AP US History Vocabulary

Transcription

1 AP US History Vocabulary Period 1: Maize cultivation from Mexico to Am. Southwest, advanced irrigation and social diversification, Great Basin, grasslands of the western Great Plains, Northeast-the Mississippi River Valley-and along the Atlantic seaboard-mixed Ag and hunter-gather societies, Northwest and present-day California, European nation explore and conquer caused by search for new sources of wealth-economic and military competition-and a desire to spread Christianity (3-G s), Columbian Exchange caused shift from feudalism to capitalism, maritime technology improvements, joint-stock companies, deadly epidemics with native populations, introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas, encomienda system, West African/European introduction of slavery, Spanish caste system, European/American Indians adopt each other culture, American Indians tried to keep their lifestyles through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance, debate by Europeans over treatment of American Indians and Africans over time began. Period 2: Spanish tried to incorporate American Indians, enslaved and free Africans into their colonial society, French and Dutch colonial used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians for economic and diplomatic relationships, British colonization attracted large number of male and female British migrants, British settled on land taken from American Indians, Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco, New England colonies settled by Puritans, Middle colonies economy based on cereal crops and very heterogeneous, Southenmost colonies had long growing seasons to develop plantation economies, Distance and Britain s initially (Salutary Neglect) tax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions, European trade with American Indians stimulated cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases (radical demographic shifts), American Indians sought alliances with French-Dutch-British-Spanish colonies, British North American colonies expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense-self rule-trade, Metacom s War, Pueblo Revolt, First Great Awakening, Enlightenment ideas, British colonies saw gradual Anglicization over time, spread of Protestant evangelicalism, British mercantilist policies led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies, colonial resistance, British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade, chattel slavery, Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist. Period 3: Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18 th century, Britain achieved major expansion following French-Indian war-but debt set the stage to raise revenue and consolidate control over colonies, British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent began to unite the colonies, Benjamin Franklin and other colonial leaders energized for American Independence, Patriot movement saw financial and material support from large numbers, Patriot cause succeeded because of colonial militias-continental Army-George Washington s military leadership-colonists resilience-assistance by European allies, Thomas Paine s Common Sense and Declaration of Independence, Abolition of slavery and greater political democracy grew because of the American

2 Revolution, Republican Motherhood, American Revolution and Declaration of Independence inspired French-Haiti and Latin American independence movements, state constitutions placed power in the hands of legislative branch, Articles of Confederation unified newly independent states with limited central government, A of C had difficulties with international trade-finances-interstate commerceforeign relations-internal unrest, Constitutional Convention, Slave Trade compromise to 1808 and 3/5 compromise, Constitutional Convention embodied federalism, Federalists vs Anti-Federalists, Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison), Bill of Rights, George Washington, John Adams, growth of political parties (Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic- Republican led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison), expansion of slavery South and West gave rise to antislavery sentiment and created distinctive regional attitudes towards the institution, growth of national identity, British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Britain, Northwest Ordinance, Northwest Territory, Spanish saw blending of a new culture with American Indians, U.S. government made treaties with Spanish and British as migration spread Westward, French Revolution presented challenges to US foreign policy, George Washington s Farewell Address. Period 4: Early 1800s national political parties debated: tariffs-powers of federal government and relations with European powers, Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary, 1820s-1830s Democrats (led by Andrew Jackson) and Whigs (led by Henry Clay) argued about National Bank-tariffsinternal improvements, market revolution, Second Great Awakening, moral and social reforms, utopian and other religious movements, Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature-artphilosophy and architecture, Enslaved blacks and free African Americans joined political efforts, Temperance and reform movements, Abolitionist and antislavery movements, unsuccessful slave rebellions, women s rights movement, Seneca Falls Convention, Market Revolution sparked by textile machinery-steam engines-interchangeable parts-telegraph-agricultural inventions, transportation networks (roads, canals, railroads) linked North and Midwest-not South, End of semisubsistence agriculture and reliance on distant markets, growing middle class, Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, immigration to west of Appalachians and along Ohio and Mississippi rivers, Southern cotton production drove Southern business leaders, American System (Henry Clay), Louisiana Purchase, American Indian removal, Monroe Doctrine, Majority of Southerners owned no slaves-most Southern leaders argued slavery was part of Southern way of life, Missouri Compromise. Period 5: Natural and mineral resources drove westward migration, Manifest Destiny, Mexican-American War, Westward migration was boosted during and after Civil War by new legislation (transportation and economic development), Asian trade grows, Immigration from Europe and Asia mainly from Ireland and Germany, anti-catholic nativist movement arose, Free-Soil movement, African and white abolitionists mounted a highly visible campaign, Positive Good Theory, Mexican Cession heated slavery controversies, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott decision, Republican party, Abraham Lincoln s free-soil platform in election of 1860, Emancipation Proclamation helped to prevent

