TRAINING MANUAL FOR THE STRATEGIC PLAN ON THE PROMOTION OF CHILD SAFE TOURISM TO PREVENT TRAFFICKING IN CHILDREN

Transcription

1

2 TRAINING MANUAL FOR THE STRATEGIC PLAN ON THE PROMOTION OF CHILD SAFE TOURISM TO PREVENT TRAFFICKING IN CHILDREN AND WOMEN FOR LABOUR AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CAMBODIA PART 3: TRAINING MANUAL

3 FOREWORD Cambodia s tourism industry contributes greatly to the national revenue and creates employment opportunities for local businesses and populace. Arising from increased numbers of international and national tourists especially the last two years at average 25% per year, the dynamism of this sector has spurred the Royal Government of Cambodia to consider the industry into its 6 top priorities for social and economic development. The strengthening and promotion of the tourism sector is one of the government s key strategies towards the realization of the principles and goals of its National Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS), the Cambodian Millennium Development Goals (CMDG), and the more recent National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP). The growth of the tourism industry, however, has also brought slight negative impact in our society. Frequent reasons for trafficking and child labour revolve around poverty in the rural areas and urbanisation in the town centres and cities of the country and those in neighbouring countries. In response to the problem, the government through the Ministry of Tourism has taken on an important initiative called the Child Safe Tourism (CST) Programme. In place since 2001, this programme addresses the negative effects of tourism growth and development by focusing on prevention and protection measures in tourism areas/ communities. Central to the implementation of this programme is its efforts to build upon two national plans the National Plan of Action on Trafficking In Persons and Sexual Exploitation (NPA- TIPSE) and the National Plan of Action on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (NPA- WFCL). Also a cornerstone to its realization is the collaboration with government ministries such as the Ministry of Interior (MoI), Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (MoLVT), Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (MoSVY) and Ministry of Women s Affairs (MoWA) and international and local NGOs, including World Vision-Cambodia, End Child Prostitution, Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT), and Mith Samlanh, Friends International, Child Wise Australia, Aidétous... The CST programme has made inroads in addressing trafficking in the tourism sector. These notwithstanding, the Ministry of Tourism with the support of the International Labour Organisation- International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (ILO-IPEC) has developed and started to implement a 3-year ( ) Strategic Plan on the Promotion of Child Safe Tourism to Prevent Trafficking in Women and Children for Labour and Sexual Exploitation in the Tourism Industry to further streamline its initiatives and achievements. Interventions for the Strategic Plan are coordinated at the national level and in three selected pilot areas of Siem Reap, Sihanoukville and Phnom Penh. Efforts are made for the greater involvement of employers associations, trade unions, business sector and the affected provinces and communities. Guiding these interventions are the Strategic Plan s accompanying Operational Guidelines and Training Manual. The Ministry of Tourism has gained many lessons and continues to learn to be effective since its work on the CST programme. Through its Strategic Plan, the MoT commits itself to help in reducing and possibly eliminating the problem of trafficking in women and children for sexual and labour exploitation. We encourage key players to remain equally committed to this initiative and to work with us in a concerted manner in responding to this social issue of trafficking and in the process, advancing the best interests of the country s vulnerable people. H.E. Dr. Thong Khon Minister, Ministry of Tourism

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION TO THE TRAINING MANUAL...1 Background Why was this Manual developed?...2 Who is this Training Manual for?...4 How can this Training Manual be Used?...4 What is in this Training Manual?...4 II. USING THE TRAINING MANUAL...6 III. CONTEXT...12 MODULE 1 TOURISM...12 A. Definition of Terms Related to Tourism Sector...13 B. Overview: The Cambodia Tourism Sector...16 C. Impacts of Tourism...17 D. Overview of Children and Young Women Working in the Tourism Sector...19 MODULE 2 TRAFFICKING...23 A. Definition of Terms Related to Trafficking...24 B. General Situation of Trafficking in Children and Young Women in the Tourism Sector in Cambodia...25 C. Where Children and Women Trafficking are Found...27 D. Why Children and Women Trafficking is often Associated with Violation of Children s and Women s Rights...29 E. Push and Pull Factors Contributing to Children and Women Trafficking...29 F. Effects of Trafficking in Children and Young Women...31 IV. CONTENT...34 MODULE 3 PREVENTION OF TRAFFICKING...34 A. Overview of Efforts to Prevent Trafficking in Children and Young Women in Cambodia...35 B. Public Exposure of the Problem and Advocacy...38 C. Key Programmes and Interventions...38 MODULE 4 PROMOTION OF CHILD SAFE TOURISM...48 A. Promote Safe Tourism to Prevent Human Trafficking...49 B. Support Sustainable Tourism Development Activities...51 C. Improve Working and Living Environment of Children and Women Workers...51 D. Improve the Implementation of the Tourism Regulations...55 E. Improve Social Protection and Services...57 F. Cooperation and Collaboration with the United Nations, International Organisations, Civil Society, Private Sector, Trade Unions, Employers and NGOs...59 i

