51, ,1 8,1 107,8 24,9 26,8 51,7 Provinces Agrigento 6,1 8,5 114,0 25,4 29,0 54,4 Caltanissetta 6,5 7,9 101,5 27,0 27,4 54,4 Catania 6,4 7,3 94,4 25,9 24,5 50,4 Enna 5,9 9,2 124,4 25,0 31,0 56,0 Messina 5,2 9,6 136,8 21,9 30,0 51,9 Palermo 6,3 7,6 99,2 25,5 25,4 50,9 Ragusa 6,2 8,4 109,0 25,0 27,3 52,3 Siracusa 5,9 7,6 119,1 24,5 29,2 53,6 Trapani 5,9 9,0 109,1 23,2 25,3 48,6 Divisions South/islands 6,0 7,8 106,5 24,1 25,6 49,7 North/centre 5,4 9,7 159,1 19,7 31,4 51,1 Italy 5,6 9,0 137,8 21,3 29,3 50,6 Italy = ,7 90,2 78,2 117,1 91,6 102,3 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * Data at the census of Oct 21, 2001

45 Table 2.5 Resident population by civil status - Jan 1 (in 1000s) Males Females Single Married Divorced Widower Single Married Divorced Widow Sicily 2001 (*) 1.090, ,2 12,6 54, , ,2 21,1 288, , ,0 12,3 53, , ,6 21,7 283, , ,7 12,9 54, , ,0 22,5 287, , ,7 13,7 55, , ,5 24,0 294, , ,1 14,4 54, , ,7 24,9 294,4 Provinces Agrigento 100,7 114,7 0,9 4,6 90,7 116,6 1,3 27,0 Caltanissetta 59,9 69,0 0,6 3,0 55,3 69,4 0,9 17,0 Catania 242,9 260,6 3,5 11,0 221,5 267,0 6,4 59,0 Enna 37,6 43,8 0,4 2,1 35,1 43,6 0,6 11,3 Messina 143,6 161,8 2,2 8,3 131,9 163,4 3,9 42,7 Palermo 278,5 301,9 3,6 13,2 259,1 308,0 6,6 68,3 Ragusa 66,4 80,3 0,9 3,3 56,5 79,6 1,4 18,3 Siracusa 87,2 101,9 1,4 4,6 74,9 102,6 2,2 23,4 Trapani 93,1 111,0 1,0 4,7 81,8 112,5 1,5 27,3 Divisions South/islands 4.673, ,3 54,7 230, , ,4 92, ,6 North/centre 7.946, ,8 274,1 467, , ,4 404, ,0 Italy , ,0 328,8 697, , ,7 496, ,6 Italy = 100 8,8 8,5 4,4 7,9 9,2 8,5 5,0 7,7 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * Data at the census of Oct 21, 2001

46 Table 2.6 Weddings Religious rite Weddings Civil marriage Total Civil Weddings x marriage as % of total inhabitants Sicily ,5 5, ,5 5, ,8 5, ,5 5,4 Provinces Agrigento ,7 5,3 Caltanissetta ,5 5,9 Catania ,2 5,4 Enna ,5 5,2 Messina ,1 4,9 Palermo ,9 5,8 Ragusa ,1 5,2 Siracusa ,7 5,1 Trapani ,0 5,3 Divisions South/islands ,3 4,8 North/centre ,7 4,2 Italy ,7 4,6 Italy = ,9 6,7 10,4 64,4 117,4 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

47 Table 2.7 Resident foreign citizens Registered at General Registry Office Males Females Total Minors % females Birth-rate Temporary stay permit* Sicily ,4 N/A ,7 16, ,6 13, ,3 15,5 N/A Provinces Agrigento ,1 14, Caltanissetta ,0 16, Catania ,5 14, Enna ,6 12,8 931 Messina ,9 19, Palermo ,6 14, Ragusa ,7 14, Siracusa ,4 18, Trapani ,7 11, Divisions South/islands ,3 13, North/centre ,0 21, Italy ,4 20, Italy = 100 2,9 2,7 2,8 2,7 97,7 75,5 2,9 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * On Jan 1 - for the Provinces and divisions the data refers to 2004

48 Table 2.8 Families and aspects of daily life (per 100 families) Sicily Views on economic situation compared to previous year Improved 7,0 5,4 7,7 5,1 5,5 Same 63,0 68,7 71,5 53,5 49,9 Worse 29,4 24,5 20,0 40,8 44,4 Housing problems Too many expenses 50,1 48,9 51,4 50,8 52,3 Too small 17,0 15,9 15,1 14,6 15,4 Distance from relatives 24,6 22,4 25,8 28,6 28,5 Poor condition 9,6 8,4 7,6 6,9 7,7 Irregular water-supply 36,5 33,7 39,6 39,8 41,3 Problems related to one's area of abode Rubbish in the streets 30,2 28,6 34,6 29,3 32,0 Parking difficulties 40,9 38,5 45,3 38,8 40,4 Public transport difficulties 30,9 26,1 32,9 27,4 33,2 Traffic 47,9 47,3 45,9 45,3 46,0 Air pollution 31,8 35,5 30,9 35,2 33,2 Noise 30,9 41,8 41,6 42,1 42,3 Risk of crime 21,6 23,2 25,6 25,9 23,5 Poor street lighting n.d. 33,5 39,5 31,0 37,3 Poor road surfaces n.d. 34,9 40,6 32,5 42,0 Italy Views on economic situation compared to previous year Improved 8,3 9,3 10,6 6,6 6,0 Same 62,7 63,5 68,2 51,7 45,5 Worse 28,3 26,0 20,3 40,4 47,5 Housing problems Too many expenses 58,8 56,5 53,8 55,0 58,0 Too small 14,3 13,5 13,1 12,8 12,5 Distance from relatives 18,2 18,2 19,4 20,4 20,7 Poor condition 5,9 5,7 5,5 5,1 5,2 Irregular water-supply 14,9 15,0 16,3 14,7 17,0 Problems related to one's area of residence Rubbish in the streets 33,2 32,0 33,8 31,1 32,5 Parking difficulties 40,7 38,9 41,6 40,8 42,4 Public transport difficulties 32,3 29,7 30,9 29,8 31,1 Traffic 49,3 47,6 47,6 48,3 50,1 Air pollution 40,1 39,9 39,9 40,0 40,9 Noise 38,3 38,0 38,5 37,8 40,5 Risk of crime 32,5 30,6 30,8 29,2 27,4 Poor street lighting n.d. 36,0 35,2 34,3 32,9 Poor road surfaces n.d. 41,3 43,2 41,0 42,0 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

49 Table 2.9 Durable goods possessed (per 100 families) Sicily Dish-washer 15,5 14,2 16,6 16,9 14,6 Washing-machine 95,7 94,2 97,0 94,6 97,3 Video-camera N/A 17,0 16,9 23,3 19,7 Hi-fi system N/A 43,9 46,4 47,0 46,8 Air-conditioning N/A N/A 15,5 20,7 24,7 Bicycles 34,0 35,3 33,6 34,6 35,1 Motor-cycles 25,4 26,4 23,8 26,0 27,4 More than one car 27,1 23,3 26,6 27,2 29,2 Video-game console N/A 15,7 16,6 15,1 13,5 Personal computer N/A 15,9 34,5 28,8 31,9 Access to Internet N/A 9,8 25,5 21,5 21,5 Answerphone N/A 6,2 16,1 4,3 4,3 Fax N/A 3,7 7,7 4,1 3,2 More than one colour TV 28,6 25,8 37,4 33,7 36,6 Satellite dish N/A N/A 12,5 14,1 17,5 Italy Dish-washer 28,9 30,9 33,3 34,0 35,1 Washing-machine 96,1 96,0 96,6 96,1 96,7 Video-camera N/A 19,1 20,4 21,5 22,8 Hi-fi system N/A 52,2 55,2 54,9 55,7 Air-conditioning N/A N/A 10,7 13,5 17,2 Bicycles 58,3 59,1 58,9 59,2 56,9 Motor-cycles 27,9 27,1 26,3 25,9 25,7 More than one car 78,0 78,1 79,1 78,5 79,4 Video-game console N/A 18,6 17,4 17,0 17,0 Personal computer N/A 25,6 37,2 38,9 42,7 Access to Internet N/A 15,4 25,8 30,4 30,7 Answerphone N/A 15,0 13,0 13,7 12,5 Fax N/A 6,7 6,4 7,2 7,2 More than one colour TV 41,7 42,3 35,5 47,8 47,2 Satellite dish N/A N/A 14,2 18,9 21,1 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data N/A = no information

50

51 3 WORK In 2005 the labour market in Sicily registered one of its most positive performances of the last ten years. Nonetheless, structural segmentations between supply and demand still exist, as well as between men and women, youngsters and adults, between temporary and permanent, which make the labour market in Sicily one of the most unbalanced in Italy. On the basis of ISTAT data, employment in 2005 registered an increase of 2.2%, after the substantial stagnation of the previous three years. The most appreciable increases, by sector, were in agriculture, in services and in industry in the strict sense, whereas employment in building (which had risen sharply in ) remained at the same levels as the previous year. The distribution of the employed by branch of activity in 2005 reveals a clear predominance of private and public services, which make up 73.1% of the total, against the 65% on a national level. Then, in order of importance, there follows industry in the strict sense with 9.9%, alongside building which has 9.3% of the work-force involved in production. Lastly, agriculture brings up the rear (7.7%), but does nonetheless represent a total that is twice the national average (4.2%). The proliferation of part-time work is in line with the national levels: in fact, in 2005, this type of contract impinged on overall employment to the extent of 12.9%. The data shows a considerable concentration both as regards the female component (64.9% of the part-time total) and the services sector (83.7%). Compared with the national average, there was a noticeably greater utilisation of time contracts: almost 20% of employees signed a contract of this type compared with a rate of 12.3% for the whole of Italy. Most of this employment is concentrated in the sectors of agriculture (62.8%) and construction (23.1%). There were almost 285,000 persons seeking employment in The unfulfilled search is still an element peculiar to the region, and, by itself, Sicily accounts for 15% of the national total. The unemployment-rate fell to 16.2%, one point less than in In particular, the number of those who hadn t found employment for over 12 months made up 58% of the dissatisfied, ten

52 points higher than the national total. Mid-period analysis highlights how in 2005 employment reached record levels thanks to an increase in the female component, which grew by over 30,000 in the four-year period, taking the employment figures from 30.9% in 2001 to 32.4% by the end of the period. On the contrary, the number of persons looking for work fell significantly in these four years, by 120,000, with a positive effect on the unemployment-rate, which has dropped by 5% (standing at 21.5% in 2005). Less positive was the trend in the participation-rate, falling from 55.5% in 2001 to 52.7% in 2005, a change that can be put down to the afore-mentioned decrease in the number of persons seeking employment. Over all, the Provinces that offer most job opportunities are naturally those with the highest populations: Palermo (358,000 workers) and Catania (316,000). The most striking participation-rate is to be found in Ragusa (58,9%), followed by Messina (55,1%), whereas the least participative Province is Siracusa (48,1%). The disproportion of Regional data with regard to gender is reflected in Provincial data, which oscillates, in the case of men, from the excellent participation-rate in Ragusa (78,8%) to the less satisfactory one in Siracusa (64,9%), and, in the case of women, from the 42.5% in Messina to the 31.4% in Agrigento. The major difficulties in finding work seem to persist in the Province of Enna (unemployment-rate of 19.4% in 2005), Caltanissetta and Palermo (19.2% in both cases), whereas the residents of Ragusa seem to have the best opportunities (the unemployment-rate standing at 10.8%). The Regional labour-market peculiarities can also be studied via an analysis of irregular employment. The data produced by ISTAT (up-dated to 2003) estimates an irregularity rate of 26.0% for that year, clearly higher than the national average. The economic sector in which there is most employment irregularity is agriculture (42.4%), whereas, on the contrary, the services sector seems to be relatively less affected (23.%); the hidden dichotomy in all this is between public administration (where the phenomenon is virtually non-existent) and a whole range of, often small-scale, activities, such as trade and tourism, in which irregularity is of extreme proportions. From the Provincial point of view the difficulties in estimating irregular employment figures led ISTAT to provide a field of variation between minimum and maximum, rather than a precise figure. From the estimates it seems that the Provinces in which the irregularity-rates are relatively low (compared to the Regional average) are Enna and Caltanissetta, whereas the highest irregularity figure is to be found in the Province of Catania. Glossary Activity rate: ratio of people in the work-force aged 15 to 64 years to the entire corresponding population.

53 Employed, The: include all persons aged over 15, who, in the week of reference,: have carried out an hour of work in any activity providing remuneration in cash or in kind; have carried out at least an hour of unpaid work in the business of an acquaintance, where they have often helped out; are off work (e.g. holiday, illness). Those off work are considered employed if the absence does not exceed 3 months, or if, during their absence, they continue to receive at least 50% of their pay. Non-permanent workers who are off work, except for family-collaborators, are considered employed if, during their period of absence, they still keep their jobs. Family-collaborators are considered employed if their absence does not exceed 3 months. Employed, The (permanent and full-time): employed persons tied to a business enterprise by a direct contract, on the basis of which they receive a salary. Employment-rate: percentage ratio of the employed (aged 15 to 64) to the corresponding contextual population. Job-seekers: include unemployed persons (aged between 15 and 74) who: have tried to look for employment in the thirty days prior to the interview and are available for work (or to launch an autonomous activity) within the two weeks following the interview; -or will start a job within three months of the date of the interview and are available for work (or to launch an autonomous activity) within the two weeks following the interview, whenever it is possible to bring forward the starting date for the job. Labour force: the total number of employed and persons seeking employment Non-work force: person who declare themselves to be of a non-professional status and not to have carried out any working activity, nor to have sought work in the period in question. Included in this group are those doing their military, or substitutive civil service, invalids and persons under the age of 14 years. Unemployment-rate: is the percentage ratio between those seeking employment and the total work-force.

54 Further reading Volumes Monthly Statistical Bulletin - ISTAT Italian statistical Yearbook 2006 ISTAT SVIMEZ report on the economy in the south 2006 Immigration Statistics Dossier 2006 CARITAS SVIMEZ Internet New survey of the work-force Territorial economic accounts - ISTAT Production of regional indicators for assessing development policies Regional indicators for development policies Human resources The extent of the black economy according to official statistics Italian statistical Yearbook Chapter 9: Work Statistics data-banks Monitoring of employment and work policies Annual report Contract workers under the microscope Statistics data-banks Historical statistics Statistical tables from ISTAT sources Statistical tables from Ministry of Labour and Social Policy sources

55 Data regarding immigration and emigration Ageing and work: elements for a southern Italian profile

56 Table 3.1 Labour force and percentage rates Labour force Percentages Employed Seeking employment Total Inactive years Activity * Employment * Unemployment Sicily Males ,2 60,5 17, ,0 60,8 16, ,8 60,4 15, ,8 60,0 13, ,9 60,5 13,4 Females ,1 26,5 30, ,7 27,2 27, ,0 27,5 27, ,5 27,0 23, ,0 28,2 21,6 Males and females ,5 43,3 22, ,2 43,8 20, ,6 43,7 20, ,3 43,2 17, ,7 44,0 16,2 REGIONI REGIONI REGIONI South/islands ,6 45,8 14,3 North/centre ,3 64,0 4,8 Italy ,4 57,5 7,7 Italy = 100 6,5 15,1 7,2 10,7 ##### 98,0 210,0 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Divisions * The rates for 2004 e 2005 (published by ISTAT) can not be compared precisely with the previous ones, because of the different way of calculating. In order to render them comparable the enumerator needs to utilise the collective labour-forces, including the over-65 employed. In this case the activity rates for Sicily would be equal, in 2004, to 52,6 and in 2005, equal to 52,9; the employment rates would be 43,5 and 44,3 respectively.

57 Table 3.2 Population aged 15 and over, by status, Province and gender - average for year 2005 Employed Labour force Seeking employment Percentages Inactive Total years Active Employed Unemployed Males Agrigento ,1 58,6 16,1 Caltanissetta ,1 60,9 15,4 Catania ,8 60,7 13,0 Enna ,3 56,8 16,8 Messina ,1 61,1 10,1 Palermo ,4 58,0 16,2 Ragusa ,8 72,5 7,9 Siracusa ,9 57,0 12,1 Trapani ,0 63,8 11,3 Sicily ,99 60,5 13,4 Females Agrigento ,4 24,7 21,2 Caltanissetta ,7 24,6 26,8 Catania ,7 27,7 19,8 Enna ,2 26,6 24,3 Messina ,5 34,9 17,8 Palermo ,7 28,4 24,5 Ragusa ,8 32,2 17,0 Siracusa ,5 25,2 19,7 Trapani ,8 24,5 25,2 Sicily ,0 28,2 21,6 Males and females Agrigento ,4 41,4 17,7 Caltanissetta ,3 42,2 19,2 Catania ,9 43,9 15,3 Enna ,3 41,3 19,4 Messina ,1 47,8 13,1 Palermo ,2 42,9 19,2 Ragusa ,9 52,4 10,8 Siracusa ,1 41,0 14,6 Trapani ,1 43,9 15,8 Sicily ,7 44,0 16,2 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

58 Table 3.3 The employed, per position in profession Total Agriculture Industry in strict sense Construction Trade Other activities Overall employed Sicily Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 6,5 11,9 2,9 7,1 7,3 7,3 Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 6,7 17,5 2,6 8,4 6,7 7,9 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Employed and in service Divisions

59 Table 3.4 Irregularity-rate of work (%) Total Agriculture Industry Total In strict sense Construction Services Sicily ,5 39,6 25,2 20,1 33,1 20, ,3 41,5 24,1 17,9 33,1 20, ,1 42,3 25,2 19,5 33,0 21, ,0 44,6 25,8 22,2 31,2 22, ,0 42,4 28,0 24,7 33,1 23,4 Provinces * Agrigento ,3 23, ,4 46, ,9 31,5 nd n.d. nd n.d ,4 28,0 Caltanissetta 14,7-19,3 34,7-40,4 16,3-23,9 n.d. n.d. 17,9-22,4 Catania 28,5-33,0 40,4-46,1 23,9-31,5 n.d. n.d. 28,0-42,9 Enna 14,7-19,3 34,7-40,4 23,9-31,5 n.d. n.d. 17,9-22,4 Messina 23,9-28,5 40,4-46,1 23,9-31,5 n.d. n.d. 28,0-42,9 Palermo 23,9-28,5 40,4-46,1 23,9-31,5 n.d. n.d. 28,0-42,9 Ragusa 23,9-28,5 40,4-46,1 23,9-31,5 n.d. n.d. 22,4-28,0 Siracusa 23,9-28,5 40,4-46,1 31,5-39,1 n.d. n.d. 22,4-28,0 Trapani 19,3-23,9 40,4-46,1 16,3-23,9 n.d. n.d. 28,0-42,9 Divisions South/islands 22,8 41,1 20,6 17,1 27,0 20,9 North/centre 9,7 24,9 3,6 2,8 6,3 11,9 Italy 13,4 32,9 7,1 5,4 12,5 14,5 Italy = ,6 128,8 391,7 458,5 265,7 161,3 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * the values represent the max. and min. of the interval within the range of which the percentage of irrregular work in the Province is estimated

60 Table 3.5 The overall number of employed, full-time and part-time - average for year 2005 Full-time Part-time Males Females Total Males Females Total Sicily Agriculture Industry s.s Construction Services Total South/islands Agriculture Industry s.s Construction Services Total North/centre Agriculture Industry s.s Construction Services Total Italy Agriculture Industry s.s Construction Services Total Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

61 Table 3.6 Employees with permanent and temporary contracts - average for year 2005 Permanent Temporary Males Females Total Males Females Total Sicily Agriculture Industry s.s Construction Services Total South/islands Agriculture Industry s.s Construction Services Total North/centre Agriculture Industry s.s Construction Services Total Italy Agriculture Industry s.s Construction Services Total Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

62

63 4 HEALTHCARE Health in Sicily, as in the rest of the country, continues to be affected by problems linked to the constant expansion of state expenditure and a consequent widening of the deficit, as well as a reduction in investment in research. In 2005 the National Health Service in Sicily spent 7,800 million Euros, with a 3.7% increase over the previous year (5.2% being the average national increase). Per capita spending amounted to 1,556 Euros (+3.6%), a figure lower than the national average (1,618 Euros). The balance deficit amounted to 516 million Euros, which is 11.3% of the overall deficit incurred by the NHS. As regards the data for supply and demand, in 2003 (last available data) there were 134 hospitals with a total of 18,702 beds, which represent 8.1% of the national total. Over all, there were 793,828 in-patients for a total of 4,678,475 days in hospital. Therefore, the average length of hospital-stay is equal to 5.9 days: 6.0 in public hospitals and 5.7 in private. The total degree of utilisation was 70.6% of hospital-beds, lower than the average in the country (76.3%), with noticeable differences between the two types (75% for public structures and 55% for private) There were a total of 45,874 persons working in hospitals, 23.1% of these being doctors, almost 40% auxiliary staff and the remaining 30%, approximately, occupied in other hospital services. In relative terms the Region can count on 2.1 doctors for every 1000 inhabitants (in line with national figures) and 3.7 auxiliary staff (against 5.0 in the country as a whole). In the four-year period 1999/ new structures were created. With the growth in the number of hospitals there was a corresponding 6% reduction in the number of hospital-beds and a 5.4% decrease in the number of in-patients and a decrease of about 9% in the number of days in hospital. The mid-term trends differed between the two components of supply: in the public sector two new structures appeared, with a 10.6% fall in the number of beds and 8.5% in the number of in-patients. There were three new initiatives in the private sector, with an 8.7% increase in the number of beds and 10.7% in the number of inpatients. The number of in-patient days fell by 11% in the public sector and rose by 1.6% in the private. The utilisation-rate remained at the same level in

64 the public institutes and was marked by a drop in the private. Again with reference to the four-year period there was a 6.3% rise in the number of employees, 23.4% of whom were in the private sector and 4.6% in the public. Typological scrutiny of personnel shows that there was a 12.5% increase in the number of doctors (+1,025) and an 8.6% increase in auxiliary staff (+1,323), whereas the number of those employed in other activities fell by 7%. There were more appreciable increases in the private sector: 29.4% for doctors, 23% for auxiliary staff and 20% for other personnel. As a result of the broader demographic scale, the year 2003 saw the most significant concentration of public and private hospitals in the Provinces of Catania (35), Palermo (33) and Messina (20), which had almost two thirds of the total Regional number. As for the other Provinces, Siracusa and Trapani made up 7.5%, Caltanissetta 6.0%, Agrigento 5.2%, Ragusa 4.5% and Enna 3.7%. The three metropolitan Provinces therefore have the greatest flux of inpatients: a little more than 500,000, 63.4% of the overall total of in-patients, with an average hospital-stay of 6.3 days. There were 9,261 voluntary terminations of pregnancy on the part of residents in Sicily, at the end of 2003, a little less than 8% of the national total. Classification by age reveals that 41.8% of voluntary terminations involve women aged 25 to 34 years, and 26% those aged With reference to those under the age of 19, the figure is moderately high: 1,025 cases, equivalent to 11.0% of the total. Over the years under scrutiny, recourse to voluntary terminations of pregnancy fell by 13% overall and above all for women aged 20 to 34 (-15%). At the Provincial level the highest frequencies are to be found in the three metropolitan areas of Catania (2,338), Palermo (2,010) and Messina (1,173), making up 63.3% of the total. In the remaining Provinces the figures oscillate between the 962 cases in Siracusa and the 373 in Enna. Lastly, as regards mortalities in the year 2002 (last data available), there were 45,848, of which 45.8% resulted from circulatory failures. Similarly, there were a considerable number of deaths from tumours (11,172 cases, 24.4% of the total), whereas the number of deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases were obviously negligible (a bare 0.6%). Except for infectious diseases and traumatisms and food-poisoning, for which mortality affects the whole population indiscriminately, for other causes the number of deaths rose with the advancing of the years. Among deaths from circulatory failures, the over sixty-fives make up 91.5% of the total; among deaths from tumours the oldest category accounts for almost three quarters of the total, and there is an analogous number for diseases of the digestive system. Glossary

65 Auxiliary medical personnel: hospital personnel consisting of nursing staff and personnel with rehabilitation duties. Hospital: any residential structure equipped to take in and give full-time care to patients for diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative purposes. Each institute possesses an identifying code (in accordance with the guide-lines of the Ministry for Health - D.M. 6/9/1988). By hospital or clinic one of the following specific typologies is intended: - Directly managed hospital (transformed into a business enterprise by the bill :art.4, comma 1 of D.L. 502/92); - Hospital run directly by the local health centre; - University general hospital (art.39 law 833/78); - Scientific hospital (art.42 law 833/78); - Hospital classified or assimilated in accordance with the norms (art.1, last comma, law 132/68; art.41 law 833/78); - Nursing home (provisionally accredited or not); - Psychiatric hospitals still remaining (art.64 law 833/78); - Private health care institute qualified as local health centre (art.43, comma 2, law 833/78 and DPCM 29/10/1988); - Research institute Infectious diseases: any diseases that can be spread by contact, directly or indirectly, and grouped into five classes: - Any disease attracting particular interest and thus requiring immediate attention. - Any disease considered serious because it is very frequent and/or subject to control. - Any disease requiring specific documentation. - Any disease which, on being reported by a doctor as a single case, needs to be forwarded to the local health authority only in the event of a local epidemic - Any infectious and diffusive disease reported to the local health authority and not included in the categories above. In-patient: hospitalised person, i.e. a person who occupies a bed for a certain period of time (hospital stay) in order to be subjected to appropriate medicalsurgical treatment, and for whom a case study has to be compiled. Utilisation-rate per 100 hospital beds: is the ratio between the days of actual hospitalisation and the total potential number of days (hospital beds available for the whole survey period) multiplied by 100. Voluntary termination of pregnancy: an operation by a specialised surgeon that aims to remove the product of conception and associated matter with an interruption of pregnancy. It must take place on the express wishes of the

66 woman for therapeutic reasons or other reasons that might provoke damage to the physical or mental health of the woman. Further reading Volumes Causes of death in the Italian Regions Years ISTAT Causes of death year ISTAT Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT Internet Hospital structures and activities Voluntary interruption of pregnancy in Italy Hospital discharge in Italy Reporting of infectious disease in Italy Causes of death Health statistics Population s health and sanitary systems Italian Statistical Yearbook Chapter 3: Health Reported cases of acute viral hepatitis Surveillance systems of bacterial meningitis National AIDS register Register of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and correlated syndromes Infectious disease computerised system Drug-addiction public service activities (SERT) Report on the state of health of the nation - years

67 Ministry s annual report on law 194/78 (norms for social safeguarding of maternity and voluntary interruption of pregnancy) Organ donations and transplants Report on monitoring of sanitary assistance Updating of cases of AIDS reported in Italy (thematic areas health-analysis and data) The use of drugs in Italy Hospital structure and activity