3 European involvement in Civil War, Gettysburg Address, 13 th -14 th -15 th Amendments, women s rights movement split over 14 th -15 th Amendments, Radical Reconstruction has short-term successes, Reconstruction failed because of Southern resistance and the North s waning resolve, sharecropping system, Segregation-violence-Supreme Court decisions and local political tactics stripped African American rights until the 20 th Century. Period 6: Government subsidies for transportation and communication opened new markets in North America, Businesses redesigned financial and management structures and growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods, price of goods decreased and real wages increased and a new standard of living, consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, Business looked towards the Pacific Rim-Asia and Latin America for greater influence and control, New South, farmers created cooperative organizations to help with agricultural markets, People s (Populists) Party, Growth of Asian-Southern and Eastern European immigrants, Urban neighborhoods, public debates over assimilation and Americanization, political machines, growth of a distinctive middle class, increased leisure time helped expand consumer culture, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West, migration caused the American bison population to be decimated, White settlers, American Indians and Mexican Americans competed for the land in the West, US Government violated treaties with American Indians, Social Darwinism, Gospel of Wealth, Social Gospel, Utopians, Socialists, Jane Addams, Plessy v. Ferguson. Period 7: By 1920s-majority of US population lived in urban centers, Great Depression led to calls for stronger financial regulatory system, Progressive Era journalists attacked: political corruption-social injusticeeconomic inequality, Progressive Constitutional Amendments (prohibition and woman suffrage), Preservationists and conservationists supported national parks while advocating different gov t responses, FDR s New Deal and end of the Great Depression, Relief-Recovery-Reform, Supreme Court sought to limit New Deal s scope, Mass media (radio and cinema) contributed to spread of national culture, Harlem Renaissance, WWI caused restrictions on freedom of speech and increased anxiety about Red Scare, 1920s caused cultural and political controversies, Quotes and Immigration restrictions following WWI, WWI and WWII caused increase demand for labor, Great Migration during and after WWI, Mexican migration and elsewhere in Western Hemisphere increased, closing of the Western Frontier and growth of imperialism, Anti-imperialists, Spanish-American War, Neutrality to intervention in both World Wars, American Expeditionary Forces role in WWI, Wilson and Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations, isolationism following WWI, 1930s rise of fascism and totalitarianism, Nazi Germany, Japan and Pearl Harbor, Japanese wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration camps and the Holocaust, Great Depression ending by WWII, Women and minority roles in WWII, Japanese American internment, Island hopping in Pacific, D-Day invasion, use of atomic weapons, rise of US as Super Power following WWII. Period 8: Soviet Union vs US following WWII, concerned about expansionist Communist ideology, Korean and Vietnam wars, Cold War direct and indirect military confrontations, mutual coexistence (or détente),

4 Postwar decolonization of Asia, Africa and Middle East, Cold War in Latin America with US supported non-communists regimes, containing communism at home and abroad, Vietnam War inspired sizable and passionate antiwar protests, Americans debated the merits of large nuclear arsenal, militaryindustrial complex, US involvement in Middle East-oil crisis and creating national energy policy, Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr., nonviolent protest, legal challenges for Civil Rights, Brown v. Board of Education, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Post 1965 debates over nonviolent efficacy, Feminist-gaylesbian activists mobilize, Latino-American Indian-Asian movements, persistence of poverty as a national problem, growing environmental movement to combat pollution and protect natural resources, Liberalism reached its high point in the mid-1960s, Lyndon Johnson s Great Society, Supreme Court cased expanded civil rights and individual liberties, 1960s see rise of conservative movement, public confidence in government to solve social and economic problems declined in the 1970s, private sectorfederal spending-baby boom-technological developments spurred economic growth, Growth of the Sun Belt region (higher ed and new technologies), immigration laws in 1965, conformity is challenged by artists-intellectuals-rebellious youth, counterculture and challenge to traditional values, rapid and substantial growth of evangelical Christian churches and organizations Period 9: 1980 Present Ronald Reagan s victory in 1980, Significant tax cuts and deregulation, Conservative vs Liberal point of view expressed, free-trade agreements, scope of government and social safety net, reform to US financial system, technological innovations help economy and let to new social behaviors and networks, employment increased in service sectors and decreased in manufacturing, union membership declined, Real wages stagnated and economic inequality grew, Reagan s opposition to communism through speeches-diplomatic efforts-limited military interventions-build-up of nuclear and conventional weapons, Ending the Cold War, appropriate use of American power in the world is questioned post-cold War, World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks, war on terrorism, conflicts in the Middle East, concerns about climate change.