5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB APSO AR ARCPPT ASEAN ASEANTA AFESIP CAMFEBA CATA CB CC CDW CEDAW CHA CL CMDG CNCC COMMIT COSECAM CPET CPN CRC CST CSTC CTSWF CWDA CWT DAHTJP DCL DLI DoLVT DoSVY DoWA ECPAT FI GDP HCT HIV/AIDS IEC ILO IO Asian Development Bank Action Programme Summary Outline Awareness raising Asia Regional Cooperation to Prevent People Trafficking Association of South East Asian Nations ASEAN Travel Agency Association Agri Pour les Femmes En Situation Precaire Cambodian Federation of Employers and Business Association Cambodian Association of Travel Agents Capacity Building Children s Committee Child Domestic Workers Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women Cambodian Hotel Association Child labour Cambodia Millennium Development Goals Cambodian National Council for Children Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking NGO Coalition to Address Sexual Exploitation of Children in Cambodia Child Peer Education Team Child Protection Network Convention on the Rights of the Child Child Safe Tourism Child Safe Tourism Commission Cambodian Tourism and Service Workers Federation Cambodia Women s Development Association Child Wise Training Department of Anti-Human Trafficking and Juvenile Protection Department of Child Labour Department of Labour Inspection Department of Labour and Vocational Training Department of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation Department of Women s Affairs End Child Prostitution, Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes Friends International Gross Domestic Product Hotel, Catering and Tourism sector Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Information Education Campaign International Labour Organisation International Organisations ii

6 IOM IPEC LEASEC LICADHO MDoSVY MoC MoEYS MIME MoI MoJ MoLVT MoSVY MoT MOU MoWA NCSTC NGOs NPA-TSEC NPA-TIPSE NPA-WFCL NPRS NSC NSDP NSOE OHCHR OHS PCSTC PPC RGC SARS SCA SPA TBP TCRAM TICW TOT TSEC TU UCW UNCOHCHR UNESCO International Organisation of Migration International Programme on the Elimination of Child labour Law Enforcement Against Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Children Ligue Cambodgienne de Defense des Droits de l Homme/ Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights Municipal Directorate of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation Ministry of Commerce Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Ministry of Interior Ministry of Justice Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (formerly Ministry of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation or MoSALVY) Ministry of Tourism Memorandum of Understanding Ministry of Women s Affairs (formerly Ministry of Women s and Veteran Affairs or MoWVA) National Child Safe Tourism Commission Non-Government Organisations National Plan of Action Against Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children National Plan of Action on Trafficking In Person and Sexual Exploitation National Plan of Action on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour National Poverty Reduction Strategy National Sub-Committee (CNCC s four standing Sub-Committees) National Strategic Development Plan National Stakeholder Ownership Exercise Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights Occupational Health & Safety Provincial Child Safe Tourism Commission Project Proposal Concepts Royal Government of Cambodia Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Save the Children Australia Sub-regional Plan of Action Time-Bound Programme Technical Cooperation Resource Allocation Mechanism Trafficking in Children and Women Project Training of Trainers Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children Trade Union Understanding Children s Work United Nations Cambodia Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation iii

7 UNIAP UNICEF UNTAC USAID US PRM VDC VCAO WTTC WTO WDA WVC United Nations Inter-Agency Project United Nations Children s Fund United Nations Transitional Administration in Cambodia Unites States Assistance for International Development United States Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration Village Development Committee Vulnerable Children Assistance Organisation World Travel and Tourism Council World Tourism Organisation Women in Development Association World Vision-Cambodia KHMER TERMS/ PHRASES Mecachal/ mekial Moto/ motodup Prakas Trafficker Motorcycle taxis National directives/ ministerial orders/ regulations iv

8 I. INTRODUCTION TO THE TRAINING MANUAL Background C ambodia has an incomparable allure to tourists its rich cultural heritage and natural assets have attracted rising numbers of tourists the past ten years, reaching a high of million international visitors in 2005 or a 34.72% increase from the previous year. Tourism is a billion dollar earner and one of the fastest growing industries of the country. This has resulted in a drastic growth of tourism-related establishments to cater to the strong demand for services. It follows that the employment generated by the industry has been also on the rise and correspondingly, the benefits from tourism is leading to the growth of a section of society who has the means to tour their country s assets. Given the disparity of economic development in Cambodia, tourism areas are beacons for many of the poor. Driven by poverty, men, women and even children venture to these areas with the goal to survive and earn money. But lacking in skills and education, they often fall prey to exploitation. Many, disproportionately women and children, fall in the hands of exploiters and traffickers. The downside to the growth of the tourism industry is the growing sub-sector that caters to the needs of paedophiles and sex tourists. Evidence is growing that children (below 18 years) and young women (18-24 years) are increasingly trafficked into labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism areas of Cambodia. Immediate action is required for them to be withdrawn from exploitative labour in its worst forms, for the tourism industry to conscientiously promote child safe tourism and for child exploiters to be punished. The Royal Government of Cambodia s (RGC) commitment to fighting all worst forms of child labour including trafficking is embodied in a series of important ILO Conventions that it has ratified. These include No. 29 on Forced Labour or Compulsory Labour, No. 87 on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise, No. 98 on Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining, No. 100 on Equal Remuneration, No. 111 on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation, No. 105 on Abolition of Forced Labour, No 138 on Minimum Age, and recently, the ILO Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour. The country is party to the ILO-IPEC s Mekong Sub-Regional Project to Combat Trafficking in Children and Women Phase 2 (ILO-IPEC TICW Project). Through the Cambodian National Council for Children (CNCC), it has implemented and assessed its National Plan of Action Against Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children (NPA-TSEC). In October 2004, the RGC joined 5 other countries in the Mekong Region in signing the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT) Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on cooperation against human trafficking. These commitments pave for RGC s lead role in seeking regional cooperation on the tourism sector to prevent and combat trafficking in persons, especially children and women. In line with the government s concerns, child safe tourism shall be promoted through joint initiatives by the Ministry of Tourism (MoT), the Ministry of Labour Vocational Training (MoLVT), Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (MoSVY), Ministry of Interior (MoI) and the Ministry of Women s Affairs (MoWA). The initiatives include wide ranging interventions: (a) strengthening child safe tourism programmes, with special attention to labour-related and antitrafficking concerns; (b) capacity building; (c) awareness raising (e.g. public campaign through TV programmes); and (d) social services for victims and those at risk for human trafficking for labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism sector. 1

