Figure 1.1: Percentage Distribution of Population by Global Region, and by Economy in Asia and the Pacific, 2014

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1 195 People Snapshots Asia and the Pacific accounts for nearly 55% of the global population and six of the world s 10 most populous economies. The region s population is forecast to grow to 5.3 billion by Population growth and fertility rates have slowed in most economies. India s population is expected to surpass that of the People s Republic of China in the next 7 years. The region s population is aging, and this has major implications for economic growth. Many Pacific economies have a high dependency ratio because of a significant proportion of the population that is below the age of 15. The rate of urbanization is increasing in most of the region. Asia is home to 12 of the world s 23 biggest cities and eight of the 10 most densely populated cities. Based on the United Nations Development Programme s Human Development Index, about half of developing member economies are in the medium human development category and all but two have shown improvements in quality of life indicators since Key trends Over half the world s population lives in Asia and the Pacific. The population of the 48 regional members of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) was 3.99 billion in 2014 (Table 1.1), comprising 55% of the global total (Figure 1.1). Of the world s 10 most populous countries, six are in Asia the People s Republic of China (PRC), India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Japan. The populations of the PRC and India far surpass those of any other country in the world. With 1.37 billion and 1.27 billion people, respectively, they together account for 36% of the world population. Nine other economies in Asia have a population of more than 50 million, while more than half or 28 economies have fewer than 10 million people. Nine out of the 14 Pacific economies have a population of fewer than 200,000 (Table 1.1). Figure 1.1: Percentage Distribution of Population by Global Region, and by Economy in Asia and the Pacific, 2014 South America 5.7 North America 7.9 Europe 11.3 Africa 15.7 West Asia 3.2 Rest of the World 1.1 Asia and the Pacific 55.2 PRC 18.8 Others 5.4 India 17.4 Indonesia 3.5 Pakistan 2.6 Bangladesh 2.2 Japan 1.7 Philippines 1.4 Viet Nam 1.2 Thailand 0.9 PRC = People's Republic of China. Note: The aggregate for the West Asia region was adjusted to exclude for Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, which are included in the total for Asia and the Pacific. Source: Table 1.1.

2 196 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 The United Nations forecasts that the population of the region will peak in the middle of the 21st century, reaching 5.3 billion in 2050 before declining to 4.9 billion in India is expected to become the most populous country in the world by 2022, surpassing the PRC at a time when both will have populations of about 1.4 billion. India s population is likely to continue to grow until it reaches about 1.7 billion in 2050, while the PRC s is expected to remain steady until the 2030s when it will begin to decline. 1 Population growth rates slowed in more than three-fourths of developing member economies between 1990 and The average annual population growth rate of developing members declined from 2.6% in 1990 to 1.0% in 2014 (Table 1.1). Among the most populous economies, the PRC s population growth rate fell from 1.4% in 1990 to 0.5% in 2014, and India s rate declined from 2.1% to 1.2%. The average annual population growth rate in exceeded 2.0% in 11 economies: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao People s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore (due to immigration), Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu (Figure 1.2). Total fertility rates have declined significantly in most economies in recent decades. The region s total fertility rate fell from 3.9 children per woman in 1990, or the earliest year in which data are available, to 2.5 in 2013 (Table 1.12). Every economy in Asia and the Pacific experienced a declining fertility rate over this period except Australia (Figure 1.3). In 2013, the total fertility rate was 4.0 or higher in four of the 14 Pacific economies. The only other economy in the region with a fertility rate above 4.0 in 2013 was Afghanistan. The region s lowest fertility rates of less than 1.5 children per woman were in Hong Kong, China (1.1); Taipei,China (1.1); Japan (1.4); the Republic of Korea (1.2); and Singapore (1.2). The PRC s total fertility rate 1 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York. Figure 1.2: Average Annual Population Growth Rate, (%) Pakistan Tajikistan Afghanistan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Kazakhstan Armenia Georgia Mongolia Hong Kong, China PRC Korea, Rep. of Taipei,China Maldives Nepal India Bangladesh Bhutan Sri Lanka Singapore Cambodia Malaysia Lao PDR Brunei Darussalam Philippines Myanmar Indonesia Viet Nam Thailand Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Solomon Islands Kiribati Timor-Leste Tuvalu Marshall Islands Palau Samoa Cook Islands Nauru Fiji Tonga FSM Australia New Zealand Japan FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table