5 Alpha List: # 13 th -14 th -15 th Amendments 1820s-1830s Democrats (led by Andrew Jackson) and Whigs (led by Henry Clay) argued about National Bank-tariffs-internal improvements 1920s caused cultural and political controversies 1930s rise of fascism and totalitarianism 1960s see rise of conservative movement A Abolition of slavery and greater political democracy grew because of the American Revolution Abolitionist and antislavery movements Abraham Lincoln s free-soil platform in election of 1860 Advanced irrigation and social diversification Africa and Middle East African and white abolitionists mounted a highly visible campaign Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist American Expeditionary Forces role in WWI American Indian removal American Indians and Mexican Americans competed for the land in the West American Indians sought alliances with French-Dutch-British-Spanish colonies American Indians tried to keep their lifestyles through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance American Revolution and Declaration of Independence inspired French-Haiti and Latin American independence movements American System (Henry Clay) Americans debated the merits of large nuclear arsenal Anti-Catholic nativist movement arose Anti-imperialists Appropriate use of American power in the world is questioned post-cold War Articles of Confederation had difficulties with international trade-finances-interstate commerce-foreign relations-internal unrest Articles of Confederation unified newly independent states with limited central government Asian trade grows B Benjamin Franklin and other colonial leaders energized for American Independence Bill of Rights

6 Britain achieved major expansion following French-Indian war-but debt set the stage to raise revenue and consolidate control over colonies British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Britain British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade British colonies saw gradual Anglicization over time British colonization attracted large number of male and female British migrants British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent began to unite the colonies British mercantilist policies led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies British North American colonies expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements British settled on land taken from American Indians Brown v. Board of Education Business looked towards the Pacific Rim-Asia and Latin America for greater influence and control Businesses redesigned financial and management structures and growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods By 1920s-majority of US population lived in urban centers C Chattel slavery Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Movement Closing of the Western Frontier and growth of imperialism Cold War direct and indirect military confrontations Cold War in Latin America with US supported non-communists regimes Colonial resistance Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18 th century Columbian Exchange caused shift from feudalism to capitalism Compromise of 1850 Concerned about expansionist Communist ideology Concerns about climate change Conflicts in the Middle East Conformity is challenged by artists-intellectuals-rebellious youth Conservative vs Liberal point of view expressed Consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention embodied federalism Containing communism at home and abroad Counterculture and challenge to traditional values

7 D D-Day invasion Deadly epidemics with native populations Debate by Europeans over treatment of American Indians and Africans over time began Distance and Britain s initially (Salutary Neglect) tax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions Dred Scott decision E Early 1800s national political parties debated: tariffs-powers of federal government and relations with European powers Emancipation Proclamation helped to prevent European involvement in Civil War Employment increased in service sectors and decreased in manufacturing Encomienda system End of semisubsistence agriculture and reliance on distant markets Ending the Cold War Enlightenment ideas Enslaved and free Africans into their colonial society Enslaved blacks and free African Americans joined political efforts European nation explore and conquer caused by search for new sources of wealth-economic and military competition-and a desire to spread Christianity (3-G s) European trade with American Indians stimulated cultural and economic changes and spreading Epidemic diseases (radical demographic shifts) European/American Indians adopt each other culture Expansion of slavery South and West gave rise to antislavery sentiment and created distinctive regional attitudes towards the institution F Farmers created cooperative organizations to help with agricultural markets FDR s New Deal and end of the Great Depression Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison) Federalists vs Anti-Federalists Feminist-gay-lesbian activists mobilize First Great Awakening Free-Soil movement Free-trade agreements French and Dutch colonial used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians for economic and diplomatic relationships French Revolution presented challenges to US foreign policy Frontier defense-self rule-trade

8 G Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution George Washington George Washington s Farewell Address Gettysburg Address Gospel of Wealth Government subsidies for transportation and communication opened new markets in North America Grasslands of the western Great Plains Great Basin Great Depression ending by WWII Great Depression led to calls for stronger financial regulatory system Great Migration during and after WWI Growing environmental movement to combat pollution and protect natural resources growing middle class Growth of a distinctive middle class Growth of Asian-Southern and Eastern European immigrants Growth of national identity Growth of political parties (Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison) Growth of the Sun Belt region (higher ed and new technologies) H Harlem Renaissance I Immigration from Europe and Asia mainly from Ireland and Germany Immigration laws in 1965 Immigration to west of Appalachians and along Ohio and Mississippi rivers Increased leisure time helped expand consumer culture Introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas Island hopping in Pacific Isolationism following WWI J Jane Addams Japan and Pearl Harbor Japanese American internment Japanese wartime atrocities