9 In order to ensure the integrated and comprehensive approach and programmes on the promotion of child safe tourism (CST) to prevent trafficking in children and young women for labour and sexual exploitation, the MoT, MoLVT and MoWA have requested ILO s technical assistance in designing 1) a Strategic Plan, 2) Operational Guidelines, and 3) a Training Manual to be used in three (3) pilot areas of Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Sihanouk Ville. Why was this Manual developed? The Training Manual on promoting child safe tourism to prevent trafficking in children and young women for labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism sector aims to pave for the active and sustainable campaign of child safe tourism strategies, programmes and practices set out in the MoT s Strategic Plan-CST and Operational Guidelines. Also, a companion document to these two materials has been developed to enable the effective and participatory dissemination of critical and relevant CST guidelines through trainers representing different governmental ministries, as well as to mobilise all stakeholders sustained involvement in efforts to prevent and combat trafficking in persons, especially children and young women. This document has been prepared with the full participation of different government agencies, international organisations, non-government organisations and concerned stakeholders. This Training Manual recognises that there already are numerous initiatives and similar training manuals and modules developed on promoting child safe tourism. Among these are those of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), Ministry of Tourism, World Vision Cambodia, Ministry of Women s Affairs with IOM and Oxfam Hong Kong, Child-Wise Australia, etc., all of which reflect the issues surrounding the implementation of international and national tourism regulations, social protection and social services and cooperation and collaboration of the different stakeholders (Figure 1). This Training Manual complements these existing resources and is distinct for its focus on the prevention of trafficking in children and young women, and the promotion of child safe tourism through the application of the labour law and regulations in the workplace. 2

10 Figure 1. Existing Resources on Promoting Child Safe Tourism (MoT-ILO-IPEC Training Manual: Inspirations, References and Influences) TRAINING CURRICULUM MANUAL Prevention of Children from Sexual Exploitation Linked to Tourism (CSTC-MoT-WVC) TRAINING CURRICULUM Protecting the Rights of the Child in Tourism (MITH SAMLANH/FRIENDS INTERNATIONAL) TRAINING MANUAL- TRAINING OF TRAINER Village Action to Prevent Trafficking in Children and Women (MoWA-IOM) TRAINER S MANUAL Child Wise Tourism (CHILD WISE AUSTRALIA, WORLD VISION and ECPAT - CAMBODIA) TRAINING MANUAL Child Safe Tourism (MoT- ILO/IPEC) TRAINING CURRICULUM The Prevention of All Forms of Trafficking in Women and Children in Cambodia (MoWA-IOM-OXFAM HONGKONG) TRAINING MANUAL AND CHILD LABOUR KIT Facilitating Method in Organising Workshops on Awareness Raising on Child Labour (ILO/IPEC and LICADHO) Other International and Regional Resources ILO-Training Manual on Women Workers Rights and Gender Equality ILO-Promotion of Gender Equality in Action Against Child labour and Trafficking ILO-Gender Equality and Action Against Exploitation and Training of Children and Women ILO-NUWHRAINAPL-IUF-Training Manual 1 and 2 Combating Child Labour in the Tourism Industry ILO-Training Manual 3R Rights, Responsibility and Representation 3