68 Table 4.1 National Health Service balance-sheet indicators (in 1000s of Euros) Sicily Ovrerall expenditure Per capita expenditure (Euros) Costs Revenue Regional mobility balance Final balance South/islands Ovrerall expenditure Per capita expenditure (Euros) Costs Revenue Regional mobility balance Final balance North/centre Ovrerall expenditure Per capita expenditure (Euros) Costs Revenue Regional mobility balance Final balance Italy Ovrerall expenditure Per capita expenditure (Euros) Costs Revenue Final balance Source: Elaboration from Ministry of Health data

69 Table 4.2 Public and private hospitals Number Beds In-patients annually Public hospitals Days of hospitalstay Utilisation rate x 100 per bed Sicily , , , , ,3 Provinces Agrigento ,16 Caltanissetta ,82 Catania ,69 Enna ,66 Messina ,26 Palermo ,13 Ragusa ,91 Siracusa ,12 Trapani ,34 Divisions South/islands ,77 North/centre n.d. Italy ,66 Italy = 100 9,7 7,7 9,1 7,3 94,5 Private hospitals Sicily , , , , ,5 Provinces Agrigento ,08 Caltanissetta ,39 Catania ,7 Enna Messina ,61 Palermo ,85 Ragusa ,71 Siracusa ,72 Trapani ,99 Divisions South/islands ,13 North/centre n.d. Italy ,96 Italy = ,0 8,1 10,7 7,0 85,4 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

70 Table 4.3 Personnel in public and private hospitals Doctors Auxiliary staff Admin.staff Others Total Public hospitals Sicily (*) Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 8,8 6,5 6,9 7,3 7,2 Private hospitals Sicily (*) Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 7,9 5,7 5,5 6,8 6,5 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data (*) for 1999 admin.staff are included among Others

71 Table 4.4 Indicators for hospital personnel structure Doctors Auxiliary staff Admin.staff Others Total Per residents Sicily ,8 3,3 (*) 3,4 8, ,9 3,3 (*) 2,8 8, ,9 3,4 0,7 2,8 8, ,1 3,6 0,7 2,7 9, ,1 3,7 0,7 2,7 9,2 Provinces Agrigento 0,9 2,0 0,3 1,2 4,5 Caltanissetta 1,6 3,6 0,6 2,6 8,4 Catania 2,6 4,4 0,8 2,9 10,7 Enna 2,0 5,0 0,6 4,3 12,0 Messina 3,0 4,4 0,9 3,2 11,5 Palermo 2,6 3,9 0,8 3,5 10,8 Ragusa 1,6 3,5 0,3 1,7 7,0 Siracusa 1,3 2,8 0,4 1,7 6,2 Trapani 1,3 2,2 0,5 1,8 5,8 Divisions South/islands 2,0 4,0 0,6 2,7 9,3 North/centre 2,2 5,6 1,0 3,6 12,4 Italy 2,1 5,0 0,9 3,3 11,3 Per 100 beds Sicily ,3 83,4 (*) 85,7 215, ,6 88,3 (*) 73,0 227, ,4 89,5 17,4 71,7 229, ,2 92,6 17,3 68,8 231, ,7 97,9 18,2 72,5 245,3 Provinces Agrigento 41,5 96,1 15,5 55,5 203,9 Caltanissetta 46,6 105,2 18,6 76,5 247,0 Catania 62,2 107,7 18,6 71,4 259,9 Enna 36,2 92,3 11,8 79,3 219,5 Messina 62,4 91,1 19,7 66,5 239,7 Palermo 64,2 97,4 21,1 87,3 270,0 Ragusa 48,9 106,9 8,5 53,6 217,9 Siracusa 40,5 86,7 12,3 53,8 193,3 Trapani 49,2 86,0 20,6 68,1 224,0 Divisions South/islands 52,1 105,1 16,6 70,9 244,7 North/centre 50,2 126,7 23,5 81,5 281,9 Italy 50,8 119,7 21,2 78,0 269,8 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data (*) for 1999 and 2000 admin.staff are included among Others

72 Table 4.5 Voluntary interrupted pregnancy by mother's age and Province of operation Up to age of 19 years and over * Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = ,2 7,5 6,8 7,4 11,7 7,4 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * includes the class "age not indicated"

73 Table 4.6 Voluntary interrupted pregnancy by mother s age and Province of residence Up to age of 19 years and over * Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = ,7 8,3 7,3 7,6 11,8 7,9 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * includes the class "age not indicated"

74 Table 4.7 Deaths by groups of cause Infectious and parasitary diseases Tumours Psychic disturbances and nervous disorders Diseases of the circulatory system Diseases of the respiratory apparatus Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy* Italy = 100 6,4 6,9 7,2 8,9 7,8 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * Includes foreigners deceased in Italy

75 Table 4.7 cont. Deaths by groups of cause Diseases of the digestive system Other diseases Symptoms, warning signs and sickly conditions External causes of trauma and poisoning Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy* Italy = 100 7,1 11,1 14,0 7,4 8,2 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * Includes foreigners deceased in Italy

76 Table 4.8 Deaths by age and cause - Sicily 2002 Infectious and parasitary diseases Tumours Psychic disturbances and nervous disorders Diseases of the circulatory system Diseases of the respiratory apparatus and over Total Table 4.8 cont. Deaths by age and cause - Sicily 2002 Diseases of the digestive system Other diseases Symptoms, warning signs and sickly conditions External causes of trauma and poisoning Total and over Total Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

77 5 SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY Interventions with regard to social welfare, social security and voluntary work can be examined from the most diverse angles, involving a wide range of problems affecting individuals and families, the world of education and training, the employment market and so on. In this chapter some of the most significant indicators are recorded. With reference to the labour market, in the years , (after exceptional growth in 2003, connected to some extent to the crisis that industry was going through) there was a progressive reduction (-25.3% in 2004 and - 3.1% in 2005) in the hours authorised by the Redundancy Fund for salary integration in Sicily s final balance reflects a consistent increase in routine interventions (+71.5%), which, as is well known, are linked to problems of a short-term nature, and an equally appreciable fall in the number of extraordinary interventions (-36.4%) deriving from protracted structural difficulties. About half of the hours authorised and recorded in 2005 regarded the Province of Palermo, where the FIAT Termini Imerese works, and connected activities, are located. During the four-year period 2001/2005 the number of hours granted by Gestione Industria (Industrial Management) increased by 26.0%. In this period interventions in favour of the manual workers increased by 16.1%, whereas those for employees more than doubled. Again in the work sphere, the number of accidents reported in 2005 fell to 33,756 (-2.3%), with general reductions: -10.1% in agriculture, -1.7% on behalf of the State, -1.3% in industry. The highest number of accidents with regard to agriculture was recorded in Ragusa, with regard to industry in Catania, and in Palermo with regard to accidents reported by the state authorities. Between 2001 and 2005 the number of reported accidents in agriculture dropped appreciably, moderately in industry, whilst there was a rise in accidents reported by the state authorities. The number of pensions issued in Sicily in 2004 rose to 1 million 656,000 (+1.8%). The overall expenditure was 13,215 million Euros and the unit cost was 8,000 Euros, against a average national figure of 9,100 Euros. There were 1,165,000 IVS pensions, 1.4% more than the previous year, with a 5.5% rise in

78 the size of the pension. Social welfare pensions, disability and non-contributory pensions, increased to a relatively appreciable degree (+4.1% in numerical terms and +6.8% in monetary terms), whereas the so-called indemnities (caused, above all, by accidents at work, occupational illnesses and war pensions etc.) underwent reductions in line with preceding trends. About a quarter of the pensions in Sicily were distributed in Palermo, almost a fifth in Catania and 15% in the Province of Messina. The unit cost oscillated between 8,500 Euros in Siracusa and 6,800 Euros in Agrigento. Between 2000 and 2004 the number of pensions paid out in Sicily rose by 6.2%, against a 20.5% growth in expenses: therefore, in the four-year period, the unit cost registered an increase of about 1,000 Euros. Examination of the data by type reveals a growth in social welfare pensions, a moderate advance for IVS and a decline for indemnities. Several characteristic ratios can provide additional elements regarding the role of pensions in the economic and social context. The effect of pension expenditure on the gross domestic product might assume some significance, along with the retirement-rate and the relative benefit-index. The total amount of expenditure as a percentage of the GDP in 2004 was 14.5%, whilst the figure for Italy as a whole was a little lower (14.1%). At the Provincial level the indicator was contained between a maximum in Messina (16.4%) and a minimum in Siracusa (12.5%). As for the retirement-rate (calculated from the ratio of the number of pensions to the population at the end of the year) its level remained steady in 2004, at around 24.9%, being lower than the figure for the country as a whole (32.5%). The Provincial figures ranged from 21.5% in Catania to 31.1% in Messina. Lastly, the relative benefit-index (i.e. the relationship between the cost of the single pension and the GDP per inhabitant) in 2004, stood at 58.4%, against a lower figure at the national level (43.5%). On the Provincial level Trapani had the minimum and Palermo the maximum. Moving on to the expenditure incurred by Provincial administrations in the context of welfare interventions, it can be seen that in 2003 this exceeded 11 million Euros, which was a reduction compared to the previous year, but represented considerable growth when compared to four years previously. In 2004, in Sicily, the social security corporations provided social security to the tune of almost 16 million Euros (4.1% more than the previous year) against almost 9 million contributions paid (+6.2%). As regards voluntary organisations registered in the Region, there were almost 650 structures, with an average number of 32 enrolled members per structure (39 volunteers per organisation at the national level). Glossary

79 IVS pension pension for invalids, old-age and war-veterans Pension: a periodic and continuous benefit paid out individually by public and private companies after: reaching a specific age, annuity maturing following payment of contributions for a set period of time, failed or reduced working capacity due to congenital and subsequent infirmities, death of a protected person and special merit for services to the nation. Provincial administrations: local bodies whose functions consist in looking after the interests and promoting development over a large inter-communal area or the whole Province. Redundancy fund: an instrument through which the Government can intervene in support of businesses, which, finding themselves in difficult straits, have been forced to cut down or temporarily suspend their operations. This intervention consists in INPS allocating benefits (as substitute for salary) to workers suspended from work, or subject to a reduced work-load in terms of hours. The Redundancy Fund interventions are of two kinds: 1) Ordinary management - ordinary interventions, i.e. those linked to a company s temporary difficulties - extra-ordinary interventions, i.e. those arising from the temporary suspension of business activity owing to re-structuring, re-organisation or re-conversion of the company or when there is a state of crisis, which might be of social relevance for the employment situation; 2) Special management - special management for the building sector, pertaining to construction and stone-working enterprises (including craftsmen). Extra-ordinary interventions include the number of hours authorised to those working in commercial outlets of industrial companies in a state of difficulty. Social assistance: sector in which social benefits are linked to inadequacy of economic resources or to situations of hardship (disability, neglect) and are financed through general taxation. Social benefits (European system of accounts, SEC 95): current transfers, in money or in kind, allocated to households to provide benefits covering costs of unexpected, specific events (illness, old-age, death, invalidity, unemployment). Voluntary organisation: organisation which (in accordance with law no. 266 of 1991): - to a great and decisive extent, avails itself of the voluntary and unpaid work of its adherents.

80 - uses paid workers or autonomous services exclusively within the necessary limits for regular functioning, or where an activity that has already been completed needs to be qualified and specialised. - in any agreements between adherents, in its company act or statute, stipulates clearly its non-profit making nature, the democracy of the structure, official posts being up for election and unpaid, as well as the free voluntary help of adherents, the criteria for admission and exclusion of adherents and their duties and rights. - complies with the obligation of having a regular balance-sheet showing assets, contributions, bequests received, as well as the modality for approving the budget by the general assembly of all adherents. Further reading Volumes Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT Pension performances in Italy from 1975 to ISTAT Final balances of Social Security companies year ISTAT Organisation of voluntary work in Italy year ISTAT Non-profit institutions in Italy year 1999 ISTAT Social security and social assistance statistics Pension payments year 2004 ISTAT Social security and social assistance statistics Recipients of pension benefits year ISTAT Annual report The Situation in Italy in ISTAT Internet Voluntary organisations in Italy Regional Census Data regarding non-profit institutions Italian Statistical Yearbook Chapter 4 Social security and social assistance Statistics data-banks Pensions: general statistics Data about voluntary organisations in Sicily

81 Table 5.1 Hours authorised for salary supplement industry Ordinary interventions Manual workers White-collar workers Extra-ordinary interventions Manual workers White-collar workers Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 5,4 3,2 4,0 5,1 4,7 Source: Elaboration from INPS data

82 Table 5.2 Hours authorised for salary supplement construction - 2'005 Construction Stone-working, masonry Industry Crafts Industry Crafts Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 4,9 3,1 3,2 2,1 4,3 Source: Elaboration from INPS data

83 Table 5.3 Accidents reported and compensated, by sector 2005 Agricultue Industry On the part of the State Compensated Reported Compensated Reported Number Average amount (in Euros) Reported Compensated Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 5,0 4,9 3,3 3,6 56,6 8,1 8,0 Source: Elaboration from INAIL data

84 Table 5.4 Private and public sector pensions * Number Amount (millions of Euros) Private sector Public sector Total Private sector Public sector Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 6,4 7,9 6,6 5,5 8,0 6,0 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data *Excluding social welfare pensions

85 Table 5.5 Indemnity, welfare and IVS* pensions (amounts in millions of Euros) IVS* Indemnity Welfare Total Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 6,5 6,0 7,4 8,4 11,1 10,8 7,3 6,4 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data *IVS pension pension for invalids, old-age and war-veterans

86 Table 5.6 Synthetic indicators for pensions (percentages) Pension expenditure as % of GDP Retired persons percentage Relative benefit index Sicily ,1 24,5 57, ,4 25,2 57, ,5 24,9 58, ,1 24,6 57, ,5 24,8 58,4 Provinces Agrigento 14,6 26,4 55,2 Caltanissetta 14,5 24,4 59,5 Catania 13,5 21,5 62,8 Enna 15,4 27,8 55,3 Messina 16,4 31,1 52,9 Palermo 15,4 23,5 65,4 Ragusa 12,6 24,6 51,1 Siracusa 12,5 23,6 52,8 Trapani 12,9 26,4 48,9 Divisions South/islands 15,2 26,0 58,5 North/centre 13,9 36,1 38,6 Italy 14,1 32,5 43,5 Italy = ,6 76,4 134,3 Source: Elaboration from data from ISTAT and G. Tagliacarne Institute

87 Table 5.7 Beneficiaries and welfare expenditure of Provincial administrations (in thousands of Euros) Years Direct beneficiaries (a) Direct welfare Indirect welfare (b) Expenditure Total (c) As % of all Italy Sicily , , , , ,3 South/islands , , , , ,6 North/centre , , , , ,4 Italy , , , , ,0 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data a) Sight-impaired, deaf, natural children, orphans and poor minors, children in colonies (b) Free welfare (c) Welfare with reimbursement of sanitary expenses

88 Table 5.8 Social security benefits and contributions of social security companies, by function (amounts in millions of Euros) Years Social security contributions Social security Benefits Welfare Total % compared to Italy Sicily , , , , ,8 South/islands , , , , ,8 North/centre , , , , ,2 Italy , , , , ,0 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

89 Table 5.9 Volunteer organisations and volunteers Years Number Volunteers Average no.nolunteers per organisation No. organisations per 10,000 inhabitants Sicily ,7 0, ,4 1, ,4 1,3 South/islands ,5 1, ,2 1, ,4 2,1 North/centre ,0 3, ,8 4, ,9 4,5 Italy ,5 2, ,0 3, ,3 3,7 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

90

91 6 REGIONAL ACCOUNTS When estimates regarding Italy s gross domestic product were up-dated in 2005, ISTAT published a new series of national economic accounts incorporating important changes that had been adopted in compliance with rules laid down at the European level. The recently diffused estimates take into account the normal process of consolidation of available sources, as well as the general census results for , and, lastly, significant innovations introduced at Eurostat head-office regarding definitions and methods of calculation. Since the present yearbook went into print, the official historical series of national economic accounts terminating in 2005 (deriving from the extraordinary auditing mentioned above) has become available, along with a series of Regional accounts limited to 2004, whose frame of reference are the aggregates of national accounting for Italy, iin accordance with the previous methodological version. Whilst waiting for the ISTAT data, an overall picture (in summary form) of the trends of the Regional economy during the year 2005 can be sketched from the estimates (obviously of a non-official character) elaborated by several research bodies. On the basis of the prevailing indications, it seems that in 2005, substantial stagnation distinguished the Sicilian economy with regard to demand and production. After achieving growth in production in the period (+2.1% the average yearly variation-rate), which was relatively favourable when compared to Italy as a whole (+1.5%), in the two-year period the economic cycle seems to have levelled out almost completely against an (admittedly) modest advance at the national level. With regard to demand, resident family consumer expenditure seems to be continuing its almost stagnant evolutionary trend, in line with the rest of the country. The failed consumer re-launch reflects the families low level of faith in short- and medium-term prospects. The indicator of the mood of consumer faith, worked out by the ISAE on the basis of results of joint monthly investigations, in fact, registered clearly-defined improvements, revealing however the protraction of contrasting signals, symptomatic of a state of uncertainty that is still rife among Sicilian families (and all Italian families). The

92 favourable financing conditions did, nevertheless, sustain the rising trend in consumption-credit and favoured the propensity for house purchase. On the basis of statistics issued by the Bank of Italy, on December 31 st 2005, consumption-credit provided to clients in Sicily, increased to a sum of 7,367 million Euros, registering a rise of 24.1% over the corresponding month in At the same time, the money stock for Italy as a whole (72,663 million Euros) signalled an increase of 19.2% over the yearly base. On the other hand, as regards mortgages for house-purchase granted to consumer families resident in the Region, at the end of 2005, the amount totalled 7,930 million Euros, 22.9% more than the corresponding amount in the previous year, against an increase of 18.9% nationally. Whilst consumption as a whole maintained a substantially weak trend, capital accumulation registered a drop that seemed more evident as a result of investment in machinery and equipment. In the building sector there was a slow-down that also affected housing construction, despite the stimulus of rising house prices and advantageous conditions of easy access to mortgages. In 2005 the value added in the fields of agriculture, forestry and fishing recorded its third consecutive year of growth; the productive activity in the manufacturing industry, on the other hand, had its third backward step, albeit at a slower pace than in the previous year; in construction the value added produced showed a decelerating trend for the second consecutive year; activity in the heterogeneous field of services reflected the unfavourable situation in consumption and investment demand. The stagnation of the economy did not have negative repercussions on the labour-market, which, in fact, witnessed appreciable growth in employment and an improvement in the unemployment-rate. The favourable trend in labour supply and demand in Sicily continued during 2006, probably allied to a timid revival of the local economy in the wake of a consumer and investment miniboom. Lastly, pointing our lens at the synthetic indicator par excellence of economic development, represented by the gross domestic product per inhabitant, it can be observed that that in 2005 Sicily reached a figure of 16,556 Euros, corresponding to 68.5% of the average national figure. It can also be seen that the first place among the nine Provinces is occupied by Siracusa with over three thousand Euros above (+18.9%) the average amount in the Region, and in last place is Agrigento with more than two thousand Euros less per inhabitant (-12.8%). Glossary Final consumption: total value of goods and services used to satisfy human, individual and/or collective needs directly. Full-time employee income: cost to employer of work (both manual and intellectual) carried out by his employees; the figure is made up of gross income and effective and/or notional social security contributions.

93 Gross fixed investments: include purchase of fixed capital by resident producers, to which is added the increase in value of the goods (material and non-material) produced and destined to be used in production processes for a period of over one year. Gross investments are made up of the aggregate of gross fixed investments, variations in stock and purchase of objects of value. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at market prices: is the result of production on the part of resident production units. It amounts to the total production of the economy s goods and services, minus intermediate consumption, increased by the addition of VAT and indirect taxes on imports. It is also equal to the sum of value added at market prices of the various sectors of economic activity, increased by the addition of VAT and indirect taxes on imports, disregarding indirectly-measured services of financial inter-mediation (SIFIM). The latter represents the production figure arising from financial inter-mediation provided by credit institutions, which is not detracted at the level of single sectors of production. Net imports: difference between imports and exports of goods and services. Stock variation: difference between the value on entering or leaving the warehouse. It includes: raw materials, intermediate products, half-finished products and finished products. Value added: aggregate that allows one to appreciate the growth of the economic system in terms of new goods and services placed at the disposal of the community for final consumption. The figure is the difference between the production-value of the goods and services produced by the individual sectors of production and the value of the intermediate goods and services consumed (raw materials and services). Value added at base prices: balance between production, calculated net of tax on products, and inclusive of contributions on products (base prices), and intermediate consumption. Value added at market prices: value added at basic prices plus tax on products, excluding VAT, and net of contributions on products. Work-unit: represents the quantity of work carried out in one year by a fulltime worker, or the quantity of equivalent work carried out by part-time workers or by workers carrying out two jobs. The units of work are employed as units of measure for the work carried out in producing the goods and services that are part of the estimate of the GDP in a given period.

94 Further reading Volumes Italian Statistical Yearbook 2006 ISTAT National accountancy - Vol.1 - National Economic Accounts years ISTAT Employment and income of full-time permanent employees years ISTAT Inter-sectorial tables regarding the Italian economy - year ISTAT Internet Production of Regional indicators for evaluating development policies Regional Economic Accounts years Notes on the trends of the economy in Sicily Thematic area Economic accounts Analysis and data Focus on General Economics Scenarios of development of local economies

95 Table 6.1 Economic accounts for resources and investments Resources Investments GDP at market prices Net imports Total Final internal consumpti on Gross fixed investment s Variation in stock Millions of current Euros Sicily N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Divisions South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = 100 5,9-7,1 7,4 5,7 - Millions of 1995 Eurolire Sicily N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Divisions South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = 100 6,0-7,2 7,6 5,7 - Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * The total for Italy might not correspond to the sum total of the divisions as a result of values that can not be divided regionally

96 Table 6.2 Value added at base prices by branch of activity Agriculture, Industry in forestry and strict fishing sense Construction Trade, hotels and restaurants, transport and communication s Monetary/ financial intermediat ion; real estate activity Other service activities Total Sicily South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = 100 9,8 2,7 6,7 5,5 5,8 8,4 5,7 Millions of 1995 Eurolire Sicily South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = 100 9,4 2,8 6,7 5,5 6,1 8,6 5,8 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * q.v. note for Tab.6.1 Millions of current Euros Divisions Divisions

97 Table 6.3 Value added at base prices in industry in the strict sense Mining Food industry, beverages and tobacco Textile industry and clothing Cokeries, refineries, chemical Production from working nonmetallifero Metal products and means of transport Wood, rubber, paper industries and other Production/ distribution of electricity, gas and water Sicily South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = 100 2,6 4,4 0,6 6,1 3,8 1,6 2,1 6,8 Millions of 1995 Eurolire Sicily South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = 100 2,7 4,4 0,6 6,5 3,8 1,6 2,1 6,7 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * q.v. note for Tab.6.1 Millions of current Euros Divisions Divisions

98 Table 6.4 Work-units by branch of activity (in thousands) Agriculture, Industry in forestry and strict fishing sense Construction Trade, hotels and restaurants, transport and com- Monetary/ financial intermediat ion; real estate Other service activities Total Sicily South/islands North/Centre ,3 1252,8 4785,7 2561, ,2 Italy* Italy = ,9 3,0 6,7 6,2 6,3 8,1 6,3 Employees (among above-mentioned) Sicily South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = ,6 2,7 7,3 5,8 7,1 8,3 6,3 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * q.v. note for Tab.6.1 Employees and self-employed Divisions Divisions

99 Table 6.5 Work-units in industry in the strict sense (in thousands) Mining Food industry, beverages and tobacco Textile industry and clothing Cokeries, refineries, chemical Production from working nonmetallifero us Employees and self-employed Metal products and means of transport Wood, rubber, paper industries and other Production/ distribution of electricity, gas and water Sicily ,4 28,3 8,0 13,8 15,6 48,3 28,0 10, ,4 28,3 8,0 13,3 16,3 48,4 28,1 10, ,4 26,5 8,6 13,1 17,7 48,2 28,3 10, ,4 30,1 8,3 13,0 19,4 50,7 29,9 10, ,1 31,7 8,6 13,4 20,2 51,5 31,6 9,6 South/islands 11,5 145,1 146,4 213,7 94,8 309,4 162,4 35,7 North/Centre 25,5 346,1 708,1 925,2 264, ,6 854,5 92,1 Italy* 38,7 491,2 854, ,9 359, , ,9 127,8 Italy = 100 5,4 6,5 1,0 1,2 5,6 2,5 3,1 7,5 Employees (among above-mentioned) Sicily ,1 14,0 5,6 13,4 12,0 39,0 17,2 10, ,1 13,2 5,4 12,9 12,3 38,3 16,8 10, ,1 13,0 6,1 12,7 13,6 38,9 17,9 10, ,1 15,2 6,1 12,7 15,4 41,6 19,7 10, ,8 16,3 6,4 12,9 16,5 41,9 20,8 9,6 South/islands 10,1 93,2 115,6 175,1 79,7 264,2 114,5 35,3 North/Centre 23,3 267,9 549,9 783,0 231, ,7 657,2 91,8 Italy* 35,1 361,1 665,5 958,1 311, ,9 771,7 127,1 Italy = 100 5,1 4,5 1,0 1,3 5,3 2,3 2,7 7,6 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * q.v. note for Tab.6.1 Divisions Divisions

100 Table 6.6 Family and public administration expenditure Durable goods Families Non-durable goods Services Total Public administrat ion Sicily , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,2 N/A Divisions South/islands , , , ,3 N/A North/Centre , , , ,2 N/A Italy* , , , ,7 N/A Italy = 100 4,6 7,9 6,0 6,6 N/A Millions of 1995 Eurolire Sicily , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,0 N/A South/islands , , , ,2 N/A North/Centre , , , ,8 N/A Italy* , , , ,2 N/A Italy = 100 4,5 8,1 6,5 6,9 N/A Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Millions of current Euros Divisions

101 Table 6.7 Fixed investments by productive branch Millions of current Euros Millions of 1995 Eurolire Constuction Machines and means of transport Total Constuctio n Machines and means of transport Total Sicily South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = 100 6,5 5,1 5,7 6,4 5,1 5,7 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Divisions

102 Table 6.8 Employee income by branch of activity (in millions of current Euros) Agriculture, forestry and fishing Industry in strict sense Construction Trade, hotels and restaurants, transport and com- Monetary/ financial intermediat ion; real estate Other service activities Total Sicily South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = ,8 2,2 6,1 4,8 4,9 9,0 5,7 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * q.v. note for Tab.6.1 Divisions

103 Table 6.9 Full-time employee income in industry in the strict sense (in millions of current Euros) Mining Food industry, beverages and tobacco Textile industry and clothing Cokeries, refineries, chemical Production from working nonmetallifero us Metal products and means of transport Wood, rubber, paper industries and other Production/ distribution of electricity, gas and water Sicilia ,6 294,9 78,6 497,9 252, ,3 327,3 484, ,7 297,4 78,9 496,2 263, ,1 332,6 495, ,9 298,2 89,9 502,8 290, ,3 355,1 497, ,6 337,6 94,0 508,9 328, ,3 385,4 483, ,6 359,4 98,1 511,9 352, ,5 409,7 463,0 South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = 100 3,7 3,0 0,6 4,5 3,7 1,8 1,8 7,2 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * q.v. note for Tab.6.1 Divisions