3 People 197 Figure 1.3: Total Fertility Rate, 1990 and 2013 Afghanistan Pakistan Tajikistan Kyrgyz Republic Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Armenia Georgia Mongolia PRC Korea, Rep. of Hong Kong, China Taipei,China Nepal India Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Philippines Lao PDR Malaysia Cambodia Indonesia Brunei Darussalam Myanmar Viet Nam Thailand Singapore Nauru Timor-Leste Solomon Islands Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Samoa Tonga FSM Tuvalu Kiribati Fiji Cook Islands Palau New Zealand Australia Japan FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Source: Table of 1.7 was well below the rates of the other four most populous developing economies: Bangladesh (2.2), Indonesia (2.3), India (2.5), and Pakistan (3.2). Asia and the Pacific s population is aging, and this has major implications for economic growth. The share of older people in the population is rising, which reflects both a decline in fertility and rising life expectancy. Figure 1.4 shows the age profile and dependency ratio for all economies in Asia and the Pacific. The dependency ratio is an age population ratio of those age groups typically not in the labor force (14 years and below, and 65 years and above) to those typically in the labor force (15 64 years). Figure 1.5 presents the region s current (2014) and projected (2050) age profiles by gender. As can be seen, a significantly larger proportion of the region s population will comprise persons over the age of 65 in Prior to that, economies with a relatively young age structure, such as India and Pakistan, should benefit from a rising share of the working-age population in their total population, and therefore enjoy a declining dependency ratio. By contrast, aging will reduce economic growth in economies where it is most advanced, such as in Japan and the Republic of Korea. For the region as a whole, favorable demographic factors are expected to contribute less to growth than in past decades. 2 Developed member economies have a relatively high proportion of people aged 65 and above, and therefore high dependency ratios. Japan stands out in this regard with 25.7% of the population 65 years and older, while in Australia and New Zealand the proportions are 14.7% and 14.4%, respectively. Among developing member economies, those with proportions higher than 10.0% are Armenia; Georgia; Hong Kong, China; the Republic of Korea; Singapore; Taipei,China; and Thailand. Conversely, economies with the highest percentage of children under the age of 15 are Afghanistan (44.9%), Marshall Islands (40.1%), and Timor-Leste (42.3%). These economies also have high dependency ratios. 2 D. Park, S.-H. Lee, and A. Mason Aging, Economic Growth, and Old-Age Security in Asia. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar.

4 198 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Kyrgyz Republic Hong Kong, China Brunei Darussalam Solomon Islands Tonga Samoa Marshall Islands Vanuatu Nauru Papua New Guinea Figure 1.4: Population by Age Group and Age Dependency Ratio, 2014 Afghanistan Pakistan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Mongolia Korea, Rep. of PRC Taipei,China Nepal Bangladesh India Sri Lanka Bhutan Maldives Lao PDR Philippines Cambodia Myanmar Indonesia Malaysia Viet Nam Thailand Singapore Timor-Leste FSM Kiribati Tuvalu Cook Islands Fiji Palau Japan 63.0 New Zealand 53.2 Australia Dependency Ratio and above FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People s Republic of China. Sources: Table 1.3 and Age group (2014) Age group (2050) Figure 1.5: Population Pyramids in Asia and the Pacific, 2014 and Population (million) Population (million) Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York. The Asia and Pacific region has become more urbanized. Migration from rural to urban is driven largely by greater employment opportunities in cities, as well as improved access to services such as healthcare and education. 3 Today, the majority of the population lives in cities in half of the region s economies. Table 1a shows that Asia is home to 3 M. Amare, L. Hohfeld, S. Jitsuchon, and H. Waibe Rural Urban Migration and Employment Quality: A Case Study from Thailand. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No Manila: Asian Development Bank and above and above