11 Who is this Training Manual for? This Training Manual was designed, compiled and written mainly for facilitators who are engaged in promoting child safe tourism. It is for trainers, community development workers and organisers, facilitators and teachers for workplaces and community awareness and action. It is specifically written for those who want to utilise participatory approaches to promote child safe tourism. Beyond information dissemination and awareness raising, the long-term goal is sustained participation in development processes to prevent and combat trafficking in person, especially children and young women. The primary targets of this Training Manual are Trainers and Community/ Workplace Facilitators. It is also for workplace/community members, local authorities and other stakeholders who want to understand and engage in participatory approaches for the promotion of Child Safe Tourism to prevent trafficking in children and women for labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism industry in Cambodia. Throughout this Training Manual, we shall be referring to the facilitators and trainers as the Facilitator. How can this Training Manual be Used? This Training Manual is presented as a package of various activities and substantive inputs that facilitators can choose from as required by the particular needs of their participants. Flexibility is emphasised as one puts into practice the described activities. Facilitators are encouraged to first identify capacity building needs and design appropriate responses to these needs. Creativity is also given importance, as the tools contained here have a great degree of adaptability and do not come with strict rules. Participation and ownership of development processes are the key principles that we should take off from as we harness our flexibility and creativity as facilitators. The activities can also be arranged in various ways, offering facilitators with a range of options in terms of scheduling trainings and learning sessions. These are also usually influenced by the availability of participants time and their absorptive capacity for learning. What is in this Training Manual? In participatory training, we always begin with the people s CONTEXT which raises the questions of what their situation is, what problems do they face, and what their needs are, what kind of social relationships exists in their community, what are their customs and traditions, how are decisions made in the family, in the community, what educational (formal and non-formal) opportunities are they able to access, what do they do to relax, and what their beliefs and values are? For training participants, we try to find out about their circumstances: age, gender, educational and training background, literacy levels, learning needs, expectations, what their concerns are, etc. From this knowledge of the community or participants context, we are then able to determine the CONTENT of our training or learning session. We are able to identify issues and topics that are relevant to them, those that they would be interested to discuss and learn more about. In the area of child safe tourism, knowing their level of awareness guides us in choosing what topics to begin with, and what needs to be clarified or discussed. 4

12 METHODS address the question of how can we best achieve our learning goals? There are numerous methods and tools that one can utilise in a participatory learning process. A good grasp of the participants context and clear identification of training content guides the facilitator in making creative choices about what methods to use. What is important to remember is that participatory training is a process of DIALOGUE. It is about people exchanging ideas, opinions, feelings, questions and thoughts with each other. It involves the practice of democracy and participation where every individual is given respect, speaks out and is listened to, and is actively involved in the learning process. This Training Manual s accompanying document on CST Tools for Facilitation describe the different methods that trainers can employ in facilitating learning processes towards the learning goals. It is against the above broad areas that this Training Manual is organised. Offering a menu of different participatory tools for trainers and facilitators and the different substantive areas addressing child safe tourism, the Manual is presented into as follows: CONTEXT Module 1 contains learning experience that would enable the participants gain a better understanding of the Tourism Sector (Tourism in Cambodia, including its economic impact). It also provides an overview of children and young women working in hotels, guesthouses, restaurants, and the entertainment sector; those involved in sex work in the tourism sector; and those working in key tourism areas - namely beach areas and surroundings of temples. Also in this section are case studies of child and young women workers in the tourism sector. Module 2 introduces tools that can be used by facilitators to achieve a better understanding of the situation of Trafficking in Children and Young Women in the Tourism Sector. It also lays out a general overview of trafficking in children and young women in Cambodia and the effects of this problem on children and young women. Lastly, this section contains case studies of children and young women trafficked in the tourism sector. CONTENT Module 3 provides an overview of efforts to prevent trafficking in children and young women in Cambodia. It contains legislation and political action, including discussions on the rights of the child; women s rights; international conventions relevant to child and woman trafficking; national laws and regulations relevant to child and woman trafficking. It also helps in providing public exposure of the problem and advocacy. This part also aims to discuss key programmes and interventions to prevent trafficking in children and women for labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism industry in Cambodia. Module 4 focuses on the various interventions in promoting child safe tourism to prevent trafficking in children and young women for labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism sector. METHODS The focus on methods dwells on tools for facilitation, and is of two parts: Section 1 Provides starting points for learning sessions how to establish situations that would encourage participation, gathering and clarifying expectations from participants, explaining the objectives of the learning activity, agreeing on ground rules to optimise participation, and making sure everyone is clear on logistical matters. 5

13 The section also aims to set the framework for participatory learning and for trainers and facilitators to see themselves as FACILITATORS in the learning and education process. It explains principles of participatory learning and defines the roles and characteristics of a good facilitator. The various steps in designing a Participatory Training are also an important part of this section. It explains the phases of a training cycle, providing guidance for trainers/ facilitators as they design capacity building programs and activities for the communities and targeted groups. Section 2 provides the trainers with different participatory tools and techniques. There are numerous methods, tools and exercises that one can utilise in participatory learning processes. II. USING THE TRAINING MANUAL Utilising this Training Manual in conjunction with the implementation of the Strategic Plan-CST and Operational Guidelines requires a good understanding of when to use its various sections with different stakeholders (trainers and community/ workplace facilitators, workplace/ community members including the children and young women workers themselves, local authorities, etc). Different stakeholders will need different knowledge inputs as well as learning processes in order to facilitate the understanding and generation of commitment in promoting child safe tourism to prevent trafficking in children and young women for labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism sector. This Training Manual makes use of the CONTEXT-CONTENT-METHOD (CCM) framework as discussed in the above What is in this Training Manual section. This framework allows us to formulate different expected outcomes vis a vis what is envisioned to be learned by participants after each module. The expected outcomes for each module are presented as follows: MODULE 1 In conducting a participatory training/ workshop, it is necessary to start with the participants popular or existing knowledge, their background, circumstances, situations, perspective and their specific occupational conditions. In general, this module aims to enable the participants to better understand the tourism sector, and in particular, the situation of the tourism sector in Cambodia. At the end of this module participants are expected to: Come up with clear definition of the Tourism Sector which includes specific application to the Tourism in Cambodia and its economic impact; Have a better understanding of the involvement of children and young women in the tourism sector; and Bring in their own perspective on the different issues in tourism through case study discussions. MODULE 2 Through the use of different participatory tools, participants are directed to better understand the situation of trafficking in children and young women in the tourism sector. At the end of this module participants are expected to: Define and discuss thoroughly the concept of trafficking and the involvement of children and young women; 6

