Global circulation of skills: Where are we heading to? Brown Bag seminar
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1 Global circulation of skills: Where are we heading to? Brown Bag seminar LOGO By : Jean-Baptiste Meyer, Senior Researcher, IRD Montpellier 12 MAY 2011 World Trade Institute, University of Bern
2 Creacion de Incubadoras Diasporas del Conocimiento para America Latina Creation of Incubators of Knowledge Diasporas for Latin America
3 PLAN 1 History & concepts 5 Questions comments 2 Circulation? 6 Transformations 3 Diasporas 7 New trends 4 Theory & policy 8 Discussion
4 The brain drain
5 Brain Drain vs Brain Gain Young student
6 Brain Drain vs Brain Gain Young student Advanced student Potential brain gain
7 Brain Drain vs Brain Gain Young student Advanced student Potential brain gain Professional Real brain drain
8 4 decades of brain gain proposals since the 1970s Brain gain Fiscal resources Human Capital Social Capital Educational dividends Taxation Return Diaspora Incentive
9 Enrolment in higher education by region in percentage of enrollment of World, The rising share of emerging economies distribution by level of national income 100% Part of enrollment of World 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% High income countries Intermediaire to high income countries Low to intermediaire income contries Low income contries Source: Institute of statistics of UNESCO
10 Comparison of HS expatriation rates according to specialists (2000) CD DL DM JBM ,6 19, Moyenne Carrington & Detragiache 1999; Dumont & Lemaître 2005; Docquier & Marfouk 2005; Meyer 2008
11 Expatriation rate comparison OCDE SESTAT OCDE SESTAT Bolivia 3,2 49 Costa Rica 4 41 Ecuador 6,8 58 Nicaragua* 15,2 77 Panamá 13,2 76 El Salvador Trinidad y Tobago* Argentina 5,7 12 Brasil* 2,2 4 México 5,7 20 Colombia 5,7 50 Cuba 18,8 52 Chile 8,2 20 Venezuela 3,5 36 Average Am. Lat (2000) %
12 Expats growth per knowledge intensive categories (1993 et 2003) 35 31, ,1 25, ,2 16,7 14, ,4 18, HS RDT R&D BAR BR Highly skilled; Research Development & Teaching; Research & Development Basic and Applied Research; Basic Research
13 Growth of high skilled expats in the USA ( ) ,0 16,0 14,0 12,0 10,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 Pop % ,0
14 Global circulation of skills: Where are we heading to? Brown Bag seminar Discussion break LOGO
15 World share of GDP & GERD from 2002 to 2007
16 Indicators of academic output : publications
17 Indicators of innovation output : patents USPTO and Triadic patent familles by inventor's region, 2002 and 2007 USPTO patents Triadic patents Total World share(%) Total World share(%) North America Latin America and the Caribbean Europe Africa Asia Oceanla
18 Private investment in R&D Asia vs others
19 Dissemination of knowledge via MNCs
20 Exports of hight tech products
21 Gross Expenditure in R&D x 2 in 10 years in LA
22 The end of digital divide? Internet users per 100 population, 2002 and 2008 North America Latin America and the Caribbean Europe Africa Asia Oceanla
23 Enrolment in higher education by region in percentage of enrollment of the World, distribution by region 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Saharan Africa Arab states South and West Asia East and Peaceful Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Central Asia Central and East Europe North America and Western Europe Source: Institute of statistics of UNESCO
24 Key indicators on world researchers, 2002 and 2007 Researchers (thousands) World share of researchers(%) Researchers per million inhabitants GERD perr researcher (PPP$ thousands) North America Latin America and the Caribbean Europe Africa Asia Oceanla
25 Impressive growth of R&D staff in Latin America
26 Major receiving countries of students in international mobility between 1990 (blue) and 2007 (purple) USA UK France Germany Australia Others Source : Unesco (1990 and 2009)
27 Major countries of origin of foreign scientists in Brazil ( ) Argentina Germany Francia USA Peru Chile Portugal Spain Italy 50 0 Year 2000 Year 2002 Year 2004 Year 2006 Souce: census 2006
28 Evolution of world skills flows from centre - periphery
29 Evolution of world skills flows to the multipolar world
30 Jean m.fr/cidesal
31 Thank you
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