A Community of Contrasts

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1 A Community of Contrasts Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE Principal Researcher

2 Contents Welcome 1 Introduction 2 Key Findings 3 United States 4 Largest Communities 16 New York City 16 California 18 Hawai i 20 Emerging Communities 22 Atlanta, Georgia 22 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota 30 Houston, Texas 38 Las Vegas, Nevada 46 Seattle, Washington 54 Policy Recommendations 62 Glossary 65 Appendix A (Race & Ethnicity) 66 Appendix B 72 (Socioeconomic Indicators) Technical Notes 79 Order Form 80 Asian American Justice Center The Asian American Justice Center (AAJC) works to advance the human and civil rights of Asian Americans. AAJC is a leading national voice to advance equality for all Americans. AAJC provides balanced, non-partisan analysis, technical assistance, public education, public policy, and litigation. Our goals are to: Promote Civic Engagement: AAJC ensures that Asian Americans have the tools and institutional support they need to participate more fully in shaping the policies and programs that affect their communities on a local, regional, and national level. Forge Strong and Safe Communities: AAJC helps build Asian American community leadership, combats hate crimes, and promotes productive race relations. Create an Inclusive Society: AAJC assists Asian Americans to successfully challenge unnecessary barriers and unfair restrictions to equal and fair access to justice and public programs. AAJC is a leading national expert on issues affecting the Asian American community and one that offers a Pan-Asian perspective on issues such as hate crimes and race relations, affirmative action, immigration and immigrant rights, language access, census and voting rights. AAJC also works with a strong and growing network of more than 100 communitybased organizations. They keep AAJC informed of what is happening in the growing Asian American communities in 47 cities and 24 states and the District of Columbia, as well as partner with AAJC to build strong communities. AAJC is affiliated with three regional organizations that collaborated on this report and work together as partners to advance the human and civil rights of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California Principal researcher The Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California (APALC) was founded in 1983 and is the largest organization in the country focused on providing multilingual, culturally sensitive legal services, education, and civil rights support to Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs). APALC s mission is to advocate for civil rights, provide legal services and education, and build coalitions to positively influence and impact Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and to create a more equitable and harmonious society. APALC works on a range of issues affecting AAPIs and immigrants, including workers rights, consumer rights, immigration, citizenship, domestic violence, hate crimes, health care, language access, and voting rights. Asian Law Caucus Founded in 1972, the Asian Law Caucus (ALC) was the nation s first nonprofit law office serving Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. ALC s mission is to promote, advance, and represent the legal and civil rights of the Asian and Pacific Islander community in Northern California. Annually, the Asian Law Caucus consults with and oversees cases of over 1,500 clients and provides legal information to over 5,000 people on workers rights, immigration, housing issues, voting rights, and hate crimes. Asian American Institute The Asian American Institute was established in 1992 as a pan-asian not-forprofit organization. The mission is to empower the Asian American community through advocacy, utilizing research, education, and coalition building. Specifically, the Institute works to improve cooperation and mutual understanding by bringing ethnic Asian American communities together; raise the visibility of the Asian American community and spotlight its concerns so that elected officials, policy makers, and the general public will understand; and gather and disseminate data about Asian American communities. Permission to reproduce materials from this report is granted with attribution to: Asian American Justice Center and Asian Pacific American Legal Center, 2006.

3 Karen K. Narasaki President & Executive Director, Asian American Justice Center Welcome Stewart Kwoh President & Executive Director, Asian Pacific American Legal Center The Asian American and Pacific Islander population in the United States is larger than it has ever been in our nation s history. In 1980, 1990, and again in 2000, AAPIs have been among the fastest growing racial groups in the United States. This growth has been dramatic, not only in states with established AAPI populations, but in parts of the country where our communities have more recently developed roots. Growth has contributed to an Asian American and Pacific Islander population that features a rich diversity, including numerous ethnic groups, cultures, and languages. While groups like Asian Indians, Cambodians, Chinese, and Native Hawaiians have many common issues and values, they also differ from one another in a number of ways. Understanding those similarities and differences is challenging. Last year, the Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California, in partnership with the Asian American Justice Center and Asian Law Caucus, released The Diverse Face of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in California, a report that promoted a better understanding of California s AAPI communities and their social and economic diversity. Knowledge of that diversity is particularly important in California, home to the nation s largest Asian American and Pacific Islander population. We hope that this report will help policy makers, government agencies, courts, corporations, foundations, and community organizations in these emerging communities and throughout the United States better understand and meet the needs of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Using that knowledge, we can work together to develop solutions to the problems our communities face in their efforts to become more tightly woven into our nation s social, economic and political fabric. A Community of Contrasts is a publication of the Asian American Justice Center and its affiliates and was produced by the Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California. Both AAJC and its affiliates would like to thank the report s sponsors: Carnegie Corporation, Bank of America, Washington Mutual, Chung Ying Tang Foundation, Verizon, and Anheuser-Busch. We would also like to thank our principal launch partners, who also contributed to this report: Center on Pan Asian Community Services, Inc. (Atlanta), Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans (Minneapolis-St. Paul), Asian American Legal Center (Houston), National Federation of Filipino American Associations (Las Vegas), and Asian Counseling and Referral Service (Seattle). Yet in many ways, more significant changes are occurring in communities outside California. Monumental demographic shifts are taking place in cities such as Atlanta, Minneapolis- St. Paul, Houston, Las Vegas, and Seattle, where policy makers may not fully understand, or government and other agencies may not have the infrastructure to serve, the unique needs of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Through A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States, we hope to help promote a more accurate view of these emerging communities. AAPIs in the East, South, Midwest, and Northeast are remarkably similar to those in California. Throughout the country, AAPIs are starting businesses, creating jobs, and contributing to economic growth. Yet many face language barriers and some are among the most disadvantaged Americans. Karen K. Narasaki Stewart Kwoh A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 1

4 Introduction Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) are among America s most diverse racial groups. With roots in China, Hawai i, India, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Vietnam, and throughout Asia and the Pacific, AAPIs encompass dozens of distinct ethnic groups and speak a multitude of languages. The diversity of these groups creates a community of striking social, cultural, political and economic contrasts. Since the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act and the end of racebased immigration quotas, AAPI communities throughout the United States have grown dramatically. According to Census 2000, AAPIs are among the nation s fastest growing racial groups and are expected to make up over 5% of its total population by the year Over the past decade, AAPI population growth has been dramatic in states in the South, Southwest and Midwest, generally home to very small communities before Consequently, national and local policy makers, businesses and other institutions have only recently begun to more fully understand AAPIs. Recognizing the significant growth in areas with emerging populations, as well as the large and established populations in states such as New York, California, and Hawai i, A Community of Contrasts compiles data on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders for the United States and five cities with growing AAPI populations, including Atlanta, GA, Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN, Houston, TX, Las Vegas, NV, and Seattle, WA. The report fills a critical void in a number of ways. First, it provides data on population and population characteristics, such as consumer spending, entrepreneurship, housing, education, income, poverty, language, immigration and citizenship, for 21 distinct AAPI ethnic groups. Given the social and economic diversity that exists in AAPI communities, having information on specific AAPI ethnic groups is critical to properly understanding and serving the unique needs of each. Second, it provides these data, not only for the United States, but for parts of the country that have seen significant growth in Asian American and Pacific Islander population in recent years. While some reporting has occurred for California and the nation as a whole, little to no research has focused on emerging communities in states such as Georgia, Nevada, Minnesota, Texas, and Washington. Yet those serving these emerging communities are perhaps most in need of information to support the establishment of much needed services that are less likely to exist. Finally, it presents these data in a way that is easily accessible to elected officials, government agencies, community organizations, business leaders, and others who need the information to serve AAPIs. Developing legislation, understanding markets, planning programs, writing grants, and advocacy all require quick and easy access to information. The tables included in appendices on pages capture key socioeconomic indicators by racial and ethnic group and are particularly useful in this regard. A Community of Contrasts draws heavily from Census 2000, perhaps the most accurate count of AAPIs in the history of the decennial census. While these data were largely accurate when they were collected in 2000 and remain the best information available capturing population characteristics by ethnic group, they grow dated each year. For this reason, this report also draws from other, more recently released, sources of data, including the Census Bureau s 2004 population estimates and 2002 Survey of Business Owners. Throughout the United States, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have had a positive impact on the communities in which they live. AAPIs have opened businesses and created millions of jobs, with a blossoming buying power that has contributed to economic growth. At the same time, AAPI communities need assistance to fully realize their American dreams. A Community of Contrasts helps to better articulate both the contributions and needs of this growing population. The statements and recommendations expressed in this report are solely the responsibility of the authors. 1 U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Interim Projections by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin. Online at 2 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

5 Key Findings Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are among the fastest growing racial and ethnic groups in the United States. From 1990 to 2004, both the Asian American and Pacific Islander population in the United States doubled in size, with Asian Americans growing from 7 million to 14 million and Pacific Islanders growing from under a half million to nearly one million. There are now nine majority Asian American cities in the continental United States. While much of this growth occurred in states with the largest Asian American and Pacific Islander populations (e.g., California, New York, and Hawai i), the fastest growing Asian American and Pacific Islander communities from 2000 to 2004 were in Nevada, New Hampshire, and Georgia. Research is needed to better understand these growing communities and additional resources must be allocated to serve their needs. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders make significant contributions to the economy through entrepreneurial activity, job creation, and consumer spending. According to the Census Bureau s 2002 Survey of Business Owners, Asian American entrepreneurs own over 1.1 million businesses nationwide. Asian American-owned businesses are more likely than other businesses to have paid employees and have created nearly 2.3 million jobs in this country. Other studies estimate that Asian American and Pacific Islander buying power increased from $118 billion in 1990 to $363 billion in 2004, tripling over a 14-year period and further contributing to economic growth in the United States. That buying power is growing fastest in Nevada, North Carolina, and Georgia. Immigrant contributions to the economy call for changes to current immigration policy that promote family reunification, provide more with pathways to citizenship, and protect workers. Some Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have achieved the American dream, while others still struggle to achieve it. In both established and emerging communities throughout the United States, there are great socioeconomic disparities among Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups, with some groups among the most successful and others among the most poverty stricken. Four Asian American ethnic groups have per capita incomes greater than those of non- Hispanic Whites. In contrast, 12 Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups have above average poverty rates. Southeast Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are particularly likely to be poor. Nearly 40% of Hmong nationwide and over 30% of Hmong in Minneapolis- St. Paul, the country s largest Hmong community, live below the poverty line. Greater job training, housing and economic development, and improvements to K-12 and post-secondary education are needed to address these disparities to assist citizens and legal permanent residents alike. Millions of Asian Americans face language barriers. Nearly four million Asian Americans experience some difficulty speaking English. Over one in three Asian Americans are limited English proficient, while one in four are isolated in households where every member 14 years or older experiences some difficulty speaking English. Three of the five largest Asian American ethnic groups are among the most limited English proficient racial and ethnic groups in the United States, with 61% of Vietnamese, 46% of Koreans, and 45% of Chinese nationwide experiencing some difficulty speaking English. Six Asian American ethnic groups have majority limited English proficient populations. Without language assistance and opportunities to learn English, millions of AAPIs are denied fundamental rights such as access to healthcare, social services, the justice system, and disaster relief. While Asian American and Pacific Islander immigrants are likely to become citizens, millions have yet to naturalize. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are disproportionately foreign-born. Approximately 50% of Asian American and 43% of Pacific Islander immigrants have become citizens of the United States, compared to 40% of all foreign-born nationwide. Naturalization rates are particularly high among Filipino (62%), Vietnamese (58%), and Samoan (56%) immigrants. Yet over 3.7 million Asian Americans and 90,000 Pacific Islanders are not citizens. More citizenship education and assistance, voter registration, and get-out-the-vote efforts are needed to promote broader civic participation among AAPIs. Leadership development and programs designed to foster positive intergroup relations are also necessary. A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 3

6 United States Introduction Asian American and Pacific Islander Population Concentration United States Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are among the fastest growing populations in the United States. From 1990 to 2000, the Asian American population grew as much as 72%, while the Pacific Islander population grew as much as 140%. This growth is occurring in states with large, established AAPI populations, like New York, California, and Hawai i, as well in states with emerging AAPI communities. Nevada is home to the nation s fastest growing AAPI population. In Las Vegas alone, Asian Americans grew as much as 272% and Pacific Islanders grew as much as 632% from 1990 to Change is occurring in other cities as well. In 1990, Monterey Park, California was the only majority AAPI city in the continental United States. Today, there are nine majority AAPI cities outside Hawai i. At federal, state, and local levels, growth in AAPI population demands greater attention from policy makers, government agencies, corporations, and community organizations. The first step is to understand these vibrant and diverse communities. TABLE 1: 2004 Census Population Estimates United States Major Racial & Ethnic Groups Major Races United States New York California Hawai i & Ethnic Groups White 197,840,821 67% 11,745,589 61% 15,982,109 45% 294,558 23% Latino 41,322,070 14% 3,076,697 16% 12,442,626 35% 99,830 8% Black 39,232,489 13% 3,529,241 18% 2,684,307 7% 41,327 3% Asian American 13,956,612 5% 1,346,049 7% 4,756,181 13% 727,650 58% American Indian 4,409,446 2% 183,442 1% 687,366 2% 25,981 2% Pacific Islander 976, % 35, % 251,736 1% 279,651 22% U.S. Total 293,655, % 19,227, % 35,893, % 1,262, % Note: Figures are for the inclusive population, single race and multirace combined, and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race, non- Hispanic. Figures will not sum to total. Major races and ethnic groups ranked by United States percentage. 4 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

7 United States Race & Ethnicity Race & Ethnicity Race > There are nearly 14 million Asian Americans and 1 million Pacific Islanders in the United States, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. > The Asian American population has increased from 7 million in 1990 to 12 million in 2000, and to 14 million in 2004 and continues to be one of the fastest growing groups in the U.S. > Pacific Islanders have increased from under a half million persons in 1990 to nearly a million in > Asian Americans now are 5% and Pacific Islanders 0.3% of the nation s population. > Pacific Islanders have the highest multiracial rates in the nation. More than half (54%) of Pacific Islanders identify more than one racial heritage. > Fourteen percent of Asian Americans are multiracial, a rate higher than that of Latinos, African Americans, and Whites. > Higher percentages of Asian Americans are found by state: 58% of Hawai i, 13% of California, and 7% of Washington, New Jersey, New York, and Nevada. > By state, Pacific Islanders are 22% of Hawai i, 1% of Utah, 0.9% of Nevada and Alaska, and 0.8% of Washington. Ethnic Groups > Chinese are the largest Asian American ethnic group in the United States, constituting nearly a quarter, or 24%, of Asian Americans nationwide. > Filipinos are the second largest Asian American group and are a fifth, or 20%, of Asian Americans in the U.S. > Asian Indians, Koreans, Vietnamese, and Japanese round out the six largest groups which make up 90% of Asian Americans across the nation. > The remaining balance of Asian American groups consist of a diversity of more than ten Asian American ethnic groups including Cambodians, Pakistanis, Laotians, Thai, Indonesians, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankans, and Malaysians. Asian Indian Pakistani Hmong Vietnamese > Pacific Islanders consist of three major ethnic groups: 46% Native Hawaiian, 15% Samoan, and 11% Guamanian or Chamorro. Two additional groups make up the five largest Pacific Islander groups: Tongans (4%) and Fijians (2%). 89% 88% 83% 99% Asian Americans, along with Latinos, are driving population 106% 107% 133% growth in the United States. Figure 1: Percent Growth of Asian American Groups in the U.S., Ten Largest Groups Ranked by 1990 to 2000 Alone 151% Chinese 48% 230% 75% Korean 35% 54% Filipino 32% 68% Cambodian 17% 40% Laotian Japanese -6% 13% 33% 36% 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 5

8 United States Growth & Concentration TABLE 2: States with the Highest Percent Asian Americans U.S. States Number Percent Hawai i 727,650 58% California 4,756,181 13% Washington 464,856 7% New Jersey 647,906 7% New York 1,346,049 7% Nevada 154,843 7% Alaska 37,920 6% Maryland 286,136 5% Virginia 376,428 5% Massachusetts 319,618 5% Source: U.S. Census 2004 Population Estimates TABLE 3: States with the Highest Percent Pacific Islander U.S. States Number Percent Hawai i 279, % Utah 23, % Nevada 21, % Alaska 5, % Washington 47, % California 251, % Oregon 17, % Arizona 17, % Colorado 12, % Idaho 3, % Source: U.S. Census 2004 Population Estimates TABLE 4: States with Fastest Asian Am. Population Growth, U.S. States Number Percent Nevada 41,471 37% New Hampshire 6,332 33% Georgia 57,339 29% Delaware 5,351 28% Florida 88,443 26% Arizona 31,251 26% North Carolina 34,444 25% Connecticut 23,938 25% Arkansas 6,030 24% Virginia 70,306 23% Source: U.S. Census 2004 Population Estimates Growth > Asian Americans, along with Latinos, are driving the population growth in the country. From 1990 to 2000, these two groups had the fastest growing populations, Asian Americans up to 72% and Latinos up to 58% growth, compared to 13% growth for the nation overall. > From 2000 to 2004, Asian Americans and Latinos continued to have the fastest growing populations, far outpacing any of the other major racial or ethnic groups. Asian Americans grew by 16% and Latinos by 17%, compared to 4% growth for the U.S. population overall. > The three fastest growing Asian American groups in the United States are all South Asian: Bangladeshi, Asian Indians, and Pakistani. These three groups all doubled or tripled in size from 1990 to > Hmong, Sri Lankans, and Vietnamese had the fourth through sixth fastest growth rates, all doubling in size from 1990 to > Tongans and Samoans are the fastest growing groups among Pacific Islanders. > Nevada, Georgia, and North Carolina had the fastest Asian American growth rates from 1990 to 2000, all more than doubling their Asian populations in that ten-year period. > Washington, Utah, and Texas had the largest numeric growth of Pacific Islanders from 1990 to Concentration > Asian Americans are more heavily concentrated in the western United States. Nearly half of the Asian Americans live in the West, compared to 22% of the nation s population overall. > California continues to be the state where the Asian American population is found in greater numbers. More than a third of the Asian American population lives in California, compared to 12% of the total population of the U.S. > Asian American ethnic groups are distributed differently across the regions in the U.S. South Asian groups are more highly represented in the Northeast while 68% of Filipinos reside in the West. The South also has higher concentrations of South Asians as well as a large Vietnamese population. Hmong and Laotians are found in high numbers in the Midwest. > In 1990, Monterey Park in California became the first majority Asian American city in the continental United States. By 2000, that number grew to nine majority Asian American places, all in California. > The places in the U.S. with the highest percentages of Pacific Islanders are found in areas north and south of San Francisco, in Southern California, and in Utah. 6 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

9 United States Education Education > Asian American adults age 25 years and older are more likely than Whites to have graduated college (43% versus 27%), but also more likely to have not graduated from high school (19% versus 15%). > More than a fifth of Pacific Islander adults have not completed high school and only 17% have a bachelor s degree or higher, compared to 24% of the nation overall. > Four Southeast Asian groups Vietnamese, Cambodians, Laotians, and Hmong have educational levels far below average, some among the lowest in the nation. Less than High School > Ten AAPI ethnic groups have below average rates of completing high school, and three groups have the lowest rates among the major racial and ethnic groups. > Nearly half or more of Hmong, Cambodian, and Laotian adults have not completed high school. A third or more of Vietnamese, Tongans, and Fijians do not have a high school degree. > More than one out of five Chinese, Bangladeshi, Samoan, and Guamanian adults have not finished high school. College > Five AAPI groups have college completion rates lower than any of the major racial or ethnic groups. > Less than ten percent of Cambodian, Laotian, Tongan, Fijian, and Hmong adults have completed college. > Only 20% of Vietnamese, the fifth largest AAPI group in the U.S., have a college degree. > Twelve Asian American ethnic groups have college completion rates higher than that of Whites. A majority of Sri Lankans, Pakistani, Asian Indians, and Taiwanese have a college degree. Figure 2: Educational Attainment of AAPI Groups in the U.S., 2000 Hmong 59% 28% 6% 6% 2 Cambodian 53% 33% 5% 7% 2 Laotian 49% 37% 5% 6% 1 Vietnamese 38% 35% 8% 15% 5% Bangladeshi 23% 26% 5% 24% 21% Samoan 23% 59% 7% 8% 4% Chinese 22% 25% 6% 24% 23% Guamanian Thai 20% 22% 55% 7% 11% 5% 33% 9% 22% 15% Pakistani Hawaiian Asian Indian 15% 15% 19% 24% 5% 29% 23% 62% 7% 11% 5% 20% 4% 29% 32% Korean 14% 37% 6% 29% 14% Filipino 13% 37% 8% 34% 8% Japanese Indonesian 9% 42% 9% 28% 13% 8% 39% 9% 26% 16% Less than High School High School Associate s Degree Bachelor s Degree Advanced Degree A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 7

10 United States Age & Housing Age > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are younger than the population of the United States as a whole. > The Asian American median age of 31 and Pacific Islander of 25 is lower than the U.S. overall median age of 35. > Pacific Islanders have the lowest median age among the major racial and ethnic groups. > All of the over 20 Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups have median ages below that of the U.S. overall, except for Japanese who have a median age of 36. > Six AAPI groups have the lowest median ages among the major racial and ethnic groups. Hmong, Tongans, Samoans, Cambodians, Guamanian/Chamorro, and Laotians all have median ages below 25 years. Average Household Size > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have larger average household sizes than the U.S. population overall. > The average household size of Pacific Islanders is 3.4 and of Asian Americans is 3.1, compared to 2.6 for the nation in general. > All AAPI groups have larger average household sizes, except for Japanese. > Nine AAPI groups have the largest average household sizes among the major racial and ethnic groups, including Hmong, Tongans, Pakistani, Samoans, and Vietnamese. Homeownership > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have below average homeownership rates in the United States. > Fifty-three percent of Asian Americans and 47% of Pacific Islanders live in homes that they own, compared to 66% of the nation s population overall. > All of the more than 20 AAPI ethnic groups have homeownership rates below average. > Nine AAPI groups have the lowest homeownership rates in the nation among the major racial and ethnic groups, including Bangladeshi, Samoans, Malaysians, Koreans, Indonesians, and Tongans. Overcrowded Housing > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average rates of living in overcrowded housing. > A fifth or more of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders live in overcrowded housing, compared to 6% of the U.S. population. > Eight AAPI ethnic groups have overcrowded housing rates higher than any of the major racial and ethnic groups. A third or more of Vietnamese, Samoans, and Laotians and more than 40% of Cambodians, Bangladeshi, and Tongans live in overcrowded housing. Hmong have the highest rates, with 64% living in overcrowded housing. > More than a fifth of Koreans and Filipinos live in overcrowded housing. Figure 3: Homeownership Rates of Ten Largest AAPI Groups in the U.S. Pakistani Korean Cambodian Asian Indian 40% 41% 44% 47% Of the more than 20 Native Hawaiian 51% Asian American and Laotian 53% Pacific Islander Vietnamese 54% ethnic groups, all have below average homeownership rates. Chinese Filipino Japanese United States 21% 58% 59% 60% 66% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