5 People 199 Table 1a: Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population 2010, 2015, and Population (millions) Population (millions) Population (millions) Economy City Rank Rank Rank Japan Tokyo India Delhi Mexico Ciudad de México (Mexico City) China, People s Rep. of Shanghai Brazil São Paulo Japan Kinki M.M.A. (Osaka) India Mumbai (Bombay) United States New York-Newark Egypt Al-Qahirah (Cairo) China, People s Rep. of Beijing Bangladesh Dhaka India Kolkata (Calcutta) Argentina Buenos Aires Pakistan Karachi Turkey Istanbul Brazil Rio de Janeiro United States Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana Philippines Manila Russian Federation Moskva (Moscow) China, People s Rep. of Chongqing Nigeria Lagos France Paris China, People s Rep. of Shenzhen Republic of Korea Seoul United Kingdom London Indonesia Jakarta China, People s Rep. of Guangzhou, Guangdong China, People s Rep. of Tianjin Congo, Dem. of Kinshasa Japan Chukyo M.M.A. (Nagoya) India Bangalore Peru Lima India Chennai (Madras) Pakistan Lahore India Hyderabad = data not available at cutoff date. Note: Nine economies from Asia are represented, including 17 megacities in 2010, 18 in 2015, and 21 in Source: Table 1.2; and United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Urbanization Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York. 12 of the world s 23 megacities urban areas with populations exceeding 10 million and has eight of the world s 10 most densely populated cities as measured by people per square kilometer. 4 The percentage of the population living in cities is projected to increase in every economy in the region by 2050, with the exception of the three economies that are already fully urbanized: Hong Kong, China; Nauru; and Singapore (Figure 1.6). In the PRC, the urbanization rate is expected to rise by 21 percentage points to 76% by 2050, and in India by 4 Asian Development Bank Asian Development Outlook. Manila. 18 percentage points to 50%. On the other hand, some economies are expected to remain predominantly rural in 2050, with at least 60% of the population residing in rural areas, including Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and a number of Pacific economies (Federated States of Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu). Rising rates of urbanization have been accompanied by rising levels of inequality in about half of the region s economies. Figure 1.7 shows Gini coefficients in 1995 and the most recent year for which data are available. The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of

6 200 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Figure 1.6: Urbanization Rate, 2014 and 2050 Figure 1.7: Gini Coefficient, 1995 and Latest Year Available Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Turkmenistan Kazakhstan Pakistan Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Republic Afghanistan Tajikistan Taipei,China Hong Kong, China Mongolia Korea, Rep. of PRC Maldives Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Sri Lanka Singapore Malaysia Brunei Darussalam Thailand Indonesia Lao PDR Philippines Myanmar Viet Nam Cambodia Nauru Palau Cook Islands Marshall Islands Tuvalu Fiji Kiribati Timor-Leste Vanuatu Solomon Islands Tonga FSM Samoa Papua New Guinea Japan Australia New Zealand Georgia Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Tajikistan Pakistan Kazakhstan Afghanistan PRC Mongolia Korea, Rep. of Taipei,China Bhutan Maldives Sri Lanka India Nepal Bangladesh Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Indonesia Lao PDR Cambodia Viet Nam FSM Papua New Guinea Nauru Vanuatu Solomon Islands Samoa Fiji Palau Kiribati Tuvalu Tonga Timor-Leste Japan Australia New Zealand FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People's Republic of China. Sources: Table 1.2; and United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Urbanization Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York Latest Year Available FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People's Republic of China. Source: Table 1.9.