14 Identify the effects of trafficking to children and young women; and Have a better understanding of the situation faced by children and young women trafficked in the tourism sector. MODULE 3 This module provides an overview of efforts to prevent trafficking in children and young women in Cambodia. It contains public exposure of the problem and advocacy, key programmes and interventions to prevent trafficking in children and women for labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism industry in Cambodia. At the end of this module participants are expected to: Identify and discuss existing efforts of the key government and international institutions in the prevention of trafficking in children and young women in Cambodia; Be conscious of the different programmes (i.e., awareness raising, capacity building, intervention, policy-making, etc.) on combating trafficking in the tourism industry in Cambodia. MODULE 4 The focus of this module is the various intervention programmes in the promotion of child safe tourism aimed at the prevention of trafficking in children and young women for labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism sector. At the end of this module participants are expected to: Identify the different programmes and activities to promote child safe tourism; Be knowledgeable on the key players in the promotion of child safe tourism in the Non-Government and Private Sectors; and Identify possible intervention programmes of other organisations committed to promoting child safe tourism to prevent trafficking in children and young women for labour and sexual exploitation in the tourism sector. Table 1 below provides specific guides to this Training Manual. It spells out content and process guides (i.e., specific activities or input discussions) found in the modules for different Target Beneficiaries of a CSTrelated workshop or training endeavour. 7

15 CHILDREN AND WOMEN FOR LABOUR AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CAMBODIA Table 1. Guide to the Training Manual TARGET BENEFICIARIES TRAINING MANUAL MODULES and SECTIONS Trainers of MoT, MoSVY, MoWA, MoI, MoLVT (National and Provincial Agencies) Business Owners/ Employees Employer, (Working Government Women) Workers Parents and Communities in Tourism Sites Children At-Risk MODULE 1 TOURISM Activity 1 Picture Story Input A. Definition of Terms Related to Tourism Sector 1. Tourism 2. Tourism Sector 3. Tourist and the Economy 4. Tourist a. International Tourist b. Domestic Tourist c. Same Day Tourist or Excursionist 5. Types of Travel Arrangements and Facilities a. Backpackers b. Mass Tourist B. Overview: Cambodia Tourism Sector C. Impacts of Tourism 1. Economic Impacts of Tourism 2. Socio- Cultural Impacts of Tourism D. Overview of Child and Young Women Working in the Tourism Sector 1. Hotel 2. Guesthouse 3. Restaurants 4. Sex workers 5. Entertainment Sector 6. Tour Guides Activity 2 Optional Activity: Case Study Discussion A. Case Studies of Child and Young Women Workers in the Tourism Sector 8

16 CHILDREN AND WOMEN FOR LABOUR AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CAMBODIA TARGET BENEFICIARIES TRAINING MANUAL MODULES and SECTIONS Trainers of MoT, MoSVY, MoWA, MoI, MoLVT (National and Provincial Agencies) Business Owners/ Employer, Government Workers Employees (Working Women) Parents and Communities in Tourism Sites Children At-Risk MODULE 2 TRAFFICKING Activity 1 Word Association Game: Trafficking Input A. Definition of Terms Related to Trafficking 1. Trafficking 2. Trafficked Person 3. Trafficker B. General Situation of Trafficking in Children and Young Women in Tourism Sector in Cambodia C. Where Children and Women Trafficking are Found D. Why Children and Women Trafficking is often Associated with the Violation of Children and Women s Rights E. Push and Pull factors contributing to Child and Woman Trafficking F. Effects of Trafficking in Children and Young Women Activity 2 Optional Activity: Case Study Discussion A. Case Studies of Child and Young Women Trafficked in Tourism Sector MODULE 3 PREVENTION OF TRAFFICKING Activity 1 Role play Input A. Overview on Efforts to Prevent Trafficking in Children and Young Women in Cambodia 1. Legislation and Political Action 2. Rights of the Child 3. Women s Rights 4. International Conventions Relevant to Child and Woman Trafficking 5. National Law and Regulations B. Public Exposure to the Programme and Advocacy C. Key programmes and Interventions 1. Government Ministries 9