11 United States Income Median Household Income > Both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have median household income higher than that of the U.S. general population. > Pacific Islanders ($42,062) have a median household income slightly higher than the U.S. overall. > Asian Americans ($51,045) have the highest median household income in the U.S. > Eight AAPI groups have median household incomes below that of the U.S. population overall, including Koreans, Indonesians, Thai, and Malaysians. > Eight AAPI groups have median household incomes higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups, including four of the six largest AAPI groups: Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, and Asian Indians. Per Capita Income Per capita income is the income available per individual in a population, rather than for an entire household. Because AAPI households are larger on average, per capita income is a better measure of a group s overall well-being. > In contrast to median household income, both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have per capita incomes below that of the U.S. population overall. > Sixteen AAPI groups have per capita incomes below that of the U.S. overall, including three of the six largest AAPI groups: Filipinos, Koreans, and Vietnamese. Where Filipinos had median household incomes far above that of the U.S., they fall below the U.S. for per capita income showing the impact of factors such as larger household sizes. > Five AAPI groups have per capita incomes below that of any of the major racial or ethnic groups: Hmong, Tongans, Cambodians, Samoans, and Laotians. These five groups have per capita incomes below $12,000. > Four groups have per capita incomes higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups: Taiwanese, Japanese, Asian Indian, and Sri Lankan. Three or More Workers > Asian American and Pacific Islander families have above average rates of having three or more workers, both 17%, compared to 12% for the U.S. overall. > All of the more than 20 AAPI ethnic groups have higher than average rates of three or more workers per family. > Nine AAPI ethnic groups are more likely than any of the major racial or ethnic groups to have three or more workers per family. > A quarter or more of Vietnamese, Fijian, Tongan, and Laotian families have three or more workers. Nearly one out of four Filipino families have three or more workers. Asian American Latino Pacific Islander American Indian White Black United States Figure 4: Families with Three or More Workers Major Racial and Ethnic Groups in the U.S., 2000 Asian American families 30% 11.1% 10.5% are the most likely to have three or more workers contributing to the family income. 12.1% 11.9% 17.4% 17.3% 17.2% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 9

12 United States Poverty Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average rates of living below the federal poverty line in the United States. > Thirteen percent of Asian Americans and 17% of Pacific Islanders live in poverty, compared to 12% across the United States. > Hmong and Cambodians have poverty rates higher than any of the major racial and ethnic groups in the U.S., both 29% or higher. > Fifteen AAPI groups have poverty rates above average, including Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Pakistanis, and Native Hawaiians. Child Poverty > Pacific Islanders (19%) have above average and Asian Americans (14%) have below average poverty rates for children age 17 years and younger. Hmong > Eight AAPI groups have child poverty rates above the U.S. average of 17%. > A fifth or more of Vietnamese, Samoan, Tongan, Pakistani, Laotian, and Bangladeshi children live in poverty. > More than a third of Hmong and Cambodian children live below the federal poverty line, a rate higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the U.S. Senior Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average poverty rates for seniors age 65 years and older. > Twelve percent of Asian American and 13% of Pacific Islander seniors live in poverty, compared to 10% of seniors across the nation. > Fifteen AAPI groups have senior poverty rates above average. Figure 5: AAPI Groups with Above Average Poverty Rates AAPI Groups in the U.S., % > More than one-fifth of Korean and Cambodian and more than 15% of Pakistani, Chinese, Samoan, Fijian, Vietnamese, and Laotian seniors are living below the federal poverty line. > Bangladeshi and Hmong seniors have higher poverty rates than any of the major racial or ethnic groups. A quarter or more of Bangladeshi and Hmong seniors live in poverty. 200% of Poverty 200% of poverty is a measure that captures those living near poverty ($34,058 for a family of four). > Pacific Islanders have above average and Asian Americans below average rates of living below 200% of the federal poverty line. > More than a third of Pacific Islanders (38%) and more than a quarter of Asian Americans (28%) live at 200% of poverty, compared to 30% of U.S. residents overall. > A majority of Bangladeshi, Cambodians, and Hmong live at 200% of the poverty line. Cambodian Bangladeshi Malaysian Samoan Tongan Laotian Indonesian Pakistani Vietnamese Native Hawaiian Korean Thai Guamanian Chinese U.S. Total 23% 21% 20% 19% 19% 19% 18% 16% 15% 14% 14% 14% 13% 12% 29% Fifteen Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups have above average poverty rates, including Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Pakistani, and Native Hawaiians A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

13 United States Language TABLE 5: Limited English Proficiency Rates of Asian Am. States with the highest Asian American LEP rates States Limited English Proficient Number Percent New York 483,513 44% Minnesota 59,733 42% Massachusetts 97,724 40% Georgia 73,669 40% California 1,515,654 39% Rhode Island 10,505 39% Wisconsin 33,695 39% Louisiana 23,027 38% Pennsylvania 86,508 38% Iowa 14,122 37% Texas 217,663 37% Kansas 18,566 37% Oklahoma 19,599 37% Nebraska 8,585 37% Alaska 11,070 37% Source: U.S. Census 2000 Note: Ranked by Percent Asian American Vietnamese Limited English Proficiency Persons who speak English less than very well are considered limited English proficient. > More than a third of the Asian American population, nearly four million people, is considered limited English proficient, or LEP. > Twelve percent of Pacific Islanders are LEP. > A majority of six AAPI groups are limited English proficient: Vietnamese, Hmong, Cambodian, Laotian, Bangladeshi, and Taiwanese. > More than one out of three Koreans, Chinese, Thai, Indonesians, and Malaysians speak English less than very well. > More than a fifth of Filipinos, Japanese, Asian Indians, and Pakistani are LEP. > More than a quarter of Tongans and Fijians are LEP, the highest rates among Pacific Islanders. A majority of Tongan and Fijian seniors are limited English proficient. > A near majority of the states in the U.S. have an Asian American population that is a third or more LEP. States with the highest LEP rates are New York, Minnesota, Massachusetts, and Georgia, all with an Asian American population that is 40% or more LEP. > A quarter or more of Pacific Islanders in Minnesota, New Jersey, and Massachusetts are LEP. Figure 6: Limited English Proficiency AAPI Groups with Highest LEP Rates in the U.S., % Hmong 58% Cambodian 53% More than a third Bangladeshi 52% of the Asian American Laotian 34% 52% population is limited Taiwanese 33% 51% English proficient. Korean 46% Chinese 45% Thai 41% Indonesian 35% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 11

14 United States Language Child Limited English Proficiency > More than one out of five Asian American children age 17 years and younger are considered limited English proficient. > Eight percent of Pacific Islander children are LEP, the third highest rate. > A majority of Hmong children and a third or more of Bangladeshi, Cambodian, and Vietnamese children are LEP. > A fifth or more of Pakistani, Korean, Malaysian, and Chinese children are limited English proficient. Hmong Vietnamese Cambodian Bangladeshi Laotian Figure 7: Child Limited English Proficiency AAPI Groups with Ten Highest Child LEP Rates in the U.S., % 33% 33% 39% 52% Senior Limited English Proficiency > Asian American seniors age 65 years and older have the highest rates of limited English proficiency among the major racial and ethnic groups. A majority of Asian American seniors (58%) are LEP. > Nearly a fifth, or 19%, of Pacific Islander seniors are LEP. > Six AAPI groups have senior populations that are more than 80% LEP, including Vietnamese, Hmong, Cambodians, Laotians, Tongans, and Bangladeshi. > A majority of Filipino, Korean, and Chinese and a near majority of Asian Indian seniors experience limited English proficiency. Linguistic Isolation Households in which all members 14 years old or older speak English less than very well are considered linguistically isolated. > One out of four Asian American households is considered linguistically isolated. > Six percent of Pacific Islander households are linguistically isolated. > Two of the six largest AAPI groups have the highest linguistic isolation rates in the nation. Forty-five percent of Vietnamese and 39% of Korean households are linguistically isolated. > A third or more of Chinese, Bangladeshi, Hmong, and Taiwanese households are linguistically isolated. Chinese Malaysian Korean Pakistani Indonesian Vietnamese Hmong Cambodian Laotian Tongan Bangladeshi Korean Chinese Thai Fijian Pakistani Filipino 21% 20% 20% 19% 23% Figure 8: Senior Limited English Proficiency AAPI Groups with Ten Highest Senior LEP Rates in the U.S., % 59% 72% 69% 69% 76% 81% 81% 87% 87% 86% 85% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

15 United States Immigration & Citizenship Immigration > Asian Americans have the highest foreign-born rates in the nation. A majority (63%) of Asian Americans are foreign-born, compared to 40% of Latinos, and 11% for the U.S. overall. > Pacific Islanders have the third highest foreign-born rate. Nearly a fifth of Pacific Islanders are foreign-born. > A majority of all Asian American ethnic groups are foreignborn, except for Japanese who are 29% foreign-born. > Foreign-born rates vary more widely for Pacific Islanders. Nearly three-quarters of Fijians, 44% of Tongans, and 17% of Samoans are foreign-born. > About 10% of undocumented immigrants, over 900,000 people, are from Asian countries, according to the Urban Institute. Over 3.7 million Asian Americans are not U.S. citizens. Citizenship > Asian American and Pacific Islander foreign-born have above average rates of becoming naturalized citizens. Half of Asian American and 43% of Pacific Islander foreign-born are naturalized citizens, compared to 40% of U.S. foreign-born in general. > Over 3.7 million Asian Americans and 90,000 Pacific Islanders are not U.S. citizens. > Nine AAPI groups have below average rates of becoming citizens. Less than a third of Hmong, Bangladeshi, Indonesians, Japanese, and Malaysians have become citizens. > Less than half of Asian Indian, Pakistani, Thai, Cambodian, Laotian, and Guamanian foreign-born have become citizens. Figure 9: Foreign-Born Rates, Adult and Child Asian Americans and Latinos in the U.S., 2000 Adult 18+ yrs 30% 78% 54% Child 0-17 yrs 5% 14% 22% Asian American Latino A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 13

16 United States Economic Contributions Economic data from the Census Bureau and other sources show Asian American and Pacific Islander communities make significant contributions to the economy by creating jobs for themselves, creating jobs for others, and stimulating economic growth through consumer spending. Entrepreneurship > Asian American entrepreneurs own over 1.1 million businesses nationwide, making up 5% of all businesses and 10% of all new businesses created between 1997 and 2002, according to the Census Bureau s 2002 Survey of Business Owners. > From 1997 to 2002, California saw the largest numeric increase in Asian American-owned businesses (59,265), followed by New York (22,874) and Texas (18,700). > Highlighting growing entrepreneurship in areas with emerging populations, Nevada (84%) saw the fastest growth in Asian American-owned businesses from 1997 to 2002, followed closely by North Carolina (74%) and Nebraska (68%). Figure 10: Percent Growth in Businesses > Nearly 31% of Asian American-owned and 36% of Pacific Islander-owned businesses in the U.S. are owned by women. In contrast, only 28% of all businesses are owned by women. > Among Asian American-owned businesses, 28% are Chinese-owned, 18% are Asian Indian-owned, 15% are Korean-owned, 11% are Vietnameseowned, 9% are Japanese-owned, and 9% are Filipino-owned, according to the Census Bureau s 1997 Survey of Minority Owned Business Enterprises. Job Creation Paid employees consist of full and part-time employees, not including proprietors or partners of unincorporated businesses. > Asian American-owned businesses are more likely than other businesses to have paid employees. Nearly 29% of Asian American-owned businesses have paid employees, compared to 24% of all businesses. > Asian American-owned businesses have created nearly 2.3 million jobs nationwide. Asian American and Pacific Islander buying power increased from $118 billion in 1990 to $363 billion in Consumer Spending > AAPI buying power, or after-tax income, increased faster than any other racial group, save Latinos, from 1990 to AAPI buying power increased from $118 billion in 1990 to $363 billion in 2004, growing 207% over a 14-year period, according to the Selig Center for Economic Growth. > California ($129 billion), New York ($35 billion), and New Jersey ($22 billion) had the largest AAPI consumer markets in > Nevada (523% increase), North Carolina (463% increase), and Georgia (453% increase) had the fastest growth in AAPI buying power from 1990 to Pacific Islander 67% Figure 11: Percent Growth in Buying Power Asian American 24% AAPI 207% U.S. Total 10% U.S. Total 101% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

17 Largest Communities New York City, New York California Hawai i While this report focuses on the United States and its emerging Asian American and Pacific Islander communities, it would not be complete without some information on the largest, most established AAPI communities. New York City is home to more AAPIs than any other city in the United States. Among states, California has the largest AAPI population, while Hawai i has the highest per capita concentration of AAPIs. Largest communities are listed in order of east to west. Emerging Communities Atlanta, Georgia Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Houston, Texas Las Vegas, Nevada Seattle, Washington Much of the growth in the Asian American and Pacific Islander population from 1990 to 2000 occurred outside of New York, California, and Hawai i, yet most research on AAPIs focuses on these larger, more established communities. This report provides information on other parts of the country seeing rapid growth in the AAPI population. Atlanta, Minneapolis-St.Paul, Houston, Las Vegas, and Seattle were selected in an effort to reflect the AAPI community s ethnic and geographic diversity. Emerging communities are listed in order of east to west.

18 New York City Introduction New York City is home to more Asian Americans than any other city in the United States. Known more for its vibrant Chinatown and large Chinese American population, the city has become home to diverse and rapidly growing South Asian communities. Indeed, Asian Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan populations are both the city s fastest growing ethnic groups and the largest of their kind in the nation. They are also among New York City s poorest. Race and Ethnicity > There are over 981,000 Asian Americans and 26,000 Pacific Islanders living in New York City, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. Nearly 73% of New York State s Asian American population and 75% of the state s Pacific Islander population live in New York City. > In 2004, Asian Americans made up 12% and Pacific Islanders less than 1% of the city s population. > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are New York City s fastest growing racial groups, both from 1990 to 2000 and 2000 to > Chinese (379,809) and Asian Indians (206,228) are the city s largest Asian American ethnic groups and make up over half of its Asian American population. Koreans (90,208), Filipinos (62,058), Pakistani (34,310), Bangladeshi (28,269), and Japanese (26,419) also reside in the city in large numbers. Indeed, New York City is home to more Asian Indians, Bangladeshi, Chinese, Malaysians, Pakistani, Sri Lankans, and Taiwanese than any other city in the United States. > Among Asian American ethnic groups numbering 500 or more in 1990, Bangladeshi are the fastest growing, their population increasing as much as 471% between 1990 and The city s Sri Lankan, Pakistani, and Asian Indian population are also growing at high rates. > Other Pacific Islanders constitute the city s largest Pacific Islander group, numbering over 14,000 and making up 75% of Pacific Islanders citywide. Smaller numbers of Native Hawaiians, Guamanian/Chamorro, and Samoans also reside in New York City. > Other Pacific Islanders grew between 841% and 5,237% between 1990 and Table 6: Largest AAPI Groups New York City AAPI Group Number Chinese 379,809 Asian Indian 206,228 Korean 90,208 Filipino 62,058 Pakistani 34,310 Bangladeshi 28,269 Japanese 26,419 Source: U.S. Census 2000 Table 7: New York City Population, 2000 and 2004 Estimates Ranked by 2004 Percent Major Races Number Percent Number Percent Difference Growth White, Non-Hispanic 2,887,002 36% 2,827,766 35% -59, % African American 2,499,088 31% 2,488,092 31% -10, % Latino 2,160,554 27% 2,252,000 28% 91, % Asian American 891,718 11% 981,300 12% 89, % American Indian 94,928 1% 97,300 1% 2, % Pacific Islander 22, % 26, % 4, % New York City Total 8,008, % 8,104, % 95, % Note: Figures are for the inclusive population, single race and multirace combined, and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race, non- Hispanic. Will not sum to total. 16 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

19 New York City Socioeconomic Status Socioeconomic Characteristics > Both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are two times less likely than non-hispanic Whites to hold a high school degree. Approximately 53% of Cambodians, 44% of Malaysians, 42% of Chinese, and 42% of Vietnamese 25 years or older have less than a high school degree. > While South Asians are New York City s fastest growing ethnic groups, they are also among its poorest. The Bangladeshi population, which has more than quadrupled over the past decade, shares the city s highest poverty rate (31%) with Latinos. Approximately 30% of Cambodians and Samoans and 28% of Pakistani and Vietnamese living in New York City are poor. > Over 75% of Asian Americans living in New York City are foreign-born. Indeed, a majority of each of the city s Asian American ethnic groups were born outside the United States. These rates are particularly high among Malaysians (92%), Bangladeshi (85%), and Sri Lankans (83%). > With so many born abroad, the Asian American population has the highest rate of limited-english proficiency among racial groups in the city. A near majority of Asian Americans citywide have some difficulty speaking English, with Malaysians (66%), Chinese (63%), Koreans (62%), Vietnamese (61%), Bangladeshi (60%), Thai (52%), and Cambodians (50%) showing particularly high rates. Additional demographic information on New York City is available in the report, Economic Characteristics of Asian Americans in the New York Metropolitan Area, produced by the Asian American Federation of New York ( Figure 12: Poverty Rate of AAPI Groups in New York City Bangladeshi Cambodian Samoan Pakistani Vietnamese Native Hawaiian Japanese Chinese Sri Lankan Malaysian Guamanian Asian Indian Korean Hmong Thai Filipino New York City 6% 12% 106% 31% 30% 30% 28% 28% 26% 22% 22% 20% 18% 18% 18% 17% 15% 21% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 17

20 California Introduction California is home to the largest Asian American and Pacific Islander population in the United States. The state s already large AAPI population is projected to more than double from four million to nine million between 2000 and Statewide, there are nine places that are majority Asian American and 17 more that are one third or more Asian American. As this growth continues, the needs of this large and diverse community will require greater attention. Race and Ethnicity > According to 2004 Census Bureau estimates, there are nearly 4.8 million Asian Americans and more than 250,000 Pacific Islanders in California. Over 34% of Asian Americans and nearly 26% of Pacific Islanders in the United States live in the Golden State. > In 2004, Asian Americans made up 13% and Pacific Islanders nearly 1% of the state s population. > California s Asian American population grew as much as 52% from 1990 to 2000 and 13% from 2000 to 2004, while its Pacific Islander population as much as doubled from 1990 to 2000 and grew 8% from 2000 to > Chinese are the state s largest Asian American ethnic group, numbering 1,122,187 and making up 27% of Asian Americans statewide. Filipinos (1,098,321), Vietnamese (484,023), Japanese (394,896), and Koreans (375,571) also reside in California in large numbers. > Among Asian ethnic groups, South Asian Americans, including Asian Indians, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and Sri Lankans, grew the fastest between 1990 and > Native Hawaiians constitute the state s largest Pacific Islander ethnic group, numbering over 60,000 and making up 27% of Pacific Islanders statewide. Samoans (50,000) and Guamanian/ Chamorro (34,000) also reside in California in large numbers. Table 8: Largest AAPI Groups California AAPI Group Number Chinese 1,122,187 Filipino 1,098,321 Vietnamese 484,023 Japanese 394,896 Korean 375,571 Asian Indian 360,392 Cambodian 84,559 Source: U.S. Census 2000 Los Angeles County has the largest Asian American and Pacific Islander population in the United States. Table 9: California Population, 2000 and 2004 Estimates Ranked by 2004 Percent Major Races Number Percent Number Percent Difference Growth White, Non-Hispanic 16,058,350 47% 15,982,109 45% (76,241) 0% Latino 10,966,556 32% 12,442,626 35% 1,476,070 13% Black 2,589,910 8% 2,684,307 7% 94,397 4% American Indian 672,542 2% 687,366 2% 14,824 2% Asian American 4,196,392 12% 4,756,181 13% 559,789 13% Pacific Islander 233,277 1% 251,736 1% 18,459 8% California Total 33,871, % 35,893, % 2,022,151 6% Note: Figures are for the inclusive population, single race and multirace combined, and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race, non- Hispanic. Will not sum to total. 18 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

21 California Socioeconomic Status Socioeconomic Characteristics > Asian Americans 25 years and older are slightly less likely to hold a high school degree (19% have not graduated high school) but significantly more likely to have graduated college (45% hold a college degree). In contrast, Pacific Islanders are less likely to hold both a high school and college degree (22% have not graduated high school, 18% have completed college). > Southeast Asians and some Pacific Islander groups are among the poorest in California. Over half of Hmong statewide (53%) live below the poverty line, while 40% of Cambodians, 32% of Laotians, and 20% of Samoans are poor. > Over 60% of Asian Americans in California are immigrants. A majority of all Asian American ethnic groups, except Japanese, are foreign-born. Among Pacific Islanders, nearly half of Tongans (48%) were born outside the United States. > Roughly 39% of Asian Americans and 15% of Pacific Islanders living in California are limited English proficient. The most limited English proficient ethnic groups statewide are Asian American, with a majority of Vietnamese, Hmong, Taiwanese, Cambodians, Laotians, and Koreans having some difficulty speaking English. Additional demographic information on California is available in the report The Diverse Face of Asians and Pacific Islanders in California, produced by the Asian Pacific American Legal Center ( and demographics.apalc.org). Figure 13: Poverty Rates for AAPI Groups in California Hmong Cambodian Laotian Samoan Pakistani Vietnamese Tongan Thai Indonesian Bangladeshi Korean Chinese Malaysian Native Hawaiian Guamanian Asian Indian Sri Lankan Japanese Filipino California 20% 18% 18% 18% 17% 15% 15% 14% 12% 11% 11% 10% 10% 9% 8% 7% 14% 32% 40% 53% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 19