9 John Adams Joint-stock companies K Kansas-Nebraska Act Korean and Vietnam wars L Latino-American Indian-Asian movements League of Nations Legal challenges for Civil Rights Liberalism reached its high point in the mid-1960s Louisiana Purchase Lyndon Johnson s Great Society M Maize cultivation from Mexico to Am. Southwest Majority of Southerners owned no slaves-most Southern leaders argued slavery was part of Southern way of life Manifest Destiny Maritime technology improvements Market revolution Market Revolution sparked by textile machinery-steam engines-interchangeable parts-telegraphagricultural inventions Martin Luther King Jr. Mass media (radio and cinema) contributed to spread of national culture Metacom s War Mexican Cession heated slavery controversies Mexican migration and elsewhere in Western Hemisphere increased Mexican-American War Middle colonies economy based on cereal crops and very heterogeneous Migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West Migration caused the American bison population to be decimated Military-industrial complex Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Moral and social reforms Mutual coexistence (or détente)

10 N Natural and mineral resources drove westward migration Nazi concentration camps and the Holocaust Nazi Germany Neutrality to intervention in both World Wars New England colonies settled by Puritans New South Nonviolent protest Northeast-the Mississippi River Valley-and along the Atlantic seaboard-mixed Ag and hunter-gather societies Northwest and present-day California Northwest Ordinance Northwest Territory P Patriot cause succeeded because of colonial militias-continental Army-George Washington s military leadership-colonists resilience-assistance by European allies Patriot movement saw financial and material support from large numbers People s (Populists) Party Persistence of poverty as a national problem Plessy v. Ferguson Political machines Positive Good Theory Post 1965 debates over nonviolent efficacy Postwar decolonization of Asia Preservationists and conservationists supported national parks while advocating different gov t responses Price of goods decreased and real wages increased and a new standard of living Private sector-federal spending-baby boom-technological developments spurred economic growth Progressive Constitutional Amendments (prohibition and woman suffrage) Progressive Era journalists attacked: political corruption-social injustice-economic inequality Public confidence in government to solve social and economic problems declined in the 1970s Public debates over assimilation and Americanization Pueblo Revolt Q Quotes and Immigration restrictions following WWI

11 R Radical Reconstruction has short-term successes Rapid and substantial growth of evangelical Christian churches and organizations Reagan s opposition to communism through speeches-diplomatic efforts-limited military interventionsbuild-up of nuclear and conventional weapons Real wages stagnated and economic inequality grew Reconstruction failed because of Southern resistance and the North s waning resolve Reform to US financial system Relief-Recovery-Reform Republican Motherhood Republican party Rise of US as Super Power following WWII Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature-art-philosophy and architecture Ronald Reagan s victory in 1980 S Scope of government and social safety net Second Great Awakening Segregation-violence-Supreme Court decisions and local political tactics stripped African American rights until the 20 th Century Seneca Falls Convention Sharecropping system Significant tax cuts and deregulation Slave Trade compromise to 1808 and 3/5 compromise Social Darwinism Social Gospel Socialists Southenmost colonies had long growing seasons to develop plantation economies Southern cotton production drove Southern business leaders Soviet Union vs US following WWII Spanish caste system Spanish saw blending of a new culture with American Indians Spanish tried to incorporate American Indians Spanish-American War Spread of Protestant evangelicalism State constitutions placed power in the hands of legislative branch Supreme Court cased expanded civil rights and individual liberties Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary Supreme Court sought to limit New Deal s scope

12 T Technological innovations help economy and let to new social behaviors and networks Temperance and reform movements Thomas Paine s Common Sense and Declaration of Independence Transportation networks (roads, canals, railroads) linked North and Midwest-not South U U.S. government made treaties with Spanish and British as migration spread Westward Union membership declined Unsuccessful slave rebellions Urban neighborhoods US Government violated treaties with American Indians US involvement in Middle East-oil crisis and creating national energy policy Use of atomic weapons Utopian and other religious movements Utopians V Vietnam War inspired sizable and passionate antiwar protests W War on terrorism West African/European introduction of slavery Westward migration was boosted during and after Civil War by new legislation (transportation and economic development) White settlers Wilson and Treaty of Versailles Women and minority roles in WWII Women s rights movement Women s rights movement split over 14 th -15 th Amendments World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks WWI and WWII caused increase demand for labor WWI caused restrictions on freedom of speech and increased anxiety about Red Scare