104 Table 6.10 Value added at base prices by branch of economic activity, GDP and per capita GDP Agriculture Value added (in millions of current Euros) Industry in strict sense Construction Services Total GDP (millions of Euros) Per capita GDP (Euros) Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/Centre Italy* Italy = ,1 2,7 6,8 6,5 5,8 5,9 68,5 Source: Elaboration from data from the G. Tagliacarne Institute

105 7 LAW AND ORDER This chapter contains data regarding the Sicilian judicial system, and gathered from the main surveys of both criminal law (crimes and persons denounced to the judicial authorities, prisoners, convicted persons, suicides and attempted suicides) and civil law (appeals, protests, bankruptcy, separations). There were 645 declared bankruptcies in Sicily in 2004 (+19.0% over the previous year) and they were concentrated principally in the commerce sector (57.4%) and mainly following the request of creditors (about 90%). 52.1% of the sentences of declared bankruptcies recorded in Sicily were lodged at the Palermo Court of Appeal; 299 of these were lodged by creditors. In the four-year period the number of declared bankruptcies fell by 16.9%, going from 776 to 645. There were 155,064 protests served in 2005, an increase of 0.9% over 2004, which constituted 9.3% of the national figure (1,660,051). The overall value of the claims protested amounted to 336,785,000 Euros, with an increase of 5.6% over the year If in numerical terms, between 2001 and 2005 there was a decrease of 25,005 units in the number of protests served, the same could not be said for the overall value of protests served, which, in the same period, rose from 270,496,000 Euros in 2001, to 336,785,000 Euros in % of the protests served in Sicily were IOUs, money orders and accepted drafts, 3.1% non-accepted drafts and 34.7% certified cheques. The greatest number of protests served were concentrated in the Province of Palermo (41,880 for a total amounting to 85,706,000 Euros) followed by the Province of Catania (31,755 protests) and Messina (19,624 protests served). In 2004, compared with the previous year, there was a reduction in the number of applications for separation lodged in Sicily (-1.0%) In all, there were 7,896 applications, 51% of which followed judicial proceedings and constituted 7.5% of the applications for separation lodged in the country as a whole (which amounted to 104,651). On the other hand, the number of separations granted (5,447 in 2004) grew by 3.8% over the previous year, Between 2000 and 2004 the number of separations granted rose by 26.2%. With regard to penitentiary criminal law statistics, on the basis of the

106 latest available data from 2004, there were 218,524 crimes for which the judicial authorities started criminal proceedings (-1.1% compared to 2003). This figure represents 7.4% of the corresponding national figure and 49.2% of these cases involved robbery (a total of 107,540 cases), an increase of 3.8% over In the same year there were 48,689 persons denounced (q.v. Tab.7.6) (8.9% of the national total). 8.1% of these were persons of non-italian nationality and 4.6% were under age. At the Regional level, 23.9% of persons denounced were from the Province of Palermo, which also had the highest level of juvenile delinquency in Sicily (30.4% in 2004). Catania was in second place, with 10,497 persons denounced, 7.3% of whom were foreigners. Between 2000 and 2004 in Sicily, there was a reduction in the number of crimes (-5.9%), whilst there was a 24.8% increase in the number of persons denounced, going from 39,023 in 2000, to 48,689 in 2004, with a notable percentage of foreigners (+ 43.5% over the four-year period). Data regarding reform and penal establishments, shows that on Dec 31, 2005, there was a 12.8% increase over the previous year, in the number of inmates in Sicilian prisons. 2.1% of these were women and 20.1% foreigners; the latter totalled 1,287 in 2005, representing an increase of about 39%. The percentage of drug-addicts at the end of 2005, came to 18.5% out of all inmates, a more or less stable figure when compared to the previous year. In absolute terms the number of drug-addicts in Sicilian prisons went from 1,049 to 1,186, a figure representing 7.4% of all drug-addict inmates in penal establishments in Italy on that date. During the year 2004 (last available data) there were 205 suicides in Sicily (-20.8% compared to 2003, representing 8% of the national figure) and 205 attempted suicides (with a drop of 42.6% compared to the previous year). Enna was the Province with the greatest number of suicides (9.2 per 1000 inhabitants), whilst Caltanissetta boasted the highest number of attempted suicides (8.4 per 1000 inhabitants). The highest suicide- and attempted suicide-rates were in the Regions of the centre-north of Italy (75.1% and 77.4% respectively compared to national figures) Glossary Bankruptcy: judicial procedure through which the property of an insolvent entrepreneur is taken from him and, as far as possible, shared out equally among his creditors. Convicted person: person tried, convicted and sentenced, for a crime. Court of Appeal: collective body organised in civil and criminal sections. There is a seat in every chief city of the district. It has the civil and criminal authority to pass judgement on impugnations against those court sentences which can be appealed against.

107 Crime: an offence for which the principal penalties are imprisonment, fines and a series of lesser penalties. Denounced person (against whom a penal action has been instigated): is someone, against whom the Public Prosecutor formulates a formal charge or requests that the person (where the author of the crime is known) be indicted. Judicial authority: the authority administering penal, civil and administrative justice. Offence: crime or violation provided for by Criminal law and by special criminal laws. Penal action: activity carried out by Public Prosecutor when there are no grounds for the request to have the offence dismissed (Criminal procedure code) Protest: a formal declaration of refusal to accept a draft on the part of the drawee, or the failed payment of the draft or a cheque. Regional Administrative Court (TAR): first-degree administrative judicial body with its seat in the chief city of the Region. Further reading Volumes Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT Statistics for Civil judgements ISTAT Statistics for Criminal judgements ISTAT Internet: Informative territorial system regarding Justice

108 Justice statistics Juvenile justice statistics Penitentiary administration statistics Statistical data about: Criminality Anti-drug services Highway services Post and communications Railways Area of study Statistical surveys Data about convicted persons and prisons Italian Statistical Yearbook - year 2006 Chapter 6: Justice

109 Table 7.1 Declared bankruptces and characteristics by Court of Appeal district No.sentences of declared bankruptcy Sicily No.bankruptcies demanded by creditor/s Bankrupt companies (capital) (%) 45,2 44,7 42,6 46,7 43,9 Bankrupt companies (persons) (%) 23,8 23,2 23,7 22,5 23,7 Bankrupt industries (%) 26,2 24,7 25,3 23,1 25,3 Bankrupt commercial enterprises (%) 55,9 54,7 57,6 59,0 57,4 Caltanissetta No.sentences of declared bankruptcy No.bankruptcies demanded by creditor/s Bankrupt joint-stock companies (%) 44,8 51,7 29,3 77,3 52,8 Bankrupt partnerships (%) 22,4 27,6 13,6 11,4 16,7 Bankrupt industrial enterprises (%) 39,7 10,3 30,5 22,7 33,3 Bankrupt commercial enterprises (%) 50,0 72,4 59,3 52,3 50,0 Catania No.sentences of declared bankruptcy No.bankruptcies demanded by creditor/s Bankrupt joint-stock companies (%) 59,2 54,5 46,0 56,7 55,4 Bankrupt partnerships (%) 20,9 19,9 29,0 17,5 23,1 Bankrupt industrial enterprises (%) 23,8 29,9 25,4 26,8 22,6 Bankrupt commercial enterprises (%) 56,4 47,9 55,4 52,6 58,6 Messina No.sentences of declared bankruptcy No.bankruptcies demanded by creditor/s Bankrupt joint-stock companies (%) 47,8 44,4 48,1 48,7 43,7 Bankrupt partnerships (%) 26,9 24,1 19,2 30,8 29,9 Bankrupt industrial enterprises (%) 44,8 48,1 44,2 35,9 36,8 Bankrupt commercial enterprises (%) 38,8 35,2 36,5 56,4 48,3 Palermo No.sentences of declared bankruptcy No.bankruptcies demanded by creditor/s Bankrupt joint-stock companies (%) 34,1 37,7 36,2 34,0 36,6 Bankrupt partnerships (%) 25,7 24,8 22,5 26,8 23,2 Bankrupt industrial enterprises (%) 22,5 18,7 20,5 18,5 22,9 Bankrupt commercial enterprises (%) 59,6 60,7 62,1 65,3 59,8 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data (a): Copartnerships, limited partnerships, jointstock companies, mutual insurance companies

110 Table 7.2 Declared bankruptcies percentage per 1,000 active enterprises of the same type Bankrupt businesses Bankrupt jointstock companies Bankrupt partnerships Bankrupt industrial enterprises Bankrupt commercial enterprises Sicily ,4 183,1 64,0 27,7 n.d ,5 143,0 45,9 26,8 27, ,1 123,6 45,4 27,1 28, ,1 110,5 37,9 21,7 26, ,0 115,3 47,5 28,2 30,3 Italy ,2 149,8 39,2 37,1 30, ,5 135,0 33,8 34,1 28, ,9 123,7 31,2 33,6 27, ,2 119,6 29,5 34,1 25, ,1 125,2 29,8 36,6 27,6 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data (a): Copartnerships, limited partnerships, jointstock companies, mutual insurance companies

111 Table 7.3 Bankruptcies with winding-up order and sharing of assets (amounts in thousands of Euros) Number as % of all concluded bankruptcies Credit Amount Passive Total losses Overall expenditure as % of credit Average duration of winding-up order (days) Sicily , , , , , , , , , ,3 REGIONI Provinces Agrigento 36 46, ,0 Caltanissetta 5 19, ,3 Catania 53 27, ,8 Enna 3 60, ,1 Messina 17 30, ,3 Palermo , ,0 Ragusa 4 16, ,3 Siracusa 13 31, ,9 Trapani , ,4 Divisions South/islands , ,0 North/centre , n.d. Italy , ,5 Italy = 100 4,8 71,4 2,3 3,9 4,2 81, ,9 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

112 Table 7. 4 Protests per type of credit instrument (amounts in thousands of Euros) Number Amount Number Amount IOUs, money orders and accepted drafts Non-accepted drafts Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Courts of Appeal Caltanissetta Catania Messina Palermo Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 9,8 7,6 4,1 2,4 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

113 Table 7.4 cont. Protests per type of credit instrument (amounts in thousands of Euros) Number Amount Number Amount Certified chèques Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Courts of Appeal Caltanissetta Catania Messina Palermo Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 9,7 9,6 9,3 8,4 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

114 Table 7.5 Requests for separation and separations granted by proceeding Sicily No.requests for consensual separation No.requests for separations granted by proceeding Total no.requests for separation No.separations granted No.separations initiated consensually No.separations concluded consensually No.requests for consensual separation No.requests for separations granted by proceeding Total no.requests for separation No.separations granted No.separations initiated consensually No.separations concluded consensually Requests for separation 7,3 7,4 7,3 7,5 7,5 Separations granted 6,0 5,9 6,1 6,4 6,5 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Italy Italy = 100

115 Table 7.6 Crimes and persons denounced, against whom the judicial authorities have initiated legal proceedings Total Crimes For theft For murder Persons denounced Total M/F Foreigners Minors Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy* Italy = 100 7,4 7,1 13,2 8,9 3,4 10,8 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * The total for Italy includes crimes committed abroad

116 Table 7.7 Crimes denounced to the judicial authorities, by the police force Total Crimes Persons denounced Crimes Persons reported per reported per Minors Unknown Total under the responsibility inhabitants inhabitants age of 18 Sicily , , , , , , , , , ,6 Provinces Agrigento , ,7 Caltanissetta , ,1 Catania , ,5 Enna , ,4 Messina , ,7 Palermo , ,8 Ragusa , ,7 Siracusa , ,4 Trapani , ,1 Divisions South/islands , ,2 North/centre , ,4 Italy , ,1 Italy = 100 7,1 6,9 8,5 8,9 80,7 97,0 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

117 Table 7.8 Crimes denounced to the judicial authorities, by the police force, by type of crime REGIONI Total Murders Mafia murders Sexual assaults Total Bagsnatching, pickpocketing Burglaries Theft of goods from lorries Car-thefts Sicily N/A N/A N/A N/A REGIONI REGIONI REGIONI Provinces * Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions ** South/islands N/A N/A N/A N/A North/centre N/A N/A N/A N/A Italy N/A N/A N/A N/A Italy = 100 8,5 7,2 5,3 5,9 N/A N/A N/A N/A Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * no data available for the Provinces for 2004 ** The total number of crimes reported divided by category might not coincide with the total for Italy, because details regarding the place of the crime are missing in some cases. Theft

118 Table 7. 8 cont. Crimes denounced to the judicial authorities, by the police force, by type of crime Total Robberies Banks Postoffices Kidnapping Contraband Manufature and sale of drugs Other crimes Total Sicily N/A N/A 113 N/A Provinces * Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions ** South/islands N/A N/A 428 N/A North/centre N/A N/A 811 N/A Italy N/A N/A N/A Italy = 100 8,1 6,9 9,3 9,3 7,2 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * no data available for the Provinces for 2004 ** The total number of crimes reported divided by category might not coincide with the total for Italy, because details regarding the place of the crime are missing in some cases.

119 Table 7.9 Convicted persons and drug-addicts in prison, by nationality Prisoner Foreigners Drug-addicts Total Women Total Women Total Foreigners Sicily N/A South/islands N/A North/centre N/A Italy N/A Source: Elaboration from data from ISTAT and the Ministry for Justice

120 Table 7.10 Suicides and attempted suicides Suicides Attempted suicides Total Per inhabitants Total Per inhabitants Sicily , , , , , , , , , ,5 Provinces Agrigento 25 5,5 17 3,7 Caltanissetta 20 7,3 23 8,4 Catania 45 4,2 46 4,3 Enna 16 9,2 11 6,3 Messina 5 0,8 4 0,6 Palermo 59 4,8 87 7,0 Ragusa 17 5,5 13 4,2 Siracusa 18 4,5 22 5,5 Trapani ,5 Divisions South/islands 812 3, ,8 North/centre , ,1 Italy , ,0 Italy = 100 7,9 92,9 11,3 131,7 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

121 8 - CULTURE On the basis of data published by SIAE (Italian Authors and Publishers Association) in 2005 in Sicily, the general public spent 30,376,630 Euros (+20.3% compared to the previous year) on theatrical and musical events, a figure representing 5.9% of the national spending figure. Among the theatrical activities taken into account the highest level of expenditure went on the theatre (16,425,820 Euros in 2005, with an increase of 34.9% over the previous year), followed by easy-listening music shows. In 2005, public expenditure on the opera decreased (-24% compared to 2004) as well as on musical reviews and comedies (-74.3%). In the period , as can be seen from the results published in the present chapter, with regard to theatrica and musical activity, there was an increase both in expenses incurred by the general public (+22.3%) and the number of tickets sold (+8.1%), though with rising and falling trends in the single years. Since 2000, the number of shows put on has been increasing constantly, from 6,587 in 2000, to 10,155 in 2005 (+54.2% over the five-year period). Public expenditure on the cinema in 2005, on the other hand, fell by 15.8%, as did the number of tickets sold (about 902,000 fewer tickets sold when compared to 2004) in spite of an increase in the number of performances (about 56,000 performances in 2005, against 55,000 in 2004). The overall number of tickets sold in Sicily for the cinema amounted to 4.8% of the total amount at a national level. Catania had the highest number of cinema performances, with 16,267 showings in 2005, constituting 29.2% of programmed performances throughout Sicily. It was followed obviously by Palermo (with 14,018 showings per year) and Messina (with 10,360 showings). The Province with the fewest performances was Caltanissetta (only 1,168 in 2005), which nevertheless was not in last place if the phenomenon is analysed in terms of the number of tickets sold and public expenditure, variables for which the Province of Enna spent less than all others, with a mere 246,752 Euros (1% of the expenditure of the whole Region). As for the general public s outlay for sporting events of various kinds, in 2004 (the last available data), this result amounted to 22,411,364 Euros, showing a considerable increase compared to the figure recorded for 2003 (8,574,566 Euros) and representing 7.4% of the total national expenditure. Particularly striking in Sicily was the growth in spending for events such as

122 football, which in 2004, amounted to 21,434,957 Euros, with a 178,7% increase over the year 2003, and an increase approximately three and a half times as great for the whole four-year period Tennis events also attracted greater expenditure (amounting to 19,883 Euros in 2004) representing a 21,6% increase over On the contrary the Sicilians passion for motor-car racing plummeted; in the same period 3,570 Euros was the amount spent, a 88% drop compared to In nationwide terms, with regard to cultural opportunities, the data presented confirms the huge gap between the Regions of the centre-north and those of the south, where the recorded figures are always markedly lower than those of Regions in other areas of Italy. An up-to-date and reliable overall picture of newspapers is provided by research into the Italian press carried out by FIEG (Federazione Italiana Editori Giornali). On the basis of data published in the latest report (The Press in Italy from 2002 to 2005), the overall circulation of the two newspapers published in Sicily (Il Giornale di Sicilia and La Sicilia) dropped in 2004, by 1.1% compared with This figure is the result of a slight 0.6% increase in the circulation of the Giornale di Sicilia and a 2.9% reduction in that of the newspaper published in Catania. In terms of circulation, the two newspapers in question represent a mere 2.1% of the total circulation of national daily newspapers. With regard to diffusion, the data from 2004 also indicates a reduction in the level of sales of Regional newspapers, which lost 3.3% in terms of copies sold daily. This reduction mainly affects Il Giornale di Sicilia, which went from an average of 64,776 copies sold daily in 2003, to 63,862 copies in As for the Cataniabased La Sicilia, the average number of copies sold per day in 2004 amounted to 56,102 (+958 copies compared to 2003). As confirmation of the importance of the daily press in the sphere of the Regional media, the total number of copies of daily newspapers sold in Sicily has grown since 2002 by about 1.4%, and represents, on average, 2.1% of the equivalent national figure. As for the enjoyment of cultural assets in Sicily, figures show that the year 2003 (last available data) was characterised by a 5.3% fall in the number of visitors, when compared with the previous year. There were 4,233,986 visitors in all, 58.1% of whom paid admission and the other 41.9% who didn t.: the fall in the number of visitors also determined a fall in revenue. Glossary Book: non-periodical printed document in code-form (Norm UNI/ISO 2789, 2.1 Libraries) Circulation: number of copies printed of a book Editorial work: non-periodical work consisting of one or more volumes and published in its entirety or in part during the year. It includes books (novels, romances, mysteries), even though they might come out periodically and in a

123 numbered series accompanying the sale of newspapers or through other channels. It does not include publications issued in a continuous series under the same title, with progressive numbering or different date indicating the issue in the series (magazine or similar) Family: a number of persons living together and linked by ties of marriage, kinship, affinity, adoption, guardianship, emotional ties. Family consumption: goods and services acquired or consumed by the family to satisfy its own needs. Library: organisation, or part of it, whose principal aim is to conserve a collection and facilitate the use of documents requested, via the library staff, in order to satisfy the public s need for information, research, education or leisure. Museum: permanent cultural institution open to the public, researching, acquiring, conserving, studying, exhibiting and exploiting material evidence of civilisation. It also carries out functions of public interest with regard to preservation, scientific research, didactics, fruition and exploitation of the assets in its possession (UNESCO). Subscription: type of contract for a specific service of a periodic nature, for which there is generally a discount on the total fee in view of payment in advance and a commitment to the service for a certain length of time. Further reading Volumes Show-business in Italy Statistics SIAE Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT Family consumption years ISTAT Multiscopo survey of families - Citizens and their spare time - year ISTAT

124 Cultural statistics - years ISTAT Book production in ISTAT National survey regarding the diffusion of public documentation in Italian public libraries - Associazione Italiana Biblioteche AIB Internet The press in Italy Book production in Italian Statistical Yearbook 2006 activities Chapter 8: Various cultural and social

125 Table 8. 1 Theatre and musical events per type of show (expenditure in Euros) Number of shows Number of tickets Expenditure Average expenditure per show Average cost of ticket Sicily ,5 18, ,6 15, ,5 17, ,0 19, ,3 16,0 Type of show Ballet ,7 9,5 Puppets and Marionettes ,2 4,8 Classical Concert ,0 8,1 Dance ,6 8,8 Jazz Concert ,4 7,4 Operetta ,7 6,9 Literary recitals ,3 5,9 Musical ,3 5,9 Easy-listening music ,3 20,5 Theatre ,0 16,0 Local dialect theatre ,2 11,7 Neapolitan theatre ,9 1,6 Opera ,8 44,7 Variety and other ,0 13,7 Divisions South/islands ,1 14,6 North/centre ,4 17,3 Italy ,5 16,7 Italy = 100 5,4 6,1 5,9 108,4 95,6 Source: Elaboration from SIAE data

126 Table 8.2 Cinema Number of performances, tickets sold and expenditure (expenditure in Euros) Numero of performance s Number of tickets Expenditure Average expenditure per show Average cost of ticket Sicily ,8 4, ,9 4, ,5 4, ,2 4, ,8 4,8 Provinces Agrigento ,2 5,2 Caltanissetta ,2 5,1 Catania ,6 4,3 Enna ,0 4,6 Messina ,9 4,9 Palermo ,2 5,2 Ragusa ,7 4,3 Siracusa ,7 4,9 Trapani ,7 4,7 Divisions South/islands ,4 5,2 North/centre ,3 5,9 Italy ,2 5,7 Italy = 100 4,7 4,8 4,0 85,4 83,1 Source: Elaboration from SIAE data

127 Table 8.3 Public expenditure on sporting events (in Euros) Motor-car racing Football Horse racing* Motor-cycle racing Basketball Sicily Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 0,0 9,1 0,0 0,1 4,0 Table 8.3 cont. Public expenditure on sporting events (in Euros) Volleyball Rugby Tennis Others Total Sicily Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 0,1 0,0 1,6 3,3 7,4 Source: Elaboration from SIAE data * admissions

128 Table 8.4 Circulation and sales of the main Regional daily newspapers Overall circulation Giornale di Sicilia La Sicilia Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno Total National newspapers ########### Giornale di Sicilia La Sicilia Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno Total National newspapers Total copies sold Giornale di Sicilia La Sicilia Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno Total National newspapers ########### Giornale di Sicilia La Sicilia Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno Total National newspapers Source: Elaboration from FIEG data Average circulation per days of issue Average no.copies sold per day of issue

129 Table 8.5 Fruition of cultural assets in Sicily Number of visitors Paying Non-paying Total Total flux of visitors* Revenue (in Euros) Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Source: Elaboration from data from Regional Dept. for Cultural and Environmental Assets * Total flux of visitors means the total number of visitors, including those who acquired their tickets in other places

130

131 9 TOURISM In 2005 there was a marked upsurge in tourism in Sicily, but not big enough to compensate for the losses incurred in 2002 as a result of the widely-reported international geo-political events. During the year the number of arrivals at the Island s hotel-type accommodation amounted to 4,304,000, 0.8% more than in the previous year, whilst the number of overnight stays increased by 2.8% over 2004, reaching a total of 13,721,000. This result demonstrates a bolstering of the positive tendency after a period characterised by rather unfavourable trends. After a 4.2% fall in 2002, arrivals remained stable in 2003, and were followed by a slight improvement in The average overnight stay in 2005 (3.2 nights) was slightly higher than the figure in 2004 (3.1 nights), but lower than the figures for the beginning of the decade (an average of 3.4 nights in 2001) Separating the visitors by nationality reveals that the number of Italian tourists rose by 2.8%, with 8,641,000 visitors, compared to 5,081,000 foreigners (+2.7%). Between 2001 and 2005 the number of stays rose by 5.3% as a result of Italian visitors, whereas there was an overall 8% reduction in the number of foreigners. These statistics brought about considerable changes in the percentage totals of the two tourist components, with the number of foreigner visitors falling from 40.2% in 2001 to 37.0% in Hotels operating in 2005 provided accommodation for about 3.8 million tourists (37% of whom were foreigners) totalling almost eleven and a half million overnight stays (the average length of stay was 3 nights). A comparison with 2004 reveals a stable number of arrivals and a 2.4% increase in the number of stays. Examining the statistics by nationality slight differences emerge with regard to Italians as compared to foreigners. The number of arrivals of the former fell by 0.2%, but the number of stays increased with an improvement, albeit marginal, in the average length of stay; on the other hand, the number of foreign arrivals was stable, whilst the average length of stay increased slightly. In collective non-hotel accommodation (camp-sites, tourist villages, holiday homes, agritourism, youth hostels etc), the trends differ from those of hotels. In 2005 there were 515,000 registered arrivals at these structures (+7,3% over

132 2004) and 2,300,000 overnight stays (+4,7%) with an average stay of longer than that of the hotels (4.4 nights). In this case, the presence of foreign tourists is of less relative significance since it accounts for a little more than a quarter of the total stays. On the Provincial scale with regard to hotels in 2005, Messina, Palermo and Catania proved most attractive, taking in two thirds of the entire tourist flux. Enna finds itself at the bottom of the pile, with stays not even reaching 1% of the overall flux. The average length of stay is highest in the Provinces of Ragusa (4.3 nights), Messina (3.7), Trapani (3.3) and Siracusa (3.2). Also from the point of view of length of stay, the Province of Enna appears at a disadvantage (1.9 nights), presumably because half of the tourists are merely passing through. From the Provincial distribution of stays at collective nonhotel accommodation, it emerges that tourists lodged in these structures are mainly heading for Messina, Catania and Trapani. The average length of stay in Messina (5.6 nights) is above the Regional figure, along with Catania with its 4.5 nights; the indicator touches its lowest mark at Enna (2.1). In terms of tourism supply, there were 964 hotels in Sicily, in 2005, (2.9% of the national total) and 1,774 collective non-hotel accommodation structures, of which 102 were camp-sites and tourist villages (2.2% of the country as a whole). Compared to the previous year there was a drop in numbers for both types (-3.2% for hotels, -4.7% for the others). There were 91,669 hotel beds available in Sicily, 4.5% of the national figure; this is down by over 6000 units compared to In collective non-hotel accommodation the camp-sites and tourist villages lost 4,825 sleeping places, a fall that is more than compensated for by the increased availability (over 9,000) of beds in other structures, probably owing to the growth of agritourism accommodation; this is probably a result of the growing appeal of this type of accommodation on the part of the customer. The number of rooms and bathrooms in hotels is in line with the situation in 2003, but in decline with regard to 2004 to the tune of -5% as regards rooms and -3% bathrooms. Most hotels are located in the Province of Messina (34% of the national figure); Palermo is in second place with one fifth of the hotels in Sicily, followed by Trapani with 14%; the Provinces of Enna e Caltanissetta bring up the tail, with their total of 30 structures. The classification is almost the same for collective non-hotel accommodation, with almost 40% of structures in Sicily being located in Messina and Palermo. Also in terms of available beds in all collective accommodation, the Provinces of Messina and Palermo together are responsible for almost half the Island s hospitality (48%). Glossary Arrivals: number of visitors, Italian and foreign, staying in holiday accommodation (hotel or complementary) during the period in question.