22 Hawai i Introduction Hawai i has existed as a state for a relatively short time, with the Kingdom of Hawai i overthrown in 1893 and statehood arriving in While the state s Native Hawaiian population declined since first contact with Europeans, its Asian American population grew dramatically, fueled by immigrants brought from China, Japan, and the Philippines to work in its agricultural industry. Today, Hawai i stands as the nation s only majority Pacific Islander and Asian American state. Race and Ethnicity > There are nearly 280,000 Pacific Islanders and 730,000 Asian Americans living in the state of Hawai i, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. Nearly 29% of Pacific Islanders and over 5% Asian Americans in the United States reside in Hawai i. > In 2004, Pacific Islanders made up 22% and Asian Americans 58% of the state s population, giving Hawai i the highest concentration of Pacific Islanders and Asian Americans in the United States. > Native Hawaiians constitute the state s largest Pacific Islander ethnic group, numbering nearly 240,000 and making up 85% of Pacific Islanders statewide. Samoans (28,000), Tongans (6,000), and Guamanian/Chamorro (4,000) also reside in Hawai i in large numbers. > Given changes in the way census data on race are collected and the large number of multiracial Pacific Islanders, growth rates are difficult to determine. > Japanese constitute Hawai i s largest Asian American ethnic group, numbering nearly 296,674 and making up 42% of Asian Americans statewide. Filipinos (275,728), Chinese (170,803), and Koreans (41,352) also reside in Hawai i in large numbers. > Among Asian American ethnic groups numbering 1,000 or more in 1990, Vietnamese are the fastest growing, their population increasing as much 84% between 1990 and The state s Asian Indian population is also growing at a high rate. Table 10: Largest AAPI Groups Hawai i AAPI Group Number Japanese 296,674 Filipino 275,728 Native Hawaiian 239,655 Chinese 170,803 Korean 41,352 Samoan 28,184 Vietnamese 10,040 Source: U.S. Census 2000 The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2005, or Akaka Bill, would give federal recognition to Native Hawaiians as an indigenous group and establish a process for the formation of a sovereign entity representing Native Hawaiian interests. Table 11: Hawai i Population, 2000 and 2004 Estimates Ranked by 2004 Percent Major Races Number Percent Number Percent Difference Growth Asian American 704,985 58% 727,650 58% 22,665 3% White, Non-Hispanic 282,442 23% 294,558 23% 12,116 4% Pacific Islander 283,430 23% 279,651 22% (3,779) -1% Latino 87,699 7% 99,830 8% 12,131 14% Black 34,293 3% 41,327 3% 7,034 21% American Indian 25,022 2% 25,981 2% 959 4% Hawai i Total 1,211, % 1,262, % 51,303 4% Note: Figures are for the inclusive population, single race and multirace combined, and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race, non- Hispanic. Will not sum to total. 20 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

23 Hawai i Socioeconomic Status Socioeconomic Characteristics > Pacific Islanders in Hawai i are more likely than their counterparts on the mainland to hold a high school degree but less likely to hold a college degree. Asian Americans in Hawai i are just as likely as other Asian Americans to hold a high school degree but, like Pacific Islanders, much less likely than their mainland counterparts to hold a college degree. > Pacific Islanders have the highest poverty rates among racial groups statewide, with 18% living below the poverty line. Among ethnic groups, Tongans are the poorest, with 34% living below the poverty line. In contrast, only 9% of Asian Americans are poor, although disaggregated data show that 33% of Laotians, 32% of Cambodians, and 25% of Indonesians and Vietnamese in the state live below the poverty line. > Pacific Islanders and Asian Americans in Hawai i are less foreign-born than their counterparts elsewhere. Only 5% of Pacific Islanders and 25% of Asian Americans statewide were born abroad. Exceptions lie with more recently arrived groups, with the majority of Taiwanese, Cambodians, Vietnamese, Laotians, Thai, and Indonesians in Hawai i being foreign-born. > The majority of Vietnamese, Taiwanese, and Laotians living in Hawai i are limited English proficient. Figure 14: Poverty Rates of AAPI Groups in Hawai i Tongan Laotian Cambodian Samoan 25% Indonesian 25% Vietnamese 25% Guamanian Taiwanese 21% 19% Fijian 17% Native Hawaiian Asian Indian 16% 15% Malaysian Korean 15% 13% Thai 12% Chinese incl. 11% Chinese excl. 11% Filipino 10% Japanese 6% Hawai i 11% 31% 34% 33% 32% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 21

24 Atlanta, Georgia Introduction Asian American and Pacific Islander Population Concentration Atlanta, GA MSA City of Atlanta Home to key moments and figures in the civil rights struggle, Atlanta and the rest of the American South have long been viewed as a place dominated by Black- White race relations. Although Whites and African Americans continue to be a significant part of the Southern political and social structure, the South has also become a significant destination for new immigrants, with Atlanta becoming a symbol of the global community and the new South. While the number of Asian immigrants has grown rapidly over the past ten years, Asian communities have actually had a presence in Georgia starting in the 1900s. Atlanta MSA State of Georgia The Atlanta, Georgia region studied in this profile is the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. The Atlanta MSA is a 20-county area that includes Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinett, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Pickens, Rockdale, Spalding, and Walton Counties. Policy Recommendations: > Promote access to linguistically and culturally appropriate services for AAPI communities, and AAPI seniors in particular > Change perceptions of AAPIs by highlighting research and data on the status of Georgia s APIs (higher rates of poverty, lower rates of educational attainment) > Provide space for intergroup relations dialogue and cooperation among all people of color, especially among the sizeable African American, Latino and Asian American populations TABLE 12: 2004 Census Bureau Population Estimates Atlanta Five-County Metro Area Major Races and Ethnic Groups Ranked by Percent Asian American County Total Asian American Pacific Islander White Black Latino Gwinnett County 700,794 66,997 10% 1, % 498,163 71% 131,464 19% 108,221 15% Clayton County 264,951 14,766 6% % 62,630 24% 163,934 62% 26,925 10% DeKalb County 675,725 29,930 4% 1, % 207,271 31% 383,068 57% 61,036 9% Cobb County 654,005 28,495 4% 1, % 414,301 63% 147,544 23% 65,943 10% Fulton County 814,438 35,084 4% 1, % 366,124 45% 357,811 44% 58,961 7% Note: All figures are for the inclusive population, single race and multirace combined, and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race non- Hispanic. 22 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

25 Atlanta, Georgia Race & Ethnicity Race and Ethnicity There are more than 200,000 Asian Americans and 6,000 Pacific Islanders in the Atlanta MSA, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. > Asian Americans increased from 2% to 4% of the population from 1990 to > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have higher multiracial rates than any of the other major racial and ethnic groups. Asian Americans have a multiracial rate of 11%, a rate higher than that of Latinos, African Americans, and Whites. > Pacific Islanders have the highest multiracial rates. More than half (63%) of Pacific Islanders are multiracial. > Asian Indians are now the largest Asian American ethnic group in the Atlanta MSA, rising from second largest in More than a quarter of Asian Americans in Atlanta are Asian Indian. Nationally, Asian Indians make up 16% of the Asian American population but are 27% of Asian Americans in Atlanta. > The second largest group is Chinese, followed by Vietnamese and Koreans. Along with Asian Indians, these four groups constitute 76% of Asian Americans in Atlanta. > Koreans were the largest Asian American group in Atlanta in 1990 but are now the fourth largest due to the great growth of Asian Indians, Chinese, and Vietnamese. > The make-up of Asian American ethnic groups in Atlanta differs from the United States overall. Nationally the top four groups are Chinese, Filipino, Asian Indian, and Korean, but Atlanta is Asian Indian, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean. > There are more than 1,000 Native Hawaiians in Atlanta, the largest Pacific Islander group. Guamanian/ Chamorro and Samoans are the second and third largest Pacific Islander groups. Figure 15: Percent Growth of Asian American Groups in Atlanta, GA MSA, Vietnamese Ten Largest Groups Ranked by 1990 to 2000 Alone 319% 345% Asian Indian 273% 306% Pakistani 195% 290% Chinese 136% 171% Filipino Korean 133% 121% 139% 232% Thai Cambodian Japanese 58% 33% 56% 30% 81% 100% Laotian Atlanta MSA Total 24% 41% 45% 45% 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 23

26 Atlanta, Georgia Growth & Concentration Growth Georgia had the second fastest Asian American population growth in the U.S. from 1990 to Georgia s Asian American population more than doubled in size in that ten-year period. Race > The Asian American and Pacific Islander populations are growing at a rate faster than the general population in Atlanta. The AAPI populations more than doubled in size from 1990 to > While the Atlanta MSA s total population grew by 45%, Asian Americans grew by up to 199%. Many counties within the MSA grew at much higher rates. Gwinnett, the largest county in the MSA, had Asian American population growth of 355%. > The Pacific Islander population more than doubled from 1990 to Pacific Islander growth rate ranged from 174% using 2000 alone figures to 634% using 2000 inclusive figures. Ethnic Groups > Bangladeshi, Vietnamese, and Asian Indians were the fastest growing groups among Asian ethnicities. Asian Indians and Vietnamese, the first and third largest Asian American groups, both quadrupled in size from 1990 to > The South Asian groups of Asian Indians, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Sri Lankans all more than doubled or tripled in size. > Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Guamanian/Chamorro, Tongans, and Samoans also more than doubled in size. Concentration Counties > Among the 20 counties in the Atlanta MSA, Gwinnett has the largest number and highest percentage of Asian Americans. While the MSA is 4% Asian American overall, Gwinnett is 8% Asian American. > DeKalb County has the largest number of Pacific Islanders in the Atlanta MSA. > Chamblee city is 15% Asian American and Clarkston city is 14% Asian American, both in DeKalb County. > Duluth, in Gwinnett County, has a population of nearly 3,000 Asian Americans (14%). Figure 16: Asian American Population Growth in the Atlanta 5-County Metro Area, 1990 to 2000 Gwinnett County Fulton County Cobb County Clayton County Ranked by 1990 to 2000 Asian Inclusive 26% 36% 30% 67% 140% 173% 235% 355% DeKalb County 22% 84% 1990 to 2000 Asian Inclusive 1990 to 2000 Total Population A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

27 Atlanta, Georgia Education Less than High School > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have below average rates of graduating from high school. > Twenty-eight percent of Pacific Islander adults and 20% of Asian American adults have not completed high school, compared to 16% of Atlanta MSA adults overall. > A fifth of Asian American adults and more than a quarter of Pacific Islander adults do not have a high school degree. > Hmong and Cambodians have less than high school rates higher than any of the major racial and ethnic groups in the Atlanta MSA. Over half of Hmong and Cambodian adults do not have a high school degree. > Nearly half of Vietnamese adults, the third largest AAPI group in Atlanta, have not completed high school. There are over 7,000 Vietnamese adults without a high school degree in Atlanta. College > Pacific Islanders have below average rates and Asian Americans have above average rates of completing a bachelor s degree or higher. > Only 23% of Pacific Islanders have a college degree, compared to 32% of the MSA overall. > Nearly half of Asian Americans have a college degree, the highest rate among major racial and ethnic groups in the MSA. > Vietnamese, Cambodians, Laotians, and Hmong have college completion rates lower than any of the major racial and ethnic groups in the MSA, all 12% or lower. > Guamanian/Chamorro, Hawaiians, and Samoans have college completion rates lower than the MSA average. > A majority of six AAPI groups have a bachelor s degree or higher. Asian Indians have among the highest rates of completing college. Sixty-six percent of Asian Indians have a bachelor s degree or higher. Figure 17: Less than High School Rates of AAPI Groups in Atlanta, GA MSA Limited to AAPI Groups with Population Size 1,000 or More Hmong 59% Cambodian 53% Vietnamese 46% Laotian 45% A fifth of Asian American Native Hawaiian 29% and more than a quarter of Pacific Islander adults Thai Bangladeshi Pakistani 17% 16% 22% do not have a high school degree. Chinese Korean Asian Indian 14% 13% 11% Filipino 10% Japanese 4% Atlanta MSA Total 16% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 25

28 Atlanta, Georgia Housing Average Household Size > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders both have larger average household sizes, 3.25 and 3.02 respectively, compared to 2.68 for the Atlanta MSA overall. > Four Asian American groups have average household sizes larger than any of the major racial or ethnic groups: Hmong, Cambodian, Vietnamese, and Laotian. All have average household sizes above Homeownership > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have below average homeownership rates. > The homeownership rate for Asian Americans is 56% and for Pacific Islanders it is 47%, compared to 66% for the Atlanta MSA overall. > Indonesians and Bangladeshi have homeownership rates lower than any of the major racial and ethnic groups in the Atlanta MSA, both 36% or lower. > Five of the six largest AAPI groups have homeownership rates below average. Japanese and Asian Indians have homeownership rates below 50%. > Only 37% of Asian Americans and 39% of Pacific Islanders in DeKalb County live in homes that they own, compared to 58% of DeKalb County overall. > While the rate of homeownership for AAPIs is higher in Gwinnett County, it is still below average. Sixty-seven percent of Asian Americans and 63% of Pacific Islanders live in a home that they own, compared to 72% of Gwinnett County overall. Overcrowded Housing > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have higher than average rates of living in overcrowded housing. > Seventeen percent of both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders live in overcrowded housing, compared to only 5% of the Atlanta MSA population overall. > Nearly a third of Vietnamese and a fifth of Koreans live in overcrowded housing, the highest rates among the six largest AAPI groups. > Among all AAPI groups, Hmong (42%) and Bangladeshi (35%) have the highest rates of living in overcrowded housing. Figure 18: Overcrowded Housing Among AAPI Groups in Atlanta, GA MSA AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Hmong 42% Bangladeshi Vietnamese 32% 35% Laotian 28% Pakistani 24% Asian Americans and Cambodian Korean Asian Indian 16% 20% 22% Pacific Islanders in Atlanta have below average Chinese Filipino 10% 10% homeownership rates. Thai 8% Native Hawaiian 7% Japanese 2% Atlanta MSA Total 5% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

29 Atlanta, Georgia Income & Poverty Per Capita Income > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have per capita incomes below that of the Atlanta MSA overall. > Asian Americans have a per capita income of $20,619, and Pacific Islanders $16,041, compared to $25,033 for the MSA. > All but two of 17 AAPI groups have per capita incomes below that of the MSA overall. Only Taiwanese and Japanese have per capita incomes above $25,033. > Three AAPI groups have per capita incomes below that of any of the major racial or ethnic groups. Cambodians, Samoans, and Hmong have per capita incomes below the $13,821 of Latinos. Economic Contributions > Asian American and Pacific Islanderowned businesses make up 4% of all businesses in Atlanta and 6% of all businesses with paid employees. Over 36% of AAPI-owned businesses in Atlanta have paid employees, compared to 25% of all businesses. > AAPI-owned businesses in Atlanta employed 34,609 in Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average poverty rates. > Pacific Islanders have the second highest poverty rate with 17%, while Asian Americans are only slightly above average with 10%, compared to 9% for the Atlanta MSA overall. > A quarter of Indonesians are living in poverty, a rate higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in Atlanta. > Nine AAPI groups have poverty rates above average, including three of the six largest groups: Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese. Hmong Cambodian Vietnamese Laotian Bangladeshi Native Hawaiian Korean Pakistani Filipino Thai Chinese Asian Indian Japanese Atlanta MSA Figure 19: Per Capita Income of AAPI Groups in Atlanta, GA MSA AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More 0 $3K $6K $9K $12K $15K $18K $21K $24K $27K > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have higher rates of poverty in Dekalb County, which has the largest Pacific Islander and the second largest Asian American population among the 20 counties in the Atlanta MSA. The Pacific Islander poverty rate is 18% and the Asian American poverty rate is 15%, compared to 11% for the county overall. > In Gwinnett County, which has the largest number and highest percentage of Asian Americans in the Atlanta MSA, Asian Americans also have higher than average poverty rates 8%, compared to 6% for the county overall. $11,480 $13,597 $14,237 $14,743 $14,888 $17,508 $18,101 $20,385 $20,859 $23,393 $24,346 $24,875 $25,033 $26,846 Three or More Workers > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average rates of having three or more workers in a family. > A fifth of Asian American families and 22% of Pacific Islander families have three or more workers contributing to the family income. This compares to 13% of families in the Atlanta MSA overall. > Twelve AAPI ethnic groups have above average rates of three or more workers in a family, including four of the six largest groups. > Five AAPI ethnic groups have rates of three or more workers, higher than any other major racial or ethnic group. Over a third of Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian and over half of Hmong families have three or more workers. A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 27

30 Atlanta, Georgia Language Limited English Proficiency > More than a third of Asian Americans and more than a fifth of Pacific Islanders are limited English proficient, or LEP. > Forty-two percent of Asian Americans and 23% of Pacific Islanders are limited English proficient. > A majority of six AAPI groups are limited English proficient, including two of the six largest groups in the Atlanta MSA: Vietnamese and Korean. > Nearly a majority of three other groups, Bangladeshi, Taiwanese, and Guamanian, are LEP. > Nearly a quarter of Asian Indians, the largest AAPI group in the MSA, are limited English proficient. > The majority of Asian American adults age 18 years and older are LEP in five counties in the Atlanta MSA, including two of the most populous Gwinnett and Dekalb Counties. > Clayton County has the highest LEP rates. Sixty-five percent of Asian American adults are LEP in Clayton County. > Cobb and Gwinnett Counties have high Pacific Islander LEP rates. More than a third of Pacific Islander adults in Gwinnett County and 41% in Cobb County are LEP. Child Limited English Proficiency > More than a quarter of Asian American children and nearly a fifth of Pacific Islander children experience limited English proficiency. > Nearly a majority of Vietnamese children are limited English proficient, and over 40% of Japanese, Guamanian, Hmong, and Indonesian children are considered LEP. > A third or more of Asian American children in DeKalb and Clayton Counties, and more than a quarter in Gwinnett County, are LEP. Senior Limited English Proficiency > Among Asian American seniors (age 65 years and older), limited English proficiency rates are 70%. > Twelve AAPI groups have senior populations that range from 50% to 100% LEP, including Filipinos, Pakistani, Chinese, and Thai. Linguistic Isolation > Twenty-nine percent of Asian American and 14% of Pacific Islander households are linguistically isolated. > More than one out of four Asian American households are linguistically isolated. > A majority of Vietnamese households are linguistically isolated. > A third or more of five AAPI ethnic groups are linguistically isolated, including Korean, Indonesian, Thai, Taiwanese, and Japanese households. Vietnamese Cambodian Korean Hmong Laotian Bangladeshi Chinese Thai Japanese Pakistani Asian Indian Filipino Native Hawaiian 6% 13% 24% 28% > More than a quarter of five additional AAPI ethnic groups are linguistically isolated, including Chinese, Guamanian/Chamorro, Bangladeshi, Cambodian, and Laotian households. 42% 41% 40% Approximately 70% 54% 54% 52% 50% 49% of Atlanta s Asian American seniors are limited English proficient. Figure 20: Limited English Proficiency Rates of AAPI Groups in Atlanta, GA MSA AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More % 28 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

31 Atlanta, Georgia Immigration & Citizenship Immigration > Asian Americans are more likely foreign-born than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the Atlanta MSA. > Seventy-two percent of Asian Americans are foreign-born. Among adults 18 years of age and older, 87% of Asian Americans are foreign-born. > Among Asian American children up to age 17 years, 30% are foreign-born. > More than one in three Pacific Islander adults are foreign-born, as are 16% of Pacific Islander children. > Fourteen AAPI groups have majority foreign-born populations, including all six of the largest AAPI groups. > Among the six largest AAPI groups, 81% of Vietnamese, 75% of Koreans, and 73% of Asian Indians are foreign-born. > Indonesians and Vietnamese have the highest foreign-born rates among children both 40% or more. > A third or more of Korean, Pakistani, Japanese, and Bangladeshi children are foreign-born. > Among Pacific Islanders, Guamanian/ Chamorro have the highest foreignborn rates. A quarter of Guamanian/ Chamorro and nearly a third of adults 18 years and older are foreign-born. Citizenship > Only 32% of foreign-born Pacific Islanders and 39% of foreign-born Asian Americans have become naturalized citizens. While this rate is higher than the average for the foreign-born population in the Atlanta MSA overall, it still leaves nearly two-thirds of the Asian American and Pacific Islander foreignborn population as non-citizens. > Among the six largest AAPI groups, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Asian Indians have the lowest rates of becoming naturalized citizens. > A majority of Filipino, Taiwanese, and Laotian foreign-born have become naturalized citizens. Figure 21: Foreign-Born Rates in the Atlanta, GA MSA Asian American Atlanta MSA 30% 87% 72% 5% Child 0-17 yrs 12% Adult 18 + yrs All of the six largest Asian American ethnic groups have majority foreign-born populations. 10% Total A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 29

32 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Introduction Asian American and Pacific Islander Population Concentration Minneapolis-St. Paul Minneapolis-St. Paul was a destination for many European immigrants in the early 1900s. In recent years, the cities have become home to immigrants from Mexico, Southeast Asia, and Africa. City of Minneapolis State of Minnesota City of St. Paul Due to its diverse workforce, progressive education policies, and strong social services and philanthropic infrastructure, the Twin Cities became a destination of choice for Hmong and other Southeast Asian refugees after the Vietnam War. These communities have grown dramatically within the past 30 years due to direct and secondary migration. Policy Recommendations: > Improve educational attainment and the high school graduation rate among the Hmong, Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese communities > Provide employment and job training for Hmong and Laotian employees Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area -The Minneapolis-St. Paul area, or Twin Cities area, is defined as seven counties: Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott, and Washington Counties. TABLE 13: 2004 Census Bureau Population Estimates Minneapolis-St. Paul (Twin Cities) Metro Area Major Racial and Ethnic Groups Ranked by Percent Asian American Twin Cities Total Asian Pacific White African Latino American Counties American Islander American Indian Ramsey County 499,498 50,579 10% 1, % 364,245 73% 51,629 10% 29,877 6% 8,074 2% Hennepin County 1,120,897 66,778 6% 2, % 857,825 77% 127,603 11% 59,653 5% 18,504 2% Scott County 114,794 5,608 5% % 101,701 89% 2,482 2% 3,815 3% 1,428 1% Dakota County 379,058 16,438 4% % 330,311 87% 16,553 4% 14,116 4% 3,249 1% Washington County 216,660 8,954 4% % 193,939 90% 7,331 3% 5,158 2% 1,855 1% Anoka County 319,950 11,505 4% % 286,663 90% 11,218 4% 7,166 2% 4,387 1% Carver County 82,122 1,938 2% 1 0.0% 76,287 93% 1,099 1% 2,583 3% % Twin Cities Area Total 2,732, ,800 6% 5, % 2,210,971 81% 217,915 8% 122,368 4% 37,848 1% Note: All figures are for the inclusive population, single race and multirace combined, and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race, non-hispanic. 30 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