17 CHILDREN AND WOMEN FOR LABOUR AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CAMBODIA TRAINING MANUAL MODULES and SECTIONS Trainers of MoT, MoSVY, MoWA, MoI, MoLVT (National and Provincial Agencies) TARGET BENEFICIARIES Business Owners/ Employer, Government Workers Employees (Working Women) Parents and Communities in Tourism a. Ministry of Labour Vocational Training (MoLVT) b. Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation (MoSVY) c. Ministry of Women s Affairs (MoWA) d. Ministry of Interior (MoI) e. Ministry of Tourism (MoT) 2. ILO/International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) MODULE 4 PROMOTION OF CHILD SAFE TOURISM Activity 1 Call to Action Input A. Promote Safe Tourism to Prevent Human Trafficking B. Support Sustainable Tourism Development Initiatives C. Improve Working and Living Environment of Child and Woman Workers D. Improve the Implementation of the Tourism Regulations E. Improve Social Protection and Services F. Cooperation and Collaboration with United Nations, International Organisations, Civil Society, Private Sectors, Trade Unions, Employers and NGOs 1. Asia Regional Cooperation to Prevent People Trafficking (ARCPP)T 2. Cambodia Association of Travel Agency (CATA) 3. Cambodian Federation of Employers and Business Association (CAMFEBA) 4. Cambodian Hotel Association (CATA) 5. Cambodian Tourism and Services Workers Federation (CTSWF) 6. COSECAM 7. The Child-wise Tourism Project of ECPAT 8. Project Protecting the Rights of the Child in Tourism Mith Samlanh/ Friends International Sites Children At-Risk 9. World Vision Cambodia Child Safe Tourism Project 10

18 How is this Training Manual linked to the Strategic Plan and the Operational Guidelines? This Manual, the Strategic Plan and the Operational Guidelines serve a common main objective: The promotion of child safe tourism to prevent trafficking in children and women for labour and sexual exploitation in the Tourism Industry in Cambodia. In accomplishing this, the first step has been to come-up with the 3-year strategic plan, developed through consultations among stakeholders (Government, NGO and the Private Sector) in the Tourism Sector. From the Strategic Plan, the next step has been the formulation of the Operational Guidelines, focused on the following concerns: Labour Protection, Tourism Regulations and Social Protection and Services. This Training Manual serves as a tool by which both of the above are popularised by equipping trainers with tools necessary to propagate awareness and better understanding of all the components of this project. The links or inter-connections between these three materials are in the Introduction to the Training Manual PowerPoint Presentation. 11

19 I. CONTEXT MODULE 1 TOURISM Module Objectives: 1. To define and discuss Tourism Sector; 2. To gain better understanding of the tourism sector in Cambodia. Activity 1 Picture Story Input A. Definition of Terms Related to the Tourism Sector 1. Tourism 2. Tourism Sector 3. Tourism and the Economy 4. Tourist a. International Tourist b. Domestic Tourist c. Same Day Tourist or Excursionist 5. Types of Travel Arrangements and Facilities a. Backpackers b. Mass Tourist B. Overview Cambodia Tourism Sector C. Impacts of Tourism 1. Economic Impacts of Tourism 2. Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism D. Overview of Child and Young Women Working in the Tourism Sector 1. Hotel 2. Guesthouse 3. Restaurants 4. Entertainment Sector 5. Sex workers 6. Tour Guides Activity 2 Optional Activity Case Study: Situation of Children and Young Women in the Tourism Sector Input A. Case Studies of Children and Young Women Workers in the Tourism Sector 12

20 MODULE 1 TOURISM ACTIVITY 1 : PICTURE STORY 1 Purpose : To explore the meaning of Tourism and Tourist Time : 45 minutes Materials Needed: Pictures of people (community members), houses, means of transportation, sources of living, businesses, different institutions, tourism spots How to Conduct the Exercise 1. Divide the participants into three groups. 2. Distribute pictures to each group and ask them to explore the meaning of Tourism, Tourism Sector and Tourism Industry. 3. Ask a spokesperson from each team to report back to the whole group the result of their discussion. 4. The facilitator should write on the flipchart the participants definition of Tourism and Tourist, make note of the main points. 5. Allow time for discussion and clarifications. 6. Synthesise the process and reiterate the learning points. INPUT: A. Definition of Terms Related to Tourism Sector 1. Tourism Tourism can be defined as all the facilities, services and activities associated with the travel of international and domestic tourists and visitors. These same facilities and services may also serve other purposes than tourism 2. Different countries have defined tourism differently, causing some problems in comparing tourism statistics across nations. Nevertheless, some initiatives in this direction have been taken in the last years by the World Tourism Organisation (WTO), the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Today, internationally comparable statistics are available for international tourist arrivals, receipts from international tourism, as well as for tourism consumption (direct and indirect) and related investment, net export and government expenditures. 1 Adapted from Carmela Millado, Jo Hann Tan, POP: A Training Manual for Community Organiser Facilitators, Southeast Asia Popular Communications Programmes (Sea-PCP) 2 Training Curriculum Manual on prevention of Children from Sexual Exploitation Linked to Tourism, Child Safe Tourism Commission (MOT-WVC-CAMP) 13