133 Average stay: ratio of number of nights stay to number of visitors arriving at accommodation (arrivals). Hotels: singly-run establishments open to the public, which provide lodging, usually meals and other supplementary services, in bedrooms in one or more buildings or a part thereof. They can be hotels categorised with from 1 to 5 stars, or other collective tourist accommodation. Hotel-type accommodation: hotels (1 to 5 stars), villages, tourist villages, boarding-houses, motels, period residences, historical houses, beauty farms and all other categories of accommodation, which can be included in this category (on the basis of Regional regulations). Other collective accommodation (non-hotel): duly registered Commercial Business Registry rented accommodation, camp-sites, tourist villages, agritourism, youth hostels, holiday homes, communal alpine refuges, other accommodation. Overnight stays: the number of nights spent by guests in accommodation. Star classification system: categorisation of hotels from 1 to 5 stars: - 5-star luxury: luxury hotels of international class standard. - 5-star: luxury hotel - 4-star: first-class hotel - 3-star: second-class hotels and first-class boarding houses. - 2-star: third-class hotels and second-class boarding houses - 1-star: fourth-class hotels and third-class boarding houses. The minimum requisites for a hotel to be classified are: accommodation consisting of at least 7 rooms; at least one bathroom for every ten beds; a wash-basin with (hot and cold) running water in each room; a common room; technological installations and an adequate number of qualified staff. Tourist: whoever travels to a place differing from his usual environment and spends at least one night in that place. Tourist accommodation: all hotels and other collective accommodation Further reading Volumes Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT Travelling in Italy and abroad in ISTAT

134 Statistiche del Turismo ISTAT Tourism statistics ISTAT Report on tourism in Sicily 2003 Regional Department for Tourism, Communications and Transport Mercury s.r.l. Su Internet Tourist movement con.istat.it Hotel activity Regional indicators for development policy Italian Statistical Yearbook Chapter 18: Tourism Thematic area Tourism Analysis and data National and Regional data regarding tourism National Institute for Tourist Research - Documents

135 Table 9.1 Overall movement in tourist accommodation by guests nationality (in 1000s) Italians Foreigners Total Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay (days) Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay (days) Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay (days) Sicily , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,2 Provinces Agrigento , , ,6 Caltanissetta , , ,6 Catania , , ,6 Enna , , ,9 Messina , , ,9 Palermo , , ,9 Ragusa , , ,2 Siracusa , , ,2 Trapani , , ,5 Divisions South/islands , , ,3 North/centre , , ,0 Italy , , ,0 Italy = 100 5,5 4,2 76,0 4,0 3,4 84,6 4,9 3,9 79,3 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

136 Table 9.2 Movement in hotels by guests nationality (in 1000s) Italians Foreigners Total Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay (days) Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay (days) Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay (days) Sicily , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,0 Provinces Agrigento , , ,6 Caltanissetta , , ,4 Catania , , ,3 Enna , , ,9 Messina , , ,7 Palermo , , ,8 Ragusa , , ,3 Siracusa , , ,2 Trapani , , ,3 Divisions South/islands , , ,7 North/centre , , ,2 Italy , , ,3 Italy = 100 5,8 5,1 87,3 4,5 4,4 97,0 5,2 4,8 90,9 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

137 Table 9.3 Movement in other collective accommodation by guests' nationality (in 1000s) Italians Foreigners Total Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay (days) Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay (days) Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay (days) Sicily , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,4 Provinces Agrigento , , ,2 Caltanissetta , , ,3 Catania , , ,5 Enna 4 9 2, , ,1 Messina , , ,6 Palermo , , ,1 Ragusa , , ,7 Siracusa , , ,4 Trapani , , ,4 Divisions South/islands , , ,5 North/centre , , ,0 Italy , , ,1 Italy = 100 4,1 2,4 58,0 2,1 1,3 64,5 3,2 2,0 61,3 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

138 Table 9.4 Quality of tourist accommodation Hotel-type accommodation Other collective accommodation Camp-sites and tourist Other* villages Number Beds Rooms Bathrooms Number Beds Number Beds Sicily ** Provinces ** Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 2,9 4,5 4,2 4,3 4,3 2,7 2,1 2,7 Source: Elaboration from data from ISTAT and from Regional Dept.of Tourism *Includes: agritourism, hostels, holiday-homes, Alpine refuges, houses and apartments rented out by private persons or bodies registered with the R.E.C. ** Data from the Region and the Provinces were supplied by Regional Dept.of Tourism, Communications and Transport

139 Table 9.5 Arrivals, overnight stays and average length of stay in hotels per foreign guests geographical area of origin - Sicily, 2005 Country Arrivals Overnight stays Average stay % variation over 2004 Arrivals Overnight stays Principal European countries Norway ,2 38,7 17,9 Sweden ,6 8,9 3,6 Finland ,4 25,1 33,3 Denmark ,7 20,0 18,4 Ireland ,9 10,7-0,3 United Kingdom ,4 25,9 22,3 Netherlands ,4-6,8-10,6 France ,6-3,6-8,3 Belgium ,2-4,6-11,5 Luxembourg ,5 21,9 6,2 Germany ,5 3,8 1,7 Switzerland & Liechtenstein ,1 1,1-6,9 Austria ,1 7,9 8,6 Portugal ,7-14,7-15,4 Spain ,0 8,1 10,9 Greece ,3-12,9-7,1 Turkey ,9 34,6 1,8 Other EU countries ,7 20,2 20,2 Principal non-european countries Canada ,2 15,2 11,8 USA ,8 10,1-6,3 Mexico ,5-3,8-3,3 Venezuela ,7 25,7 17,3 Brazil ,2-1,7-9,1 Argentina ,5 1,9 8,6 Other Latin American countries ,6-10,8-13,9 Japan ,1 8,7 9,7 Australia ,3 14,7 18,7 Israel ,7-15,1-16,2 Egypt ,0-24,9-32,9 South Africa ,1 43,4 25,1 Other Middle Eastern countries ,4-4,0-33,6 Source: Elaboration from data from Dept.of Tourism, Communications and Transport

140 Table 9.6 Arrivals and overnight stays, by month, in all tourist accommodation Months Arrivals Overnight stays % distribution in Arrivals Overnight stays Italians January ,6 2,7 February ,1 2,9 March ,1 4,4 April ,3 6,5 May ,6 7,0 June ,1 11,5 July ,9 15,1 August ,9 25,3 September ,5 12,0 October ,1 5,7 November ,9 3,6 December ,9 3,3 Total ,0 100,0 Foreigners January ,4 1,2 February ,3 1,9 March ,4 5,2 April ,0 8,6 May ,2 13,5 June ,9 12,3 July ,5 13,5 August ,9 13,8 September ,5 14,8 October ,4 10,5 November ,2 2,7 December ,3 1,9 Total ,0 100,0 Source: Elaboration from data from Dept. Of Tourism, Communications and Transport

141 10 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION The data contained in this chapter is mainly from ISTAT sources, and, wherever indicated, gathered from statistics of the ACI (Italian Automobile Association). The data is for road-traffic, maritime traffic of goods and passengers, and also airport traffic. There is also data regarding road-accidents and the use of means of transport. In the course of 2004 in Sicily there were 12,685 road accidents, 7.9% of which involved moving vehicles. There were fatalities in 316 of these accidents (2.5%), resulting in 347 deaths and 19,132 injured persons. There was also a slight increase in the total number of road accidents when compared to the previous year (+5,8%), in contrast to the 7% decrease recorded in 2003; this can probably be put down to the introduction on July 1 st, 2003, in Italy, of the so-called patente a punti (penalty points based driving licence). Urban streets provided the setting for 78.1% of all road accidents and for the most serious incidents, with deaths totalling 158 (45.5% of the total) and 14,028 injured (73.3%). Furthermore, statistics showed that there was a higher percentage of accidents on roads in the Provinces of Ragusa and Siracusa compared to the rest of Sicily, possibly due to the absence of motorways and link roads in that part of the island. The Provincial distribution of data regarding local public transport in Sicily in 2005 reveals Palermo to have the highest density of passenger traffic with regard to both urban and out-of-town services. To be more precise, with regard to urban services, 54.1% of all passengers are transported in the city of Palermo, whereas in the out-of-town services, statistics show that, apart from Palermo, Enna accommodates a large share of passenger traffic. In fact the Provinces of Palermo (45.9%) and Enna (21.9%) together account for 67.8% of all Sicilian out-of-town traffic. As regards the local public transport sector, in Sicily in 2005, there were 136 companies operating (both public and private), of which 30 offered an urban service, 77 an out-of-town service and 27 a mixed service. The figures also show that 56.6% of these companies provide an exclusively out-of-town service. As regards maritime transport, and shipping taken as a whole, it emerges (according to the last available data, 2003) that Messina, due to its intense ferry operations, has the highest number of ships docking in its port. For this very reason passenger traffic is concentrated mainly in this city overlooking the Straits of Messina, which registered the highest number of passengers in transit (9,833,000, representing 61.7% of the total number of passengers in Sicily). As for goods traffic, from the data available (again from 2003) it emerges that the port of Augusta had the highest concentration of goods transportation (31,802 tons, 54.9% of which were unloaded), followed by the port of Santa Panaglia (10,552 tons of goods unloaded and 8,026 tons loaded) and the port of Milazzo (9,370 tons of goods unloaded and 7,326 tons loaded). In virtue of the intense local flux of petroliferous products these three ports jointly accounted for 77% of goods transiting in Sicilian ports. As for civil aviation, the greatest flux of air traffic in 2004 was recorded at the airport of Fontanarossa in Catania, which handled 51,227 aircraft operations in all (3% fewer than the previous year), for a total of 5,075,433 passengers (+6.2% compared to 2003) and 22,795 transits, of which 93.1% were international. This was followed by the airport of Palermo with 42,049 aircraft operations and 3,758,285 passengers (+3.5% compared to 2003). Over all, Sicilian airports handled 7.6% of operations in the country as a whole. The 9,235,985 passengers landing in Sicily in 2004, represented 8.6% of the total number of passengers landing in Italian airports, there were 52,205 transits (5.1% of the national total). However, the most striking data is the increase in operations and the number of passengers recorded at the airport of Trapani (+55.3% and +79.2% respectively), probably due to the growing presence of low-cost airlines at the airport. There were 1,658,051 passengers (2.9% of the national total) on flights arriving in Sicily from international airports. The airport at Catania handled 936,505 of these passengers (56%), 31.9% of whom were carried by Italian companies. In Sicily in 2005, in the maritime offices there were 126 new registrations of pleasure-

142 boating (54 sailing-boats and 72 motor-boats), whilst there were 154 cancelled registrations (6 sailing-boats and 148 motor-boats). These figures bring the number of pleasure-craft in Sicily ( Dec 31, 2005), up to 4,579, which represents 6.2% of the total number throughout the country. There were 1,290 of these craft in Palermo (28.2%); in the last five years, in Sicily, there has been no particular variation in the number of pleasure-craft.

143 Glossary Boating units: every construction of any type and under any type of propulsion, meant for pleasure boating. Goods: movables (i.e. all concrete and tangible products as the object of trade). Although it is not a movable, electricity is considered as such for statistical purposes. All goods representing objects of international exchange are taken into consideration in statistics regarding foreign trade, except for those that are excluded from the survey. because of their specific nature, or following international agreements. Local public transport: transport-sector meant for the transfer of persons via the road network in a given geographical area. Maritime transport: transport sector which is responsible for the volume of maritime traffic (goods and passengers) present in ports in a given geographical area. Movement of passengers, mail and goods (air transport): number of passengers boarding and alighting, and cargo (mail and goods) loaded and unloaded. In airport-traffic surveys both take-off and landing are considered, and, therefore, the landing and take-off of the same aircraft count as two operations. Pleasure boating: boating as an activity for sporting and recreational purposes, with no profit motive. Public Register of Motor Vehicles (P.R.A.): registers all legal transactions of vehicles (change of owner, mortgage, loan obligation), as well as relevant technical details to determine ownership. Road accident: accident taking place in street or square open to traffic, in which stationary or moving vehicles are involved, and which has resulted in injuries to persons. Road network: all the roadways in a given geographical area destined solely for pedestrians, animals and land vehicles. Transit at a specific airport: passengers departing from/to an airport with the same flight number with which they have arrived. Vehicular traffic: total sum of means of transport present in a geographical area, catalogued according to type.

144 Further reading Volumes Maritime transport statistics years ISTAT Transport of goods by road year 2002 ISTAT Statistics for air transport year 2002 ISTAT Transport statistics - year ISTAT Local public transport year 2003 Regional Department for Transport and Communications Statistical Yearbook ACI Automobile Club d Italia Second report on Technological Innovation in the Italian Regions CRC Centri Regionali di Competenza per le-government e la società dell informazione (Regional Centres of Competence) April 2004 Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT Air transport Statistical Yearbook year ENAC Internet Road accident statistics years ISTAT National Infrastructure and Transport Account Thematic areas Transport Analysis and data Sicilian Economic Quadrant Documents Statistics: Maritime transport - year 2003 Air ransport year 2004

145 Local public transport year 2005 Rail transport years

146 Table 10.1 Number of registered motor vehicles according to the results of the Public Register of Motor Vehicles Motor-cars Buses Lorries Tractors Trailers Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 8,3 7,8 7,5 7,0 5,3 Source: Elaboration from ACI data Divisions

147 Table 10.1 cont. Number of registered motor vehicles according to the results of the Public Register of Motor Vehicles Delivery Special motor Motor-cycles Others Total tricars* vehicles Sicily n.d Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions Sud-Isole Nord-Centro Italia 9,2 13,1 6,2 11,2 8,3 Italia = 100 Source: Elaboration from ACI data * includes quadricycles for carrying goods and special/specific motor-vehicles and quadricycles

148 Table 10.2 Road accidents Involving moving vehicles Total Sicily Single vehicles Involving pedestrians Total Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 5,8 5,0 5,0 5,6 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Provinces Divisions

149 Table 10.3 Accidents and injured persons by road category and consequences Accidents Dead Injured Accidents Dead Injured Motorways and link-roads Sicily State and regional roads Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 6,4 6,2 6,6 5,8 7,5 6,7 Provincial roads Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 3,8 4,1 4,4 3,5 4,1 3,8 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Out-of-town local roads

150 Table 10.3 cont. Accidents and injured persons by road category and consequences Accidents Dead Injured Accidents Dead Injured Urban streets Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 5,8 6,8 6,2 5,6 6,2 6,0 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Divisions

151 Table 10.4 Accidents and injured persons, by consequences Total accidents Fatal Accidents Dead Injured Accidents Dead Injured Sicily Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 5,6 6,2 6,0 6,2 6,2 8,1 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Provinces Divisions

152 Table 10.5 Accidents involving moving vehicles by type of accident Head-on collision Frontallateral collision Lateral collision Sicily Collision with car rear Collision whilst in stationary vehicle Total Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 7,1 6,1 6,3 4,6 5,8 5,8 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

153 Table 10.6 Local public transport companies per type of service offered and Province Out-of-town Urban service Mixed service service Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Sicily Source: Elaboration from data from Regione Siciliana - Dept.of Transport and communications - Local public transport Table 10.6 cont. Local public transport companies per type of service offered and Province Cableway Railways on concession Total Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina 1-24 Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Sicily Source: Elaboration from data from Regione Siciliana - Dept.of Transport and communications - Local public transport

154 Table Distribution of workers and means of transport by Province (urban and out-of-town services) Workers Buses Resident population on Workers x inhabitants Buses x inhabitants Agrigento ,98 6,76 Caltanissetta ,32 2,50 Catania ,21 4,62 Enna ,86 21,02 Messina ,25 6,20 Palermo ,21 10,41 Ragusa ,10 0,40 Siracusa ,04 0,63 Trapani ,58 4,53 Sicily ,49 6,35 Source: Elaboration from data from Regione Siciliana - Dept.of Transport and communications - Local public transport

155 Table 10.8 Main traffic data regarding urban and out-of-town services per Province Buses used Bus Km Urban service Seats provided Passengers transported Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Sicily Buses used Out-of-town service Bus Km Seats provided Passengers transported Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Sicily Source: Elaboration from data from Regione Siciliana - Dept.of Transport and communications - Local public transport

156 Table 10.9 Goods and passengers transported by sea Goods (tons) Disembarked Embarked Total Sicily Disembarke d Passengers Embarked Total Milazzo Messina Lipari Vulcano Porto Catania Santa Panagia N/A N/A N/A Augusta N/A N/A N/A Gela N/A N/A N/A Trapani Favignana Palermo Termini Imerese N/A N/A N/A Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Principal ports

157 Table Total air services in Sicilian airports (arrivals + departures) - (cargo in tons) Operations Passengers Number % var Total International % var of Total Punta Raisi (PA) , ,5 Fontanarossa (CT) , ,2 Birgi (TP) , ,2 Italian airports , ,9 Source: Elaboration from data from Ministry for the Infrastructure and Transport - ENAC - National Account Infrastructure and Transport 2004 Table cont. Total air services in Sicilian airports (arrivals + departures) - (cargo in tons) Transits Total Cargo (a) % var Punta Raisi (PA) ,2 Fontanarossa (CT) ,6 Birgi (TP) n.s. Italian airports ,4 Source: Elaboration from data from Ministry for the Infrastructure and Transport - ENAC - National Account Infrastructure and Transport 2004 (a) cargo + mail n.s.: non-significant variation, since the values are too low or anomalous

158 Table International air services in Sicilian airports (arrivals + departures) - (cargo in tons) Operations Passengers Transits Cargo (a) Punta Raisi (PA) Fontanarossa (CT Birgi (TP) Italian airports (%) Italian airline companies Punta Raisi (PA) 36,3 28,5-98,6 Fontanarossa (CT 31,7 31,9 - - Birgi (TP) 4,9 12,2 - - Italian airports 31,1 33,6-29,1 Source: Elaboration from data from Ministry for the Infrastructure and Transport - ENAC - National Account Infrastructure and Transport 2004 (a) goods + mail

159 Table Total amount of pleasure boating (units) Sailing-boats Motor-boats Ships (over 24 metres) Total Newly registered Deleted units Registrations per maritime sector on 31/12/2005 Messina Catania Augusta Siracusa Pozzallo Porto Empedocle Gela Mazara del Vallo Trapani Palermo Milazzo Sicily Italy Sicily Source: Ministry for Transport - Ministry for Infrastructure - Statistical Office - General Direction for Informative and Statistical Systems

160

161 11 DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN TRADE The tables in this section provide a Regional overview of domestic trade organisation, on the basis of available data for the distribution sector in Sicily, as well as data relative to Sicily s trading with foreign countries (imports and exports) classified by section of economic activity (the CPATECO classification). The figures regarding domestic trade in Sicily, for the year 2005, in absolute terms, registered 17,372 whole-sale trade enterprises, 72,374 retailstores and 751 large-scale businesses divided up into 519 supermarkets, 122 department stores and 10 hyper-markets. The up-dated figures for 01/01/06 register 598 supermarkets, 126 department stores and 11 hypermarkets, for a total of 735 enterprises. Compared with the year 2004, there was an increase of 383 businesses in the whole-sale trade, representing a relative increase of 2.3%. The structure of this sector did not undergo any great changes compared to the previous year; businesses trading in food and beverages accounted for 33.3% of the total number. Enterprises trading in other products for final consumption made up 32.6%, those dealing in intermediate non-agricultural products and wreckage 9.8%, enterprises dealing in agricultural raw materials 4.3% and lastly, other products accounted for 3.2%. At the same time there was a slight increase of 1,009 in the number of retail-stores, representing a 1.4% increase, without any substantial Regional structural changes compared to the previous year. Small-sized business predominate throughout Sicily and among these, specialised shops, foodstores and tobacconists are particularly important. On the other hand, with regard to large-scale retail businesses there was an increase of 79 supermarkets in the Region compared to the previous year, with the greatest concentration of 36 new locations in the Province of Agrigento; as well as the opening of 4 department stores and one hypermarket. Tab.13 shows the number of workers, who total 7,894 in supermarkets (with 13.2 workers per enterprise), 1,911 in department stores (15.2 per enterprise) and 1,800 in hypermarkets (163.6 per enterprise). A positive trend of slow growth (as recorded in the previous four-year period) can be confirmed for all commercial enterprises, with the exception of retail food-stores and tobacconists, for which a negative trend persists, with an

162 ulterior reduction of 220 units, compared to 2004, (-1.6% in relative terms). Lastly, the figures for retail sales are shown in Tab.11.4, where it can be seen that in 2005, there was a slight overall decline, to the tune of 112 million Euros, in line with the negative trend already recorded in This is almost completely explained by the drop in sales in the retail food sector (-23 million) and non-alimentary sector (-143 million) of the small and medium-sized distributors, and not recovered by the large-scale businesses, where there was a drop of 4 million Euros in the food sector alone, in direct contrast to figures recorded in the rest of Italy. Foreign trade data for Sicily appears in Tab.11.5 and 11.6, which show the figures for import and export trade respectively, expressed in thousands of Euros and divided according to class of product. In 2005 too, Sicily confirmed its role as net importer. In fact, the foreign trade balance concluded with a deficit of 11,649 million, compared to a negative balance the previous year, of 8,360 million. Compared with the year 2004 there was an increase in imports to the tune of 5,019 million (+36.1%) and an increase in exports of 1,730 million (+ 31.7%). The greatest contribution to the negative balance of Sicily s trade exchange with foreign countries, is explained by the energetic and non- minerals, gas, water aggregate, which determined a deficit of 15,198 million; this was due to importing of products for petroliferous refining, which was not absorbed by the positive balance of transformed and manufactured products (3,289 million) and of products from agriculture and forestry (150 million). At the Regional level the major contribution to this negative balance came from the Provinces of Trapani, Siracusa, Messina and Caltanissetta, with respective balances of -4,207; -3,900; -2,207 and -1,312 million. These deficits are closely correlated to the activity of transformation of petroliferous products in three of the Provinces indicated. Glossary CIF (Cost Insurance Freight): clause in contracts of maritime transport used in national and international statistics of foreign trade. It indicates that the value of the goods includes costs of transport and insurance from the place of production to the national frontier of the acquirer. Country of destination: last known state, at moment of exportation, towards which goods have been sent. Country of origin: country in which the goods were wholly obtained Department store: retail outlet operating in the non-alimentary field, with a sales-surface greater than 400 sq m and at least 5 different sales departments containing goods belonging to different sectors.

163 Economic activity: a combination of various resources (equipment, work, work techniques, products) that result in the production of specific goods or services. Exports: transfer of goods and services from resident operators to nonresident operators (rest of the world). They include all goods that (either free of charge or not) leave the economic territory of the region and are destined for the rest of the world. FOB (Free on Board): traditional clause in maritime transport contracts indicating that in the quotation prices for the goods, both the forwarding costs and potential risks are at the expense of the seller, until goods are loaded on to the ship. Goods: all movables that can be traded. For statistical purposes electricity is also considered a movable. Hard-discount: retail sales outlet with fixed premises of medium-to-large size, which has a policy of economising on premises, service and running-costs, and offers self-service of a limited range of mass-consumer products, generally not brand-names, at lower costs than the market average. Hyper-market: retail outlet with floor-area of over sq m, divided into sections, alimentary and non-alimentary, with the respective characteristics of a supermarket and department store. Imports: purchases abroad (rest of the world) of goods and services, introduced into regional territory. They include all goods that (either free of charge or not) enter the economic territory of the region from the rest of the world. Large-scale business: enterprise possessing sales outlets operating as supermarkets, hyper-markets, hard-discount, department-stores, other largescale specialised enterprises. Production unit: place in which the production of goods takes place, or where the provision of services destined for the market-place (or not) is organised. It is topographically situated in a single place and employs persons on behalf of a single company. Supermarket: Retail sales outlet operating in the food-sector (autonomously or as part of a department store) organised mainly on a self-service basis and with payment on leaving; its sales area is larger than 400 sq m, and it offers a wide variety of mass-consumer products, mostly pre-packaged, as well as occasional non-alimentary articles for domestic use.

164 Worker: a person employed by a company, or self-employed, working in an economic unit with or without the agreed contractual compensation. Further reading Volumes Domestic trade Monthly statistical bulletin ISTAT Domestic trade statistics year 1994 ISTAT Retail-sale index in Roma ISTAT Retail-sale indices by geographical division: methods and results. Roma, 2000 ISTAT Family consumption: year Roma 2006 New surveys regarding retail sales: methodological aspects and innovative contents. Roma 1988 (methods and norms no.3) Foreign trade statistics anno ISTAT Foreign trade index numbers, ISTAT Foreign trade Monthly statistical bulletin, ISTAT Internet Index of value of sales in fixed retail trade in press releases, Roma 2006 ISTAT

165 On-line data-bank of foreign trade statistics in Italy. Foreign trade and transport Italian Statistical Yearbook 2006 Chapter 16: Domestic trade. Italian Statistical Yearbook 2005 Chapter 17: Foreign trade. Exports from Italian Regions in press releases. Roma Foreign trade: overall exchanges with EU countries in press releases. Roma Foreign trade: exchanges with non-eu countries in press releases. Roma 2006

166 Table 11.1 Whole-sale enterprises by goods specialisation Food and beverages Other products for final consumption Agricultural raw materials Machinery and equipment Intermediate, nonagricultural products, wreckage Other products Total Sicily 2001 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = ,2 6,8 6,7 5,7 6,5 7,1 7,8 Source: Elaboration from data from Ministry for Productive Activities

167 Table 11.2 Retail outlets with fixed premises Fuel Food and tobacco Drugs, medical articles and perfumes Other specialised shops Nonspecialised Total Sicily 2001 N/A Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 9,4 10,0 9,1 9,3 9,5 9,4 Source: Elaboration from data from Ministry for Productive Activities

168 Table 11.3 Large-scale businesses (data on Jan 1) Supermarkets Department store Hyper-market Number Employees Number Employees Number Employees Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 7,3 5,3 10,9 7,9 2,4 2,4 Source: Elaboration from data from Ministry for Productive Activities

169 Table 11.4 Retail sales of food and non-alimentary products (in millions of Euros) Large-scale business Sicily Food Non-alimentary Total Small and medium-size Food Non-alimentary Total Overall distribution Food Non-alimentary Total Large-scale business Italy Food Non-alimentary Total Small and medium-size Food Non-alimentary Total Overall distribution Food Non-alimentary Total Source: Elaboration from data from Ministry for Productive Activities

170 Table 11.5 Trade exchanges between Sicily and abroad Imports (in thousands of Euros) Products from agriculture and forestry Products from fishing and fishfarming Energy-giving Transformed and minerals and non- manufactured, gas, water products Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 1,7 2,8 33,3 1,4 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Divisions

171 Table 11.5 cont. Trade exchanges between Sicily and abroad Imports (in thousands of Euros) IT, professional and entrepreneurial activities Other public, social and personal services Goods declared as ship's stores and other Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy 0,1 0,8 0,0 6,2 Italy = 100 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Divisions- 2005

172 Table 11.6 Trade exchanges between Sicily and abroad Exports (in thousands of Euros) Products from agriculture and forestry Products from fishing and fishfarming Energy-giving Transformed and minerals and non- manufactured, gas, water products Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 7,6 11,6 4,2 2,4 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Divisions

173 Table 11.6 cont. Trade exchanges between Sicily and abroad Exports (in thousands of Euros) IT, professional and entrepreneurial activities Other public, social and personal services Goods declared as ship's stores and other Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani South/islands North/centre Italy 0,0 1,6 2,2 2,5 Italy = 100 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Divisions

174

175 12 CONSTRUCTION ISTAT is the source of all the data presented here regarding building construction; for public works open to tenders in the Sicilian Provinces, the source is the Regional builders association Collegio Regionale dei Costruttori Edili, (at the Palermo Chamber of Commerce); for the procedure of assigning buildings for habitation, it is the Ministry for Home Affairs. Each term ISTAT publishes data regarding building licences issued by the local councils for constructing new buildings (residential and non-), or for extensionwork on existing buildings. The tables in this chapter show figures for all the new dwellings and buildings constructed in the Sicilian Provinces in the year 2003 (as the last year available). The data shows that there were 5,917 new constructions in Sicily, in 2003, of which 66.4% were designed as residential buildings. Extension-work on buildings intended to be used principally as dwellings, made up 50.9% (in terms of volume of work) of the work carried out in the Provinces of Caltanissetta, Enna and Ragusa; extension-work to buildings not designed as dwellings was concentrated mostly in the Provinces of Catania, Messina and Trapani, which all together constituted 64.1% of the Regional total, a volume of 829 m 3. Compared to the previous year, there was a 22.5% increase in the number of newly-constructed residential buildings, which was lower than the figure for 2002 (+33.6%); the same trend was recorded for the volume of extensionwork, which amounted to +28,2% in 2003, against 37.5% growth in Nonresidential buildings followed a similar path, with a 92.2% increase in the volume of re-structuring work, in 2002, which was far greater than that of 2003 (+9.6%). According to the last available data, there were 12,728 new dwellings in Sicily. At the Provincial level the greatest increase was recorded in Catania (2.857, 22.4% of the Regional total), followed by the Province of Palermo (2.276, 17.9%). The observable trend seems to be coherent with building construction trends in the statistics from the last two years, seeing as these saw increases of 21.1% in 2003, and 41.3% in 2002, whereas there was a 14.5% increase in new dwellings in 2003, and 54.3% in In this context the increase in 2002, in the number of dwellings inside non-residential constructions, appeared exceptional (+50.3% compared to 2001), but returned to a negative value in 2003 (-2,4%), falling back into line with trends from previous years (-2.6% in 2001, -1.0% in 2000).