33 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Race & Ethnicity Race and Ethnicity > There are more than 160,000 Asian Americans and 5,000 Pacific Islanders in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, or Twin Cities, area, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. > Asian Americans increased from 3% of the area s population in 1990 to 5% in 2000 and to 6% in > Pacific Islanders have the highest multi-racial rates in the area. More than 70% of Pacific Islanders identify a multiracial heritage. > Eleven percent of Asian Americans are multiracial, lower than that of African Americans (14%), but higher than Latinos (10%) and Whites (2%). > The Hmong are the largest Asian American ethnic group in the Twin Vietnamese Asian Indian Cambodian Cities area, comprising nearly a third of Asian Americans in the area. Hmong comprise only 2% of the Asian American population nationally. > The second and third largest Asian American groups are Vietnamese and Asian Indian. Together with Hmong, these three groups make up 57% of the Asian American population in the Twin Cities area. > There are more than 10,000 Chinese and Koreans in the area, the fourth and fifth largest groups. > The three largest Pacific Islander ethnic groups are Native Hawaiians, Samoans, and Guamanian/Chamorro. There are less than a thousand persons from each of these groups in the area. Figure 22: Percent Growth of Asian American Groups in Twin Cities Area, MN, Ten Largest Groups Ranked by 1990 to 2000 Alone Hmong Thai Chinese 56% 80% 84% 103% 121% 100% 99% 116% 135% 146% 168% 187% AAPIs in Chicago The Asian American and Pacific Islander community in Illinois is the largest and among the oldest in the Midwest. Almost 90% of the state s AAPI population lives in the metropolitan Chicago area, comprised of Cook, DuPage, Lake, Kane, McHenry, and Will Counties. Since 1990, there has been a 69% growth in the Chicago area s AAPI population, which now comprises 5% of the area s total population. Historically, Chicago has had four significant AAPI neighborhoods. Chinatown, south of downtown, has the oldest, most homogenous, and most concentrated AAPI population. On the northeast side, Southeast Asians have revitalized Uptown s business district. On the northwest side, Albany Park has a significant number of Korean American businesses, while the West Ridge area is home to many Indian and Pakistani residents and businesses. Gentrification and suburbanization have given rise to AAPI populations moving to other city neighborhoods or to the suburbs. Laotian Filipino Korean Japanese Twin CIties Total 14% -2% 15% 15% 36% 49% 46% 74% 73% 119% 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive Data on Chicago s AAPI population reveal a community of contrasts. The Taiwanese community has the highest percent of college graduates (81%), while 42% of Cambodians do not have a high school degree A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 31

34 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Growth & Concentration Growth Race > The Asian American and Pacific Islander population more than doubled in size from 1990 to 2000, with Asian Americans increasing from 64,000 to 137,000 in that ten-year period. > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, along with Latinos and African Americans, are the source of population growth in the Twin Cities area. Each of these groups doubled in size from 1990 to > This pattern has continued from 2000 to Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, Latinos, and African Americans all had growth rates of 18% or more in this four-year period, while Whites grew by only 1%. Ethnic Groups > Among Asian American groups of 1,000 or more persons, Thai and Hmong had the highest growth rate, growing as much as to 168% from 1990 to > Among Asian American groups of 1,000 or more persons, Thai and Hmong had the fastest growth rates from 1990 to > Vietnamese, Thai, Asian Indian, and Chinese also had high growth rates, each more than doubling in size. > Koreans were the second largest group in the area in 1990 but are now the fifth largest group. > Many other smaller AAPI groups had high growth rates, many doubling in size from 1990 to 2000, including Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Indonesians, Malaysians, Samoans, Guamanian/ Chamorro, and Tongans. Concentration Counties > Among the seven counties in the Minneapolis-St.Paul area, Ramsey County has the highest concentration of Asian Americans. While the Twin Cities seven-county area as a whole is 6% Asian American, Ramsey County is 10% Asian American. > The largest number of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders is found in Hennepin County, which is the most populous county in the area. Places > Among places with a thousand or more Asian Americans in the Twin Cities area, the city of St. Paul has the largest number and highest concentration of Asian Americans. There are 39,000 Asian Americans in St. Paul, making up 13% of the city s population. > Brooklyn Park and Brooklyn Center in Hennepin County also have high concentrations of Asian Americans in the area, both with 10%. > Minneapolis is 7% Asian American. > Among smaller cities, Falcon Heights and Lauderdale, both in Ramsey County, have the highest concentration of Asian Americans, with 16% and 14% respectively. > St. Paul also has the highest number and highest concentration of Pacific Islanders in the area. More than 1,200 Pacific Islanders live in St. Paul. TABLE 14: Asian American Population Concentration in the Twin Cities Area Places in the Twin Cities with the highest concentration of Asian Americans, 2000 TABLE 15: Pacific Islander Concentration in the Twin Cities Area Places in the Twin Cities with the highest number of Pacific Islanders, Twin Cities Area Places Number Percent Falcon Heights city % Lauderdale city % St. Paul city 38,649 13% Brooklyn Park city 6,748 10% Brooklyn Center city 2,811 10% Little Canada city 723 7% Minneapolis city 26,601 7% Hopkins city 1,127 7% Richfield city 2,081 6% Savage city 1,254 6% Note: Ranked by percent Asian Americans Twin Cities Area Places Number Percent St. Paul city 1, % Minneapolis city % Brooklyn Park city % Eagan city % Burnsville city % Bloomington city % Eden Prairie city % Brooklyn Center city % Roseville city % Richfield city % Note: Ranked by Number of Pacific Islanders 32 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

35 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Education Less than High School > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average rates of not completing a high school degree. > Nearly a quarter of Pacific Islander and 28% of Asian American adults age 25 years and older did not complete high school, compared to 9% of Twin Cities area residents overall. > All AAPI groups are less likely to hold a high school degree, except for Japanese. > A majority of Hmong adults do not have a high school degree. > More than a third of Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese adults have less than a high school degree. > Fifteen percent of Thai, 14% of Chinese, 12% of Korean, and 11% of Asian Indian adults have not completed high school. College > Pacific Islanders have lower and Asian Americans have slightly higher than average rates of completing a bachelor s degree or higher. > Asian Americans as a whole have the same rates as Whites in the area (36%) of holding a college degree, compared to 35% of Twin Cities area residents overall. > Three Asian American groups have college completion rates lower than any of the major racial or ethnic groups. Eleven percent or less of Cambodian, Laotian, and Hmong adults have a college degree. > Nine AAPI groups have the highest college completion rates in the area. A majority of Thai, Chinese, Asian Indian, Pakistani, and Japanese adults have a bachelor s degree or higher. Eleven percent or less of Cambodian, Laotian, and Hmong adults have a college degree. Figure 23: Educational Attainment of Asian American Groups in the Twin Cities Area, MN Asian American Groups with Population of 1,000 or More A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 33

36 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Age & Housing Median Age > Pacific Islanders and Asian Americans are younger than the Twin Cities population in general. > All AAPI groups have median ages below 30 years, except for three groups: Japanese, Chinese, and Sri Lankans. > Hmong (15.9), Samoans (19.5), and Koreans (20.8) have lower median ages than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the area. Over half of Hmong in Minneapolis-St. Paul are children. Average Household Size > Asian Americans have the largest average household size in the Twin Cities area. The Asian American average household size is 3.69 persons, followed by Latinos with 3.54, and Pacific Islanders with All are larger than the Twin Cities area overall average household size of > Hmong (6.12), Laotians (4.64), and Cambodians (4.33) have the largest average household sizes in the area. > Among the six largest AAPI groups, Asian Indians (2.91) and Chinese (2.78) have larger than average household sizes and Koreans (2.36) have smaller than average household sizes. Homeownership > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have below average homeownership rates in the Twin Cities area. Figure 24: Overcrowded Housing Among Asian American Groups in the Twin Cities Area, MN Asian American Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Hmong Laotian Cambodian Vietnamese Thai Asian Indian Filipino Chinese Korean Japanese Twin Cities Area 6% 5% 3% 1% 4% 2% 8% 8% 9% 11% 17% 15% 14% 12% 18% 17% 24% 30% 29% 37% 41% Crowded 63% Severely Crowded > The average homeownership rate of 71% for the area is driven by the White homeownership rate of 76%. All other major racial and ethnic groups have homeownership rates below 50%. > The Korean homeownership rate of 41% is the lowest among AAPI groups with a population of 1,000 or more. > Thai (43%) and Asian Indians (46%) have the second and third lowest rates. > Hmong, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Filipinos all have homeownership rates above 50%. Laotians and Cambodians have the highest homeownership rates with 62% and 63% respectively. Overcrowded Housing > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have overcrowded housing rates far above average. > Twenty-nine percent of Asian Americans and 26% of Pacific Islanders live in overcrowded housing, compared to 4% of Twin Cities area residents overall. > All AAPI groups have overcrowded housing rates above average, except for Japanese. > A majority of Hmong live in overcrowded housing. > While they have high homeownership rates, roughly one third of Laotians, Cambodians, and Vietnamese live in overcrowded housing. Nearly one out of five Asian Americans is living below the federal poverty line, a rate far higher than the Twin Cities area overall poverty rate of 7%. 34 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

37 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Income & Poverty Per Capita Income > The Asian American and Pacific Islander per capita income of $15,536 or less is far below that of the Twin Cities area overall of $26,219. > Hmong, Cambodians, and Laotians have per capita incomes below that of any of the major racial or ethnic groups. The Hmong per capita income of $7,147 is the lowest in the area. > Koreans, with $13,838, have the fourth lowest per capita income among AAPI groups. Economic Contributions > Asian American- and Pacific Islanderowned businesses make up nearly 2% of all businesses in Minneapolis-St. Paul and 2% of all businesses with paid employees. Nearly 33% of AAPI-owned businesses in Minneapolis-St. Paul have paid employees, compared to 26% of all businesses. > AAPI-owned businesses employed 14,176 in Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, along with African Americans and Latinos, have above average poverty rates in the Twin Cities area. The poverty rate for the Twin Cities area overall is 7%, but all racial groups other than Whites have poverty rates at 17% or higher. > Nearly one out of five Asian Americans live in poverty. > A third of Hmong, 30% of Thai, and 27% of Pakistani are living below the federal poverty line, a rate higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the area. Figure 25: Asian American Groups with Above Average Poverty Rates in the Twin Cities Area, MN Hmong 33% Thai Pakistani Laotian Cambodian Vietnamese Korean Japanese Chinese 9% 9% 10% 14% 19% 18% 27% 30% Child Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average child poverty rates. Nearly a quarter of Asian American children age 17 years and younger are living in poverty. > A majority of Pakistani, 40% of Thai, and 38% Hmong children are living below the federal poverty line, a rate higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups. > Nearly a quarter of Cambodian and 29% of Laotian children are living below the poverty line. Senior Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average senior poverty rates. Nineteen percent of Asian American seniors age 65 years and older live in poverty. > Korean seniors have the highest poverty rate with 42%, followed by Hmong (32%) and Vietnamese (21%), all rates higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the area. Three or More Workers > Asian American and Pacific Islander families have above average rates of having three or more workers contributing to the family income. > Nearly one out of five Asian American and Pacific Islander families have three or more workers, compared to 14% of Twin Cities residents overall. > More than one out of four Laotian, Vietnamese, and Cambodian families have three or more workers in a family. > A fifth or more of Filipino, Hawaiian, and Hmong families have three or more workers. Asian Indian Twin Cities Area 8% 7% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 35

38 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Language Limited English Proficiency > Asian Americans have the highest limited English proficiency rates in the Twin Cities area. Forty-three percent of Asian Americans and 32% of Pacific Islanders are limited English proficient, or LEP. > A majority of of four AAPI groups are limited English proficient: Vietnamese, Hmong, Laotian, and Cambodian. > A majority of Asian Americans in Ramsey County are limited English proficient, and 42% in Hennepin County are LEP. Asian Americans in Anoka, Dakota, and Scott Counties all have LEP rates of a third or more. Those in Washington and Carver Counties have Asian American LEP rates of 30% or more. Child Limited English Proficiency > More than one out of three Asian American children age 17 years and older is considered LEP. > The majority of Hmong, a third of Vietnamese and Laotian, and more than a quarter of Pakistani and Cambodian children are limited English proficient. > Asian American child LEP rates are 30% or more in Anoka, Hennepin, and Ramsey Counties. Senior Limited English Proficiency > More than half (68%) of Asian American seniors age 65 years and older is LEP. > The majority of seniors of eight AAPI groups are considered LEP, including Chinese, Pakistani, and Korean. > The majority of the Asian American senior population in all seven counties in the Twin Cities area is limited English proficient. Linguistic Isolation > Twenty-nine percent of Asian Americans and 21% of Pacific Islander households in the Twin Cities area are linguistically isolated. > More than one out of three Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, and Hmong households are linguistically isolated. > More than a quarter of Korean, Thai, and Chinese households are linguistically isolated. Figure 26: Limited English Proficiency of Asian American Groups in the Twin Cities Area, MN Ranked by Total Percent Vietnamese 37% 61% 93% Hmong 59% 53% 89% 43% of Laotian Cambodian Chinese Korean Japanese Asian Indian Filipino 7% 5% 8% 54% 37% 53% 30% 42% 23% 20% 19% 22% 17% 29% 15% 15% 46% 74% 78% 72% 84% Total Senior 65 + yrs Child 0-17 yrs Asian Americans and 32% of Pacific Islanders in Minneapolis-St. Paul are limited English proficient A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

39 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota Immigration & Citizenship Immigration > Asian Americans in the Twin Cities area are more likely to be foreign-born. Sixty-four percent of Asian Americans in the area are foreign-born, compared to 44% of Latinos. > Among Asian American adults age 18 years and older, 86% are foreign-born. > Asian American children age 17 years and older also have the highest rates with 30% being foreign-born. > Pacific Islanders have the third highest rate of being foreign-born. Forty-two percent of Pacific Islanders overall, 18% of Pacific Islander children, and 58% of adults are foreign-born. > A majority of adults in all AAPI groups are foreign-born, except Japanese and Native Hawaiians. > Three-quarters or more of Vietnamese, Koreans, Asian Indians, and Pakistanis are foreign-born. > More than 60% of Korean and more than one third of Asian Indian and Pakistani children are foreign-born. > More than a quarter of Vietnamese, Chinese, and Hmong children are foreign-born. > Ninety percent or more of Pakistani, Asian Indian, Vietnamese, Laotian, and Hmong adults are foreign-born. Citizenship > Foreign-born Asian Americans are more likely than other immigrants to become naturalized citizens. Still, less than half of foreign-born Asian Americans have received their citizenship, leaving them unable to participate in important civic activities such as voting. > More than two-thirds of Pacific Islander foreign-born are not citizens. > Less than a third of Asian Indian, Hmong, Pakistani, Hawaiian, and Japanese foreign-born have become citizens. > Less than half of Chinese, Cambodian, Laotian, and Thai have received their citizenship. > More than half of Korean, Filipino, and Vietnamese foreign-born in the area have become naturalized citizens. Figure 27: Foreign-Born Rates of Major Races in the Twin Cities Area, MN Asian American 30% 37% 64% 86% Latino 19% 44% 58% Pacific Islander 18% 42% 58% African American American Indian 8% 3% 6% 5% 23% 17% White Twin Cities Area 1% 2% 2% 5% 9% 8% Child 0 17 yrs Adult 18+ yrs Total A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 37

40 Houston, Texas Introduction Asian American and Pacific Islander Population Concentration Houston, Texas City of Houston Houston is a very ethnically diverse area, and that diversity is reflected within the rapidly growing AAPI community. While the AAPI community in Houston is a relatively younger and emerging community compared to Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York City, it has much to contribute to the local area and to the national dialogue on AAPI issues. AAPI businesses drive the economy of entire sectors of the major cities in Texas. AAPI s also count in the numbers of the state s most influential business leaders, civic leaders, and scientific professionals. State of Texas Houston Metropolitan Area The Houston, Texas area is defined as two counties: Harris and Fort Bend Counties. Policy Recommendations: > Invest resources to improve civic participation of AAPIs to contribute to policy debates around redistricting, immigration, education, law enforcement, and other issues > Encourage government agencies, courts, and social service organizations to provide multilingual services to limited English proficient AAPIs > Provide resources for housing to accommodate Houston s Katrina survivors > Provide job training and life skills counseling to integrate Katrina evacuees and equip them with the tools to be financially self-sufficient TABLE 16: 2004 Census Bureau Population Estimates Harris and Fort Bend County Groups Ranked by 2004 Percent Harris County Fort Bend County Major Races & to to 2004 Ethnic Groups Number Percent Percent Growth Number Percent Percent Growth White 1,418,898 39% -1% 184,606 42% 13% Latino 1,336,597 37% 19% 98,327 22% 31% African American 688,122 19% 7% 93,698 21% 30% Asian American 217,099 6% 12% 67,327 15% 58% American Indian 32,970 1% 16% 3,329 1% 46% Pacific Islander 6, % 25% % 52% Total Population 3,644, % 7% 442, % 25% Note: All figures are for the inclusive population, single race and multirace combined, and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race, non-hispanic. 38 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

41 Houston, Texas Race & Ethnicity Race and Ethnicity Harris County > There are more than 200,000 Asian Americans and 6,000 Pacific Islanders in Harris County, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. > The concentration of Asian Americans increased from 4% to 6% of the county s population from 1990 to > Harris County also has the third highest percentage of Asian Americans in the state, after Fort Bend and Collin Counties. > Pacific Islanders increased from under 1,000 persons in 1990 to nearly 5,000 in 2000 and over 6,000 in > Vietnamese are the largest Asian American ethnic group in Harris County, making up 30% of Asian Americans. Nationwide, Vietnamese are the fifth largest group and 11% of the Asian American population. > Asian Indians are the second largest Asian American ethnic group and constitute 21% of county residents. > Native Hawaiians are the largest Pacific Islander ethnic group, followed by Guamanian/Chamorro, and Samoans. Fort Bend County > Fort Bend County has the highest concentration of Asian Americans in the state of Texas. > Asian Americans increased from 6% of the population in 1990 to 12% in 2000 and are now 15% of the population, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. > Asian Indians and Chinese are the two largest Asian American ethnic groups in Fort Bend County. Vietnamese are Fort Bend s third largest group, making up 13% of Asian Americans. Figure 28: Percent Growth of Asian American Groups in Harris County, TX, Six Largest Groups Ranked by 1990 to 2000 Alone Pakistani Vietnamese Asian Indian Filipino Chinese Korean Harris County Total Hurricane Katrina 14% 33% 21% 21% 39% 48% 56% 51% 70% 79% 88% 76% 89% 101% 173% 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive Hurricane Katrina impacted the lives of millions of Americans living in the Gulf Coast region, including thousands of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Approximately 20,000 Vietnamese displaced by the storm found refuge in the city of Houston. The city has extended a helping hand to victims but will need additional resources to support linguistically and culturally appropriate social services, housing, healthcare, and elder care for those displaced. Many are likely to take up residency in the city, adding further to Houston s vibrant Vietnamese population. A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 39

42 Houston, Texas Growth & Concentration Growth Race: Harris County > Asian American and Pacific Islander populations are growing at a rate faster than that of the county overall. From 1990 to 2000, Asian Americans grew by 76%, while the county population grew by only 21%. Race: Fort Bend County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are the fastest growing major racial or ethnic groups in Fort Bend County. Asian Americans grew by up to 198%, compared to the overall population growth of 57% from1990 to > Pacific Islanders also continue high growth rates, but they are the smallest major racial or ethnic group in the county with numbers below 1,000. Ethnicity: Harris County > The three fastest growing Asian American ethnic groups from 1990 to 2000 were all South Asian groups: Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, and Pakistani. These three groups doubled or tripled in size. TABLE 17: Asian American Population Concentration in Harris & Fort Bend Counties Places with the Highest Asian American Percentage, 2000 Fort Bend Places Number Percent New Territory CDP* 3,832 27% Sugar Land city 15,905 25% Stafford city 3,296 20% Mission Bend CDP* 5,687 18% Four Corners CDP* % Meadows Place city % Hedwig Village city % Missouri City city 5,928 11% Piney Point Village city 306 9% Greatwood CDP* 560 8% Bunker Hill Village city 270 7% Cinco Ranch CDP* 798 7% Bellaire city 1,103 7% Webster city 582 6% Houston city 114,140 6% Jersey Village city 380 5% West University Place city 754 5% Sienna Plantation CDP* 99 5% Hunters Creek Village city 222 5% Southside Place city 73 5% > Among groups numbering 1,000 or more in population size, Vietnamese and Asian Indians were the fastest growing after Pakistani from 1990 to > The second largest Asian American ethnic group in 1990, the Chinese saw their numbers surpassed by Asian Indians in > Pacific Islander groups all had strong growth, most more than doubling in size. Ethnicity: Fort Bend County > Pakistani had the greatest growth rate in Fort Bend County, increasing from less than 500 to over 3,000 from 1990 to > Asian Indians, Chinese, and Vietnamese all tripled in size in that time period. Concentration > A quarter of the residents of the city of Sugar Land are Asian American as are 27% of New Territory CDP. These two cities have the highest Asian American concentration in the Harris- Fort Bend County area. > A fifth of Stafford city and 18% of Mission Bend CDP is Asian American. > Nearly 6,000 Asian Americans live in Missouri City, making up 11% of the population of that city. > Nearly 3,000, or 60%, of the Pacific Islander population live in the city of Houston. Sugar Land is one-quarter Asian American. *Census Designated Place 40 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

43 Houston, Texas Education Less than High School Harris County > Pacific Islanders have average and Asian Americans have above average rates of completing high school. > More than one out of three Vietnamese and Laotian and 42% of Cambodian adults have less than a high school degree. Fort Bend County > Pacific Islanders have below average and Asian Americans above average rates of not completing high school. > Twenty-four percent of Vietnamese and 22% of Pakistani adults do not have a high school degree. College Harris County > Pacific Islanders have average and Asian Americans have far above average rates of completing a bachelor s degree or higher. > Twenty-seven percent of Pacific Islanders have completed a college degree, the same as the county overall, but 45% of Asian Americans have a college degree, the highest rate in the county. > Four AAPI groups have below average rates of completing college. Only 9% of Cambodians and Laotians, 21% of Vietnamese, and 25% of Guamanian have a college degree. > A majority of seven AAPI groups have completed college, including Pakistani, Chinese, Asian Indians, Filipinos, Japanese, and Indonesians. Fort Bend County > Pacific Islanders have below average rates of completing a bachelor s degree. Asian Americans have the highest rate in Fort Bend County for completing a college degree. More than half (56%) have a bachelor s degree or higher, compared to 37% of Fort Bend County residents overall. > Two Asian American groups have below average rates of completing a college degree. One third of Vietnamese and 36% of Koreans have a bachelor s degree or higher. Figure 29: Less than High School Achievement of AAPI Groups in Harris County, TX Limited to AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Cambodian 42% Laotian Vietnamese Native Hawaiian Pakistani Chinese Asian Indian Thai Korean 19% 19% 16% 14% 13% 10% 38% 38% More than a third of Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian adults do not have a high school degree. Filipino Japanese 7% 6% Harris County 25% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 41