7 People 201 income among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality in which wealth is shared equally among all members of an economy, while 1.0 implies perfect inequality in which a single member controls the entire wealth of an economy. Between 1995 and the most recent year for which data are available, notable increases in the Gini coefficient, which reflect widening inequality, occurred in Indonesia (from 0.31 to 0.38), Turkmenistan (from 0.35 to 0.41), and Georgia (from 0.37 to 0.41) (Table 1.9). The largest declines in Gini coefficients, which reflect narrowing inequality, were observed in Armenia (from 0.44 to 0.30), the Maldives (from 0.63 to 0.37), and Uzbekistan (from 0.45 to 0.35). The quality of life in the region s economies, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), continues to improve. The HDI is calculated by the United Nations Development Programme for 187 economies worldwide. It covers three important aspects of welfare: life expectancy at birth, the average of mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling, and per capita gross national income. Table 1.b shows the HDI values and global rankings for 43 economies in the region in 2000 and In 2013, seven of the region s economies were in the top category of very high human development, while 11 were classified as having high human development. Fiji, PRC, Thailand, and Tonga were new additions to the latter group. About half the regional economies were in the category of medium human development, including India and Indonesia. Bangladesh, the region s fifth most populous economy, was a new addition to the medium group, while the fourth most populous economy, Pakistan, remained in the low human development group, along with Table 1b: Human Development Index in 2013 HDI Global Rank Average annual HDI growth (%) HDI Global Rank Average annual HDI growth (%) Economy HDI Economy HDI VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (5) 2 Australia (101) 106 Samoa (19) 7 New Zealand (110) 108 Indonesia (25) 9 Singapore (95) 116 Uzbekistan (27) 15 Korea, Rep. of (77) 117 Philippines (23) 15 Hong Kong, China (109) 121 Viet Nam (9) 17 Japan Micronesia, Fed. States of (32) 30 Brunei Darussalam (102) 125 Kyrgyz Republic HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 128 Timor-Leste Palau (131) 131 Vanuatu (59) 62 Malaysia Kiribati (79) 70 Kazakhstan (112) 133 Tajikistan (89) 73 Sri Lanka (124) 135 India (88) 76 Azerbaijan (130) 136 Cambodia (81) 79 Georgia (140) 136 Bhutan (76) 87 Armenia (143) 139 Lao PDR (72) 88 Fiji (145) 142 Bangladesh (70) 89 Thailand LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (96) 91 China, People's Rep. of (142) 145 Nepal Tonga (138) 146 Pakistan MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (127) 150 Myanmar (87) 103 Turkmenistan (121) 157 Solomon Islands (84) 103 Maldives (133) 157 Papua New Guinea (113) 103 Mongolia Afghanistan = data not available at cutoff date, HDI = human development index, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. Note: 2000 HDI ranking in parenthesis for those countries with available data. Source: Derived from Table 1.10.

8 202 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 five other smaller economies. Between 2000 and 2013, every economy in Asia and the Pacific except Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan showed improvement in its HDI. Timor-Leste, PRC, Afghanistan, and Cambodia had the largest increases in their indexes over this period. Data Issues and Comparability Demographic data are either based on vital registration records or on censuses and surveys. In many developing member economies, vital registration records are incomplete and, therefore, cannot be used for statistical purposes. In most economies, population censuses are conducted every 10 years. For this reason, the growth rates are probably more reliable than the levels. The United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs Population Division used future trends on fertility, mortality, and international migration to project population numbers until The mediumfertility variant used assumes fertility rates above 2.1 children per woman in Statistics on urban population are compiled according to each economy s national definition, as there is no agreed international standard for defining an urban area. National estimates are used for urban ratios. If national estimates are not available, data from World Urbanization Prospects are used. Data on numbers of physicians and health resources are compiled by the World Health Organization, while data on pupils, teachers, and education resources are compiled by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute of Statistics from country sources. Household surveys are the best source for labor force data, but these surveys are not carried out in all economies. Some rely on census data supplemented by enterprise surveys and unemployment registration records. Unemployment registration records are often incomplete and may refer only to formal employment, while a breakdown by economic activities also may not be available. The statistics on the number of people living with HIV are estimates based on methods and on parameters developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group Estimates, Modelling and Projections. The estimates are presented together with ranges, called plausibility bounds, where the wider the bound, the greater the uncertainty surrounding an estimate.