21 The World Trade Organisation (WTO) defines travel and tourism as those activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year, and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited. According to the WTTC, the travel and tourism industry is defined by the economic activities (personal, investment, government, business and net exports) associated with travel as measured by the wide variety of current and capital expenditures made by or for the benefit of a traveller before, during, and after a trip Tourism sector The International Labour Organisation (ILO), on the other hand, has a classification known as the hotel, catering and tourism sector (HCT). The HCT is a complex group of economic activities, and encompasses many other economic sectors. It makes use of agricultural, industrial and handicraft products; incorporates transport, safety, cultural and health services and includes activities such as lodging, catering, leisure and business travels, parks, zoos, ecotourism, etc The hotel sub-sector groups various types of lodging units (hotels, motels, resorts, clubs, inns, rural lodging units, pensions, flat-hotels, health resorts, etc.) of different sizes and standards located both in urban and rural communities. The catering sub-sector groups numerous enterprises of different sizes, types, categories and standards. The main groups should be distinguished: commercial or open market and non-commercial or contracted enterprises. The first group includes all types of restaurants and eating places that are either independent or part of a hotel (classic a la carte restaurant, ethnic restaurant, specialised cuisine, fast food, coffee shop, snack bar, cafeteria, table d'hote, etc.). Generally small or medium-sized, they are similar in management structure to hotels (integrated chains or voluntary groups, independent, franchised, etc.) and they may be part of almost any type of lodging unit. The second group includes some very large catering enterprises. In addition, there are private sector canteens for workers near their place of work and with favourable conditions in terms of quality and price. There are also public sector canteens such as those serving the armed forces, schools, and even prisons. Similarly, public hospitals are generally equipped to serve diet meals as well as traditional food. The tourism sub-sector covers a wide range of different travel-related activities, but refers mainly to travel, broken down into two main components: travel agencies and air travel. Other areas such as car hire, train and sea travel. etc., are not covered. 4 3 At Your Service Combating Child Labour in the Tourism Industry, NUWHRAIN-APL-IUF National Union of Workers in the Hotel Restaurant and Allies Industries 4 At Your Service Combating Child Labour in the Tourism Industry, NUWHRAIN-APL-IUF National Union of Workers in the Hotel Restaurant and Allies Industries 14

22 3. Tourism and the Economy The tourism industry is a major contributor to the world economy. According to estimates of the World Tourism Organisation (WTO), international tourism alone generated $381 billion in receipts (1.46 per cent of world GDP) in Estimates of the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), on the other hand, put the impact of tourism on the economy at a much higher level because they include domestic tourism. As reported by the WTTC, tourism in 1995 created employment for 212 million persons or one in ten workers, produced 10.9 percent of world gross domestic product (GDP), and contributed a global amount of $l.6 trillion in wages and salaries, or 11.4 percent of the global payroll. The WTTC estimates for 1995 showed that the tourism sector accounted for 11.4 percent of all consumer expenditures, 6.6 percent of all government expenditures, 11.4 percent of all capital investment, and 11.7 percent of all business sales. According to the WTO, tourism activities earned a total of $381 billion worldwide in In 1993, worldwide tourism receipts were as high as 8 percent of total merchandise exports and 30 percent of exports of services. Tourism therefore ranked first among world export groups, ahead of petroleum, motor vehicles and electronic equipment. The WTTC estimates that the industry will produce more than $7.1 trillion in gross output in 2006 from an estimated $3.5 trillion in 1996, and that it will provide 385 million jobs in 2006 as compared to the estimated 255 million in The WTO predicted that international tourism receipts would reach $621 billion in the year 2000 to as much as $1.55 trillion by the year Tourists 5 a. International Tourist An International tourist is defined as a person who travels outside his/her home country for more than 24 hours (stays overnight) but not more than one year for the purpose of: Holiday Recreation and Relaxation Health Reasons Religious Reasons Attending or Participating in Sports Visiting Friends and Relatives Business and Professional Activities Attending Meetings, Conferences, Seminars and Training Courses Persons migrating to live and work in another country are not considered tourists. b. Domestic Tourist A domestic tourist is a person who travels away from his home within his/her own country for more than 24 hours (stays overnight) for the same reasons listed above. Persons changing their place of residence in their own country are not considered tourists. c. Same-day Visitors or Excursionists 5 Training Curriculum Manual on prevention of Children from Sexual Exploitation Linked to Tourism, Child Safe Tourism Commission (MOT-WVC-CAMP) 15

23 An International Same-Day Visitor is a person who travels to another country but does not spend the night in accommodation (stays less than 24 hours). A Domestic Same-Day visitor is a person who travels away from his/her place of residence within his/her own country but does not spend a night in accommodation (stays less than 24 hours). 5. Types of Travel Arrangements and Facilities Tourists may also be classified according to the types of travel arrangements and facilities that they utilise. These include: a. Backpackers To travel independently and economically To seek real travel experiences Tend to stay longer in a destination To get in contact with local people and cultures frequently Tend to go unfamiliar destination Not worrying to take risks b. Mass Tourists Most of tourism services are included in package Highly depend on the tourism industries Tend to stay shorter and moving around To go well-established and familiar tourists' destinations Non risk-takers Prefer to have same services in their home-town B. Overview: The Cambodia Tourism Sector Cambodia's allure as a tourist destination among foreigners has been steadily growing the past few years. There has been a marked increase in foreign tourist arrivals from the 200,000 mark in 1995 to the high million in 2005 the minimal dip due to the SARS scare reported in Likewise, domestic tourists are also on the rise. There is a growing interest to reach historical sites, seacoasts and areas of natural beauty in the northeast provinces mainly among the growing professional and urban working sectors. In 2005, for example, local tourists to Siem Reap numbered 209,524 people. The main tourism sites in Cambodia are the country s capital city, Phnom Penh, the ancient ruins of the Angkor Wat in Siem Reap, Sihanouk Ville, and the rugged but beautiful and cool mountain areas of Ratanakiri and Mondulkiri. The country has many potential tourism areas due to natural physical resources. Since 1998 to 2002, the number of international visitors 6 to Cambodia had increased by 25 30% every year. However, in 2003 the number of international tourists decreased by 10.87% compared to 2002 because of the SARS problem in the region. But in 2005 the number went up by 34.72% compared to 2004 (1,055,202 international visitors in 2004). About half a million international visitors went to Siem Reap province during said year. International visitors were mainly coming from the following 10 countries ranked as: Korea, Japan, USA, France, UK, Thailand, China, Taiwan, Vietnam and Australia. In the first 6 months of 2006, there were 813,902 international visitors, which is 19.19% increase compared to the same period in Among them, 6 Annual Report of Tourism Statistics statistics of international visitors separated from statistics of national tourists. 16