44 Houston, Texas Housing Average Household Size Harris County > Both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have larger than average household sizes, both 3.1 persons, compared to 2.8 persons per household in Harris County. > Cambodians and Laotians have household sizes larger than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the county, 3.9 and 3.8 respectively. Fort Bend County > Both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have larger than average household sizes, 3.7 and 3.3 respectively, compared to 3.1 for Fort Bend County overall. > Pakistani have an average household size (4.5) higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups. > Vietnamese (3.9), Asian Indians (3.7), and Chinese (3.4) have household sizes above average in the county. Homeownership Harris County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have below average homeownership rates in Harris County. Only 42% of Pacific Islanders and 52% of Asian Americans live in homes they own, compared to 55% of Harris County overall. > Five AAPI ethnic groups have homeownership rates lower than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the county, including Indonesians, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Samoans, and Japanese. All of these groups have homeownership rates at 40% or lower. Less than a third of Pakistani live in homes that they own. Figure 30: AAPI Groups with Below Average Homeownership Rates in Harris County, TX Limited to AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Pakistani Japanese Malaysian Native Hawaiian Korean Asian Indian Thai 32% 40% 42% 44% 45% 45% 51% Fort Bend County > Pacific Islanders (75%) have homeownership rates below average in Fort Bend County, while Asian Americans (87%) have above average rates. > Two Asian American groups have homeownership rates lower than any other major racial or ethnic group in Fort Bend County. Only 30% of Indonesians and 69% of Pakistani live in homes that they own, compared to 81% of county residents overall. Overcrowded Housing Harris County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average overcrowded housing rates. > More than one out of five Asian American and Pacific Islander households are overcrowded, compared to 13% of the county overall. > More than 30% of Vietnamese and Pakistani households are overcrowded. Fort Bend County > Asian Americans have higher than average rates of living in overcrowded housing. Ten percent of Asian Americans live in overcrowded housing, compared to 7% of Fort Bend County residents overall. > Asian Indians have the highest rates of living in overcrowded housing among AAPI ethnic groups. One in five Asian Indian households are considered overcrowded. > Filipinos (18%), Pakistani (16%), Vietnamese (14%), and Koreans (9%) all have above average rates of overcrowded housing. Harris County Total 55% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

45 Houston, Texas Income & Poverty Per Capita Income Harris County > Both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have per capita incomes below that of Harris County overall. > Cambodians, Laotians, and Hawaiians have the lowest per capita incomes among AAPI groups, all below $15,000. Fort Bend County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have per capita incomes below that of Fort Bend County overall. > All AAPI groups have per capita incomes below that of the county, except for Asian Indians. Economic Contributions > Asian American- and Pacific Islanderowned businesses make up 8% of all businesses in Houston and 10% of all businesses with paid employees. Nearly 31% of AAPI-owned businesses in Houston have paid employees, compared to 23% of all businesses. > AAPI-owned businesses in Houston employed 81,138 in Poverty Harris County > Pacific Islanders (16%) have slightly above average poverty rates and Asian Americans (13%) have rates below Harris County s rate of 15%. > More than a fifth of Indonesians and Pakistani are poor. > Poverty rates for the child population (age 17 years and younger) are higher than average for Pakistani, 28%, compared to 20% for Harris County overall. > The rate of poverty for the senior population (age 65 years and older) is among the highest for both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Harris County. Figure 31: AAPI Groups with Per Capita Incomes Below That of Harris County Overall Limited to AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or more Cambodian Laotian Native Hawaiian Vietnamese Pakistani Korean Thai Filipino 14% 22% $13,042 $14,391 $14,440 $15,227 $15,653 $18,367 $18,997 $21,325 Fort Bend County > Pacific Islanders (8%) have above average poverty rates and Asian Americans (6%) have below average poverty rates in Fort Bend County (7%). > Pakistani (9%), Koreans (8%), and Chinese (8%) have above average rates of poverty. > Eleven percent of Pakistani and Korean children live in poverty, compared to 9% of children in the county overall. > In Fort Bend County, the poverty rate for the senior population (age 65 years and older) is above average for Chinese, 14%, compared to 9% for the county overall. Three or More Workers Harris County > Asian Americans have the highest rates in Harris County of families with three or more workers. > The Asian American rate for having three or more workers in a family of 16% is higher than that of Latinos (13%), African Americans (10%), or Whites (9%). > Twenty-seven percent of Cambodian, 25% of Hawaiian, 24% of Vietnamese, and 22% of Filipino families have three or more workers, compared to 12% for the county overall. Fort Bend County > The Asian American rate of 18% of families with three or more workers is higher than that of Latinos (15%), African Americans (14%), and Whites (10%) in Fort Bend County. > More than a third of Laotian families and a fourth of Vietnamese families have three or more workers. Harris County $21,435 0 $5K $10K $15K $20K $25K A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 43

46 Houston, Texas Language Limited English Proficiency Harris County > Forty-two percent of the Asian American population in Harris County is considered limited English proficient, LEP. > A majority of the populations of Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Indonesians are LEP in Harris County. > Among the six largest AAPI groups, 47% of Chinese, 46% of Koreans, and 34% of Pakistani are LEP. Fort Bend County > Thirty percent of Asian Americans in Fort Bend County are considered limited English proficient (LEP). > Nearly a majority of Vietnamese and 42% of Chinese are LEP in Fort Bend County. Fort Bend County > More than 70% of Asian American seniors are limited English proficient. > More than 80% of Chinese and Vietnamese seniors are LEP. Linguistic Isolation Harris County > Thirty percent of Asian American households are considered linguistically isolated. > Nearly a majority of Vietnamese households are linguistically isolated. > There are nearly 8,000 Vietnamese, 5,000 Chinese, and 2,000 Asian Indian linguistically isolated households in Harris County. Fort Bend County > Fifteen percent of Asian American households in Fort Bend County are considered linguistically isolated. > Twenty-seven percent of Chinese and Vietnamese households are linguistically isolated. Child Limited English Proficiency Harris County > More than a quarter of Asian American children are limited English proficient. > Forty-one percent of Vietnamese children, more than 4,500 children, are limited English proficient in the county. Figure 32: Limited English Proficiency of AAPI Groups in Harris County, TX AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or more Vietnamese 62% Cambodian 52% Laotian 49% Fort Bend County > Fourteen percent of Asian American children are limited English proficient. > Nearly a third of Vietnamese children and 23% of Korean children are LEP. Chinese Korean Pakistani 34% 47% 46% Senior Limited English Proficiency Thai Japanese 30% 33% Harris County > More than 70% of Asian American seniors are limited English proficient. > Seventy-seven percent of Chinese, 77% of Korean, and 63% of Pakistani seniors are LEP. Asian Indian Filipino Native Hawaiian Harris County 11% 19% 18% 25% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

47 Houston, Texas Immigration & Citizenship Immigration Harris County > Asian Americans have the highest rate of being foreign-born in Harris County. Seventy-two percent of Asians are foreignborn, compared to 47% of Latinos. > A majority of most Asian ethnic groups are foreign-born. > More than a third of Pacific Islanders are foreign-born. > More than one out of four Asian and 11% of Pacific Islander children under 18 are foreign-born. > Forty-one percent of Pakistani and 30% of Asian Indian children under 18 are foreign-born. Fort Bend County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have the highest rates of being foreign-born in Fort Bend County. > Sixty-nine percent of Asians and 34% of Pacific Islanders are foreign-born, compared to 31% of Latinos in the county. > More than one fifth of Asian children are foreign-born in Fort Bend County. > All Asian groups in Fort Bend County have a majority foreignborn population, except for Japanese who are 24% foreign-born. > More than a quarter of Pakistani, Asian Indian, and Korean children are foreign-born. > One out of five Chinese and Filipino children are foreign-born. Figure 34: Foreign-Born Rates in Fort Bend County, TX Native Hawaiian Figure 33: Foreign-Born Rates of AAPI Groups in Harris County, TX Vietnamese Asian Indian Korean Chinese Cambodian Laotian Thai Filipino Japanese Harris County Citizenship AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or more 9% 22% Harris County > While Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have the highest rates of becoming naturalized citizens, more than half of the foreign-born of these populations have not become citizens. > Less than half of Chinese, Asian Indian, and Pakistani foreignborn are naturalized citizens, leaving a majority of these populations unable to vote and participate in other such civic engagements. > Laotians, Vietnamese, and Cambodians have the highest rates of becoming naturalized citizens. More than half of the foreign-born of these groups have become citizens. 48% 64% 69% 67% 75% 74% 74% 73% 72% Asian American Fort Bend County 7% 21% 91% 69% Child 0-17 yrs 24% Adult 18 + yrs Fort Bend County > More than half of foreign-born Asian Americans in Fort Bend County have become naturalized citizens. > The majority of the foreign-born of all Asian groups in Fort Bend County have become naturalized citizens. > Eighty percent of Vietnamese, 65% of Korean, and 63% of Filipino foreign-born are citizens. 18% Total A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 45

48 Las Vegas, Nevada Introduction Asian American and Pacific Islander Population Concentration Las Vegas, Nevada City of Las Vegas Las Vegas and Nevada historically have not been the center of immigrant communities, but in recent years, many immigrant communities have moved away from the traditional points of entry such as New York and Los Angeles and migrated to booming cities in the middle and southern parts of the U.S. Las Vegas has attracted many AAPIs in recent years for several reasons. The tourism industry, which includes casinos, conventions, shopping, and fine dining, has been the driving force behind Las Vegas rapid growth and has also contributed to Las Vegas attraction as a place for immigrant families and workers to settle. The relative affordability of housing in the area, compared to other metropolitan areas, has also contributed to the area s growth. Because Nevada has one of the fastest growing AAPI communities, many of the organizations representing AAPI community interests are in the beginning stages and are not yet well established. Clark County, Nevada The Las Vegas area is defined as Clark County, Nevada. Policy Recommendations: > Provide culturally competent and linguistically accessible government services in education, health and human services, and law enforcement > Increase resources for staffing, facilities, and funding to provide quality education > Improve participation of AAPIs in all aspects of the political process TABLE 18: 2004 Census Bureau Population Estimates Clark County, Nevada Groups Ranked by 2004 Percent Major Races & Ethnic Groups Number Percent Number Percent Percent Growth White 828,669 60% 923,225 56% 11% Latino 302,143 22% 416,021 25% 38% African American 137,477 10% 178,838 11% 30% Asian American 90,268 7% 127,560 8% 41% American Indian 20,728 2% 26,361 2% 27% Pacific Islander 12,796 1% 17,527 1% 37% Total Population 1,375, % 1,650, % 20% Source: Population Estimates Program, U.S. Bureau of the Census Note: Figures are for the Inclusive population, single race and multirace combined, and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race, non-hispanic. 46 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

49 Las Vegas, Nevada Race & Ethnicity Race and Ethnicity > There are nearly 130,000 Asian Americans and more than 17,000 Pacific Islanders in Clark County. > Clark County has the ninth largest Pacific Islander population and the eleventh highest concentration among counties in the continental U.S. > Clark County is 8% Asian American and 1% Pacific Islander, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. > Asian Americans increased from 3% of the population in 1990 to 7% in 2000 and 8% in > A fifth of Asian Americans are multiracial, a rate higher than African Americans (9%), Latinos (7%), and non-hispanic Whites (3%). > Pacific Islanders increased from under 2,000 in size in 1990 to nearly 13,000 in 2000 and over 17,000 in > Pacific Islanders have the highest multiracial rates among major racial and ethnic groups. Half of Pacific Islanders identify more than one racial heritage. > Filipinos are not only the largest Asian American ethnic group in Clark County they constitute nearly a majority of the Asian American population. Filipinos are 46% of the Asian American population in Clark County but only 20% of Asian Americans in the United States. > The next largest Asian American groups are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Asian Indian, and Vietnamese, rounding out the six largest groups that constitute 94% of Asian Americans in the county. > Native Hawaiians are the largest Pacific Islander group and constitute a majority of the Pacific Islander population. They are also the fifth largest Asian American and Pacific Islander group. > Guamanian or Chamorro and Samoans are the second and third largest Pacific Islander groups, both numbering nearly 2,000. Samoan Filipino Asian Indian Guamanian or Chamorro Native Hawaiian Vietnamese Chinese Japanese Korean 487% 314% 424% 237% 322% 212% 370% 188% 575% 171% 230% 162% 139% 88% 138% Thai 79% 145% Laotian 45% 83% Clark County Total 86% 86% Nevada has the third highest concentration of Pacific Islanders and sixth highest concentration of Asian Americans in the United States. Figure 35: Percent Growth of AAPI Groups in Clark County, Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Ranked by 1990 to 2000 Alone 260% 279% 802% 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 47

50 Las Vegas, Nevada Growth & Concentration Growth Nevada had the fastest growing Asian American and second fastest growing Pacific Islander population in the United States from 1990 to Nevada continued to have the fastest growing Asian American population in the U.S. from 2000 to Race > From 1990 to 2000, Pacific Islanders were the fastest growing major racial or ethnic group in Clark County, more than quadrupling in size. > Asian Americans had the third fastest growth rate from 1990 to 2000, more than tripling in size. Ethnic Groups > Among the six largest Asian American groups, Filipinos had the fastest growth rate from 1990 to 2000, growing by over 300%. This great growth rate increased Filipino s share of the Asian American population from 33% in 1990 to 46% in > Nearly every Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic group had more than doubled in size from 1990 to 2000, many with growth rates over 200%. > Asian Indians grew more than a 200% in that ten-year period, bringing them up in rank from the sixth to fifth largest Asian American group. > Japanese grew by more than 100%, bringing them up in rank from the fourth largest to third largest Asian American group in the county. > All Pacific Islander ethnic groups grew by more than 100% from 1990 to 2000 and three groups, Tongans, Samoans, and Fijians, grew by more than 400% each. Concentration > The city of Las Vegas does not have the highest concentrations of Asian American or Pacific Islander populations in Clark County. In fact, Las Vegas has lower AAPI percentages than Clark County overall, showing that the AAPI population is present in higher concentrations in places surrounding Las Vegas. > Spring Valley CDP has the highest concentration of Asian Americans in Clark County. Thirteen percent of Spring Valley CDP is Asian American and 0.9% is Pacific Islander. > Paradise CDP has the second highest Asian American concentration and highest Pacific Islander population among places with a population of 10,000 or more. Eight percent of Paradise CDP is Asian American and 1.1% is Pacific Islander. > The city of North Las Vegas has the second highest concentration of Pacific Islanders among larger places. > When including places with a population of less than 10,000, Nellis Air Force Base has the highest Pacific Islander concentration with 1.3% TABLE 19: Places in Clark County with the Highest Concentration of Asian Americans Limited to Places with an Asian American Population of 1,000 or More Ranked by Percent Asian American Number Percent Spring Valley CDP* 15,094 13% Paradise CDP* 14,773 8% Sunrise Manor CDP* 10,709 7% Winchester CDP* 1,753 7% Las Vegas city 28,663 6% Clark County, Nevada 90,268 7% Source: U.S. Census 2000 *Census Designated Place TABLE 20: Places in Clark County with the Highest Concentration of Pacific Islanders Limited to Places with a Pacific Islander Population of 1,000 or More Ranked by Percent Pacific Islander Number Percent Paradise CDP* 2, % North Las Vegas city 1, % Spring Valley CDP* 1, % Sunrise Manor CDP* 1, % Henderson city 1, % Las Vegas city 4, % Clark County, Nevada 12, % Source: U.S. Census 2000 *Census Designated Place 48 ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

51 Las Vegas, Nevada Education Less than High School > Asian American and Pacific Islander adults age 25 years and older have above average rates of completing a high school degree in Clark County. > Eighteen percent of Asian American and 16% of Pacific Islander adults have less than a high school degree, compared to more than a fifth of Clark County adults overall. > A majority of Cambodian and more than a third of Laotian and Vietnamese adults do not have a high school degree. > A fifth or more of Asian Indian, Chinese, Samoan, and Thai adults have not completed high school. College > Pacific Islanders have below average rates of completing a bachelor s degree or higher. Only 11% of Pacific Islander adults have a college degree. > Asian Americans as a whole have the highest rate in Clark County for completing a college degree. More than a quarter of Asian Americans have a college degree. > Six AAPI groups have below average rates of completing college and eight groups have above average rates, showing the dichotomy of the population. > Only 5% of Cambodian and 6% of Samoan adults have a college degree. > Native Hawaiians, Guamanian, and Laotians have rates of completing college of 13% or lower. > Forty-five percent of Pakistani, 38% of Asian Indians, and 29% of Filipinos and Chinese have a bachelor s degree or higher, the highest rates in the county. Asian American and Pacific Islander adults in Clark County are less likely to have completed high school. Figure 36: Educational Attainment of AAPI Groups in Clark County, NV Limited to AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Laotian 42% 44% 1 12% 1 Vietnamese 36% 47% 4% 9% 5% Thai Chinese 21% 30% 43% 9% 14% 3% 44% 7% 17% 12% 1 Samoan 21% 69% 4% 4% 2 Asian Indian 20% 37% 5% 22% 16% Korean 19% 52% 6% 17% 6% Guamanian 17% 67% 4% 7% 4% Filipino 14% 49% 8% 25% 4% Native Hawaiian 13% 68% 9% 9% 2 Japanese 10% 60% 7% 16% 7% Less than High School High School Associate s Degree Bachelor s Degree Advanced Degree ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 49

52 Las Vegas, Nevada Age & Housing Median Age > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are younger than the general population of Clark County. > The Pacific Islander median age of 26.6 is the second lowest in Clark County among major racial and ethnic groups. > The median age of Asian Americans, 33.1, is lower than the county median of 34.4 years. > Guamanian, Samoans, and Tongans have the lowest median ages among major racial and ethnic groups, all 24.0 years or younger. > Japanese have the highest median age of 36.4 years. Average Household Size > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have larger than average household sizes in Clark County. > Pacific Islanders (3.15) have the second largest and Asian Americans (2.90) have the third largest average household sizes in Clark County, where the average household size is 2.65 persons. > Tongans (4.25) and Samoans (3.81) have larger average households than any of the major racial or ethnic groups. > Filipino households have an average size of 3.30, much higher than the county average. > Koreans and Japanese have the smallest average household sizes, 2.50 and 2.25 respectively. Homeownership > Pacific Islanders have below average and Asian Americans have average homeownership rates. > Pacific Islanders have the second lowest homeownership rate in the county, (45%), compared to the Clark County rate of 59%. Figure 37: AAPI Groups with Below Average Homeownership Rates in Clark County, NV Tongan 33% > Only a third of Tongans and 36% of Samoans live in homes that they own, the lowest rates in the county. > Less than half of Koreans and Native Hawaiians are homeowners. > Chinese have the highest homeownership rate with 65%. Overcrowded Housing > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are more likely to live in overcrowded housing. > Fifteen percent of Asian Americans and 14% of Pacific Islanders live in overcrowded housing, compared to 9% of Clark County residents overall. > Cambodians (42%) have higher rates of living in overcrowded housing than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the county. > One out of five Filipino households are overcrowded, and 10% are severely overcrowded. > More than a fifth of Vietnamese and Samoans are living in overcrowded housing. Samoan 36% Guamanian 45% Malaysian 45% Native Hawaiian 46% One out of five Sri Lankan Korean Asian Indian 44% 46% 48% 52% Filipino households, the largest Asian American Laotian Pakistani Thai 55% 56% 57% group in Clark County, is overcrowded. Cambodian 57% Vietnamese 58% Clark County 59% A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

53 Las Vegas, Nevada Income & Poverty Per Capita Income > The Pacific Islander ($16,532) and Asian American ($19,056) per capita incomes are below that of Clark County overall ($21,785), and far below that of Whites ($26,424). > The Samoan per capita income of $10,175 is lower than that of any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the county. > All Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups have per capita incomes below that of Clark County except for Asian Indians and Chinese. Economic Contributions > Asian American- and Pacific Islanderowned businesses make up over 4% of all businesses in Las Vegas and 4% of all businesses with paid employees. Nearly 26% of AAPI-owned businesses in Las Vegas have paid employees. > AAPI-owned businesses in Las Vegas employed 18,031 in Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have below average poverty rates in Clark County. > There are more than 3,000 Filipinos and 1,000 Chinese living below the federal poverty line in Clark County. Child Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have below average poverty rates for children age 17 years and younger in Clark County. > Vietnamese children have above average poverty rates (17%) compared to 15% for the county overall. Senior Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average poverty rates for seniors age 65 years and older in Clark County. > Four AAPI ethnic groups have senior poverty rates higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the county. A third of Cambodian, 15% of Korean and Asian Indian, and 14% of Native Hawaiian seniors live below the poverty line. > Six AAPI ethnic groups have above average senior poverty rates, including Vietnamese and Laotians. Poverty by Place > Enterprise CDP has the highest Asian poverty rates among places in Clark County. Seventeen percent of Asian Americans are living below the poverty line, compared to 9% of Enterprise CDP residents overall. > Pacific Islanders have above average poverty rates in the city of North Las Vegas. More than one out of five Pacific Islanders live in poverty, compared to 15% of North Las Vegas overall. Figure 38: Three or More Workers per Family Rates for AAPI Groups in Clark County, NV AAPI Groups with Above Average Rates Vietnamese Filipino Cambodian Thai Chinese Guamanian Native Hawaiian Pakistani Japanese Clark County Total 12% 13% 13% 14% 16% 17% 17% 20% 22% 23% % of Poverty > Pacific Islanders have above average and Asian Americans have below average rates of living below 200% of the federal poverty line. > More than a third of Samoans and 30% of Cambodians and Asian Indians live below 200% of poverty. Three or More Workers > Asian American families have the highest rate in the county for having three or more workers contributing to the family income. > Eighteen percent of Asian American and 13% of Pacific Islander families have three or more workers, compared to 12% of Clark County residents in general. > One out of five or more of Filipino, Vietnamese, and Cambodian families have three or more workers, the highest rates in the county among the major racial and ethnic groups. A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 51