9 People Population 203 Table 1.1: Midyear Population Population (million) Population Growth Rates (%) Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia a Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan , , , , , , China, People's Rep. of a 1, , , , , , Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China , , , , , Bangladesh Bhutan India , , , , Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam b Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea 3, , , , , , Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste , , Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES c 2, , , , , , REGIONAL MEMBERS c 2, , , , , , WORLD 5, , , , , , = data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Population figures for Georgia refers to 1 January, and for the People s Republic of China to 31 December. b Population figures for the Pacific developing member economies are in thousands while the regional total for the Pacific are in millions. c For reporting economies only. Sources: Economy sources; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. (accessed August 2015); and for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online. (accessed July 2015).

10 204 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Population Table 1.2: Migration and Urbanization Net International Migration Rate a (per 1,000 population) Urban Population (as % of total population) Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia a Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan (1991) Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan China, People's Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China b (2013) Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives (2010) Nepal (2001) 16.7(2006) 17.0(2011) Sri Lanka (2001) (2012) Brunei Darussalam Cambodia (1998) Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia (1991) (2013) Myanmar Philippines (1993) (2012) Singapore Thailand (2013) Viet Nam Cook Islands (1991) 58.8(1996) 67.6(2001) 70.2(2003). Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau (2010) Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu (2013) Australia (2013) Japan (2013) New Zealand = data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Refers to annual average. b For urban population, refers to localities of 100,000 or more inhabitants. Sources: Economy sources; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/dvd/ (accessed August 2015); United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. (accessed August 2015); and for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online. (accessed July 2015).

11 People Population 205 Table 1.3: Population Aged 0 14 Years and Aged Years (% of total population) Aged 0 14 Years Aged Years a a Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan China, People s Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES b REGIONAL MEMBERS b WORLD = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a The United Nations Population Division projected the country s population based on the medium-fertility variant where fertility is above 2.1 children per woman in censuses. b For reporting economies only. Sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. wpp/dvd/ (accessed August 2015); Statistics for Development Division. (accessed July 2015); and for Taipei,China: Directorate- General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online. (accessed July 2015).

12 206 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Population Table 1.4: Population Aged 65 Years and Over and Age Dependency Ratio Aged 65 Years and Over (% of total population) Age Dependency Ratio a a Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan China, People s Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES b REGIONAL MEMBERS b WORLD = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a The United Nations Population Division projected the country s population based on the medium-fertility variant where fertility is above 2.1 children per woman in censuses. b For reporting economies only. Sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. wpp/dvd/ (accessed August 2015); Statistics for Development Division. (accessed July 2015); and for Taipei,China: Directorate- General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Online. (accessed July 2015).

13 People Labor Force and Employment 207 Table 1.5: Labor Force Participation Rate (%) Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan China, People's Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India a Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore b Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Figures are computed using data on total labor force and total population. b Refers to Singapore residents only. Sources: Economy sources; International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market Online. 8th Edition. (accessed July 2015); and for Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu: The Secretariat of the Pacific Community. National Minimum Development Indicator Database. (accessed July 2015).