176 The data published by the Ministry for Home Affairs regarding eviction procedures from residential buildings, showed that, in both 2004 and the four preceding years, in Sicily, the major cause for this legal measure was the nonpayment of rent on the part of the tenant. In only 15.9% of the cases had the lease-period actually terminated. What is striking, as regards the total number of legal actions undertaken, which amounted to 3,773, is the percentage in the Province of Palermo (41.2%), which along with Catania accounted for 74.5% of the Regional total. In 2004, there was a 60% increase over the preceding year, in the number of eviction orders presented to the bailiffs. There was also an increase in the number of actual evictions in both 2004 (+37.7%) and in 2003 (+20.2%), showing a reversal of the trend for previous years, in which the variations were negative, i.e. -8.5% in 2002 and -2.7% in From data regarding public works, taken from ANCE (the National Association of Building Constructors) in Sicily, it can be seen that there was a 23.8% increase (representing 1,333 public works) in the number of works open to tenders in This figure is the highest of those in the last five years, but is not accompanied by an analogous trend on the financial side, where the variation with regard to the previous year was negative (-13.3%), as a result of a reduction in the average sums of money allocated to public works open to tenders. This phenomenon was common to all the Provinces, except for Palermo, which enjoyed an increase of 67.5%. However, the results from 2005 take no account of the effect of a sustained increase in 2004, which is explained by the considerable sums of money allocated for public works open to tenders in that year, in the Provinces of Agrigento (+80.0%), Caltanissetta (+88.5%) and Siracusa (+154.2%). That year, the only Province to have a negative variation was Palermo. Palermo and Catania, in 2005, remained the Provinces in which there was the highest concentration of public works open to tenders (22.4% and 19.6% of the total respectively) and in which the average amount of money to be allocated was the highest. Glossary Building: roofed structure, skirted by roads or open spaces, or separated from other constructions by main walls (that rise uninterrupted from foundation to roof); it should have free access to the road and one or two autonomous staircases. Building licence: onerous authorisation to construct or convert buildings, issued by the Mayor on presentation of a project. Dwelling: one or more rooms for dwelling purposes, with a separate entrance from the road, and a landing, courtyard, terrace, balcony or similar.

177 Extension work (to a building): further construction, horizontally or vertically, of rooms in an already existing building, with an increase in the volume of the building. New building: building constructed from scratch, from foundations to roof; this includes those structures that have been completely re-built. Non-residential building: building, or part of building, intended mainly or exclusively for uses other than residential. Public works (category): types of work among which public works (road, airport) are classified. Residential building: building or part of building, intended mainly or exclusively for residential use. Room (for dwelling): covered area, enclosed on all sides by walls (in brick, wood, glass etc.), which do not necessarily have to reach the ceiling. Walls that include a considerable open space (arches or similar) are to be considered as dividing walls, except where one of the two divided rooms, because of its small size, is practically an integral part of the other. Volume of a building (including estimated volume of extended areas): total volume of the space included between the external walls, the lowest floor and the roofing measured from the outside. Work (for public works): part of a technically distinct work-operation contributing to the construction of new public works, structural improvements or special repairs to an existing building or part of it. Further reading Volumes Building Activity Statistics Year 2000 Italian Statistics Yearbook ISTAT

178 Internet Building Activity Statistics various years - ISTAT Italian statistics Yearbook 2006 Chapter 15: Constructions

179 Table 12.1 Residential and non-residential buildings - (including estimated volume of extended areas) Residential buildings Non-residential buildings new construction volume number (m 3 *) Extension work (m 3 *) new construction volume number (m 3 *) Extension work(m 3 *) Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 8,1 5,8 5,3 9,3 4,8 2,7 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data *Including estimated volume of extended areas

180 Table 12.2 New dwellings and rooms in residential and non-residential buildings Residential buildings Dwellings * Separate rooms/spaces * Nonresidential buildings Total Rooms Accessory spaces Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 5,0 6,7 5,0 5,7 5,2 5,5 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data * including extension work on previous structures

181 Table 12.3 Procedure for moving out of housing Owner's personal needs Eviction orders End of leaseperiod Non-payment of rent or other causes Total Requests for eviction (a) Evictions carried out (b) Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 2,6 4,8 10,2 8,6 6,7 6,4 Source: Elaboration from Ministry for the Interior data (a) presented to the judicial authority (b) with the intervention of the judicial authority

182 Table 12.4 Public works offered to bids Number of public works offered to bids Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Sicily Total amounts for public works (in thousands of Euros) Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Sicily Source: Elaboration from data from ANCE SICILIA - (Regional College of Sicilian Building Constructors)

183 13 AGRICULTURE In the agricultural year (November 2002 October 2003)) there were about 330,000 agricultural holdings in Sicily (9.5% fewer than in the Census of 2000), over a total surface area of 1,260,000 hectares. On a national scale there were 2.2 million agricultural holdings with 13% fewer than in In 2005 agricultural production in Sicily amounted to a total of 3.1 thousand million Euros, a figure not very far from that of the previous year. Zootechnical production fell to a figure of 433 million Euros (-7.5% compared to 2004), which represented a considerable reduction for the second year running. The value added in the sectors of agriculture, forestry and fishing was estimated at 3.2 thousand million Euros (11% of the national figure). Compared to the previous year there was noticeable stagnation in economic terms, which led to a 4.2% fall in prices; in evaluations at constant prices there was 4.4% growth in real terms. There was a 2.9% increase in terms of quantity in the sphere of agriculture; there was a 10.4% increase in wood products and a 5.3% decrease in graminoid and grass produce. The durum wheat harvest provided 7,375,000 quintals (representing a 22.2% decrease) and tomatoes 6,138,000 quintals (- 5.1%). On the contrary, there was a rise in the production of table grapes (3,660,000 quintals), representing a 7.9% increase over the previous year, and oranges (13,369,000 quintals, representing a 28.6% increase). Overall wine production in 2005 amounted to 5.8 million hectolitres (+2.4% compared to 2004), representing a 3.4% increase in table wine and 4.1% increase in IGT (Indicazione Geografica Tipica); at the same time there was a 15% decrease in DOC DOCG wines. In spite of the improvements in quality in recent years, Regional wine production is still inclined towards supplying the semi-finished product to the wine-making industry in other Regions, which is to the detriment of its own more prized wines. In 2005 table wine accounted for 69.5% of the total against a national average of 41.9%. As regards the remaining types, whilst the quantities are more or less the same for IGT labels, the 5.1% figure for DOC and DOCG wines pales in comparison with the 31.3% national figure. In practice, Sicily produces about a fifth of all Italian table wine, a little more than a tenth of the IGT production and only 2% of DOC and DOCG.

184 In real terms there was an overall 2.3% fall in zootechnical produce compared to 2004; there was a drop in meat production of 3% and milk, 0.7%. In particular, beef production fell to 757 quintals (-3.8%) and milk-production to 1,556,000 hectolitres (-0.8%). 747,000 quintals of milk for food were produced (-0.9%) and 229,000 quintals of milk for cheese-making (+3.2%). Data from the whole Region confirms Ragusa as among the areas with the greatest vocation for agriculture and livestock-rearing in Sicily. On the basis of estimates from the Istituto Tagliacarne in 2005, the value added in this area produced by the sectors of agriculture, forestry and fishing amounted to almost 600 million Euros, 12% of the whole Provincial economy, against a Regional average of 4.3%. Ragusa s demographic component amounts to 6% of the whole population of the island, and yet it contributes almost a fifth of the value added of agriculture and zootechnics produced in Sicily. The pre-eminence of the Hyblaean province (i.e. Ragusa) is indisputable, principally with regard to vegetables; in fact, in 2005, it accounted for 40% of all Sicilian vegetable production. In the last four-year period there was an accumulated increase of 22% in agricultural cultivation, due mainly to wood cultivation (27%). On the other hand, zootechnical produce decreased (the accumulated rate being 19.2%) as a result of continual health scares. There was a 11.7% reduction in the quantity of beef produced, and there was an even more appreciable fall in milkproduction; on the other hand there was an increase in cheese and milk for food. As for organic agriculture, the data provided by the OdG (control organism) and the SINAB (National System of Information regarding Organic Agriculture) placed Sicily first among the Regions with regard to the number of organic farms: in 2005 the number of operators was around 8,450 (16.9% of the national total) with a noticeable increase (+24.6%) compared to Analysis by type of farm shows a marked concentration in the production sector in both Sicily and at the national level. In 2004 there were 288 agritourism activities in the Region (10 more than in the previous year), offering 5,322 sleeping places (+2.5% compared to 2004). With regard to specific facilities, places which offer full-board seem to be very common (162 agritourism activities with 3,228 beds), as do those that provide half-board (85 with 1,837 beds). Each activity has an average of about 18 beds, against 12 at the national level. Glossary Agricultural holding: economic/technical unit of land (also in non-contiguous plots), and also (possibly) a variety of equipment and installations, where agriculture, the production of wood and livestock-farming is carried out by the tenant (farmer, company, body).

185 Agriculturally utilised land (AUL): total area of land devoted to seed crops, family vegetable-gardens, permanent meadow and pasture, tree-growing and fruit-bearing chestnut groves. It constitutes the area allocated for proper agricultural cultivation and actually used for this purpose. It does not include the areas set aside for mushrooms in caves, cellars or appropriatelydesignated buildings. Agritourism: adaptation and utilisation of rural buildings, in which agricultural entrepreneurs provide accommodation for tourists. Dead-weight: for cattle and horses, this figure refers to the skinned carcass, including kidneys and their fat, but without the head, the vital organs of the thorax and abdomen, feet and tail, and with loss through cooling also detracted; for pigs, sheep and goats the dead-weight also includes the head and feet, with the vital organs and loss through cooling again detracted. DOC and DOCG wines: wine obtained (from vines) from vineyards whose surface area is recorded in the Register of Vineyards instituted by the Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Crafts and Agriculture, for the production of wines of controlled denomination of origin (DOC) and guaranteed controlled denomination of origin (DOCG). Organic farm: a farm using agricultural systems that encourage the production of food and fibre in a socially, economically and environmentally healthy manner. The productive capacity of these systems is based on the intrinsic fertility of the soil, allied to respect for nature, plants, animals and the countryside, and the thorough exploitation of all these separate factors. Sowable land: area utilised for growing graminoid and herbaceous plants, subject to crop rotation, which envisages a maximum duration of five years. Value added at base prices: balance between production and intermediate consumption, in which production is calculated at base prices, i.e. net of tax on produce and inclusive of contributions on products. Value added production at base prices differs from the factors of production cost: in fact, the latter is net of all taxes (both on products and other taxes on production), and inclusive of all contributions (both those proportional to the value of goods produced and other production contributions). Further reading

186 Volumes Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT - Italian agriculture counts INEA Su Internet Italian Agriculture Counts Report on the state of Italian agriculture Cultivation: short-term data Distribution of fertilisers for agricultural use Slaughter and marketing of livestock and white meat Data on forest surface areas and utilisation Annual data on hunting Annual data on floriculture Production and distribution of complete and complementary feed Annuario Italian Statistical Yearbook Chapter 13: Agriculture DOP and IGP products DOC, DOCG, IGT wines Traditional products (thematic areas - agriculture The distribution of phyto-sanitary products Regional economic accounts for agriculture Agricultural production Statistics about fish and livestock Agricultural produce at base prices Agricultural enterprise transformations year 2002 analysis and data) Forest fires in Anti-incendiary statistics

187 Geographical distribution of areas officially controlled for the production of seeds (hectares)

188 Table 13.1 Production and value added of agriculture, forestry and fishing at base prices - values at current prices (in millions of Euros) Agricultural cultivation Connected Value added Zootechnical Total Herbaceous service for agriculture, Wood Total farms production and forage activities forestry and fishing Sicily Provinces Trapani Palermo Messina Agrigento Caltanissetta Enna Catania Ragusa Siracusa Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 9,3 14,5 11,5 3,2 10,9 9,0 11,1 Source: Elaboration from data from ISTAT and the Tagliacarne Institute

189 Table 13.2 Production and value added for agriculture, forestry and fishing at base prices - Values at constant prices, from 2000 (in millions of Euros) Herbaceous and forage Wood Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Agricultural cultivation Total Zootechnical farms Connected service activities Total production Value added for agriculture, forestry and fishing

190 Table 13.3 Production of main agricultural produce (quantities in thousands of quintals) PRODUCTS Durum wheat Potatoes Carrots Artichokes Peppers Tomatoes Courgettes Watermelons Table-grapes Olive-oil Oranges Mandarins Lemons Peaches Pears Almonds Beef Pork Poultry Cow and buffalo milk (000 hl) Sheep and goat milk (000 hl) Eggs (millions of items) Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data Sicily

191 Table 13.4 Wine-production with wine-grapes, by seal of quality (in thousands of hectolitres) Wine DOC and DOCG IGT Table-wine Total Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

192 Table 13.5 Area utilised by principal agricultural crops (in hectares) Cereals Pulses Potatoes Open-air vegetables Grapevine Olive-trees Citrus Fresh fruit Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 9,1 23,5 17,3 16,3 17,7 13,6 56,8 21,1 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

193 Table 13.6 Livestock slaughtered by species (head of livestock in thousands and weight in tons) Beef and buffalo Pork Mutton and goat No.head Dead weight No.head Dead weight No.head Dead weight Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

194 Table 13.7 Organic farms by type of activity (number) Production Transformation Importation Others Total Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Source: Elaboration from data from Control Organisms (OdG) and SINAB (Sistema di Informazione Nazionale sull'agricoltura Biologica)

195 Table 13.8 Agritourism accommodation by type of hospitality authorisation (number) Lodging only Bed and breakfast Half-board Businesses Beds Businesses Beds Businesses Beds Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 0,8 1,1 2,2 4,9 5,2 8,1 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

196 Table 13.8 cont. Agritourism accommodation by type of hospitality authorisation (number) Full-board Total Businesses Beds Businesses Beds Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 4,8 7,8 2,5 3,8 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

197 14 Education, Training and Research This section provides a synthetic overview of the principal data provided by various institutions regarding education. The tables contain data about the number of classes, pupils and teachers both for nursery school and primary school and lower and upper secondary school. With regard to university education the tables provide data regarding the number of enrolments and graduates per faculty in the three universities based in the Region (Palermo, Messina and Catania). In the scholastic year , at infants school, there was a fall in numbers of 607 children, reversing the positive trend of the previous four-year period. On the other hand, the overall number of sections went from 5,177 to 5,228 (+1.0%), and thus the average number of children per section fell to 22.6, a figure lower than the national one (23.4). This indicator is subject to variations among the Sicilian Provinces, ranging from 20.9 in Messina to 24.1 in Agrigento. The number of children in Sicily attending primary school, in the school year 2005/2006, dropped by 0.6%, which confirms the trend from 2001 to 2005, during which the falls recorded ranged from 1.9% to 2.7%. In lower secondary schools the fall in numbers is even more marked (-3.1%), and also in this case the data is in line with the negative trend recorded in the previous four-year period. In upper secondary schools, in the school year 2005/2006, there was a 0.9% increase in the number of pupils enrolled. The most popular secondary schools are still the technical-vocational institutes, which attract more than half the Regional school population, despite the fact that student numbers seem to be falling constantly (-2.1% in ); there is a contrasting trend in numbers among the (scientific, classical) lyceums, (+5.1% in both cases). The number of permanent teachers in nursery schools in the school year 2005/2006 rose by 4.1%, with a consequent reduction in the child-teacher ratio (from 14.0 to 13.4) as a result of the decline in the school population. In primary and secondary schools, this ratio had not undergone any significant variations in the last year surveyed. Statistical data regarding university education in the academic year 2005/2006 shows that, in the main Sicilian universities, there was an overall 0.8% fall in the numbers of those enrolled, when compared to the previous year. This percentage represents a highly variable situation depending on the faculty and the university; although it still has the highest overall number of registered students (24,664 students), the Faculty of Law showed a consistently negative trend over the last five years under examination (-1.4% in 2004/2005). On the contrary, there was a contrasting trend in the Faculties of Humanities and Educational Science, where numbers rose by 2.7% and 3.6% respectively in the last academic year. 41.2% of students had not passed the required exams in the prescribed time; in the academic year 2004/2005 this number rose by about 5.2% compared to the previous year, confirming a trend already noticed back in the academic year The principal indicators for university education, with reference to the academic year 2003/04 in Sicily, reveal overall values that are lower than the national average. As for the transition-rate from secondary school (freshmen per 100 secondary school-leavers) the figures show that 70.3% of pupils went on to higher education, with a greater bias towards girls (77.8% against 62.8% boys). These differences between the sexes are also found in analysing enrolment rates and percentages of graduates (per 25-year old) As for the Research and Development (R&D) sector, in Sicily in 2003, expenditure destined for this sector covered 4% of the national total and amounted to 589,581,000 Euros, showing an increase of 32% compared to 1999 and 1.0% compared to % of this sum is represented by university expenditure, whilst only 14.0% of the overall sum comes from Public Administration. The private sector, which covers 22.9% of expenditure, had a clearly superior growth-rate when compared to the state sector (+68.5% over 1999, and +11.2% over 2002).

198 As for personnel engaged in R&D in Sicily, in the same period (2003), there was 1.1% growth (compared to 2002) in the overall number of full-time equivalent units; 66.5% of these employees were university personnel. In all, personnel employed in R&D in Sicily represented 4.8% of the corresponding total at the national level.

199 Glossary Drop-out rate: number of students enrolled (per 100) who interrupt their studies in that same school, or university course. Freshman: first-year student enrolled in a university degree or diploma course. Intra-muros research expenditure: expenditure for scientific research and experimental development (R&D) provided by business enterprises and public bodies, and carried out by their own personnel and their own equipment. Primary and lower secondary school certificate: qualification awarded on passing the exams at the end of the primary and lower secondary school cycle. School-attendance and enrolment rate: percentage ratio between students enrolled in the educational level in question and the resident population belonging to the corresponding theoretical age-group. For upper secondary schools the theoretical age in question is 14 to 18, for university 19 to 25. School section: class in nursery school Secondary-school-leaving certificate: qualification awarded on completion of upper secondary school studies. Transition-rate: percentage ratio between persons who have completed a given level of education and those who are enrolled in the first year of the next level (excluding those repeating the year), in the subsequent school or academic year. University degree: qualification awarded on completion of a traditional 4-6 year university course or a new first-level degree course lasting three years. University diploma: qualification awarded on completion of a university diploma course, or at a specialised school, and lasting two or three years (short degree-course)

200 Further reading Volumes The Italian university system Ministry for Education, the University and Research The state of the university principal indicators academic year ISTAT Statistics for the upper secondary school school year M.I.U.R. ISTAT The state school: synthesis of data Various years - Ministry for Education, the University and Research Internet Research and development in Italy in 2004 Graduates and the job market Professional opportunities for graduates year 2004 Secondary-school leavers and the job market Italian Statistical Yearbook 2006 Chapter 7: Education Premises, pupils, classes, teachers in state schools school year. 2005/06 Pupils with non-italian citizenship state and non-state schools school year 2005/06 The state school : synthesis of data, school year State school register Non-state school register Registered students and graduates in the university system on 31/01/2006 Registered students and graduates in the AFAM system (Artistic and musical training) The University in figures (University education data-bank) Full-time permanent teacher data-bank Indentured teaching and technical-administrative personnel data-bank

201 Table 14.1 Infant school didactic circles (*) - School year Schools Children Sections Permanent staff Children per section Sicily , , , , ,6 Provinces Agrigento ,1 Caltanissetta ,2 Catania ,9 Enna ,9 Messina ,9 Palermo ,6 Ragusa ,0 Siracusa ,3 Trapani ,7 Divisions South/islands ,4 North/centre ,3 Italy ,4 Italy = ,7 12,1 12,3 11,0 98,1 Source: Elaboration from MIUR data (*) The data refers to state schools. The national data does not include Valle d'aosta (because of its special statute) and the autonomous Provinces of Trento and

202 Table 14.2 Primary schools (*) - School year Schools Pupils Classes Permanent staff Pupils per class Sicily , , , , ,8 Provinces Agrigento ,6 Caltanissetta ,5 Catania ,2 Enna ,6 Messina ,9 Palermo ,5 Ragusa ,6 Siracusa ,0 Trapani ,2 South/islands ,4 North/centre ,7 Italy ,5 Italy = 100 9,4 10,5 10,3 10,2 101,5 Source: Elaboration from MIUR data (*) cf. note Table 15.1 Divisions

203 Table 14.3 Lower secondary schools (*) - School year Schools Pupils Classes Permanent staff Pupils per class Sicily , , , , ,9 Provinces Agrigento ,1 Caltanissetta ,7 Catania ,5 Enna ,7 Messina ,3 Palermo ,8 Ragusa ,6 Siracusa ,2 Trapani ,8 South/islands ,7 North/centre ,4 Italy ,1 Italy = 100 9,4 11,7 11,7 12,2 99,7 Source: Elaboration from MIUR data (*) cf. note Table 15.1 Divisions

204 Table 14.4 Upper secondary schools (*) - School year Pupils Classes Pupils Classes Pupils Classes Classical lyceums Scientific lyceums Art institutes and lyceums Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = ,5 11,6 9,6 9,6 10,6 10,6 Source: Elaboration from MIUR data (*) cf. note Table 15.1

205 Table 14.4 cont. Upper secondary schools (*) - School year Pupils Classes Pupils Classes Pupils Classes Teachers' training institutes Technical and vocational institutes Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = ,9 13,1 10,3 10,1 10,5 10,4 Source: Elaboration from MIUR data (*) cf. note Table 15.1

206 Table 14.5 Full-time permanent teaching staff (*) - School year Number Students per teacher Number Students per teacher Infant school Primary school Sicily , , , , , , , , , ,8 Provinces Agrigento , ,9 Caltanissetta , ,4 Catania , ,2 Enna , ,5 Messina , ,4 Palermo , ,7 Ragusa , ,0 Siracusa , ,2 Trapani , ,7 Divisions South/islands , ,5 North/centre , ,7 Italy , ,7 % Sicily/Italy 11,1 10,3 Lower secondary school Upper secondary school Sicily , , , , , , , , , ,2 Provinces Agrigento , ,3 Caltanissetta , ,7 Catania , ,2 Enna 803 8, ,9 Messina , ,5 Palermo , ,6 Ragusa , ,7 Siracusa , ,2 Trapani , ,9 Divisions South/islands , ,1 North/centre , ,0 Italy , ,1 Italy = ,9 10,4 Source: Elaboration from MIUR data (*) cf. note Table 15.1

207 Table 14.6 University students enrolled by faculty and university - Academic year 2004/05 Palermo Catania Messina Total enrolled Course unfinished in prescribed time Total enrolled Course unfinished in prescribed time Total enrolled Course unfinished in prescribed time Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences Pharmacy Medicine and Surgery Engineering Architecture Source: Elaboration from MIUR data

208 Table 14.6 cont. University students enrolled by faculty and university - Academic year 2004/05 Palermo Catania Messina Total enrolled Course unfinished in prescribed time Total enrolled Course unfinished in prescribed time Total enrolled Course unfinished in prescribed time Agriculture REGIONI REGIONI Veterinary science REGIONI REGIONI Business and Economics, Statistical Sciences REGIONI REGIONI Political Sciences REGIONI REGIONI Law REGIONI REGIONI Source: Elaboration from MIUR data

209 Table 14.6 cont. University students enrolled by faculty and university - Academic year 2004/05 Palermo Catania Messina Total enrolled Course unfinished in prescribed time Total enrolled Course unfinished in prescribed time Total enrolled Course unfinished in prescribed time Humanities and Philosophy REGIONI REGIONI Foreign languages and literature REGIONI REGIONI Educational Sciences REGIONI REGIONI Physical Education REGIONI REGIONI Total REGIONI REGIONI Source: Elaboration from MIUR data

210 Table 14.7 University education indicators Males Females Total Males Females Total Transition-rate from secondary school 1 Enrollment-rate 2 Sicily ,0 53,1 56,7 23,8 31,8 27, ,1 61,9 58,7 24,9 34,0 29, ,9 69,8 65,0 27,3 37,0 32, n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d ,8 77,8 70,3 30,7 41,1 36,0 Divisions South/islands 64,8 81,3 72,9 33,0 45,1 39,0 North/centre n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Italy 37,3 77,0 72,3 33,5 43,7 38,5 Failure to re-enrol per 100 enrolled 3 Graduates per 100 persons aged 25 years 4 Sicily ,8 11,2 11,9 10,7 13,7 12, ,5 8,1 9,1 11,2 13,6 12, ,0 8,1 8,9 12,9 16,0 14, n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d ,6 8,0 8,2 15,6 22,1 18,9 Divisions South/islands 8,1 6,4 7,1 18,0 26,1 22,0 North/centre n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Italy 5,9 4,8 5,2 18,9 26,9 22,8 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data 1 Freshmen per 100 secondary-school leaving-certificate holders from the previous year 2 Enrolled at university per 100 young people aged Failure to re-enrol on part of students in academic year t-1/t are given from: (Enrolled t-1/t - Graduates/Sec.school certificate holders t)-(enrolled t/t+1 - Freshmen t/t+1). Those enrolled or graduated in "specialistic" degrees are excluded from the calculation of the indicator. The Regions refer to the geographical location of the university at which the students are enrolled. The indictor underestimates the phenomenon in Regions that register several transfers from other Regions, and vice versa, overestimates them in Regions that register mainly transfers out. The noticeable decrease in the indicator, starting from academic year , can be attributed mainly to a wide-scale increase in enrollments determined by the introduction of the reform of university cycles. 4 For academic year t/t+1 graduates refer to calendar year t. For year , the indicator is calculated by taking into consideration graduates from the old degree-system and those from the single-cycle "specialistic" degree course.