54 Las Vegas, Nevada Language Limited English Proficiency > Asian Americans have above average and Pacific Islanders below average rates of limited English proficiency, or LEP. > Twenty-nine percent of the Asian American population in Clark County experience some language barriers when navigating daily life in English. > A majority of Vietnamese and Cambodians, and a near majority of Laotians, are LEP. > More than a third of Koreans, Thai, and Chinese are LEP. > More than a fifth of the Filipino, Asian Indian, and Pakistani population is limited English proficient. > There are more than 8,000 LEP Filipinos and nearly 6,000 LEP Chinese in Clark County. Child Limited English Proficiency > Thirteen percent of Asian American and 5% of Pacific Islander children age 17 years and younger are limited English proficient. > More than one out of four Chinese and Vietnamese children are LEP. > More than a fifth of Samoan and Thai children are LEP. Linguistic Isolation > More than one out of five Asian American households is considered linguistically isolated. > Chinese, Laotian, Vietnamese, and Cambodian households experience the highest rates of linguistic isolation in Clark County. All have rates of 32% or more. > There are 1,353 linguistically isolated Filipino households in the county. Figure 39: Limited English Proficiency of AAPI Groups in Clark County, NV AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Vietnamese 29% 54% Laotian 16% 47% Chinese 28% 43% Thai 21% 40% Korean 14% 35% Filipino Asian Indian Japanese 6% 5% 8% 19% 21% 21% Samoan 13% 21% Guamanian Native Hawaiian 8% 5% 3% 3% Total Child 0-17 yrs A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

55 Las Vegas, Nevada Immigration & Citizenship Immigration > Asian Americans have the highest foreign-born rates in Clark County. A majority (59%) of Asian Americans in Clark County are first generation immigrants. > Pacific Islanders have the third highest rates, with 11% being foreign-born. > Among adults age 18 years and older, 73% of Asian Americans and 16% of Pacific Islanders are foreign-born. > Among children age 17 years and younger, 16% of Asian Americans and 3% of Pacific Islanders are foreignborn. > A majority of nine AAPI ethnic groups are foreign-born, including Filipinos, Chinese, Koreans, and Asian Indians. > Among Filipinos, the largest AAPI group, 60% are foreign-born, 76% of adults are foreign-born, and 18% of children are foreign-born. > More than a fifth of Pakistani and Asian Indian children are foreign-born. Citizenship > Asian American and Pacific Islander foreign-born have above average rates of becoming naturalized citizens in Clark County. > While more than 50% of Asian American and Pacific Islander foreignborn have become citizens, still 44% of Asian American and 48% of Pacific Islander foreign-born are not naturalized and are unable to participate in important civic activities such as voting. > A majority of the foreign-born of eleven AAPI ethnic groups have become naturalized citizens, including Filipinos, Chinese, and Koreans. Figure 40: Foreign-Born Rates of AAPI Groups in Clark County, NV AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Vietnamese Laotian Asian Indian 71% 70% 76% 84% 91% 89% Thai Korean Filipino Chinese 65% 62% 60% 59% 81% 77% 76% 74% Japanese 30% 37% Samoan Guamanian Native Hawaiian 2% 3% 13% 18% 10% 13% Total Adult 18 + yrs A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 53

56 Seattle, Washington Introduction City of Seattle Asian American and Pacific Islander Population Concentration Seattle, Washington Metropolitan Area State of Washington Seattle Metropolitan Area Pierce County Snohomish County King County Asian American and Pacific Islander immigrants have played an important role in building the infrastructure of the Pacific Northwest. Many immigrants, including Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos, arrived as early as the mid- 1800s to work in transportation, agriculture, and farming industries. Today, Asian Americans continue to contribute in various sectors, including aviation, government, and high-tech industries. Washington State ranks fourth in the nation in resettling new refugees, behind Florida, California, and New York. The state also leads the country in secondary migration. In recent years, newer immigrants from Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South Asia have added greater complexity and diversity to Washington's Asian American communities. Policy Recommendations: > Provide culturally competent and linguistically accessible health and human services > Provide equal access to quality education > Provide equal employment opportunities > Protect human rights, including immigrant rights The Seattle, Washington area of study for this profile is defined as King County. Additional information is provided for neighboring Snohomish and Pierce Counties. TABLE 21: 2004 Census Bureau Population Estimates King, Snohomish, and Pierce Counties Ranked by 2004 Percent King County Snohomish County Pierce County Major Races & Ethnic Groups Number Percent Growth Number Percent Growth Number Percent Growth White 1,261,488 71% -5% 505,198 83% 3% 532,934 76% 5% Asian 253,253 14% 17% 42,502 7% 30% 48,803 7% 16% African American 123,712 7% 9% 13,797 2% 32% 59,948 9% 11% Latino 120,028 7% 13% 31,848 5% 24% 44,773 6% 15% American Indian 33,834 2% 2% 14,372 2% 10% 19,919 3% 6% Pacific Islander 17,383 1% 11% 3,701 1% 26% 9,581 1% 12% Total Population 1,777, % 2% 606, % 6% 700, % 6% Source: Population Estimates Program, U.S. Bureau of the Census Note: Figures are for the Inclusive population, single race and multirace combined, and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race, non- Hispanic. 54 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

57 Seattle, Washington Race & Ethnicity Race and Ethnicity King County > Asian Americans are the second largest racial or ethnic group in King County, making up 14% of the county s population, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. This differs from the United States as a whole, where Asian Americans are the fourth largest group and constitute 5% of the population. > There are more than 17,000 Pacific Islanders in King County, making up 1% of the county s population. King County has the fifth largest Pacific Islander population among counties in the continental United States. > A quarter of Asian Americans in King County are Chinese, and a fifth are Filipino. Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Asian Indian round out the top six largest Asian American ethnic groups in King County, which constitute 92% of Asian Americans in the county. > There are more than 5,000 Samoans in King County, making them the largest Pacific Islander ethnic group in the county. There are also more than 4,000 Native Hawaiians and nearly 2,000 Guamanian/Chamorro in the county. Snohomish County > Asian Americans are the second largest racial or ethnic group in Snohomish County, comprising 7% of the county s population, according to 2004 U.S. Census estimates. > There are nearly 4,000 Pacific Islanders who consist of 0.7% of Snohomish County s population. Pierce County > Asian Americans comprise 7% of Pierce County s population and are the third largest major racial or ethnic group in the county, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. > There are almost 10,000 Pacific Islanders who make up 1.4% of Pierce County s population. Pierce County has the sixth highest concentration of Pacific Islanders in the United States, outside of Hawai i and Alaska. > Koreans are the largest Asian American ethnic group in Pierce County, comprising 28% of Asian Americans. Koreans are the fourth largest Asian American group and only 10% of the Asian American population nationally. Figure 41: Percent Growth of AAPI Groups in King County, WA, Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Ranked by 1990 to 2000 Alone Asian Indian Vietnamese Indonesian Samoan Thai Chinese Korean Guamanian or Chamorro Filipino Laotian Cambodian Japanese Native Hawaiian King County Total 86% 81% 75% 60% 82% 47% 37% 79% 37% 57% 26% 53% 3% 46% -14% 15% 15% 149% 171% 113% 133% 145% 110% 151% 142% 218% 267% 232% 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive Asian Americans are the largest minority group in King and Snohomish Counties A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 55

58 Seattle, Washington Growth & Concentration Growth King County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, along with Latinos, are the fastest growing major racial or ethnic groups in King County. From 1990 to 2000, these three groups grew by 90% or more, while the total population of the county grew by 15%. > Asian Americans increased from 8% to 13% of the population from 1990 to Asian Americans are now 14% of the population, according to 2004 Census Bureau estimates. > Asian Indians and Bangladeshi were the fastest growing Asian American ethnic groups, both tripling in size from 1990 to 2000 in King County. > Vietnamese, Sri Lankans, and Indonesians all more than doubled in size during that time period. > Samoans and Fijians had the fastest growth rates among Pacific Islander groups, both virtually doubling in size from1990 to Snohomish County > Asian Americans more than doubled in size from 1990 to 2000 in Snohomish County. Along with Latinos, Asian Americans were the fastest growing major racial or ethnic group, both groups growing by more than 100% while the county grew by 30%. Pierce County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders grew faster than Pierce County s population overall from 1990 to Asian Americans increased from 4% of the population in 1990 to 7% in 2000, and 8% in Concentration King County > The highest percentage of Asian Americans in King County is found in Bryn Mawr-Skyway CDP where nearly a quarter of the population is Asian American. Both White Center CDP, and the city of Newcastle are a fifth or more Asian American. TABLE 23: Asian Am. Population Concentration in Snohomish County Places with the Highest Asian American Concentration, 2000 Snohomish County Places Number Percent 1. Lynnwood city 5,219 15% 2. Mill Creek city 1,623 14% 3. Picnic Point-North Lynnwood CDP* 2,904 13% 4. Mountlake Terrace city 2,573 13% 5. Mukilteo city 2,274 13% Source: U.S. Census 2000; *Census Designated Place > Nearly a fifth of the city of Bellevue is Asian American, as is 15% of Seattle, Shoreline, Renton, and Redmond. > The city of SeaTac has the highest percentage of Pacific Islanders in King County with 3.3%. Snohomish County > The city of Lynnwood has the highest concentration of Asian Americans (15%) in Snohomish County. > Mill Creek has the second highest Asian American percentage with 14%, followed by Picnic Point-North Lynnwood CDP, Mountlake Terrace, and Mukilteo, all 13% Asian American. > There are 7,000 Asian Americans in the city of Everett, which is 8% Asian American and 0.7% Pacific Islander. Pierce County > Twelve percent of the residents of the city of Lakewood are Asian American, the highest concentration in Pierce County. > The city of DuPont is 11% Asian American, and Tacoma, Spanaway CDP, and University Place are all 10% Asian American. TABLE 22: Asian Am. Population Concentration in King County Places with the Highest Asian American Concentration, 2000 King County Places Number Percent 1. Bryn Mawr-Skyway CDP* 3,376 24% 2. White Center CDP* 4,864 23% 3. Newcastle city 1,563 20% 4. Bellevue city 20,841 19% 5. East Hill-Meridian CDP* 4,877 17% 6. Cascade-Fairwood CDP* 5,377 16% 7. Shoreline city 8,074 15% 8. Seattle city 84,649 15% 9. Renton city 7,515 15% 10. Redmond city 6,588 15% Source: U.S. Census 2000; *Census Designated Place TABLE 24: Asian Am. Population Concentration in Pierce County Places with the Highest Asian American Concentration, 2000 Pierce County Places Number Percent 1. Lakewood city 6,815 12% 2. DuPont city % 3. Spanaway CDP* 2,151 10% 4. Tacoma city 18,731 10% 5. University Place city 2,873 10% Source: U.S. Census 2000; *Census Designated Place 56 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

59 Seattle, Washington Education Less than High School King County > Asian American and Pacific Islander adults 25 years and older have below average rates of completing high school. > Nineteen percent of Pacific Islander and 18% of Asian American adults do not have a high school degree, compared to 10% of King County residents overall. > A majority of Hmong and Laotian and more than a third of Vietnamese and Cambodian adults do not have a high school degree, rates higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in King County. Snohomish County > Asian American and Pacific Islander adults have above average rates of not completing high school in Snohomish County. > Fifteen percent of Asian American and 13% of Pacific Islander adults do not have a high school degree, compared to 11% of Snohomish County residents overall. Pierce County > Asian American and Pacific Islander adults have below average rates of not having a high school degree in Pierce County. > A quarter of Asian American and 14% of Pacific Islander adults do not have a high school degree, compared to 13% of Pierce County adults overall. College King County > Pacific Islanders have the lowest rates of completing college among the major racial and ethnic groups in King County. Less than a fifth of Pacific Islander adults age 25 years and older have a college degree. > Forty-one percent of Asian Americans have a college degree, below the 43% rate for Whites. > Filipinos, the second largest Asian American group, have below average rates of completing a college degree. > Only 16% of Vietnamese have a college degree, a rate lower than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in the county. > Seven AAPI groups have the lowest college completion rates in King County. Less than 8% of Laotians, Cambodians, Samoans, and Fijians have a college degree. > Seven AAPI groups have the highest college completion rates in King County. A majority of Chinese, Asian Indian, Pakistani, and Japanese adults have a bachelor s degree or higher. Snohomish County > Pacific Islander adults have below average rates of completing a college degree in Snohomish County. Only 17% of Pacific Islander adults have a college degree. > Asian American adults have above average rates of completing college in the county. Thirty-six percent of Asian Americans have a college degree, compared to 24% of Snohomish County residents overall. > Cambodians, Laotians, and Native Hawaiians have the lowest rates for completing college in the county. Pierce County > Twenty-one percent of Asian American and 12% of Pacific Islander adults have completed college, compared to 21% of Pierce County residents overall. > Four AAPI ethnic groups have lower college completion rates than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in Pierce County. Less than 10% of Cambodian, Laotian, and Samoan adults have a college degree. Figure 42: Educational Attainment of AAPI Groups in King County, WA AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Laotian 50% Cambodian Vietnamese Samoan Chinese Thai Asian Indian Guamanian Korean Filipino N. Hawaiian Japanese Indonesian 5% 8% 13% 12% 12% 15% 17% 17% 29% 37% 45% 37% 8% 4% 1 40% 8% 6% 1 36% 10% 13% 3% 59% 5% 5% 1 26% 6% 28% 22% 32% 7% 25% 19% 21% 4% 28% 32% 54% 9% 19% 6% 37% 8% 31% 12% 41% 8% 33% 5% 55% 8% 22% 7% 35% 9% 36% 14% 2 34% 11% 37% 16% Less than High School High School Associate s Degree Bachelor s Degree Advanced Degree A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 57

60 Seattle, Washington Housing Average Household Size > Pacific Islanders have the largest average household size among major racial and ethnic groups. > The Pacific Islander average household size of 3.3 and Asian American average size of 2.9 are both larger than the county average of 2.4 persons per household. > All but two of the AAPI ethnic groups have average household sizes larger than that of King County overall. > Seven AAPI groups have average household sizes larger than any of the major racial or ethnic groups, including Vietnamese with 3.6 persons per household. Homeownership > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have below average homeownership rates in King County. > Only 37% of Pacific Islanders and 55% of Asian Americans live in homes that they own, compared to 60% of the county overall. > All AAPI ethnic groups have homeownership rates below 60%, except for Chinese and Japanese. > Among the six largest AAPI ethnic groups, Koreans and Asian Indians have the lowest homeownership rates, both below 44%. > Less than half of Vietnamese live in homes that they own. Overcrowded Housing King County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average rates of living in overcrowded housing. Figure 43: AAPI Groups with Below Average Homeownership Rates in King County, WA AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Samoan Guamanian 23% 35% > More than one out of five Pacific Islanders and 16% of Asian Americans live in overcrowded housing, compared to 5% of King County residents overall. > All AAPI ethnic groups have above average overcrowded housing rates, except for Japanese. > Six AAPI groups have overcrowded housing rates higher than any of the major racial and ethnic groups, including Vietnamese with rates of 31%. > One out of five Koreans and Filipinos live in overcrowded housing. Snohomish County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Snohomish County have above average rates of living in overcrowded housing. > Fifteen percent of Asian Americans and 14% of Pacific Islanders live in overcrowded housing, compared to 5% of Snohomish County residents overall. > Laotians and Pakistani have overcrowded housing rates higher than any of the major racial and ethnic groups in the county. > The two largest AAPI ethnic groups, Filipinos and Koreans, have overcrowded housing rates of 16% or more. Indonesian Thai Korean Asian Indian Cambodian Native Hawaiian Vietnamese Laotian Filipino King County Total 37% 38% 42% 43% 44% 44% 49% 49% 58% 60% Pierce County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average rates of living in overcrowded housing. > A fifth of Pacific Islanders and 17% of Asian Americans live in overcrowded housing, compared to 5% of Pierce County residents overall. > Five AAPI ethnic groups have overcrowded housing rates higher than any of the major racial and ethnic groups in Pierce County, including Cambodians, Vietnamese, Samoans, Thai, and Guamanian. > Nearly a fifth of Koreans and 14% of Filipinos live in overcrowded housing A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

61 Seattle, Washington Income & Poverty Per Capita Income > The Pacific Islander per capita income of $15,246 is the lowest per capita income among major racial and ethnic groups in King County. > Asian Americans have a per capita income of $21,178, below the King County overall per capita income of $29,521. > All AAPI groups have per capita incomes below that of King County overall. While the White per capita income is $33,334, not a single AAPI group has a per capita income above $29,000. Economic Contributions > Asian American- and Pacific Islanderowned businesses make up nearly 8% of all businesses in Seattle and over 8% of all businesses with paid employees. Nearly 30% of AAPI-owned businesses have paid employees, compared to 29% of all businesses. > AAPI-owned businesses employed 31,759 in Poverty King County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average poverty rates in King County. > Pacific Islanders have poverty rates of 14% and Asian Americans of 11%, compared to 8% for King County overall. > Fourteen AAPI ethnic groups have above average poverty rates, including four of the six largest groups: Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and Vietnamese. > Hmong, Guamanian, Indonesians, and Cambodians have poverty rates higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in King County, all above 20%. Snohomish County > Asian Americans have above average poverty rates and Pacific Islanders have average poverty rates in Snohomish County. Figure 44: AAPI Groups with Above Average Poverty Rates in King County, WA AAPI Groups with Population of 1,000 or More Indonesian Cambodian Samoan Vietnamese Korean Thai Laotian Japanese Chinese King County Total 8% 9% 9% 18% 15% 14% 106% 24% 16% 17% 20% 22% > Ten percent of Asian Americans live below the federal poverty line, compared to 7% of Snohomish County residents overall. Pierce County > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average poverty rates in Pierce County. > Seventeen percent of Asian Americans and 14% of Pacific Islanders live below the federal poverty line, compared to 10% of Pierce County residents overall. > Laotians, Cambodians, and Vietnamese have poverty rates higher than any of the major racial or ethnic groups in Pierce County, all at 27% or higher. > Nearly a fifth of Koreans, the largest AAPI group in Pierce County, live in poverty. Child Poverty > Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have above average rates of poverty for children age 17 years and younger in King County. > Fifteen percent of Pacific Islander and 11% of Asian American children live in poverty, compared to 10% of King County children overall. > Hmong, Guamanian, and Cambodian children have poverty rates higher than any other major racial or ethnic group in King County, all at 29% or higher. Senior Poverty > Asian Americans have the second highest senior poverty rate among the major racial and ethnic groups in King County and the largest number of seniors in poverty in the county, after Whites. > Seventeen percent of Asian American and 9% of Pacific Islander seniors live in poverty, compared to 7% of seniors in King County overall. > More than a third of Korean, Vietnamese, and Laotian, and a fifth of Chinese seniors live in poverty. A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 59

62 Seattle, Washington Language Limited English Proficiency King County > Asian Americans have the highest limited English proficiency rates in King County. More than a third (37%) of Asian Americans in King County are limited English proficient, or LEP. > There are 74,000 LEP Asian Americans in King County, more than 50% of the LEP population in King County. > Fifteen percent of Pacific Islanders are LEP, compared to 8% of county residents overall. > A majority of Vietnamese and Hmong and a near majority of Cambodian and Laotians are LEP. > More than 40% of Chinese, Koreans, and Thai are considered LEP. > A quarter of Asian Indians and a fifth of Filipinos are limited English proficient. > Asian Americans have the highest limited English proficiency rates among children age 17 years and younger in King County. More than one out of five Asian American children are considered LEP. > Pacific Islanders have above average child LEP rates in the county. Ten percent of Pacific Islander children are LEP, compared to 6% of King County children overall. > Nearly 3,000 Vietnamese, nearly 2,000 Chinese, and 1,000 Korean children are limited English proficient. Snohomish County > Asian Americans have the highest limited English proficiency rates in Snohomish County. > More than one out of three Asian Americans (35%) are limited English proficient. Figure 45: Limited English Proficiency Asian American Groups in King County, WA Vietnamese Cambodian Laotian Korean Thai Chinese Indonesian Asian Indian Filipino Japanese King County Total Asian American Groups with Population of 1,000 or More 64% 8% 8% 21% 18% 25% 28% 34% 40% 44% 43% 41% 49% 49% 48% 55% 74% 80% 81% Total 85% 89% 87% Senior 65 + yrs > A majority of Vietnamese and Koreans, and nearly a majority of Cambodians in Snohomish County, are LEP. > A third of Vietnamese children age 17 years and younger are limited English proficient. Pierce County > Asian Americans have the highest rates of limited English proficiency in Pierce County. > More than a third of Asian Americans in Pierce County are limited English proficient. > A majority of the Vietnamese and Cambodian populations in Pierce County is limited English proficient. > Among the largest AAPI ethnic group in Pierce County, Koreans, 43% are LEP. There are nearly 6,000 LEP Koreans in the county. > Fifteen percent or more of Chinese and Samoan children are LEP. Linguistic Isolation > Asian Americans have the highest rates of household linguistic isolation in King County. More than one out of four Asian American households are considered linguistically isolated. > Nearly a majority of Vietnamese households is linguistically isolated. > More than a third of Korean, Hmong, and Thai and 30% of Chinese, Laotian, and Cambodian households are linguistically isolated. > More than 5,000 Chinese and 4,000 Vietnamese households in King County are linguistically isolated. > More than half of the linguistically isolated households in King County are Asian American households. There are nearly 18,000 linguistically isolated Asian American households in King County A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

63 Seattle, Washington Immigration & Citizenship Immigration > Asian Americans have the highest foreign-born rates in King County. Sixty percent of Asian Americans are foreignborn. > Pacific Islanders have the third highest foreign-born rates in the county. More than a quarter of Pacific Islanders are foreign-born. > Among adults age 18 years and older, foreign-born rates for Asian Americans rise to 74%. One out of three Pacific Islander adults are foreign-born. > Asian Americans also have the highest foreign-born rates among children 17 years and younger. A fifth of Asian American children are foreign-born. > Fourteen AAPI ethnic groups have majority foreign-born populations, including five of the six largest AAPI groups. > A third or more of Korean and Vietnamese children are foreign-born. > One out of four or more of Asian Indian, Thai, and Hmong children are foreign-born. > Ninety percent or more of Vietnamese, Asian Indian, Taiwanese, Cambodian, and Laotian adults are foreign-born. > Eighty-percent or more of Korean, Thai, Pakistani, Indonesian, Fijian, and Tongan adults are foreign-born. Citizenship > Asian American and Pacific Islander foreign-born have above average rates of becoming naturalized citizens in King County. > While the Asian American (52%) and Pacific Islander (45%) rates of naturalization are higher than average, this still leaves 48% of Asian American and a majority of Pacific Islander foreignborn as noncitizens and ineligible to take part in many civic activities such as voting. > A majority of the foreign-born of eleven AAPI ethnic groups are not naturalized citizens. > Less than a quarter of Japanese, and only a third of Asian Indian foreignborn, have become citizens. > Vietnamese and Filipinos have the highest naturalization rates, both 60% or higher. Figure 46: Foreign-Born Rates of Asian Americans in King, Snohomish, and Pierce Counties 21% King County 60% 74% Pierce County 15% 52% 69% 19% Child 0-17 yrs Snohomish County 60% 79% Adult 18 + yrs Total A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 61