24 395,360 international visitors went to Siem Reap province. The Ministry of Tourism (MOT) estimates that the number of international visitors will increase consecutively in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 by 1,691,032, 2,029,238, 2,435,086, 2,922,103 and 3,506,524 visitors, respectively and assuming that the current trends continue, it is estimated also that Domestic Visitors will increase from 4.5 million in 2005 to 7 million in In 2005, there were 5,278,113 national tourists who visited different tourism areas, which was about 5 times bigger than the number of international visitors. Among them were 2,500,000 national tourists to Phnom Penh, 209,524 to Siem Reap and 153,842 to Sihanouk Ville. Without doubt, the country's economy has been bolstered by tourism. This is proven by the economic contribution of foreign spending and the investment in tourism facilities and supporting service establishments. There is a continuing increase in the number of hotels, rest houses, restaurants, resorts, sporting clubs and travel agencies related to tourism. In turn, this brings about growth in the number of workers in the tourism industry, both in the formal and the informal services sectors. The MoT approximates that one international visitor spends an average of US$500 during his/her stay and the total income to Cambodia from international visitors in 2004 was about US$777 million (excluding airfare). This amount was about 20% of GDP of the year. There are no official figures on how much a local tourist spends during travel and/or activities. However, their impact to local commerce/ income generation would also be considerable. C. Impacts of Tourism 8 The impacts of tourism may be viewed from the economic and the socio-cultural, briefly described to be as follows. 1. Economic Impacts of Tourism If well planned, developed and managed, tourism can bring substantial economic benefits: Income and contribution to the country's Gross Domestic Product Foreign exchange earnings Employment, directly in tourism and indirectly in the supplying sectors Contribution to government revenues Help justify and pay for development infrastructure and community facilities and services Stimulate other economic sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, crafts, manufacturing, transportation and construction Tourism can create some economic problems or result in economic losses if not well planned and managed. These can include: Loss of economic benefits through leakage of foreign exchange for imported goods and services used in tourism, payment of profits from tourism enterprises overseas, expatriation of salaries paid to foreign employees. Goods and services used in tourism, payment of profits from tourism enterprises overseas, expatriation of salaries paid to foreign employees, etc, 7 Annual report on tourism statistics 2005 (Page 8) visitor arrivals to Cambodia forecast in Prevention of Children from Sexual Exploitation Linked to Tourism Training Curriculum Manual, Child Safe Tourism Commission (MOT-WVC-CAMP) 17

25 Increase of local prices of land, goods and services resulting from uncontrolled development Regional economic distortions when tourism is developed in certain areas without corresponding development in other areas Techniques should be applied to reduce economic problems and enhance the economic benefits of tourism: Strengthen linkages between tourism and other economic sectors in order to reduce importation of goods and services used in tourism Encourage local ownership and management of tourist facilities and services to reduce export of profits and salaries Encourage maximum employment of local residents to work in tourism, including technical and managerial positions, to maximise local salary payments Develop tourism in a gradual, controlled manner to reduce tendency of price inflation, and also to allow proper planning and monitoring of tourism development Encourage tourists to stay longer and therefore spend more money by providing more attractions and activities for tourists Encourage tourists to spend more money by providing more spending opportunities such as expansion of arts and crafts and organisation of more tours Encourage repeat visits by tourists through providing good quality attractions, facilities and services and high tourist satisfaction levels The economic impacts of tourism should be continuously monitored to be certain that the benefits accruing from tourism are meeting expectations. If there are fewer benefits than should be received or economic problems resulting from tourism, then corrective actions can be taken. 2. Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism Tourism can bring both benefits and problems to the local society and its cultural patterns. Although more difficult to measure than economic or environmental impacts, socio-cultural impacts are major considerations in developing tourism. If tourism is well planned, developed and managed, it can bring several types of socio-cultural benefits. These include: Improvement of the living standards of people and help pay for improvement to community facilities and services, if the economic benefits of tourism are well distributed. Help conserve the cultural heritage of an area which otherwise might be lost as a result of general development taking place, in addition to conservation of archaeological and historic sites, cultural patterns of music, dance, drama, arts and crafts, customs, ceremonies, dress, life styles, traditional economic activities and architectural styles are important attractions for tourists. Tourism helps justify and pay for their conservation. Help develop and maintain museums, theatres and other cultural facilities because these are, in part, supported by tourism. Reinforce or even renew a sense of pride by residents in their culture when they observe tourists appreciating it. Provide opportunity for cultural exchange between tourists and residents, leading to mutual respect of different cultures 18