211 Table 14.8 R&D expenditure (in thousands of Euros) Public University Businesses Total administration Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Italia = 100 3,2 7,4 1,9 4,0 Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

212 Table 14.9 Personnel working in R&D (units expressed in equivalent time) Public administration University Businesses Total Sicily South/islands North/centre Italy Source: Elaboration from ISTAT data

213 15 - CREDIT This section contains information gathered from publications produced and issued by the Bank of Italy, regarding the structure and credit activity of the banking sector in Sicily. In Sicily in 2005 there were 70 banks operating (three more than in 2004), half of which had their head-office in the Region (36, two more than in 2004, belonging to the category of co-operative credit banks). Also the number of branch-offices, which numbered 1,729, increased by 23 over the previous year, and accounted for 5.5% of the national total. Most of these branch offices (1,361, or 5.7%) belong to five joint-stock companies, which are among the principal Italian banks; these are followed by popular banks (230 offices, representing 6.1% of the figure for Italy) and the 138 branch-offices of co-operative credit banks, which make up 3.8% of Italian branches of the same type and are usually part of medium or small-sized companies. At the end of 2005, the total amount deposited in Sicilian banks came to a figure of 32,691 million Euros, with a 6.9% increase over the previous year (2,100 million Euros). Although all institutional bodies contributed to the positive result, the variation was particularly evident in the Public administration deposits (2,513 million, plus 44.1% over 2004) and in those of non-financial companies (3,850 million, plus 18.2% compared to the previous year). Sicilian consumer families are obviously responsible for the majority of this total amount of credit (23,977 million, 73% of the total), in that they constitute a typically better-off sector among those possessing financial resources in the economy; their percentage of the national total amounts to 5.4%. Investments in Sicily, at the end of 2005, amounted to 41,567 million Euros, with a growth of 12.0% compared to 2004, much higher than that of deposits. 40.7% of these investments represent loans to financial and non-financial companies, whilst 4.0% is made up of allotments of money to the Public administration and the remaining 55.7% of loans to families (both producers and consumers.) Although the total amount of investments in Sicily is growing, it is falling as a percentage of the national total (3.0%), which is reduced further in the category of non-financial companies (2.4%) and bears witness to the limited investment activity in Sicily on the part of specialised subjects. The role of the large credit institutes can be clearly seen in bank deposits, given that these groups, with 20,629 million Euros, are responsible for 63.1% of all deposits. In investments, the sum of 20,629 million handled by this category, represents 59.6% of the total. Investment in building and purchase of

214 real estate were the most important item, in 2005, among operations geared towards the creation of fixed capital, together making up 54.0% of total bank funding beyond the short term. The overall picture, which is generally delineated by indicators relative to 2005, partially reflects the trends of previous years. This is true, for example, for the trend in total deposits, which, since 2001 have grown by 6.0% per year on average, and for the set-up of the financial structure, which has for several years seen the large banking groups playing a leading role. However, the acceleration in the growth of bank investments since 2002, represents a novelty, as does the increase in funding beyond the short term; at the same time, following the re-structuring of previous years, the setting-up of small credit-institutes in 2005, seemed to represent a trend in the opposite direction. The Provincial distribution of financial aggregates obviously sees the larger areas possessing the lion s share. The branch-offices seem to be spread over a slightly broader area, ranging from the 67 in the Province of Enna (3.9%) to the 394 in the Province of Palermo (22.8%). The branches of minor institutes are distinguished by the size of the bank to which they belong, and seem to be concentrated in particular in the Province of Agrigento (56 out of 281, 19% of the offices in this class) and to a lesser extent in the Province of Siracusa (9, and 3.2% in this class) At the same time, classification in terms of institutional groups reveals a predominance of offices of co-operative credit banks in the Provinces of Caltanissetta and Agrigento (25 out of 138, and 18.1% of the total in each), whereas the Province of Ragusa has the fewest offices (2, and 1.4%) in this group. With regard to bank funding beyond the short term, in 2005, pride of place in investment in construction went to Catania (1,019 million euros), whereas Palermo was the Province boasting the highest expenditure on real estate purchase (2,867 million Euros) and Siracusa the largest total of loans for equipment (584 million); the respective percentage figures for the three different sectors were 21.8%, 27.6% and 23.7%.

215 Glossary Bank: Enterprise permitted to carry out banking activity; the latter consists in accumulating the public s savings in credit institutions. Apart from banking, banks are involved in every other kind of financial activity (in accordance with the individual structures of each of these), as well as other connected and instrumental activities. Banks are graded according to size (major, large, medium, small, minor) in proportion to the total amount of credit that can be granted to residents and non-residents. Bank deposits: includes deposits and bonds, which, on the basis of their duration, can be distinguished as short, medium or long-term. Bank counter: a counter at a denominated branch of a bank, in which funds can be deposited in savings accounts or current accounts. Deposits: funds received by the bank from non-banking subjects, and collected in the form of free or term deposits, interest-bearing bonds, time certificates, free or fixed deposit accounts. Facilitated financing: operations carried out at rates below those of the market, in virtue of legislation providing assistance in paying off interest and/or the utilisation of government funds or the funds of other public administration bodies. Financing beyond the short term: total investment with an initial duration of over 18 months. Institutional groups (of banks): grouping of banking institutions in homogenous categories. The banks operating in Italy can be divided into: - Banks as joint-stock company - Popular banks - Co-operative credit banks - Central (banking) institutes; - Branches of foreign banks. The first include public law credit institutes, national banks, savings banks and popular banks that have taken on the form of joint-stock companies, as well as all banks offering medium or long-term investment. The second ones are those that have not become joint-stock companies; the third are former agricultural and merchant banks; finally, there are banking organisations which also include institutes dealing mainly with refinancing. Investments: the bank s financing of non-banking subjects.

216 Further reading Volumes Statistics bulletin Bank of Italy Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT Internet Statistics bulletin Notes regarding the progress of the economy in Sicily in On-line public information base Italian Statistical Yearbook 2006 and financial markets Chapter 20: Credit, insurance, the money

217 Table 15.1 Main indicators of bank system structure Banks with head-office in the Region Joint-stock company Popular bank Cooperative credit institution Total Total banks present Total operational branches Op.branche s of banks with headoffice in Region Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands n.d North/centre Italy Italy = 100 2,1 5,6 6,6 5,0 8,9 5,5 2,9 Source: Elaboration from Bank of Italy data

218 Table 15.2 Bank deposits by area of economic activity (in millions of Euros) Financial enterprises and Public administration Nonfinancial companie Producer families Consumer families and others Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 9,7 0,2 2,8 5,9 5,5 4,7 Source: Elaboration from Bank of Italy data

219 Table 15.3 Investments of banks by area of economic activity (in millions of Euros) Financial enterprises and Public administration Nonfinancial companie Producer families Consumer families and others Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 3,0 0,1 2,6 6,5 5,8 3,4 Source: Elaboration from Bank of Italy data

220 Table 15.4 Bank deposits per size of groups of banks (in millions of Euros) Large-size and major Medium-size Small-size and minor Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 6,1 1,9 4,3 4,7 Source: Elaboration from Bank of Italy data

221 Table 15.5 Investments of banks by size of groups of banks (in millions of Euros) Large-size and major Medium-size Small-size and minor Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 4,4 1,3 3,3 3,4 Source: Elaboration from Bank of Italy data

222 Table 15.6 Bank branch-offices in operation per institutional group Joint-stock banks Popular banks Cooperative credit institutions Central credit and refinancing institutions Foreign bank branches Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 5,7 6,1 3, ,5 Source: Elaboration from Bank of Italy data

223 Table 15.7 Bank branch-offices in operation by size of groups Major Large Medium Small Minor Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands Noth/centre Italy Italy = 100 4,1 15,4 3,5 4,3 5,3 5,5 Source: Elaboration from Bank of Italy data

224 Table 15.8 Bank financing beyond the short term (in millions of Euros) Investments in construction Investment in machinery and equipment Real estate purchase Other destinations Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 3,9 3,0 4,4 3,2 3,6 Source: Elaboration from Bank of Italy data

225 16 VERNMENT FINANCE This chapter provides an overall picture of the trends regarding the principal data shown in the final balance-sheet of the Sicilian Region by analysing the phases of accrual (accounts receivable and payable) and cash flow (collection and payments). Consolidated data regarding the Sicilian Provincial and Communal administrations cash flow from 2002 to 2005, is also shown; this data represents the result of the Territorial Public Accounts project, which is being realised under the supervision of the Ministry for the Economy. The accounts receivable of the Sicilian Region in 2005, amounted to 16,858 million euros and showed an increase of 3.3% compared to financial year This growth is principally due to the increase in revenue from Irpef (personal income tax) (+2.7%) and VAT(+8.0%) as regards tax revenue, and the growth in current transfers by the State (+5.8%) as regards non-tax revenue. On the other hand, revenue deriving from the sale of goods and services fell by 16.1% Capital account revenue, after the sharp fall in 2004, registered an almost identical figure to that of the preceding year (+0.2%), with a slight drop in capital transfer items (-1.7%). The new loans raised by the Region in the course of 2005 amounted to 8.3 million Euros. With regard to spending in 2005, overall A/P rose by 11.4% compared to 2004, (being reckoned as amounting to 18,171 million Euros). This increase is mainly attributable to spending on personnel (+16.0%) and current transfers to the Public Administration (+7.4%). There was a considerable increase in capital account spending (+43.5%), a reverse trend compared to the fall in 2004, although this figure remained relatively low when compared to the total amount of current spending. Spending resulting from reimbursement of debts contracted by the Region in the preceding years amounted to 303 million Euros (1.7% of overall spending). Analysis of cash-flow data entered in the Final Accounts for 2005 showed results that occasionally did not coincide with the accrual data because of the varying nature of the fluxes examined. In fact revenue is shown to be down by 21.6%, against an increase in accruals of 3.3%. The total amount of payments shows a more modest increase when compared to the3.5% increase recorded for A/C (accounts payable), with a particularly marked difference with regard to capital account spending, which rose by 6.9%, against an increase in accruals of over 40%. Analysis of spending commitments, analysed by intervention sector according to the ISTAT classification, shows that 44.3% of Regional spending (7,983 million Euros) goes on the Health sector. The sum of 706 million (3.9% of total spending), destined for agriculture, stands out among the productive sectors, as does the considerable increase in industry-linked spending in the three-year period (+96.9% in 2004 and +45.6% in 2005). Expenditure for general administration also rose by 23.5% (which represents 6.7% of the Region s spending), as did spending on public works (+57.6%) and spending linked to work strategies and policies (+89.3%). Tables show the progress of consolidated cash accounts in the public sector in Sicily from 2002 to Consolidated here is understood as the Public Administration accounts calculated by the elision of transfers carried out within the Extended public sector, i.e. the aggregate made up of central administration, local administration, municipalized and Regionalised companies, Social security companies, public bodies and Foundations. Analysis of revenue shows that in 2005 there was an overall 11.5% increase, due mainly to the joint increase in current encashment (+11.2%) and arrangement of loans (+9.8%). Tax revenue underwent a slight drop (- 3.7%), in contrast to its performance in the previous three-year period, whereas the increase in revenue from the sale of goods and services continued strongly (+40,2%). The total amount of expenditure in the public sector in 2005 came to 81,582 million Euros (an increase of 5%). The increase in current expenditure (+2.9%) could be attributed mainly to the growth of spending on intermediate consumption (+10.4%) and transfers to families and social institutions (+6%), whilst, compared to previous years, the rise in spending on personnel was more contained (+2%). Capital

226 account spending, down by 5% in 2005, represented a mere 11.5% of public spending in Sicily. Spending on reimbursement of loans grew slightly (+23.3%), amounting to 17.9% of overall outlay on the part of the public sector. The difference between overall outlay and revenue (7,094 million Euros) gives an idea of the importance that additional public resources might have in the Sicilian economy. Glossary Accounts payable (A/P): a sum of money that has been committed but not yet paid; it amounts to a debt on the part of the public body. Accounts receivable (A/R): revenue that has been registered but not collected. It constitutes credit for the public body. Accruals: revenue that an enterprise is legally owed and expenditure committed during a financial year, regardless of whether these sums will be collected or paid during the financial year. Balance-sheet items: totality of revenue and spending operations. Revenue is divided into five items: tax revenue; contributions and current transfers; extra-tax revenue, transfer and amortization of assets and collection of debts; registering of new borrowing. Spending is divided into three items: current, capital and loan repayment. Capital expenditure: spending directly or indirectly affecting creation of capital Capital revenue: revenue directly or indirectly affecting creation of capital Cash flow: amount of money moving in and out during a financial year, regardless of whether or not it may have been registered or committed in other financial years. Cash inventory: juridical/accountancy operation with which the Administration ascertains the reasons for granting credit; this is the first phase in the procedure of receiving revenue. Consolidated account: Pubic administration account aggregated through the elision of transfers carried out in the Extended Public Sector. Current expenditure: expenditure to be allocated to production and re-distribution of income for non-direct production purposes. Current revenue: revenue to be channelled into the financing of production and re-distribution of income for purposes that are not directly productive. Expenditure commitment: sum owed by the enterprise as a result of juridically contracted financial obligations. Extended public sector: a loose group made up of central administration, local administration, municipalized and Regionalised companies, Social security companies, public bodies. Financial year: totality of operations regarding management of the balance-sheet (i.e. forecasting of revenue and spending) carried out during the financial year. Long-term liabilities: total amount of medium and long-term borrowing transactions or real estate transactions, excluding transactions lasting less than one year.

227 Loan repayment: totality of operations regarding repayment of medium and long-term debts, disregarding interest. Payment: final phase in the procedure of expenditure; it consists in operations through which the order to pay is issued. Revenue: sums effectively collected. Transfers: unilateral transactions through which a subject devolves a sum of money or a series of goods and services without receiving anything in exchange. Further reading Volumes Sicilian Region General Report Regional department for the balance and finance. Local finance: revenue and expenditure of final balances (Communes, Provinces and Regions) ISTAT Yearbooks Internet Final balances of Provincial administrations 2004 Final balances of Communal administrations Territorial public accounts project Home Ministry Department for Home and Territorial affairs finances Home Ministry Department for Home and local affairs - Central management of local finances Regional budget Budget financial years General report financial years Sicilian Region s financial law years Document for economic/financial planning ( ; ; ; ; ; ) Report from the Department for development and cohesion policy Regionalised government spending year 2003 finanzalocale.interno.it/pub/rapp /indexrapp html

228 Preliminary information on the report regarding government financial transfers to local enterprises, for the years

229 Table Sicilian Regional balance-sheet - Accruals (in thousands of Euros) Item I - Current revenue Tax revenue Direct taxes Indirect taxes Region's own taxes Non-tax revenue Item II - Capital account revenue Item III - Loans raised Total revenue Item I - Current expenditure Employees' salaries Intermediate consumption Interest Current transfers Other expenditure Item II - Capital account expenditure Item III - Repayment of loans Total expenditure Source: Elaboration from data from the Regional Balance-sheet

230 Table Sicilian Regional balance-sheet - Accounts receivable (in thousands of Euros) Direct taxes Irpef (personal income tax) Irpeg (corporate income tax) Tax on interest and capital gains Other Indirect taxes VAT Registration tax Stamp duties Car registration tax Other Specific Regional taxes Irap (Business activities tax) Additional Irpef Other Sale of goods and services Capital revenue Current transfers From private bodies From public bodies From the state From the EU Recovery of debts Other current revenue Sale of real estate and stamping of licence fees Capital account transfers Reimbursement of credit and advances Loans raised Total overall revenue Source: Elaboration from data from the Regional Balance-sheet

231 Tavola Sicilian Regional balance-sheet - Accounts payable (in thousands of Euros) Item I - Current expenditure Employees' salaries Personnel in service Retired personnel Intermediate consumption Current transfers to Public administration Current transfers to enterprises Current transfers to families and social institutions Interest Depreciation Other current expenditure Item II - Capital account expenditure Gross fixed investments Contributions to investments in Public administration Contributions to investments in enterprises Contributions to investments in families and social institutions Other capital account expenses Item IV - Reimbursement of loans Total expenditure Source: Elaboration from data from the Regional Balance-sheet

232 Table Sicilian Regional balance-sheet : Results of synthesis of cash flow (in thousands of Euros) Item I - Current revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Item II - Capital account revenue Item III - Raising of loans Total revenue Item I - Current expenditure Item II - Capital account expenses Item III - Reimbursement of loans Total expenditure Source: Elaboration from data from the Regional Balance-sheet

233 Table Regional loans by ISTAT sector (in thousands of Euros) General admin.and institutional organs Work Administrative police and anti-fire services Education and the right to study Guidance and vocational training Organization of culture and relative structures Social assistance and relative structures Defence of health and relative structures Sport and free time Agriculture and zootechnics Forests Development of mountain economy Mineral and thermal water, quarries, other extraction activities Hunting and fishing Public works not considered in other sectors Aqueducts, sewerage and other hygienic works Viability Road transport Rail transport Maritime transport and internal navigation Air transport Other transport Crafts Tourism and hotel industry Fairs, markets, internal trade Housing construction Town-planning Industry and energy sources Protection of nature, environment, parks and reserves Scientific research Financial charges Unattributed expenditure Operations not divisible in favour of local finance Social security Total Source: Elaboration from data from the Regional Balance-sheet

234 Table Sicily: Consolidated account: Extended Public Sector : revenue (in millions of Euros) Revenue Tax revenue Capital income Social security contributions Sale of goods and services Current account transfers from EU and other foreign institutions from families and social institutions from enterprises Corrective and compensatory payments Other current revenue Total current revenue Revenue from sale of assets Capital account transfers from EU and other foreign institutions from families and social institutions from enterprises Collection of credit Other capital revenue Total capital revenue Loans raised Total revenue Source: Ministry for Economic Development - Department of Development Policy and Regional Cohesion and Statistical Services

235 Tavola Sicily: Consolidated account: Extended Public Sector : spending (in millions of Euros) Expenditure Employees' salaries Purchase of goods and services Current account transfers to families and social institutions to business enterprises Passive interest Corrective and compensatory payments Unattributed sums Current expenditure Real estate Movables, machinery etc Capital account transfers to families and social institutions to private business enterprises Share-holding and contributions Concession of credit etc Unattributed sums Capital account expenditure Reimbursement of loans Total expenditure Source: Ministry for Economic Development - Department of Development Policy and Regional Cohesion and Statistical Services

236 Table Communal administration in Sicily: Cash flow (in thousands of Euros) Tax revenue Taxes Duties Other appropriate tax revenue Current transfers from the State from the Region from EU organisms from other bodies Non-tax revenue Sale of goods and services Patrimonial and various earnings Interest on advances and credit Current revenue Revenue from sale of assets Capital transfers from the State from the Region from other bodies from other subjects Collection of credit Capital account revenue Loans raised Total revenue Employees' salaries Purchase of goods and services Current transfers Pasive interest and various financial expenses Other current expenditure Current expenditure Creation of fixed capital Capital transfer Share-holding Concession of credit and advances Capital account expenses Reimbursement of loans Total expenditure Source: Elaboration from data from the General State Accountancy

237 Table Provincial administration in Sicily: Cash flow (in thousands of Euros) Tax revenue Taxes Duties Other appropriate tax revenue Current transfers from the State from the Region from EU organisms from other bodies Non-tax revenue Sale of goods and services Patrimonial and various earnings Interest on advances and credit Current revenue Revenue from sale of assets Capital transfers from the State from the Region from other bodies from other subjects 2-31 Collection of credit Capital account revenue Loans raised Total revenue Employees' salaries Purchase of goods and services Current transfers Pasive interest and various financial expenses Other current expenditure Current expenditure Creation of fixed capital Capital transfer Share participation Concession of credit and advances Capital account expenses Reimbursement of loans Total expenditure Source: Elaboration from data from the General State Accountancy

238

239 17 INDUSTRY This chapter gathers together statistical information about the industry sector. A first group of tables examines data regarding the electrical energy sector and the sales of petrol, diesel oil and kerosene, a second group provides data about active manufacturing enterprises registered with the Chambers of Commerce. In Sicily in 2005, about 25,825 million kwh (gross production) of electrical energy were produced, making up 8.6% of the total amount produced in Italy and 28.0% of the amount obtained in the whole south of Italy. Production was mainly generated from thermo-electrical sources (96,8%), and shows for the second year running a slight increase (0.5% in 2005, and 0.2% in 2004), after the decrease recorded in 2003 (-1.2%). 18,638 million kwh of electrical energy were consumed in Sicily in 2005; the most energy was absorbed by industry (40.4% of total consumption), followed by the family sector and its domestic consumption (31.8%) and by the service industries (25.6%), whilst the lowest consumption was recorded in the primary sector (2.2%). Over the last six years there has been a constant rise in energy consumption (a yearly average of 1.4% between 2000 and 2005), though this development has only been endorsed by the trend in domestic consumption and service industry consumption. On the other hand, since 2003, industry consumption has been in steady decline; this has counterbalanced the growth recorded in the years In 2005, at the Regional level, overall consumption of electrical energy was concentrated principally in the Provinces of Siracusa, Catania, Palermo and Messina. Within the industrial sector the highest consumer is Siracusa with over 2,800 million kwh, rationalized by the energy requirements of the petrochemical plant at Priolo. The industrial zones of Gela and Milazzo are also vying with each other in trying to put the Provinces of Caltanissetta (1,043 million kwh) and Messina (964 million kwh) at the top of the Sicilian Provincial classification. Ulterior indicators correlated to the level of economic activity are those relating to the sale of petrol and motor diesel oil, in that they are closely connected with the vehicular movement of goods and persons. In 2005 the

240 total amount of petrol sold was a little over one million tons, about 8% of the national total. A mid-period comparison shows a 5.3% reduction in sales in 2005 (compared to the previous year), emphasising the negative trend which had been apparent since Over the period the average annual variation was -2.4%. The greatest quantity of petrol in the whole Region was sold in the Province of Catania (294,000 tons) and the Province of Palermo (251,000). The sales of motor diesel-oil totalled about 1.5 million tons, showing a mid-period positive trend that could be converted into an average annual variation of 5.2% (the period ). Catania held the record for sales with a total of 441,000 tons, followed by the Province of Palermo (236,000). As regards fuel-oil, the main fuel for supplying thermo-electric power-stations, the quantity sold amounted to 1.7 million tons in all; this represented a clear decline when compared to sales in 2004 (-8.0%) and in line with the negative trend of the last few years (annual average of -6.5%). Only in the Province of Messina were significant quantities sold (67.3%). From the point of view of Sicily s industrial configuration in 2005, there were 38,143 business enterprises operating in the manufacturing sector (6% of the national total), and mainly in the food sector, with its 11,119 enterprises (29.2% of the total), as well as the metallurgic sector (15.2%) and the engineering sector (11.8%). The number of business enterprises grew steadily over the five-year period, at an average rate of 0.9%. The most exemplary sectors as far as development and growth are concerned were again those in the food sector, with an average annual increase of 2.6%, metallurgy (1.5%) and production of transportation (4.7%). On the other hand the Sicilian textile sector seems to be in decline, with a steady fall in the number of business enterprises in operation in the period in question (an annual average of -2.5%). Almost 60% of active Sicilian business enterprises operate in the Provinces of Catania (9,396), Palermo (8,053) and Messina (5,421); this predominance also exists at the level of single sectors. It is worth mentioning that Trapani still has a substantial number of business enterprises in the sectors of non-metalliferous products (12.8%), means of transportation (15.2%) and the food industry (10.1%), whilst Siracusa makes its presence felt in the metallurgical industry (10.2%) and Caltanissetta in the textile sector (7.0%). Glossary Business enterprise: a juridical/economic entity producing goods and services intended for sale; it has the authority to distribute the profits to the owners of the enterprise, be they private or public. Dense combustible oil with a low sulphur content (BTZ): residual of inferior quality much used in industry for heating, for powering ships and as a combustible in thermo-electric plants.