64 Policy Recommendations POLICY Address language barriers Some of the most striking findings in this report are the high levels of limited English proficiency and linguistic isolation that exist in Asian American and Pacific Islander communities. While our communities recognize the importance of mastering English, language barriers continue to limit the ability of many AAPIs to exercise fundamental rights as Americans. Policy makers should work to address those language barriers to improve access to healthcare, social services, and our justice system, as well as increase opportunities to learn English. Healthcare and Social Services Access to healthcare and social services is a critical concern in Asian American and Pacific Islander communities. Existing research documents how the failure of service providers to provide language assistance to patients and clients creates barriers to and diminishes the quality of healthcare and other services for limited English proficient individuals. To ensure the delivery of language assistance and other culturally competent services to patients and clients, particularly the elderly, policy makers must provide adequate funding to hospitals and social service providers, supporting the hiring of bilingual staff and translation of materials. Furthermore, federal agencies must actively enforce Title VI requirements where state and local agencies receive federal funding. Our Justice System Language barriers serve to deny millions of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders equal access to justice in our courts. As noted in AAJC s report Equal Justice, Unequal Access: Immigrants and America s Legal System, these barriers prevent many from being able to obtain legal assistance and representation and, for others, often lead to miscommunication between client and attorney. Comprehensive policies that address these access issues at the federal level are needed. Legal aids funded by the Legal Services Corporation should be able to provide all immigrants with language accessible assistance. Funding should also be made available to facilitate the hiring, training, and testing of interpreters inside and outside of the courtroom. Opportunities to Learn English While providing language assistance to limited English proficient Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders is critical to their health and well-being, opportunities to learn and master English are equally important. Yet, in both established and emerging AAPI communities, demand for English as a Second Language (ESL) and other language courses is often greater than the supply. Policy makers throughout the United States must facilitate English language acquisition by increasing funding for ESL and other language courses. Corporate partners should support such efforts as a way of improving both the lives of their employees and the productivity of America s workforce. Increase civic participation While Asian American and Pacific Islander immigrants naturalize at high rates, millions are not U.S. citizens. Rates of voter registration and turnout lag behind those of other groups. Sections 5 and 203 of the Voting Rights Act are still needed to promote the political participation and representation of AAPIs, as are other efforts to increase civic participation. The Voting Rights Act Recognizing that language barriers have served to disenfranchise millions of Americans, Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act requires a limited number of jurisdictions conducting elections to provide language assistance to voters in certain languages other than English. Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act protects voters by requiring certain states and counties to show that changes to voting procedures are not harmful before they are implemented. Because both Sections 5 and 203 expire in 2007, their reauthorization is critical to ensuring the full participation of Asian Americans in electoral politics. Broader Civic Participation While the reauthorization of critical provisions of the Voting Rights Act is important, greater public and private investment is needed to improve the civic participation of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Citizenship education and assistance are needed. Voter registration drives should be supported as citizens move to become voters. Get-outthe-vote efforts are needed to improve the turnout of registered voters. Leadership development and training are important in nurturing future leaders, including those preparing to run for public office. Finally, programs designed to foster positive relations between AAPI and other communities are needed, particularly in areas where rapid demographic change is occurring. 62 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

65 Reevaluate current policies on immigration Immigration has been the driving force behind Asian American and Pacific Islander population growth. Yet immigration continues to attract controversy, in part because of misperceptions surrounding immigrant contributions to the United States. The information included in this report helps dispel some of these myths. Economic data from the Census Bureau and other sources indicate AAPI communities make significant contributions to the economy by creating jobs for themselves, creating jobs for others, and stimulating economic growth through consumer spending. These contributions call for a reevaluation of our current immigration policy and the implementation of changes that facilitate family reunification, allow all working immigrants a pathway to citizenship, and strengthen protections for both nativeborn and immigrant workers. Promote civil rights Despite the contributions made by AAPIs in both large and emerging communities, they continue to face discrimination. Like many other groups, AAPIs experience discrimination in employment and housing, and are victims of hate crimes. Fair employment and housing laws, as well as stronger hate crimes legislation, are necessary to promote the civil rights of AAPIs. Increase job training and economic development initiatives This report highlights persistent poverty among certain Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups, particularly Southeast Asians and Pacific Islanders. Several initiatives are necessary. Job training programs should be targeted to low-income AAPI communities, delivered in languages workers understand. Workers should also have opportunities to learn English, including access to vocational English language instruction. Policy makers should also take steps to ensure that AAPI-owned businesses remain vibrant, providing living wages and healthcare for both employer and employee, and that affordable housing is available. Strengthen K-12 and post-secondary programs Many assume that Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have achieved educational parity with non-hispanic Whites. Yet by providing information on Pacific Islanders as a distinct racial group and specific AAPI ethnic groups, Census 2000 reveals that, while many in our communities are well educated, some face considerable challenges in achieving both high school and college education. Improvements must be made to K-12 programs to address the cultural and linguistic barriers that contribute to educational disparities. Additionally, affirmative action remains a viable tool to address these disparities, particularly in post-secondary education. Any such effort should include the targeting of disadvantaged groups, such as Southeast Asians and Pacific Islanders. Improve disaster response and address ongoing needs of Hurricane Katrina victims As Hurricane Katrina illustrated, most federal, state, and local agencies are ill equipped to provide linguistically and culturally appropriate disaster relief services. FEMA, HUD, DHS, SBA, the American Red Cross, and other agencies failed to provide critical services to AAPI victims, including access to transportation, urgent health and mental healthcare, and shelter. More than six months after the tragedy, many AAPI victims are just now learning about and attempting to access disaster relief and recovery assistance. To better respond in the face of another natural disaster, terrorist attack or pandemic flu, these agencies must proactively educate AAPI communities about disaster response and be equipped to provide assistance to victims in Asian and Pacific Islander languages. They must also continue to address the housing, employment, and other needs of victims, including those who fled impacted areas to cities such as Houston, Texas. Maintain accurate and detailed census data on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders It is impossible to understand and effectively serve the needs of Asian American and Pacific Islander communities without census data that are complete, accurate, and disaggregate information for specific ethnic groups. Yet changes in how the Census Bureau collects information on poverty, education, language, and other characteristics threaten the availability of data like those included in this report. As the American Community Survey (ACS) replaces the decennial Census long form, Congress must work with the Census Bureau and community stakeholders to provide funding for the ACS to be conducted in Asian and Pacific Islander languages, ensure that the ACS retains check boxes for AAPI ethnic groups, and make all ACS data available by ethnic group. Without the ability to articulate the needs of AAPIs, many of those needs will go unserved. A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 63

66 Policy Recommendations RESOURCES Increase funding to Asian American and Pacific Islander communities Federal, state and local governments and private foundations throughout the United States should re-examine whether adequate resources are being directed to serving the needs of AAPI communities, particularly Southeast Asians and Pacific Islanders. In areas with established AAPI communities, government programs and social service agencies experienced in serving AAPI clients are faced with having to serve greater numbers. Areas with emerging AAPI populations may be without linguistically and culturally appropriate programs altogether. RESEARCH Support more disaggregated data and research As populations that are socially and economically diverse and growing dramatically, Asian American and Pacific Islander communities are more difficult to understand and serve. Research plays a critical role in providing policy makers and service providers the information they need to identify community needs and target programs addressing those needs in the most cost-effective manner possible. Yet relatively little research is available on AAPI communities, especially at the local level. Even more scarce are disaggregated data that provide information on the needs of specific ethnic groups. While the Census Bureau has provided a wealth of disaggregated data on AAPI communities, few other federal, state, or local agencies collect or disseminate disaggregated data. Additional funding should be directed to research examining AAPI issues and both governmental and non-governmental efforts to collect and disseminate data disaggregated by ethnic group. 64 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

67 Glossary Race and Ethnicity Alone: Racial or ethnic population figure that includes those who reported a single race only. Inclusive: Racial or ethnic population figure that combines those who reported a single race and those who reported more than one race. Also referred to as alone and in combination or single race and multiracial population. Multiracial: Those who reported more than one race. Also referred to as mixed race or in combination. Social Characteristics Foreign-Born: Includes people not born in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Island Areas (such as Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, or the Northern Mariana Islands). Housing, Overcrowded and Severely Overcrowded: Overcrowded housing is defined as having more than one person per room. Severe overcrowding is defined as more than 1.5 people per room. Income, Median Household: A measurement of income that divides the income distribution of households (all persons living in the same residence) in 1999 into two equal parts, half falling below and half above the median household income. Income, Per Capita: The mean income computed for every man, woman, and child in a particular group. It is derived by dividing the total income of a particular group by the total population of that group. Poverty: A measure of income relative to the federal poverty threshold (the poverty line). Adjusted for family size, the federal poverty line was $17,029 annually for a family of four in Poverty, 200 Percent of: Because the federal poverty threshold is not adjusted for regional differences in the cost of living, the number of people below different percentages of the poverty level is often used. These specified poverty levels are obtained by multiplying the official thresholds by the appropriate factor. The average income cutoff at 200 percent of the poverty level was $34,058 ($17,029 x 2.0) in 1999 for a family of four. Geography Census Designated Place (CDP): Geographic area designed to provide census data for concentrations of population, housing, and commercial structures that are identifiable by name but not within (a place). In other words, CDPs are concentrations of populations identified by the U.S. Census Bureau that are not incorporated cities. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA): An MSA requires the presence of a city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or the presence of an Urbanized Area and a total population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New England). The county or counties containing the largest city and surrounding densely settled territory are central counties of the MSA. Places: Includes incorporated cities and Census Designated Places (CDPs). Income, Public Assistance: Public assistance income includes general assistance and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). Separate payments received for hospital or other medical care (vendor payments) are excluded. This does not include Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Limited English Proficient: Persons who speak English less than very well. Linguistically Isolated Households: Households in which all members 14 years old or older speak English less than very well. A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 65

68 Appendix A Race & Ethnicity: United States Racial & Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total White, Non-Hispanic 188,128,296 76% 194,552,774 69% 198,177,900 70% 3% 5% African American 29,986,060 12% 34,658,190 12% 36,419,434 13% 16% 21% Latino / Hispanic 22,354,059 9% 33,081,736 12% 35,305,818 13% 48% 58% Asian American 6,908,683 3% 10,242,998 4% 11,898,828 4% 48% 72% American Indian 1,959,234 1% 2,475,956 1% 4,119,301 1% 26% 110% Pacific Islander 365, % 398, % 874, % 9% 140% Two or more races n/a n/a 6,826,228 2% n/a n/a n/a n/a Total 248,709, % 281,421, % 281,421, % 13% 13% Asian American Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total Table 25: United States Chinese 1,648,696 24% 2,432,585 24% 2,879,636 24% 48% 75% -Chinese, except Taiwanese 1,574,918 23% 2,314,537 23% 2,734,841 23% 47% 74% -Taiwanese 73,778 1% 118,048 1% 144,795 1% 60% 96% Filipino 1,406,770 20% 1,850,314 18% 2,364,815 20% 32% 68% Asian Indian 815,447 12% 1,678,765 16% 1,899,599 16% 106% 133% Korean 798,849 12% 1,076,872 11% 1,228,427 10% 35% 54% Vietnamese 614,547 9% 1,122,528 11% 1,223,736 10% 83% 99% Japanese 847,562 12% 796,700 8% 1,148,932 10% -6% 36% Cambodian 147,411 2% 171,937 2% 206,052 2% 17% 40% Pakistani 81,371 1% 153,533 1% 204,309 2% 89% 151% Laotian 149,014 2% 168,707 2% 198,203 2% 13% 33% Hmong 90,082 1% 169,428 2% 186,310 2% 88% 107% Thai 91,275 1% 112,989 1% 150,283 1% 24% 65% Indonesian 29, % 39, % 63,073 1% 36% 116% Bangladeshi 11, % 41, % 57, % 249% 385% Sri Lankan 10, % 20, % 24, % 84% 124% Malaysian 12, % 10, % 18, % -13% 52% Other Asian 156,535 2% 173,180 2% 422,032 4% 11% 170% More than one Asian group n/a n/a 223,588 2% n/a n/a n/a n/a Asian American Total 6,908, % 10,242, % 11,898, % 48% 72% Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % P.I. Alone Number % Total Alone Number % Asian Alone Number Native Hawaiian 211,014 58% 140,652 35% 401,162 46% -33% 90% Samoan 62,964 17% 91,029 23% 133,281 15% 45% 112% Guamanian or Chamorro 49,345 14% 58,240 15% 92,611 11% 18% 88% Tongan 17,606 5% 27,713 7% 36,840 4% 57% 109% Fijian 7,036 2% 10,100 3% 14,156 2% 44% 101% Other Pacific Islander 17,059 5% 62,487 16% 223,236 26% 266% 1209% More than one PI Group n/a n/a 8,614 2% n/a n/a n/a n/a Pacific Islander Total 365, % 398, % 874, % 9% 140% % P.I Inclusive Number % Total Inclusive Number % Asian Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth Inclusive Number % P.I to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive Note: Groups ranked by 2000 Inclusive number. Alone figures are single race responses only. Inclusive figures include single race and multiracial responses. Alone figures for Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups are single race and single ethnic group. Latino/Hispanic is not exclusive of other categories, unless otherwise noted. Population figures are not mutually exclusive, therefore columns may not sum up to the total. 66 ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

69 Appendix A Race & Ethnicity: Atlanta, GA The area of study is the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Racial & Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total White, Non-Hispanic 1,987,685 70% 2,460,740 60% 2,496,892 61% 24% 26% African American 736,153 26% 1,189,179 29% 1,216,230 30% 62% 65% Latino / Hispanic 57,169 2% 252,165 6% 268,851 7% 341% 370% Asian American 50,872 2% 135,959 3% 152,247 4% 167% 199% American Indian 5, % 10, % 26,810 1% 87% 385% Pacific Islander % 1, % 4, % 174% 634% Two or more races n/a n/a % n/a n/a n/a n/a Total 2,833, % 4,112, % 4,112, % 45% 45% Asian American Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total Table 26: Atlanta, Georgia Asian Indian 9,955 20% 37,162 27% 40,381 27% 273% 306% Chinese 9,549 19% 22,564 17% 25,878 17% 136% 171% -Chinese, except Taiwanese n/a n/a 21,111 16% 24,078 16% n/a n/a -Taiwanese n/a n/a 1,453 1% 1,800 1% n/a n/a Vietnamese 5,729 11% 23,996 18% 25,470 17% 319% 345% Korean 10,120 20% 22,317 16% 24,232 16% 121% 139% Filipino 2,566 5% 5,988 4% 8,508 6% 133% 232% Japanese 3,901 8% 5,083 4% 7,050 5% 30% 81% Laotian 2,898 6% 3,596 3% 4,096 3% 24% 41% Pakistani 1,014 2% 2,990 2% 3,953 3% 195% 290% Cambodian 2,043 4% 2,727 2% 3,186 2% 33% 56% Thai 987 2% 1,562 1% 1,971 1% 58% 100% Bangladeshi % 939 1% 1,211 1% 703% 935% Hmong % 1, % 1, % 267% 303% Indonesian % % % 259% 436% Malaysian % % % 139% 358% Sri Lankan % % % 167% 233% Other Asian 1,409 3% 2,855 2% 6,614 4% 103% 369% More than one Asian group n/a n/a 2,191 2% n/a n/a n/a n/a Asian American Total 50, % 135, % 152, % 167% 199% Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % P.I. Alone Number % Total Alone Number % Asian Alone Number Native Hawaiian % % 1,057 23% 40% 257% Guamanian or Chamorro % % % 283% 452% Samoan % % % 169% 390% Fijian 23 4% 16 1% % -30% -22% Tongan 1 0.2% 3 0.2% % 200% 1100% Other Pacific Islander 58 9% % 2,255 50% 690% 3788% More than one PI Group n/a n/a 10 1% n/a n/a n/a n/a Pacific Islander Total % 1, % 4, % 174% 634% % P.I Inclusive Number % Total Inclusive Number % Asian Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth Inclusive Number % P.I to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive Note: Groups ranked by 2000 Inclusive number. Alone figures are single race responses only. Inclusive figures include single race and multiracial responses. Alone figures for Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups are single race and single ethnic group. Latino/Hispanic is not exclusive of other categories, unless otherwise noted. Population figures are not mutually exclusive, therefore columns may not sum up to the total. ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 67

70 Appendix A Race & Ethnicity: Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN The Minneapolis-St. Paul area is defined as seven counties: Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott, and Washington Counties. Racial & Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total White, Non-Hispanic 2,076,938 91% 2,197,626 83% 2,235,309 85% 6% 8% African American 89,459 4% 156,620 6% 182,668 7% 75% 104% Asian American 63,886 3% 121,053 5% 136,718 5% 89% 114% Latino / Hispanic 36,716 2% 86,727 3% 95,902 4% 136% 161% American Indian 23,340 1% 20,417 1% 35,566 1% -13% 52% Pacific Islander % 1, % 4, % 70% 502% Two or more races n/a n/a 59,602 2% n/a n/a n/a n/a Total 2,288, % 2,642, % 2,642, % 15% 15% Asian American Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total Table 27: Twin Cities Area, Minnesota Hmong 16,426 26% 40,473 33% 43,948 32% 146% 168% Vietnamese 7,789 12% 15,836 13% 17,205 13% 103% 121% Asian Indian 7,186 11% 14,315 12% 16,887 12% 99% 135% Chinese 7,421 12% 13,391 11% 16,037 12% 80% 116% -Chinese, except Taiwanese n/a n/a 12,903 11% 15,397 11% n/a n/a -Taiwanese n/a n/a % % n/a n/a Korean 8,421 13% 9,618 8% 11,491 8% 14% 36% Laotian 5,032 8% 7,507 6% 8,752 6% 49% 74% Filipino 3,196 5% 4,664 4% 6,991 5% 46% 119% Cambodian 2,650 4% 4,137 3% 4,880 4% 56% 84% Japanese 2,775 4% 2,731 2% 4,789 4% -2% 73% Thai 393 1% 787 1% 1,129 1% 100% 187% Pakistani % 772 1% 975 1% 187% 262% Sri Lankan % % % 36% 63% Indonesian % % % 95% 193% Malaysian % % % 46% 137% Bangladeshi % % % 475% 683% Other Asian 1,842 3% 3,417 3% 5,674 4% 86% 208% More than one Asian group n/a n/a 2,562 2% n/a n/a n/a n/a Asian American Total 63, % 121, % 136, % 89% 114% Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % P.I. Alone Number % Total Alone Number % Asian Alone Number Native Hawaiian % % % -12% 179% Samoan 78 11% % % 340% 576% Guamanian or Chamorro % % 273 7% 49% 158% Tongan 25 4% 36 3% 66 2% 44% 164% Fijian 9 1% 10 1% % 11% 22% Other Pacific Islander % % 2,532 60% 101% 1269% More than one PI Group n/a n/a 9 1% n/a n/a n/a n/a Pacific Islander Total % 1, % 4, % 70% 502% % P.I Inclusive Number % Total Inclusive Number % Asian Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth Inclusive Number % P.I to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive Note: Groups ranked by 2000 Inclusive number. Alone figures are single race responses only. Inclusive figures include single race and multiracial responses. Alone figures for Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups are single race and single ethnic group. Latino/Hispanic is not exclusive of other categories, unless otherwise noted. Population figures are not mutually exclusive, therefore columns may not sum up to the total. 68 ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

71 Appendix A Race & Ethnicity: Houston, TX The Houston area is defined as Harris County, Texas. Racial & Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total White, Non-Hispanic 1,528,113 54% 1,432,264 42% 1,463,941 43% -6% -4% Latino / Hispanic 644,935 23% 1,061,948 31% 1,119,751 33% 65% 74% African American 541,180 19% 628,619 18% 645,290 19% 16% 19% Asian 109,878 4% 174,626 5% 193,059 6% 59% 76% American Indian 8, % 15, % 28,501 1% 89% 254% Pacific Islander % 2, % 4, % 116% 405% Two or more races n/a n/a 100,652 3% n/a n/a n/a n/a Total 2,818, % 3,400, % 3,400, % 21% 21% Asian American Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total Vietnamese 31,056 28% 55,489 32% 58,357 30% 79% 88% Asian Indian 21,191 19% 35,971 21% 40,025 21% 70% 89% Chinese 25,019 23% 34,673 20% 38,914 20% 39% 56% -Chinese, except Taiwanese n/a n/a 32,434 19% 36,221 19% n/a n/a -Taiwanese n/a n/a 2,239 1% 2,693 1% n/a n/a Filipino 10,502 10% 15,576 9% 18,451 10% 48% 76% Pakistani 3,900 4% 7,832 4% 10,641 6% 101% 173% Korean 6,571 6% 8,764 5% 9,896 5% 33% 51% Japanese 3,425 3% 3,574 2% 5,133 3% 4% 50% Cambodian 2,163 2% 2,029 1% 2,435 1% -6% 13% Thai 1,116 1% 1,359 1% 1,733 1% 22% 55% Laotian 1,443 1% 1,289 1% 1,517 1% -11% 5% Indonesian % % % 66% 121% Bangladeshi % % % 201% 281% Sri Lankan % % % 150% 180% Malaysian % % % 22% 65% Hmong 0 0% 5 0% 9 0.0% Other Asian 2,532 2% 2,920 2% 7,518 4% 15% 197% More than one Asian group n/a n/a 3,222 2% n/a n/a n/a n/a Asian American Total 109, % 174, % 193, % 59% 76% Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups 1990 Number Table 28: Harris County, Texas % P.I. Alone Number % Total Alone Number % Asian Alone Number Native Hawaiian % % 1,062 22% 27% 185% Guamanian or Chamorro % % % 71% 148% Samoan % % % 197% 336% Tongan 9 1% 53 3% 65 1% 489% 622% Fijian 7 1% 41 2% 50 1% 486% 614% Other Pacific Islander % 577 2% 2,408 49% -66% 1874% More than one PI Group n/a n/a 15 1% n/a n/a n/a n/a Pacific Islander Total % 2, % 4, % 116% 405% % P.I Inclusive Number % Total Inclusive Number % Asian Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth Inclusive Number % P.I to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive Note: Groups ranked by 2000 Inclusive number. Alone figures are single race responses only. Inclusive figures include single race and multiracial responses. Alone figures for Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups are single race and single ethnic group. Latino/Hispanic is not exclusive of other categories, unless otherwise noted. Population figures are not mutually exclusive, therefore columns may not sum up to the total. ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 69