14 208 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Labor Force and Employment Table 1.6: Unemployment Rate (%) Afghanistan Armenia a Azerbaijan b Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan c Turkmenistan Uzbekistan c China, People's Rep. of d Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia e Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal f Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands g Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand = data not available at cutoff date, = magnitude equals zero, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Before 2009, data were based on administrative sources. From 2009, estimates were derived from Annual Household Labour Force Survey within the framework of the Households Integrated Living Condition Survey. b Based on the International Labour Organization s methodology starting c Based on officially registered unemployed only. d Refers to urban areas only. e From 2008, data were based on results of the Labour Force Survey. Unemployment data prior to 2008 were taken from administrative data on the number of registered unemployed people. f Data for 1995 and 2000 refer to 1996 and 1999 figures, respectively. g Data for 2000 refers to 1999 figures. Sources: Economy sources; International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market Online. 8th Edition. (accessed July 2015); and for Nauru, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands: The Secretariat of the Pacific Community. National Minimum Development Indicator Database. spc.int/nmdi/ (accessed July 2015).

15 People Labor Force and Employment 209 Table 1.7: Unemployment Rate Among Year-Olds (%) Total Female Male Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan China, People's Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands 19.9 (2006) 18.3 (2011) 19.4 (2006) 15.6 (2011) 20.1 (2006) 15.3 (2011) Fiji Kiribati 3.6 (1990) 54.0 (2011) 2.5 (1990) 61.8 (2011) 4.7 (1990) 47.6 (2011) Marshall Islands 62.6 (1999) 50.0 (2011) 67.0 (1999) 50.0 (2011) 59.8 (1999) 50.0 (2011) Micronesia, Fed. States of 32.7 (1994) 11.3 (2010) (2010) 24.7 (1994) 12.2 (2010) Nauru 58.2 (2006) 45.5 (2011) 65.9 (2006) 54.4 (2011) 51.7 (2006) 54.4 (2011) Palau 17.4 (1990). 6.0 (2000) 10.5 (2006) 5.0 (2000) 12.8 (2006) Papua New Guinea Samoa 4.0 (2006) 16.0 (2011) 6.1 (2006) 22.0 (2011) 3.0 (2006) 22.0 (2011) Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga (2011) 2.6 (2006) 4.1 (2011) 2.2 (2006) 2.7 (2011) Tuvalu 31.2 (2002) 63.7 (2012) 43.3 (2002) (2002). Vanuatu 3.1 (2000) 8.9 (2009) 2.1 (2000) 9.2 (2009) 4.0 (2000) 8.6 (2009) Australia a Japan b New Zealand c = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Excludes Jervis Bay Territory beginning b Data are averages of monthly estimates. c Excludes Chathams, Antarctic Territory, and other minor offshore islands. Data are averages of quarterly estimates. Sources: International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market. 8th Edition. (accessed July 2015); The Secretariat of the Pacific Community Islands Regional Millenium Development Goals Report (accessed July 2015); and the National Minimum Development Indicator Database. Secretariat of the Pacific Community. (accessed July 2015).

16 210 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015 Labor Force and Employment Table 1.8: Employment in Agriculture, Industry, and Services (% of total employment) Agriculture Industry Services Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic a Pakistan Tajikistan b Turkmenistan Uzbekistan c China, People's Rep. of Hong Kong, China Korea, Rep. of Mongolia Taipei,China Bangladesh d Bhutan India e Maldives Nepal f g Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam h Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore i Thailand Viet Nam Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States of j Nauru Palau Papua New Guinea g Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Australia Japan New Zealand g = data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, Lao PDR = Lao People s Democratic Republic. a Data for 2013 refers to b Data for 2013 refers to c Data for 2013 refers to d Data for 2013 only includes agriculture since there is no breakdown for industry and services. e Data for 2013 refers to f Data for 1990 refers to 1991 figure and for 2000 to g Does not include those that are not adequately defined. h Data for 2000 refers to i Based on total employed residents only. j Data for 2000 includes only agriculture since there is no available data for industry and services. Sources: International Labour Organization. Key Indicators of the Labour Market. 8th Edition. (accessed July 2015); and economy sources.