241 Electricity supply (consumption): amount of electricity sold by public enterprises, by wholesalers and by producers to their customers, and the amount of electricity consumed by self-producers themselves. Fuel-oil: heavy or residual distillates from refinery distillation or other operations, used for the production of heat for industry (furnaces and boilers) and for domestic heating or the production of energy (motors) Gross electricity production: total amount of electricity produced in a given period and recorded at the terminals of generators in power stations. Hydro-electric plants: the totality of plumbing, machinery, equipment, buildings and services intended for the transformation of hydraulic energy into electrical energy. Motor diesel-oil: intermediate distillate from refinery processing, used as fuel in diesel motors. Net electricity production: total amount of electricity produced and recorded on emission from the production plants Thermo-electric power-stations: the totality of traditional thermo-electric, nuclear-thermo-electric and geo-thermo-electric plants.. Further reading Volumes

242 Italian Statistical Yearbook ISTAT Internet Three-monthly Oil Bulletin 8 Census of industry and services "Statistical data about electrical energy in Italy Italian Statistical Yearbook 2006 Chapter 14: Industry Report on industry in Sicily Structured survey 2006

243 Table 17.1 Electricity production per energy source utilised and category of producer (in millions of kwh) Gross production Net production Energy sources Total Hydroelectric Thermoelectric Hydroelectric Thermoelectric Total Sicily Divisions i i South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 1,9 9,7 8,6 1,9 9,6 8,5 Producers Producers Total Producers Selfproducers Selfproducers Total Sicily Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 8,0 18,4 8,6 7,9 17,4 8,5 Source: Elaboration from data from TERNA (National Electricity Network)

244 Table 17.2 Electricity consumption (in millions of kwh) Agriculture Industry Service industry* Household use Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 7,4 4,9 5,7 8,7 6,0 Source: Elaboration from data from TERNA (National Electricity Network) * Figures are net of FS traction consumption

245 Table 17.3 Petrol sales (in tons) Total Ordinary roadnetwork Motorway network Non-network Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 8,0 8,4 3,7 4,8 Source: Elaboration from data from the Ministry for Productive Activities

246 Table 17.4 Sales of motor diesel-oil and fuel-oil (in tons) Fuel-oil Combustible oil Total Motorway network Ordinary roadnetwork Nonnetwork Total BTZ* Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 6,0 6,9 3,4 5,3 20,7 16,1 Source: Elaboration from data from the Ministry for Productive Activities *BTZ - Dense combustible oil with a low sulphur content

247 Table 17.5 Manufacturing enterprises registered with the CCIAA (Chamber of commerce, industry, crafts and agriculture) Food and similar Textiles, clothing, leather Paper, publishing Petrochemical Nonmetalliferous Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = ,1 2,6 5,9 5,7 5,0 Source: Elaboration from data from Movimprese

248 Table 17.5 cont. Manufacturing enterprises registered with the CCIAA Metallurgical Engineering Means of transport Wood and others Total Sicily Provinces Agrigento Caltanissetta Catania Enna Messina Palermo Ragusa Siracusa Trapani Divisions South/islands North/centre Italy Italy = 100 9,2 5,0 4,2 6,6 6,0 Source: Elaboration from data from Movimprese

249 18 - REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ITALY This chapter represents something new compared with previous editions of the Yearbook. It outlines the main indicators regarding environmental, economic and social issues, with reference to the twenty Italian Regions, the two divisions (north/south and south/islands) and Italy in its entirety. Environmental indicators. Population density is an indicator that aims to assess human activity and behaviour as regards its effect on the environment; the figure for Sicily in 2005 being 195 inhabitants per sq km, which is in line with the national average. Campania (426) and Lombardia (397 inhabitants per sq km) are among the Regions with the highest density of inhabitants; Basilicata and Valle d Aosta are among those with the lowest population density. From the environmental point of view, the main goal in dealing with solid waste is to recycle and reutilise; this can be easily carried out if the collection modes are type-specific. In 2004 differentiated collection of solid urban waste amounted to a total of 5.4%, lower than the Italian average (22.7%), but bearing in mind the delayed appearance in Sicily of the norm in question. The negative differential seems to be consistent, above all, with reference to the more exemplary Regions, such as Veneto and Lombardia. The quantity of energy produced from renewable sources in 2004 amounted to 2.4%, among the lowest at the Regional level, except for Liguria (1.5%). A further indicator of the demands on the environment might be represented by the value added for the petrochemical industry, which was 257 Euros per inhabitant in 2004, a lower figure than the national average (362 Euros). The reverse order in this case is led by Lombardia (922) and Lazio (525) and concluded by Valle d Aosta (48) and Calabria (60 Euros per inhabitant). Transport indicators. The synthetic index of infrastructures of rail, motorway and air transport shows Sicily to be almost in line with the Italian average, with a figure of 104.7, (assuming 100 as the national figure). There were 57 motor-cars in circulation per 100 inhabitants, a figure which, by comparison, is not far from the overall Italian figure (60). The highest density of motor-cars among the Regions is recorded in Lazio, with 68 vehicles per

250 100 residents, and Umbria (67), whereas among those with a lower intensity we find Puglia with 52 and Basilicata with 54 motor-cars. The index for goods transport by road, represented by the quantity of goods transported by road per inhabitant amounts to about 7 tons, clearly lower than the Regions at the top of the table (Trentino-Alto Adige with 50 tons) and only a little above Calabria, which is at the foot of the table. The index of goods transport by rail, calculated as the ratio of goods transported and the number of inhabitants, also shows similar characteristics to those for roadtransport. Socio-demographic indicators. Indicators for the social area contribute to describing certain peculiar features of the population. In 2005 the birth-rate (10.4 per 1000 inhabitants) was among the highest after those of Campania (11.3) and Trentino-Alto Adige (11.1); bringing up the tail was Liguria with 7.7 births per 1000 inhabitants. The wedding-rate for the same year (4.8 per 1000 inhabitants) was also above the Italian average (4.3), placing the Region among the most prolific, and in third place after Campania (5.4) and Lazio (5.2). Emilia-Romagna and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (with 3.5 and 3.6 weddings respectively per 1000 inhabitants) occupied the bottom positions. The index of dependence for the elderly and life-expectancy, can prove useful for an analysis of the degree of vitality of the population. In particular, the first indicator (calculated from the ratio of persons aged 65 and over, to the active population, from 15 to 64 years of age) registers one of the lowest figures (26.9%) in Italy (29.4%), and over 15 percentage points below Liguria, which had the highest figure in the index. Life-expectancy for the male population (77.4 years) is close to the average for the other Regions, whereas the female span is 82.3 years, almost two and a half years less than the Region at the top of the classification (Marche with 84.7 years). Education indicators. At the Regional level there is a substantial convergence with regard to the level of school education. The schooling index synthesized by the average duration of studies indicates a figure of 8.2 years, slightly lower than the Italian average (8.7 years); Lazio with 9.5 years, stands out among the Regions with the highest levels of schooling. Almost a third of schoolchildren drop out of school before obtaining their secondary schoolleaving certificate, as compared with a little more than a fifth in the whole of Italy. The number of graduates in scientific subjects and technology in 2005 totalled 6.8 per 1000 resident inhabitants, against 10.9 at the national level. Molise brings up the rear with its 0.7 per 1000, whilst Emilia-Romagna is in first place with 16.5 graduates per 1000 inhabitants. Cultural indicators. The level of cultural interest, expressed by the number of visitors to museums compared to the standing of the institutes, is among the highest in Italy (91.7), preceded by Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio and Campania. The public s average per capita expenditure on theatre and music (5 Euros in 2005) is the highest among the Regions of the south/islands, together with Campania, but a long way from the top of the table (Lazio with 14.2 Euros per inhabitant).

251 Socio-sanitary indicators. Sanitary conditions can be delineated from data regarding demand for treatment and supply provided by the public and private hospital structures. National Health Service expenditure per inhabitant in 2005 amounted to 1,566 Euros, slightly lower than the national average (1,618), but a long way from the Region with the highest expenditure (Trentino-Alto Adige with 1,899 Euros). The number of hospital beds in 2004 numbered 4.4 per 1000 inhabitants, against the 5.7 of Lazio, which was at the top of the Regional table (4.6 was the figure for Italy as a whole). The hospital bed utilisation rate is among the lowest in the country (70.6% in Sicily against 82% in Abruzzo in first place) The average hospital stay is 5.9 days, considerably lower than that of Piemonte at the top of the table (9.7 days). There is an average of about 63 places in day-hospital at the disposition of every one hundred thousand inhabitants, a figure which places the Region among the best-equipped, and preceded only by Lazio (69 places). Labour market indicators. In 2005 the male employment-rate calculated from the active population, stood at 60.5%, in comparison with a national index of 69.7%. Trentino-Alto Adige heads the classification with 77% and Calabria is at the bottom with 58.4%. The female employment-rate in the same year stood at 28%, with a very large negative differential when compared to the national figure (45.3%). The unemployment indicators reflect very clearly the limited work opportunities in Sicily. The employment-rate in 2005 stood at 16.2%, a level that is 8 points higher than the average national figure. Youth employment-rate stands at 44,8%, 20 points higher than the figure in the country as a whole Social welfare and insurance indicators. The social security system is characterised by the number of insured persons against the resident population (about 30%), which is lower than the Italian average (42% in 2003). Trentino-Alto Adige, with 55% had the highest rate, along with Emilia-Romagna with 52%. The average annual pension amounted to almost 8,000 Euros in 2004, 13% lower than the national figure. In descending order in the classification Lazio finds itself in first place, with 10,621 Euros per pension, followed by Lombardia (10,201), whilst Basilicata (7,193 Euros) and Molise (7,012 Euros) bring up the rear. The ratio of pensioners to employed persons is among the highest, 84% in 2003 compared with 60% in Trentino-Alto Adige, which is the Region with the lowest percentage of pensioners per 100 employed (for the whole country the figure is about 72%). Social anxiety indicators. Contrary to what is often supposed, the perception in Sicily, of the risk of criminality, is relatively muted; in fact, in 2004, only 23 resident families out of 100 stated that they had felt this anxiety, against a national average of 29%. Campania (53%) is the Region where the risk of criminality is felt most intensely, along with Veneto (38%), whereas it is almost negligible in Trentino-Alto Adige and Molise. In fact, the index of petty crime in cities stands at a figure of 14.4 per 1000 inhabitants in Sicily, against a national average of As far as suicides are concerned, the data reveals the extent of the phenomenon to stand at 4 per every 100,000 inhabitants,

252 against the 10 in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, which is at the top of the table and the 2.6 of Campania at the bottom. Agricultural indicators. Agriculture and zootechnics contribute to the Gross Regional Product to the extent of 4.4%, a figure among the highest after those of Calabria, Basilicata and Puglia. The labour productivity sector (22,300 Euros) is above the average by geographical area of belonging, and only a little lower than the national figure (25,000 Euros). Wine production stands at 73 Euros per inhabitant and places the island of Sicily among the Regions with the greatest vocation in this sector; it is in 6th place in descending order in a list headed by Puglia (170 Euros) and with Liguria in last place (4 Euros). With regard to vegetable production (200 Euros per inhabitant in 2005) Sicily is also among the top Regions in Italy. Industry indicators. The unobtrusive presence of entrepreneurship in the industrial picture is emphasised by the number of business enterprises compared to the resident population. In 2004 there were 56 manufacturing enterprises per 10,000 inhabitants against a national average of 91, the figures ranging from a maximum of 141 enterprises in the Marche to 138 in Toscana to the minimums of Sicily and Lazio. The role of the manufacturing industry in the Regional productive sector can be grasped by the entity of the value added in the sector per inhabitant, which amounted to 1,477 Euros in 2004, against 4,653 Euros in Italian industry as a whole. In this case it is Lombardia with 8,185 Euros that is top Region, and Calabria bottom with 1,320 Euros per inhabitant. Lastly, as far as labour productivity in industry in the strict sense is concerned, in 2004, the value added per worker amounted to 46,900 Euros, which was about 10% lower than the national figure. Campania, Puglia and Marche are also among those at the bottom of the table, with a little more than 40,000 Euros per employed person. Credit indicators. At the end of 2005, there were 3.4 bank-branches per 10,000 inhabitants, a figure lower than the national average (5.4) and in line with the south-islands division. The greatest density of branch-offices was registered in Trentino-Alto Adige (9.5) and the lowest in Calabria with 2.6 per 10,000 inhabitants. In the same year the sum of deposits per branch-office (18.9 million Euros) placed Sicily in an intermediate position among the Regions, preceded by Lazio, Lombardia and Campania and followed by Sardegna, Basilicata and Molise. The distribution throughout the island of POS (points of sale) is still relatively limited, especially compared to the Regions of the centre-north. The number of POS per 10,000 inhabitants is 131, as compared to 172 spread around the whole country. Among the Regions with most POS we find Valle d Aosta and Trentino-Alto Adige, whilst Calabria (101) and Basilicata (91 POS per 10,000 inhabitants) have the fewest. Trade indicators. Trade indicators can provide information about a family s spending power for the purchase of goods and services, and can therefore show the extent of material well-being. The consumer expenditure of families on food-stuffs and beverages in 2005 amounted to 418 Euros per month, below the national average (456 Euros). The Marche with 492 Euros monthly and Lombardia (486 Euros) are the Regions where this type of consumption is

253 at its highest; on the contrary, the lo west figure was that of Molise (404 Euros). Family expenditure on non-alimentary goods attained 1,263 Euros per month, with a negative differential of 678 Euros compared to the national average. The highest levels of expenditure are estimated for Trentino-Alto Adige, Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna, with figures above 2,300 Euros monthly. Around 70% of families had an average or average/high standard of living in 2005, which was lower than the average national figure; the remaining 30% is made up of families in conditions of relative poverty. The wealthiest Regions were again Emilia-Romagna and Lombardia. Sicily exports only 7% of its own production, making it one of the Regions with the lowest profile on international markets. From this point of view the areas with most contacts abroad are Veneto, which exports a third of its production, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardia. At the bottom of the table Sicily is flanked by Campania (8%) and Calabria with a mere 1.2% of its GDP. On the other hand, the propensity to buy foreign goods (percentage of import out of GDP) seems to be relatively strong, especially taking into account Italy s dependence on international markets for its energy supplies (oil and gas). Tourism indicators. Accommodation facilities provide 31 beds per 1000 inhabitants, which is lower than the total for the whole country (72 beds). Valle d Aosta and Trentino-Alto Adige stand out as the Regions with a strong tourist vocation, offering 400 beds per inhabitant. With regard to hotel categories, almost a third seem to offer high quality, boasting at least 4 stars. In this case it is Campania and Sardegna that head the list, whilst Trentino-Alto Adige and Marche, where the hotel accommodation is of a lower category, bring up the rear. Tourist demand adds up to 2,662 overnight stays per 1000 residents (in Italy the figure is 5,987). Tourism in Sicily is not only based around sea-side resorts, but also its historical and cultural heritage, and so the tourist flux is not concentrated solely in the summer months: the index of utilisation of amenities stands at 23%, placing Sicily in an intermediate position among the Regions. Regional Account Indicators. With regard to Regional accounts, the peculiarities of the overall economic picture are reflected in several figures. The per capita GDP constitutes the synthesis indicator par excellence of economic activity in the Region, and shows a figure for 2004 of 15,870 Euros, 31% lower than the overall average for Italy (23,114 Euros). The table in descending order is headed by Trentino-Alto Adige with 30,621 Euros per inhabitant, whilst Calabria is at the bottom with 15,154 Euros. An index which expresses the standard of living of the population much more approximately, is the disposable income figure, which stands at 11,370 Euros per inhabitant, 29% lower than the figure for the whole of the country (16,021 Euros). However this gap is reduced if permanent employee income is taken into consideration; this amounts to an average of 29,253 Euros per work unit, compared to the 32,620 Euros throughout the whole country. There is also a relatively meagre gap in generic labour productivity, delineated by the value added per work-unit, which is 46,079 Euros in Sicily against 49,507, the national average.

254 Table 1 Environmental indicators Regions Density (Inhabitants per sq km) Differentiated collection (% of urban waste) Mobile-phone base-stations (per inhabitants) Energy produced from renewable sources (% of total) Value added for petro-chemical industry (Euros per inhabitant) Protected areas (% of total area) Piemonte Valle d'aosta Lombardia Trentino - A. A Veneto Friuli - V. G Liguria Emilia-Romagna Toscana Umbria Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardegna North/centre South/islands ITALY *TEP - tons of oil equivalents Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Density Inhabitants/sq km 2005 ISTAT Differentiated collection of urban waste Urban waste subject to differentiated collection as % of total urban waste 2004 APAT Mobile-phone base stations Energy produced from renewable sources Number of mobile-phone base stations (per 10,000 inhabitants) 2003 APAT Gross production - GWh of energy produced from renewable sources as % of total GWh produced 2004 TERNA (National network) Value added petro-chemical industry per inhabitant Protected areas Value added petro-chemical industry against average resident population (Euros) 2003 Total protected areas (land and sea) out of total surface area 2003 ISTAT, Territorial Economic Accounts Ministry for the Environment and Safeguard of the Territory and ISTAT

255 Graph I Differentiated collection of solid urban waste (as % of solid urban waste) Graph II Value added for petrochemical industry (Euros per inhabitant index no.italy = 100) Valle d'aosta Calabria Puglia Campania Basilicata Liguria Trentino - A. A. Friuli - V. G. Sicilia Molise Marche Emilia-Romagna Piemonte Toscana Abruzzo Umbria Sardegna ITALIA Veneto Lazio Lombardia 0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 300,0

256 Table 2 Regions Transport indicators Indicator of synthesis of transport infrastructure (ITALY = 100) Motor-cars (per 100 inhabitants) Index of goods traffic on roads (tons per inhabitant) Mortality-rate on roads (per 1,000 accidents) Utilisation of public transport (%) Index of freight traffic by rail (tons per 100 inhabitants) Piemonte Valle d'aosta Lombardia Trentino - A. A Veneto Friuli - V. G Liguria Emilia-Romagna Toscana Umbria Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardegna North/centre South/islands ITALY Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Indicator of synthesis of transport infrastructure Motor-cars per inhabitant Index of goods carried by road Mortality-rate on roads T Utilization of public transport Index of rail-freight Simple arithmetical average of: a) km of railway track per 1,000 sq km, b) km of motorway network per 1,000 sq km, c) passengers carried by airplane per 1,000 inhabitants - (no.index Italy = 100) Motor-cars against average resident population (per 100) Tons of goods entering and departing by road (per inhabitant) Ratio between number of deceased in road accidents and number of accidents (per 1,000) Employed persons, students and schoolchildren, users of public transport out of total no.persons who have moved around for work or study and have used means of transport (%) Tons of freight entering and departing by rail (per 100 inhabitants) a) e b) 2002, c) 2004 SVIMEZ elaborations from ISTAT, RFI and AISCAT data 2004 ACI and ISTAT ISTAT, Statistics for goods transport by road ISTAT, Statistics for road accidents 2005 ISTAT, Multiscopo survey 2004 Trenitalia S.p.a.

257 Graph III Rate of road-deaths (per 1,000 accidents) Graph IV 250 Indices for air traffic, goods transport by road and by rail (index no. Italy = 100) 200 TAA Bub b le size = In d ex o f f r eight t r an sp o r t at io n b y r ail Index of freight transportation by road EMR UMB FVG VDA PIE TOS MAR LIG MOL ABR BAS CAM PUG CAL ITA VEN SIC SAR LOM LAZ In d ex o f air -t r af f ic

258 Table 3 Regions Socio-demographic indicators Birth-rate (per 1,000 inhabitants) Wedding-rate (per 1,000 inhabitants) Lifeexpectancy (M) (ave.no.years ) Lifeexpectancy (F) (ave.no.years) Index of dependence for the elderly (%) Foreigners (% of resident pop.) Piemonte Valle d'aosta Lombardia Trentino - A. A Veneto Friuli - V. G Liguria Emilia-Romagna Toscana Umbria Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardegna North/centre South/islands ITALY Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Birth-rate Wedding-rate Male life expectancy at birth Female life expectancy at birth Index of dependence of the elderly Percentage of foreigners Ratio between number born alive and average resident population (per 1,000 inhabitants) 2005 Ratio between number of weddings and average resident population (per 1,000 inhabitants) 2005 Average number of years a new-born male expects to live 2005 Average number of years a new-born female expects to live 2005 Ratio between the population aged 65 and over, and the population aged 15 to Ratio between number of foreigners and average resident population 2005 ISTAT, data-bank demo.istat.it ISTAT, data-bank demo.istat.it ISTAT, data-bank demo.istat.it ISTAT, data-bank demo.istat.it ISTAT, data-bank demo.istat.it ISTAT, data-bank demo.istat.it

259 Graph V Foreign residents (as % of resident population) Graph VI Index of dependence of the elderly (index no. Italy = 100) Campania Sardegna Puglia Trentino - A. A. Sicilia Calabria Lazio Veneto Lombardia ITALIA Valle d'aosta Basilicata Abruzzo Molise Friuli - V. G. Piemonte Marche Emilia-Romagna Toscana Umbria Liguria 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0 160,0

260 Table 4 Regions Educational indicators Index of schooling at 2001 Census (no.years) Level of education of popupation aged years (%) Upper secondary school attendance rate (%) Young people dropping out of school (%) Graduates in scientific subjects and technology (per 1,000 inhabitants) Employed persons receiving training or education (%) Piemonte Valle d'aosta Lombardia Trentino - A. A Veneto Friuli - V. G Liguria Emilia-Romagna Toscana Umbria Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardegna North/centre South/islands ITALY Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Index of schooling at 2001 Census (no.of years) Level of education of population aged years (%) Attendance-rate at upper secondary school (%) Number of years of schooling of population aged over 6 years. This is obtained by comparing the population by school qualification possessed with the minimum number of years needed to obtain it Percentage of population aged years possessing at least a lower-school leaving certificate (%) Total number enrolled at secondary school against the resident population aged years (%) /2005 MIUR ISTAT, Population census 2001 ISTAT, Labour forces Population aged years with a school Young people dropping out of qualification of a lower level than that of the school (%) upper secondary school and not involved in further training or education (%) 2005 ISTAT, Labour forces Graduates in science and technology (per 1,000 inhabitants) Employed persons involved in educational or training activity (%) Graduates in scientific and technological subjects per 1,000 inhabitants aged years MIUR Employed adults aged years involved in educational or training activity against employed adults in the corresponding agegroup (%) 2005 ISTAT, Labour forces

261 Graph VII Level of schooling index at the 2001 Census (number of years) Graph VIII Young people dropping out of education (index no. Italy = 100) Sardegna Sicilia Puglia Campania Valle d'aosta ITALIA Lombardia Piemonte Marche Trentino - A. A. Emilia-Romagna Veneto Calabria Basilicata Toscana Liguria Abruzzo Umbria Molise Friuli - V. G. Lazio 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0 160,0

262 Table 5 Regions Cultural indicators Index of cultural demand (visitors per institute - in thousands) Level of promotion of cultural offerings (%) Spending on theatre and musical events (Euros) Diffusion of theatre and musical events (tickets per 1,000 inhabitants) TV licences (no. per 100 families) Published work (copies sold per 1,000 inhabitants) Piemonte ,384 Valle d'aosta nd nd Lombardia ,295 Trentino - A. A ,849 Veneto Friuli - V. G ,806 Liguria Emilia-Romagna ,394 Toscana ,837 Umbria Marche ,017 Lazio ,985 Abruzzo Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardegna North/centre ,905 South/islands ITALY ,980 Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Index of cultural demand Degree of promotion of cultural offering Number of visitors to state institutes of ancient history and art by institute (figures in thousands) Ratio of paying visitors to non-paying visitors at state institutes of ancient history and art with entrance fee (%) 2004 ISTAT, Cultural statistics Expenditure on theatre and musical events Average per capita spending by the public on theatrical and musical events (Euros) Diffusion of theatrical and musical events TV licences Published works Tickets sold for theatrical and musical activities (per 100 inhabitants) TV licences (per 100 families) Circulation of published works (per 1,000 inhabitants) SIAE 2005 RAI 2005 ISTAT, Cultural statistics

263 Graph IX Cultural demand index (visitors per institute, in thousands) Graph X Diffusion of theatre and musical shows (per 100 inhabitants index no. Italy = 100) Molise Calabria Puglia Campania Basilicata Sicilia Sardegna Abruzzo Piemonte Valle d'aosta ITALIA Lombardia Liguria Friuli - V. G. Marche Umbria Veneto Toscana Emilia-Romagna Trentino - A. A. Lazio 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0 160,0 180,0 200,0

264 Table 6 Regions Socio-sanitary indicators NHS expenditure per capita (Euros) Hospital beds (per 1,000 inhabitants) Utilisationrate of hospital beds (%) Average stay in hospital (no.days) Places in day hospital (per 100,000 inhabitants) Voluntary abortions (per 1,000 women) Piemonte 1, Valle d'aosta 1, Lombardia 1, Trentino - A. A. 1, Veneto 1, Friuli - V. G. 1, Liguria 1, Emilia-Romagna 1, Toscana 1, Umbria 1, Marche 1, Lazio 1, Abruzzo 1, Molise 1, Campania 1, Puglia 1, Basilicata 1, Calabria 1, Sicily 1, Sardegna 1, North/centre 1, South/islands 1, ITALY 1, Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source NHS per capita spending Hospital beds Utilization rate of beds Average hospital stay Day hospital places Voluntary abortions NHS current spending against average resident population (Euros) 2005 Ministry for Health Beds in accredited public and private hospitals (per 1,000 resident inhabitants) 2004 Ministry for Health Ratio between number of actual days of stay and potential number of days of hospital stay (x 100) 2003 Ministry for Health Ratio between number of days stay in hospital and total hospital stays 2003 Ministry for Health Day hospital places (per 100,000 resident inhabitants) 2004 Ministry for Health Standardized total for women aged years and resident in Italy in 1991 (x 1,000) 2003 ISTAT, Voluntary abortions

265 Graph XI Places in day-hospital (per 100,000 inhabitants) Graph XII Number of hospital beds per inhabitant in accredited state hospitals (index no. Italy = 100) Lazio Molise Emilia-Romagna Trentino - A. A. Abruzzo Lombardia Sardegna Friuli - V. G. Marche ITALIA Piemonte Calabria Liguria Toscana Veneto Sicilia Basilicata Umbria Puglia Valle d'aosta Campania 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0

266 Table 7 Regions Labour-market indicators Male employmentrate years (%) Female Unemploymentrate (%) employment-rate years (%) Youth unemploymentrate (%) Long-term unemplymentrate years (%) Irregularityrate (%) Piemonte Valle d'aosta Lombardia Trentino - A. A Veneto Friuli - V. G Liguria Emilia-Romagna Toscana Umbria Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardegna North/centre South/islands ITALY Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Employment-rate M Employment-rate F Unemployment-rate Youth unemployment-rate Long-term unemploymentrate Ratio between employed males and the male population aged 15 to 64 (x 100) 2005 ISTAT, Labour force Ratio between employed females and the female population aged 15 to 64 (x 100) 2005 ISTAT, Labour force Ratio between persons seeking work and the labour-force (x 100) 2005 ISTAT, Labour force Ratio between persons aged 15-24, seeking work, and the labour-force (x 100) 2005 ISTAT, Labour force Ratio between persons who have been seeking work for more than 12 months and the labour-force (x 100) 2005 ISTAT, Labour force Irregularity-rate Irregular work-units as % of total work-units 2003 ISTAT, National Accounting

267 Graph XIII Irregularity-rate (as % of total work units) Graph XIV Youth unemployment rate (%) and long-term unemployment rate (%) Long-term unemployment rate (%) 10.0 Sic 9.0 Cam Cal 8.0 Pug 7.0 Sar Bas M ol 4.0 ITA Laz Abr 3.0 Pie Umb M ar Lig 2.0 Fri Lom Tos Emi Ven 1.0 Tre VdA Youth unemployment rate (%)

268 Table 8 Regions Social welfare and insurance indicators Insured persons (% of resident pop.) Average pension (Euros) Resident adults per GP (no.) Health spending as % of GDP Welfare for the elderly (% of total cases) Pensioners vs employed (%) Piemonte ,826 1, Valle d'aosta ,133 1, Lombardia ,201 1, Trentino - A. A ,169 1, Veneto ,147 1, Friuli - V. G ,534 1, Liguria ,001 1, Emilia-Romagna ,187 1, Toscana ,229 1, Umbria ,229 1, Marche ,942 1, Lazio , Abruzzo ,671 1, Molise , Campania ,076 1, Puglia ,385 1, Basilicata ,193 1, Calabria ,448 1, Sicily ,979 1, Sardegna ,419 1, North/centre ,643 1, South/islands ,996 1, ITALY ,132 1, Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Persons insured with social security Persons insured with social security: invalids, the elderly and war-veterans out of resident population (%) 2003 ISTAT Average pension (amount) Average annual pension (in Euros) 2004 INPS and ISTAT Resident adults per GP Population aged 13 and over compared to no.of GPs 2004 Ministry for Health Total health-care spending Total health-care spending as % of GDP 2003 ISTAT, Regional Healthcare indivators Assistance for the elderly Integrated home-help for the elderly out of total cases (x 100) 2004 Ministry for Health No.of pensioners against no.of employed Pensioners against employed (%) 2003 INPS and ISTAT

269 Graph XV Health spending as % of GDP Graph XVI Number of insured persons (out of the resident population index no. Italy = 100) Trentino - A. A. Emilia-Romagna Valle d'aosta Veneto Lombardia Marche Friuli - V. G. Toscana Piemonte Umbria ITALIA Liguria Abruzzo Lazio Basilicata Molise Sardegna Puglia Calabria Sicilia Campania 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0

270 Table 9 Social anxiety indicators Regions Index of petty crime in cities (per 1,000 inhabitants) Index of violent crime (per 10,000 inhabitants) Index of juvenile crime (%) Families' Suicides (per perception of crimerisk in zone where 100,000 inhabitants) they live (%) Divorces (per 100,000 married persons Piemonte Valle d'aosta Lombardia Trentino - A. A Veneto Friuli - V. G Liguria Emilia-Romagna Toscana Umbria Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardegna North/centre South/islands ITALY Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Petty crime index in the city Violent crime index Juvenile crime index Families' perception of crime risk in area where they live Suicides per inhabitant Divorces by married person Bag-snatching, pick-pocketing, thefts from parked cars, theft from motor-vehicles in chief towns per 1,000 inhabitants Violent crimes per 10,000 inhabitants Minors denounced for any type of crime as % of total no.persons denounced Families who feel great or moderate anxiety about the crime-risk in the area where they live as a % of all families Suicides (per 100,000 inhabitants) Number of divorces granted per 100,000 married persons 2003 Ministry for Home Affairs ISTAT, Political Indicators for development ISTAT, Political Indicators for development 2004 ISTAT, Multiscopo survey ISTAT, Territorial informational system regarding Law and Order ISTAT, Territorial informational system regarding Law and Order

271 Graph XVII Violent crime index (per 10,000 inhabitants) Graph XVIII Index of criminality in cities (per 1,000 inhabitants) and families perception of the risk of criminality in the area in which they live (%) Cam Perception of criminality (%) Bas M ol M ar Fri Abr Umb Pug Tos Sic Cal Pug VdA Tre Lig Ven ITA Emi Pie Laz Lom Index of petty crime (per 1,000 inhabitants)

272 Table 10 Agricultural indicators Regions Labour-productivity in agriculture, forestry and fishing (thousands of Euros) Productivity of agricultural land (thousands of Euros) Value added in agriculture (%) Milk production per inhabitant (Euros) Vegetable production per inhabitant (Euros) Wine production per inhabitant (Euros) Piemonte Valle d'aosta Lombardia Trentino - A. A Veneto Friuli - V. G Liguria Emilia-Romagna Toscana Umbria Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardegna North/centre South/islands ITALY Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Labour productivity in agriculture, forestry and fishing Productivity of agricultural land Percentage of value added for agriculture, forestry and fishing Milk-production per inhabitant Vegetable production per inhabitant Wine production per inhabitant Value added at base-prices in agriculture, forestry and fishing (thousands of Euros) 2004 Value added agriculture at base-prices per hectare of AUL (thousands of Euros) 2005 Value added at base-prices in agriculture, forestry and fishing as % of total value added 2004 Milk-production at current prices against resident population (Euros) 2005 Vegetable production at current prices against resident population (Euros) 2005 Wine production at current prices against resident population (Euros) 2005 ISTAT, Territorial Economic Accounts ISTAT, Territorial Economic Accounts ISTAT, Territorial Economic Accounts ISTAT, Agricultural statistics

273 Graph XIX - Value added for agriculture (as % of total value added) Graph XX Production of milk, vegetables and wine (index no. Italy = 100) Milk production 350 Bub b le size = Win e p r o d uct io n TAA 300 SAR 250 VDA LOM EMR 200 MOL 150 FVG 100 ITA VEN PIE LAZ CAM BAS 50 UMB TOS PUG ABR LIG MAR CAL SIC Veget ab le p r o d uct io n

274 Table 11 Regions Industry indicators Industrial enterprises in strict sense (per 10,000 inhabitants) Value added in industry in strict sense per inhabitant (Euros) Labour productivity in industry in strict sense (thousands of Euros) Expenditure of enterprises for intra-muros R&D as % of GDP Workers per enterprise group Net registrationrate in Business Register (%) Piemonte , Valle d'aosta , Lombardia , Trentino - A. A , Veneto , Friuli - V. G , Liguria , Emilia-Romagna , Toscana , Umbria , Marche , Lazio , Abruzzo , Molise , Campania , Puglia , Basilicata , Calabria , Sicily , Sardegna , North/centre , South/islands , ITALY , Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Industrial enterprises in strict sense (per 10,000 inhabitants) Value added for industry in strict sense per inhabitant (Euros) Labour productivity in industry in strict sense (thousands of Euros) Spending of enterprises on intra-muros R&D as % of GDP Workers per group of enterprise Net registration-rate in the business register (%) Industrial enterprises in strict sense and constructions against total no.enterprises (per 10,000 inhabitants) 2004 ISTAT, ASIA Value added for industry in strict sense against average resident population (Euros) 2004 Value added for industry in strict sense per work.unit in the same sector (thousands of Euros) 2004 Spending of enterprises on intra-muros R&D as % of GDP 2004 ISTAT, Territorial Economic Accounts ISTAT, Territorial Economic Accounts ISTAT, Structural statistics for businesses No.workers against groups of businesses with at least two active enterprises 2003 ISTAT, ASIA Businesses registered, minus those closeddown, against all businesses registered in the previous year (%) 2005 Infocamere

275 Graph XXI Enterprises in industry in the strict sense (per 10,000 inhabitants) Graph XXII Labour productivity in industry in the strict sense (index no. Italy = 100) Lazio Valle d'aosta Liguria Lombardia Piemonte Basilicata Trentino - A. A. ITALIA Sardegna Emilia-Romagna Toscana Abruzzo Friuli - V. G. Calabria Molise Umbria Sicilia Veneto Campania Puglia Marche

276 Table 12 Credit indicators Regions Branch-offices (per 10,000 inhabitants) Deposits per branch (millions of Euros) Deposits per inhabitant (Euros) Index of credit intensity (%) Investments per inhabitant (Euros) POS (per 10,000 inhabitants) Piemonte , , Valle d'aosta , , Lombardia , , Trentino - A. A , , Veneto , , Friuli - V. G , , Liguria , , Emilia-Romagna , , Toscana , , Umbria , , Marche , , Lazio , , Abruzzo , , Molise , , Campania , , Puglia , , Basilicata , , Calabria , , Sicily , , Sardegna , , North/centre , , South/islands , , ITALY , , Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Branch-offices per inhabitant Deposits per branch-office Deposits per inhabitant Bank branch-offices against average resident population (per 10,000 inhabitants) Dec.2005 Bank of Italy and ISTAT Bank deposits against branch-offices (millions of Euros) Dec.2005 Bank of Italy Bank deposits against average resident population (Euros) Dec.2005 Bank of Italy and ISTAT Index of volume of credit Investments per inhabitant POS per inhabitant Bank investment (average annual amount) as % of GDP (at current prices) 2004 Bank of Italy and ISTAT Bank investments against average resident population (Euros) Dec.2005 Bank of Italy and ISTAT Number of POS (Point of Sale) machines in operation against average resident population (per 10,000 inhabitants) Dec.2005 Bank of Italy and ISTAT

277 Graph XXIII Bank branch-offices (per 10,000 inhabitants) Graph XXIV Index of volume of credit (index no. Italy = 100) Lombardia Emilia-Romagna Trentino - A. A. Veneto Marche Lazio Toscana ITALIA Umbria Friuli - V. G. Piemonte Valle d'aosta Abruzzo Basilicata Sardegna Liguria Molise Puglia Campania Sicilia Calabria 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0 160,0

278 Table 13 Trade indicators Regions Family's ave.monthly spending on food (Euros) Family's ave.monthly nonalimentary spending (Euros) Incidence of relative poverty (%) Imports as % of GDP Exports as % of GDP Capacity to export products of high or increasing productivity (%) Piemonte 443 1, Valle d'aosta 416 2, Lombardia 486 2, Trentino - A. A , Veneto 435 2, Friuli - V. G , Liguria 456 1, Emilia-Romagna 442 2, Toscana 470 2, Umbria 445 1, Marche 492 1, Lazio 462 1, Abruzzo 471 1, Molise 404 1, Campania 462 1, Puglia 480 1, Basilicata 436 1, Calabria 461 1, Sicily 418 1, Sardegna 453 1, North/centre 461 2, South/islands 452 1, ITALY 456 1, Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Average monthly family spending on food Total monthly spending on food against number of families (Euros) 2005 ISTAT, Family consumption Average monthly family Total monthly spending on non-alimentaries spending on non-alimentaries against number of families (Euros) 2005 ISTAT, Family consumption Ratio between number of families with average monthly spending equal to, or below, the poverty threshold and the overall Incidence of relative poverty number of resident families (%) 2005 ISTAT, Family consumption Imports against GDP Value at current prices of import of goods as % of GDP 2004 ISTAT, Statistics for development policy Exports against GDP Value at current prices of export of goods as % of GDP 2004 ISTAT, Statistics for development policy Capacity to export products at high or increasing productivity (a) Value of exports of fast-growing products on the world market and total exports (%) 2004 ISTAT, Statistics for foreign trade (a) The sectors considered are: chemical products and artificial synthetic fibres (DG); electrical, optical and precision machinery and equipment, (DL); means of transport (DM); computer, professional and entrepreneurial activity products (KK); products from other public, social and personal services (OO).

279 Graph XXV Exports as % of GDP Graph XXVI - Average monthly expenditure on food and non-alimentary consumption (Euros) 2,600 Average non-alimentary spending (Euros) 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 Fri M ol VdA Sic Tre Emi Ven Tos Pie Laz Umb ITA Lig Bas VdA Abr Cal Cam Pug Lom M ar 1, Average monthly expenditure on food (Euros)

280 Table 14 Regions Tourism indicators Beds per inhabitant (per 1,000) Hotel quality index (%) Index of tourist overnight stays (per 1,000 residents) Index of overall utilisation of tourist accommodation (%) Average stay in tourist accommodation Labour productivity in tourism (thousands of Eurolire 1995) Piemonte , Valle d'aosta , Lombardia , Trentino - A. A , Veneto , Friuli - V. G , Liguria , Emilia-Romagna , Toscana , Umbria , Marche , Lazio , Abruzzo , Molise , Campania , Puglia , Basilicata , Calabria , Sicily , Sardegna , North/centre , South/islands , ITALY , Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source Beds per inhabitant Beds in hotel-type accommodation against resident population (x 1,000) Jan 1, 2005 ISTAT, Tourism statistics Hotel-quality index Tourist flux index Beds in hotels of a higher category, or 4-star or similar, as % of overall no.beds Tourist overnight stays against population (x 1,000 residents) Jan 1, 2005 ISTAT, Tourism statistics 2005 ISTAT, Tourism statistics Index of overall utilization of tourist accommodation Average no.nights' stay Labour productivity in tourism Overnight stays in hotel accommodation against no.beds available (inclusive of seasonal closure, x 100) Overnight stays against arrivals in hotel-type accommodation Value added hotel and public service sector per work-unit in the same sector (thousands of 1995 Eurolire) 2005 ISTAT, Tourism statistics 2005 ISTAT, Tourism statistics 2003 ISTAT, Territorial Economic Accounts

281 Graph XXVII Number of beds per inhabitant (per 1,000 residents) Graph XXVIII Labour productivity in tourism (index no. Italy = 100) Sicilia Liguria Marche Trentino - A. A. Emilia-Romagna Valle d'aosta Calabria Veneto Lombardia Umbria Puglia ITALIA Lazio Toscana Friuli - V. G. Sardegna Molise Basilicata Campania Piemonte Abruzzo 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0

282 Table 15 Regions Indicators for Regional Accounting GDP per capita (Euros) Disposable income per inhabitant (Euros) Value added per work-unit (Euros) Income from permanent jobs per permanent job workunit (Euros) Family consumption per inhabitant (Euros) Investments per inhabitant (Euros) Piemonte 26,359 18,365 51,262 34,038 15,558 5,091 Valle d'aosta 30,054 19,420 52,366 34,547 20,236 7,050 Lombardia 29,096 19,621 54,189 36,094 15,977 5,338 Trentino - A. A. 30,621 18,941 52,779 34,003 17,979 7,945 Veneto 25,954 17,196 48,990 32,038 15,446 5,469 Friuli - V. G. 26,625 18,280 52,514 33,239 15,385 4,988 Liguria 25,631 18,452 52,990 33,485 16,737 3,772 Emilia-Romagna 28,425 19,860 51,020 33,274 16,978 5,702 Toscana 25,251 17,700 48,202 31,666 15,571 4,330 Umbria 22,258 16,136 46,039 31,062 13,511 4,419 Marche 23,187 16,287 45,770 31,791 14,137 4,471 Lazio 27,295 17,475 52,859 35,040 15,558 4,232 Abruzzo 19,208 13,768 44,971 30,708 12,119 3,890 Molise 18,215 13,554 45,218 29,882 11,244 3,349 Campania 15,681 11,356 44,774 29,453 10,390 2,782 Puglia 15,546 11,790 41,903 28,025 10,877 2,816 Basilicata 16,072 11,871 45,634 29,381 10,087 3,504 Calabria 15,154 11,420 41,254 26,271 10,825 3,329 Sicily 15,870 11,370 46,079 29,253 10,831 2,846 Sardegna 18,093 12,840 44,913 30,275 11,653 3,814 North/centre 26,943 18,391 51,457 33,985 15,721 5,054 South/islands 16,079 11,768 44,215 28,970 10,825 3,038 ITALY 23,114 16,021 49,507 32,620 13,983 4,333 Meta-data Indicator Description Year Source GDP per capita Disposable income per inhabitant Value added at base prices per work-unit Full-time permanent employee's income per fulltime employee work-unit Gross domestic product at current prices against average resident population (Euros) Families' disposable income against average resident population (Euros) Value added at current prices against total work-units (Euros) Full-time permanent employee's income at current prices against full-time employee work-unit (Euros) ISTAT, Territorial Economic Accounts Family consumption per inhabitant Investment per inhabitant Family consumption at current prices against average resident population (Euros) Investments at current prices against average resident population (Euros)

283 Graph XXIX Per capita GDP (Euros) Graph XXX Family consumption per inhabitant (index no. Italy = 100) Valle d'aosta Trentino - A. A. Emilia-Romagna Liguria Lombardia Toscana Lazio Piemonte Veneto Friuli - V. G. Marche ITALIA Umbria Abruzzo Sardegna Molise Puglia Sicilia Calabria Campania Basilicata 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 140,0 160,0

284

285 19 - Socio-Economic differences in the Mediterranean zone Because of its geographical position the region of Sicily finds itself in a strategic position with regard to the countries of the Mediterranean zone. Bearing in mind that the year 2010 will see the opening of an area of freetrade, it was deemed worthwhile to gather together data regarding the environmental, socio-demographic and economic situation of those countries and regions whose shores are caressed by the Mediterranean. This chapter is divided into two sections: in the first part there is data regarding the 22 countries that look out on to Mare Nostrum; they were chosen on the basis of their vicinity to the sea (Jordan has also been included). In the second part smaller areas of countries, such as the 39 European regions of the Mediterranean (Nuts2), are examined; again, these were chosen on the basis of their vicinity to the sea. Within each section a series of indicators are listed, referring to specific thematic areas and accompanied by meta-data and relevant graphs. Data regarding Sicily is highlighted, thus consenting straightforward comparisons. The statistical sources used were the data-banks produced by the United Nations, World Bank, OECD, Eurostat and ISTAT. The available and comparable statistical information for these areas is particularly scarce and scanty, so that certain significant phenomena can not be described precisely. The data shown in this chapter might differ from data in other sections of the yearbook because of the varying years of reference and/or the different sources consulted. The Mediterranean countries. With regard to environmental indicators, 64% of the total land in Sicily is land used for agricultural purposes, a figure that is higher than the national average (52.5%), as well as France (53.7%) and Spain (60.5%), and is in line with the figure for Greece (65.5%). The country with the least agricultural land is Egypt (3.4%). Naturally, the countries lying on the southern shores, characterised by large areas of desert, have the lowest percentages.. The protected areas in Sicily account for 10% of the total area, which classify it

286 below the national average, but above most of the countries surveyed. Among those with few protected areas we find Libya, la Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Lebanon. The lowest density per sq km is to be found in Libya (3 inhabitants). Consumption of electrical energy per inhabitant in Sicily amounts to 3,680 kwh, which is below the figure in Italy as a whole (5,620 kwh). France is the country with the greatest per capita electricity consumption (7,816 kwh), whereas Morocco is the country with the lowest (577 kwh). The demographic density (which quantifies the resident population concentration in a country) amounts to 193 persons per sq km in Italy, much higher than most of the countries under scrutiny. In Malta the indicator supplies abnormally high figures, as it does in Israel and the Lebanon. Moving on to an examination of the socio-demographic indicators, it can be seen that Italy has a birth-rate of 9.4 births per 1000 inhabitants, a lower level than the countries on the southern shores. Of these Syria registers the highest figure (28,1), followed by Jordan (274), Egypt and Palestine (26 per 1000). The mortality-rate in Italy stands at 10.2 deaths per 1000 inhabitants; a territorial analysis positions the country almost at the top of the table, preceded only by Croatia (11.8 per 1000 inhabitants) and Serbia and Montenegro (13.4). The infant mortality-rate in Sicily stands at 6.6 per 1000 live births, which is higher than the figure for Italy as a whole (4.1 per 1000 inhabitants), but below almost all the Mediterranean countries. The unemployment-rate in Sicily is close to 20%, which is higher than the national average and the corresponding figures for Spain, France and Greece, but lower than most of the other countries. The presence of foreign citizens in Italy registers a figure of 4.3% of the resident population; the percentage in Sicily is much lower (1.5%), placing it among the Mediterranean areas with the lowest number of foreign residents. As for the economic profile, the per capita gross domestic product (which represents the most synthetic assessment of a country s wealth) in Italy stands at 28,913 dollars, which is lower than France (32,984 dollars). Sicily with a per capita GDP of 20,299 dollars is in a higher position than the countries on the south-eastern shores. The contribution of agriculture to the product stands at 3.9% in Sicily, a higher figure than the national average, but far below most of the countries in the Euromed zone. With regard to value added by industry in the strict sense, Sicily, with its 9.3%, ranks among the low-industrialisation areas. The degree of openness to foreign markets of local products (estimated by the trading interchange in proportion to the GDP) seems to place Sicily among the most cautious in the area under examination. The European regions of the Mediterranean. The demographic density in Sicily amounts to inhabitants per sq km. This figure places it among the most overcrowded, along with Catalonia (204) and Valencia (187), both of which are Spanish regions. The region with the highest density is Malta (1,263

287 inhabitants per sq km) and the one with the lowest is Corsica with about 31 inhabitants per sq km. The birth-rate in 2003 in Sicily stood at 10.4 births per 1000 inhabitants, one of the highest figures of the 39 European regions under examination, and only lower than Spain (except for the region of Galicia) and France (except for Corsica). The mortality-rate indicator in Sicily stands at approximately 9.7 per 1000, classifying it in an average position among the Euromed countries, on a par with Provence-Alpes-Côte d'azur and Slovenia. The indicator that estimates the incidence of the elderly on the young in Sicily stands at 104.5, a figure which ranks Sicily in 10th place in the Nuts2 classification; the situation is much the same in the regions of Provence-Alpes- Côte d'azur (105.2) in France and in Crete (Greece) (102.8). The region with the lowest old-age index is Cyprus (59.5 years), whereas the non-italian region with the highest figure is Galicia in Spain. In Sicily, the percentage of the active population that is employed is 34.8%, which is the lowest among the European regions under examination. The unemployment indicator stands at 17.2%, which, along with Andalusia, is the highest. The per capita gross domestic product in Sicily amounts to 15,708 Euros, placing it in 21st position in the descending order of the table, followed by the region of Murcia (15,694 Euros) in Spain, and Notio Aigaio (15,572 Euros) in Greece. The value added produced by agriculture and industry in the strict sense rank Sicily in about 20th position in the Nuts2 table for the Mediterranean, a figure in line with several regions in Greece.

288 Table 1 Environmental indicators for Countries in the Mediterranean Zone Countries Total area (in sq km ) Area used for agriculture (%) Protected areas (%) Electricity consumption (kwh per capita) (%) Population with access to drinking water Demographic density (inhabitants per sq km) Albania 28, , Algeria 2, Bosnia- Herzegovina 51, , Cyprus 9,251 N/A 4.0 4, Croatia 56, , Egypt 1, , France 551, , Jordan 88, N/A Greece 131, ,041.0 N/A 84 Israel 22, , Italy 301, , Lebanon 10, , Libya 1, , Malta , ,277 Morocco 446, Palestine 6,020 N/A N/A N/A Serbia and Montenegro 102, , Sicily 25, , Syria 185, , Slovenia 20, ,817.0 N/A 97 Spain 505, , Tunisia 163, , Turkey 783, , Meta-data Denomination Description Year Source Total area (in sq km) Total area 2005 Area used for agriculture (%) Protected areas (%) Electricity consumption (kwh per capita) (%) Population with access to drinking water Demographic density (inhabitants per sq km Ratio of land used for agriculture to total area Ratio of protected areas to total area Ratio of electricity consumption to resident population Ratio between population with access to drinking water and total population Ratio of resident population to total land area Eurostat, United Nations Statistics Division Eurostat, United Nations Statistics Division Eurostat, United Nations Statistics Division 2003 Eurostat, World Bank United Nations Statistics Division Eurostat, United Nations Statistics Division

289 Graph I Protected areas for countries in the Mediterranean area (% of total area) 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 Palestina Israele Egitto Francia Italia Giordania Sicilia Spagna Slovenia Croazia Algeria Cipro Turchia Serbia e Mont. Albania Grecia Siria Malta Tunisia Marocco Bosnia-Erzeg. Libano Libia n.d. Graph II Demographic density for countries in the Mediterranean area (inhabitants per sq km) Libia Algeria Giordania Tunisia Marocco Egitto Bosnia-Erzeg. Croazia Grecia Spagna Cipro Turchia Slovenia Serbia e Mont. Siria Albania Francia Italia Sicilia Israele Libano Palestina Malta

290 Table 2 Countries Socio-demographic indicators for countries in the Mediterranean area Total population (in thousands) Birth-rate (per 1,000 inhabitants) Mortality-rate (per 1,000 inhabitants) Infant mortality-rate (per 1,000 born alive) Unemployment-rate (%) Resident foreign citizens (%) Albania 3, (a) Algeria 33, (a) Bosnia- Herzegovina 3, (a) N/A 1.0 Cyprus Croatia 4, Egypt 75, France 60, Jordan 5, N/A 39.0 Greece 11, (a) Israel 6, Italy 58, (a) Lebanon 3, N/A 18.4 Libya 5, (a) N/A 10.6 Malta Morocco 31, (b) N/A Palestine 3, N/A Serbia and Montenegro 10, Sicily 5, (a) Syria 19, (a) 5.2 Slovenia 1, Spain 43, Tunisia 10, (b) Turkey 74, (a) Year 2002; (b) Year 2001 Meta-data Denomination Description Year Source Total population (in thousands) Birth-rate (per 1,000 inhabitants) Mortality-rate (per 1,000 inhabitants) Infant mortality-rate (per 1,000 born alive) Unemployment-rate (%) Resident foreign citizens (%) Hospital beds (per 100,000 inhabitants) Resident population 2005 Ratio between number born alive and resident population Ratio between number of deaths and resident population Ratio of number of infants dying in their first year of life to those born alive Ratio between number of persons seeking work and the labour force Ratio of resident foreign citizens to the non-foreign resident population Ratio of hospital beds to resident population Eurostat, United Nations Statistics Division Eurostat, United Nations Statistics Division Eurostat, United Nations Statistics Division Eurostat, United Nations Statistics Division United Nations Statistics Division United Nations Statistics Division Eurostat, World Bank

291 Graph III Unemployment-rate for countries in the Mediterranean area (%) Graph IV Hospital beds for countries in the Mediterranean area (per 100,000 inhabitants) Algeria Palestina Francia Malta Israele Serbia e Croazia Slovenia Grecia Cipro Italia Sicilia Libia Spagna Albania Bosnia- Libano Turchia Egitto Tunisia Giordania Siria Marocco n.d. n.d

292 Table 3 Countries Economic indicators for countries in the Mediterranean area Gross domestic product (in millions of dollars) Gross domestic product per capita (in dollars) Value added agriculture, forestry and fishing (%) Value added industry in strict sense (%) Export of goods and services (%) Import of goods and services (%) Albania 7,946 2, (a) 10.9 (a) Algeria 80,783 2, (a) 43.7 (a) 38 (a) 25 (a) Bosnia- Herzegovina 7,884 2, (a) 22.3 (a) 26 (a) 58 (a) Cyprus 15,331 7, Croatia 34,309 18, Egypt 88,784 1, (a) 32.0 (a) 28 (a) 30 (a) France 2, , Jordan 10,814 1, Greece 205,224 18, Israel 123,109 18, (a) 18.2 (a) Italy 1, , Lebanon 19,946 5, (a) 15.0 (a) 63 (a) N/A Libya 19,536 3, (a) 43.6 (a) 48 (a) 36 (a) Malta 5,627 14, (a) 22.7 (a) Morocco 49,814 1, (a) 32 (a) Palestine 3, Serbia and Montenegro 22,895 2, (a) 30.0 (a) 15 (a) 24 (a) Sicily 78,345 20, ,9 9, Syria 23,440 1, (a) 25.0 (a) 33 (a) 30 (a) Slovenia 32,182 16, Spain 1, , Tunisia 28,134 2, Turkey 301,999 4, (a) Year 2003 Meta-data Denomination Description Year Source Gross domestic product (in millions of dollars) Gross domestic product per capita (in dollars) Value added agriculture, forestry and fishing (%) Value added industry in strict sense (%) Export of goods and services (%) Gross domestic product Ratio of gross domestic product to resident population Ratio of value added agriculture, forestry and fishing to total value added Ratio of value added industry in strict sense to total value added Ratio of value of exports to gross domestic product 2004 Istat - United Nations Statistics Division United Nations Statistics Division Istat - United Nations Statistics Division Istat - United Nations Statistics Division United Nations Statistics Division

293 Graph V - Gross domestic product per capita for countries in the Mediterranean area (in dollars) Graph VI - Value added of agriculture, forestry and fishing for countries in the Mediterranean area (%) Albania Siria Serbia e Mont. Marocco Egitto Tunisia Turchia Palestina Bosnia-Erzeg. Algeria Libia Croazia Grecia Libano Sicilia Cipro Spagna Slovenia Italia Francia Malta Giordania Israele 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0