72 Appendix A Race & Ethnicity: Las Vegas, NV The Las Vegas area is defined as Clark County, Nevada. Racial & Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total White, Non-Hispanic 558,875 75% 828,669 60% 857,920 62% 48% 54% Latino / Hispanic 82,904 11% 281,060 20% 302,143 22% 239% 264% African American 70,738 10% 124,885 9% 137,477 10% 77% 94% Asian 24,296 3% 72,547 5% 90,268 7% 199% 272% American Indian 6,416 1% 10,895 1% 20,728 2% 70% 223% Pacific Islander 1, % 6, % 12, % 267% 632% Two or more races n/a n/a 57,765 4% n/a n/a n/a n/a Total 741, % 1,375, % 1,375, % 86% 86% Asian American Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total Table 29: Clark County, Nevada Filipino 7,991 33% 33,062 46% 41,854 46% 314% 424% Chinese 4,185 17% 10,978 15% 15,069 17% 162% 260% -Chinese, except Taiwanese n/a n/a 10,545 15% 14,468 16% n/a n/a -Taiwanese n/a n/a % % n/a n/a Japanese 2,782 11% 6,650 9% 10,554 12% 139% 279% Korean 3,376 14% 6,355 9% 8,039 9% 88% 138% Asian Indian 1,068 4% 3,601 5% 4,507 5% 237% 322% Vietnamese 1,288 5% 3,492 5% 4,245 5% 171% 230% Thai 1,533 6% 2,749 4% 3,759 4% 79% 145% Laotian 752 3% 1,091 2% 1,373 2% 45% 83% Cambodian 214 1% 415 1% 568 1% 94% 165% Pakistani % % % 145% 342% Indonesian % % % 168% 384% Sri Lankan % % % 235% 322% Malaysian % % % 206% 533% Hmong % % % 238% 304% Bangladeshi 5 0.0% % % 680% 1120% Other Asian 806 3% 1,255 2% 2,963 3% 56% 268% More than one Asian group n/a n/a 2,035 3% n/a n/a n/a n/a Asian American Total 24, % 72, % 90, % 199% 272% Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % P.I. Alone Number % Total Alone Number % Asian Alone Number Native Hawaiian 1,051 60% 3,028 47% 7,096 55% 188% 575% Guamanian or Chamorro % 1,147 18% 1,731 14% 212% 370% Samoan % 1,103 17% 1,696 13% 487% 802% Tongan 20 1% 159 2% 252 2% 695% 1160% Fijian % % % 420% 660% Other Pacific Islander 110 6% % 2,421 19% 601% 2101% More than one PI Group n/a n/a 152 2% n/a n/a n/a n/a Pacific Islander Total 1, % 6, % 12, % 267% 632% % P.I Inclusive Number % Total Inclusive Number % Asian Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth Inclusive Number % P.I to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive Note: Groups ranked by 2000 Inclusive number. Alone figures are single race responses only. Inclusive figures include single race and multiracial responses. Alone figures for Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups are single race and single ethnic group. Latino/Hispanic is not exclusive of other categories, unless otherwise noted. Population figures are not mutually exclusive, therefore columns may not sum up to the total. 70 ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

73 Appendix A Race & Ethnicity: Seattle, WA The Seattle area is defined as King County, Washington. Racial & Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total White, Non-Hispanic 1,255,190 83% 1,275,127 73% 1,323,008 76% 2% 5% Asian 113,140 8% 187,745 11% 217,351 13% 66% 92% African American 76,289 5% 93,975 5% 113,077 7% 23% 48% Latino / Hispanic 44,337 3% 85,403 5% 95,242 5% 93% 115% American Indian 17,305 1% 15,922 1% 33,022 2% -8% 91% Pacific Islander 5, % 9, % 15,604 1% 60% 176% Two or more races n/a n/a 70,499 4% n/a n/a n/a n/a King County Total 1,507, % 1,737, % 1,737, % 15% 15% Asian American Ethnic Groups 1990 Number % Total Chinese 25,710 23% 45,018 24% 53,972 25% 75% 110% -Chinese, except Taiwanese n/a n/a 41,930 22% 50,237 23% n/a n/a -Taiwanese n/a n/a 3,088 2% 3,735 2% n/a n/a Filipino 24,558 22% 33,714 18% 44,011 20% 37% 79% Japanese 20,757 18% 21,455 11% 30,229 14% 3% 46% Vietnamese 11,030 10% 27,484 15% 29,888 14% 149% 171% Korean 12,524 11% 20,005 11% 22,848 11% 60% 82% Asian Indian 4,973 4% 15,827 8% 18,274 8% 218% 267% Cambodian 4,983 4% 6,276 3% 7,626 4% 26% 53% Laotian 3,891 3% 5,321 3% 6,115 3% 37% 57% Thai 1,134 1% 2,049 1% 2,779 1% 81% 145% Indonesian % % 1, % 113% 232% Hmong % % % 84% 109% Pakistani % % % 70% 139% Malaysian % % % 1% 130% Sri Lanka % % % 133% 196% Bangladeshi % % % 178% 274% Other Asian 2,181 2% 2,692 1% 5,531 3% 23% 154% More than one Asian group n/a n/a 5,310 3% n/a n/a n/a n/a Asian American Total 113, % 187, % 217, % 66% 92% Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups 1990 Number Table 30: King County, Washington % P.I. Alone Number % Total Alone Number % Asian Alone Number Samoan 2,251 40% 4,182 46% 5,254 34% 86% 133% Native Hawaiian 1,758 31% 1,506 17% 4,260 27% -14% 142% Guamanian or Chamorro % 1,028 11% 1,748 11% 47% 151% Tongan 349 6% 537 6% 703 5% 54% 101% Fijian 216 4% 400 4% 546 3% 85% 153% Other Pacific Islander 373 7% 1,161 13% 3,519 23% 211% 843% More than one PI Group n/a n/a 109 2% n/a n/a n/a n/a Pacific Islander Total 5, % 9, % 15, % 60% 176% % P.I Inclusive Number % Total Inclusive Number % Asian Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth 1990 to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive 2000 Percent Growth Inclusive Number % P.I to 2000 Alone 1990 to 2000 Inclusive Note: Groups ranked by 2000 Inclusive number. Alone figures are single race responses only. Inclusive figures include single race and multiracial responses. Alone figures for Asian American and Pacific Islander ethnic groups are single race and single ethnic group. Latino/Hispanic is not exclusive of other categories, unless otherwise noted. Population figures are not mutually exclusive, therefore columns may not sum up to the total. ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 71

74 Appendix B Socioeconomic Indicators: United States Table 31: Major Racial and Ethnic Groups Median Age Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line 200% of Federal Poverty Line Public Assistance SF2 PCT 4 SF2 HCT 2 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 141 SF4 PCT Pac. Islander 25.4 Latino 46% Latino 29% Latino 48% Black 25% Latino 51% Pac. Islander 9% 2. Latino 25.8 Black 46% Pac. Islander 22% Black 28% Latino 23% Black 48% Am. Indian 9% 3. Am. Indian 28.7 Pac. Islander 47% Asian Am. 20% Am. Indian 25% Am. Indian 22% Am. Indian 46% Black 8% 4. Black 29.5 Asian Am. 53% Am. Indian 11% Pac. Islander 21% Pac. Islander 17% Pac. Islander 38% Latino 7% 5. Asian Am Am. Indian 55% Black 9% Asian Am. 19% Asian Am. 13% Asian Am. 28% Asian Am. 4% 6. White 38.6 White 72% White 2% White 15% White 8% White 23% White 2% United States 35.3 United States 66% United States 6% United States 20% United States 12% United States 30% United States 3% Median Age Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line 200% of Federal Poverty Line Public Assistance 1. Hmong 16.1 Bangladeshi 25% Hmong 64% Hmong 59% Hmong 38% Hmong 73% Hmong 30% 2. Tongan 19.6 Samoan 35% Tongan 45% Cambodian 53% Cambodian 29% Cambodian 54% Cambodian 22% 3. Samoan 21.0 Malaysian 35% Bangladeshi 43% Laotian 49% Bangladeshi 23% Bangladeshi 51% Laotian 14% 4. Cambodian 22.5 Hmong 40% Cambodian 43% Vietnamese 38% Malaysian 21% Tongan 48% Samoan 12% 5. Guamanian 24.7 Pakistani 40% Laotian 36% Tongan 33% Samoan 20% Samoan 46% Tongan 11% 6. Laotian 24.7 Korean 41% Samoan 36% Fijian 33% Tongan 19% Laotian 44% Vietnamese 10% 7. Nat. Hawaiian 25.6 Indonesian 42% Vietnamese 33% Bangladeshi 23% Laotian 19% Pakistani 39% Nat. Hawaiian 10% 8. Pakistani 28.2 Cambodian 44% Pakistani 31% Chinese excl 23% Indonesian 19% Vietnamese 36% Guamanian 6% 9. Indonesian 29.2 Tongan 45% Fijian 27% Samoan 23% Pakistani 18% Malaysian 36% Fijian 5% 10. Bangladeshi 29.3 Guamanian 47% Korean 23% Chinese 22% Vietnamese 16% Guamanian 34% Filipino 4% 11. Fijian 29.6 Thai 47% Filipino 22% Guamanian 22% Taiwanese 15% Indonesian 34% Chinese excl 4% 12. Malaysian 29.7 Asian Indian 47% Sri Lankan 21% Thai 20% Nat. Hawaiian 15% Fijian 34% Chinese 4% 13. Vietnamese 29.7 Fijian 49% Malaysian 20% Pakistani 19% Korean 14% Nat. Hawaiian 33% Bangladeshi 4% 14. Asian Indian 29.9 Sri Lankan 50% Nat. Hawaiian 19% Nat. Hawaiian 15% Thai 14% Korean 30% Korean 3% 15. Thai 29.9 Nat. Hawaiian 51% Guamanian 19% Asian Indian 15% Guamanian 14% Thai 30% Thai 2% 16. Korean 30.4 Laotian 53% Asian Indian 18% Sri Lankan 14% Chinese 13% Chinese excl 28% Pakistani 2% 17. Filipino 31.3 Vietnamese 54% Chinese excl 18% Malaysian 14% Chinese excl 13% Chinese 28% Asian Indian 2% 18. Taiwanese 32.6 Chinese excl 58% Chinese 18% Korean 14% Fijian 11% Taiwanese 27% Japanese 2% 19. Chinese 33.5 Chinese 58% Indonesian 15% Filipino 13% Sri Lankan 10% Asian Indian 23% Sri Lankan 1% 20. Chinese excl 33.6 Filipino 59% Thai 14% Japanese 9% Asian Indian 10% Sri Lankan 22% Taiwanese 1% 21. Sri Lankan 33.9 Japanese 60% Taiwanese 11% Indonesian 8% Japanese 9% Filipino 20% Malaysian 1% 22. Japanese 36.0 Taiwanese 65% Japanese 5% Taiwanese 7% Filipino 7% Japanese 19% Indonesian 1% Figures are for the inclusive population (single race and multirace combined) and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race non-hispanic. Chinese includes both Chinese and Taiwanese. Chinese Excl and Taiwanese are separate figures for the two groups. Racial and ethnic groups are ranked from worst to best with regard to socioeconomic status indicators. Source: U.S. Census 2000, Summary Files 1 through 4. Shaded = Faring below Non-Hispanic Whites Bold = Faring below the national average Boxed = Faring below all major racial and ethnic groups 72 ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

75 Median Household Income $ Per Capita Income $ 3 or More Workers Per Family Foreign-Born Naturalization Rate of Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency Linguistically Isolated Household SF4 PCT 89 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 84 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT 38 SF4 PCT Black 29,530 Latino 12,111 Asian Am. 17% Asian Am. 63% Latino 28% Latino 41% Latino 26% 2. Am. Indian 32,260 Black 14,222 Latino 17% Latino 40% Am. Indian 33% Asian Am. 36% Asian Am. 25% 3. Latino 33,676 Am. Indian 14,267 Pac. Islander 17% Pac. Islander 19% Pac. Islander 43% Pac. Islander 12% Pac. Islander 6% 4. Pac. Islander 42,062 Pac. Islander 14,773 Am. Indian 12% Black 7% Black 44% Am. Indian 8% Am. Indian 4% 5. White 45,367 Asian Am. 20,719 White 11% Am. Indian 6% Asian Am. 50% Black 3% Black 2% 6. Asian Am. 51,045 White 24,819 Black 10% White 4% White 55% White 2% White 1% United States 41,994 United States 21,587 United States 12% United States 11% United States 40% United States 8% United States 4% Median Household Income $ Per Capita Income $ 3 or More Workers Per Family Foreign-Born Naturalization Rate of Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency Linguistically Isolated Household 1. Hmong 31,934 Hmong 6,613 Laotian 26% Bangladeshi 83% Malaysian 21% Vietnamese 61% Vietnamese 45% 2. Cambodian 35,964 Tongan 9,975 Tongan 26% Malaysian 80% Japanese 28% Hmong 58% Korean 39% 3. Bangladeshi 37,074 Cambodian 10,215 Fijian 25% Sri Lankan 79% Indonesian 29% Cambodian 53% Taiwanese 38% 4. Malaysian 39,140 Samoan 11,191 Vietnamese 25% Taiwanese 76% Bangladeshi 31% Bangladeshi 52% Hmong 35% 5. Thai 39,530 Laotian 11,454 Filipino 24% Fijian 74% Hmong 31% Laotian 52% Bangladeshi 33% 6. Indonesian 39,839 Bangladeshi 13,532 Cambodian 21% Pakistani 74% Guamanian 34% Taiwanese 51% Chinese 33% 7. Samoan 40,058 Fijian 14,172 Hmong 20% Vietnamese 74% Fijian 36% Korean 46% Chinese excl 33% 8. Korean 40,183 Guamanian 15,325 Samoan 18% Asian Indian 73% Sri Lankan 38% Chinese 45% Laotian 32% 9. Laotian 42,245 Vietnamese 15,385 Thai 18% Indonesian 72% Tongan 39% Chinese excl 45% Cambodian 32% 10. Tongan 44,181 Nat. Hawaiian15,554 Nat. Hawaiian 17% Korean 70% Asian Indian 40% Thai 41% Thai 31% 11. Fijian 44,233 Thai 17,232 Guamanian 16% Thai 66% Pakistani 40% Indonesian 35% Indonesian 26% 12. Vietnamese 44,828 Pakistani 17,685 Chinese excl 16% Laotian 66% Thai 42% Malaysian 34% Malaysian 24% 13. Nat. Hawaiian 44,862 Korean 18,027 Chinese 16% Cambodian 64% Cambodian 46% Pakistani 32% Japanese 18% 14. Guamanian 45,417 Indonesian 18,819 Bangladeshi 15% Chinese 64% Laotian 48% Tongan 29% Pakistani 16% 15. Pakistani 45,576 Filipino 19,259 Asian Indian 15% Chinese excl 63% Nat. Hawaiian 50% Fijian 26% Asian Indian 11% 16. Chinese excl 51,031 Malaysian 19,926 Malaysian 14% Filipino 56% Korean 51% Asian Indian 23% Fijian 11% 17. Chinese 51,119 Chinese excl 22,385 Pakistani 14% Hmong 56% Chinese excl 53% Japanese 21% Tongan 11% 18. Japanese 51,981 Chinese 22,519 Taiwanese 13% Tongan 44% Chinese 53% Filipino 21% Sri Lankan 11% 19. Sri Lankan 52,392 Taiwanese 25,139 Indonesian 13% Japanese 29% Taiwanese 55% Sri Lankan 18% Filipino 10% 20. Taiwanese 52,792 Japanese 25,576 Korean 12% Samoan 17% Samoan 56% Samoan 16% Guamanian 9% 21. Filipino 58,323 Asian Indian 26,415 Sri Lankan 12% Guamanian 11% Vietnamese 58% Guamanian 13% Samoan 7% 22. Asian Indian 61,322 Sri Lankan 26,530 Japanese 11% Nat. Hawaiian 2% Filipino 62% Nat. Hawaiian 3% Nat. Hawaiian 1% ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 73

76 Appendix B Socioeconomic Indicators: Atlanta, GA The area of study is the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Table 32: Major Racial and Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT 2 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Latino 37% Latino 36% Latino 48% Latino 19% Latino $13,821 Asian Am. 72% Latino 58% 2. Pac. Islander 47% Asian Am. 17% Pac. Islander 28% Pac. Islander 17% Pac. Islander $16,041 Latino 64% Asian Am. 42% 3. Black 48% Pac. Islander 17% Asian Am. 20% Black 16% Black $17,003 Pac. Islander 32% Pac. Islander 23% 4. Am. Indian 56% Am. Indian 8% Black 19% Am. Indian 12% Asian Am. $20,619 Am. Indian 11% Am. Indian 11% 5. Asian Am. 56% Black 8% Am. Indian 19% Asian Am. 10% Am. Indian $20,793 Black 6% Black 3% 6. White 77% White 1% White 12% White 5% White $30,476 White 3% White 1% Atlanta MSA 66% Atlanta MSA 5% Atlanta MSA 16% Atlanta MSA 9% Atlanta MSA $25,033 Atlanta MSA 10% Atlanta MSA 7% Asian and Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT5 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Bangladeshi 31% Hmong 42% Hmong 59% Indonesian 25% Hmong $11,480 Indonesian 87% Vietnamese 72% 2. Indonesian 36% Bangladeshi 35% Cambodian 53% Cambodian 16% Samoan $13,124 Vietnamese 81% Cambodian 54% 3. Samoan 37% Vietnamese 32% Vietnamese 46% Thai 14% Cambodian $13,597 Bangladeshi 80% Korean 54% 4. Japanese 46% Laotian 28% Laotian 45% Samoan 12% Vietnamese $14,237 Pakistani 77% Indonesian 53% 5. Guamanian 46% Guamanian 27% Guamanian 38% Taiwanese 12% Laotian $14,743 Korean 75% Hmong 52% 6. Asian Indian 48% Pakistani 24% Nat. Hawaiian 29% Korean 11% Bangladeshi $14,888 Taiwanese 74% Laotian 50% 7. Pakistani 48% Cambodian 22% Thai 22% Guamanian 10% Indonesian $17,364 Asian Indian 73% Bangladeshi 49% 8. Malaysian 49% Korean 20% Samoan 22% Chinese 10% Nat. Hawaiian $17,508 Cambodian 70% Taiwanese 48% 9. Korean 51% Asian Indian 16% Bangladeshi 17% Chinese excl 10% Korean $18,101 Chinese 70% Guamanian 48% 10. Nat. Hawaiian51% Samoan 14% Pakistani 16% Vietnamese 10% Guamanian $18,479 Chinese excl 70% Chinese 42% 11. Thai 55% Chinese excl 11% Chinese excl 15% Pakistani 9% Pakistani $20,385 Thai 68% Chinese excl 42% 12. Filipino 59% Chinese 10% Chinese 14% Japanese 9% Filipino $20,859 Laotian 67% Thai 41% 13. Sri Lankan 61% Filipino 10% Korean 13% Laotian 8% Thai $23,393 Japanese 58% Japanese 40% 14. Chinese 64% Thai 8% Indonesian 12% Asian Indian 8% Chinese excl $23,404 Hmong 54% Pakistani 28% 15. Chinese excl 64% Nat. Hawaiian 7% Asian Indian 11% Nat. Hawaiian 8% Chinese $24,346 Filipino 51% Asian Indian 24% 16. Hmong 66% Indonesian 4% Filipino 10% Bangladeshi 7% Asian Indian $24,875 Guamanian 25% Samoan 21% 17. Vietnamese 66% Japanese 2% Japanese 4% Filipino 6% Japanese $26,846 Samoan 16% Filipino 13% 18. Laotian 75% Taiwanese 1% Taiwanese 4% Hmong 6% Taiwanese $34,457 Nat. Hawaiian 8% Nat. Hawaiian 6% 19. Taiwanese 76% Fijian * Fijian * Fijian * Fijian * Fijian * Fijian * 20. Cambodian 83% Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * 21. Fijian * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * 22. Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Figures are for the inclusive population (single race and multirace combined) and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race non-hispanic. Chinese includes both Chinese and Taiwanese. Chinese Excl and Taiwanese are separate figures for the two groups. Racial and ethnic groups are ranked from worst to best with regard to socioeconomic status indicators. Source: U.S. Census 2000, Summary Files 1 through 4. *Groups did not meet population threshold. Shaded = Faring below Non-Hispanic Whites Bold = Faring below the area average Boxed = Faring below all major racial and ethnic groups 74 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

77 Appendix B Socioeconomic Indicators: Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN The Minneapolis-St. Paul area is defined as seven counties: Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott, and Washington Counties. Table 33: Major Racial and Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income (MSA only) Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT 2 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Black 32% Latino 29% Latino 39% Black 26% Black $13,091 Asian Am. 64% Asian Am. 43% 2. Latino 40% Asian Am. 29% Asian Am. 28% Am. Indian 20% Latino $13,137 Latino 44% Latino 40% 3. Am. Indian 45% Pac. Islander 26% Pac. Islander 24% Asian Am. 19% Asian Am. $15,242 Pac. Islander 42% Pac. Islander 32% 4. Asian Am. 45% Black 14% Am. Indian 21% Latino 18% Pac. Islander $15,536 Black 17% Black 8% 5. Pac. Islander 47% Am. Indian 10% Black 20% Pac. Islander 17% Am. Indian $15,723 Am. Indian 5% Am. Indian 5% 6. White 76% White 1% White 7% White 4% White $28,389 White 2% White 1% Twin Cities 71% Twin Cities 4% Twin Cities 9% Twin Cities 7% Twin Cities $26,219 Twin Cities 8% Twin Cities 5% Asian and Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income (MSA only) Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT5 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Indonesian 14% Hmong 63% Hmong 55% Hmong 33% Hmong $7,147 Pakistani 78% Vietnamese 61% 2. Samoan 23% Laotian 41% Cambodian 44% Thai 30% Cambodian $11,464 Asian Indian 76% Hmong 59% 3. Malaysian 30% Cambodian 30% Laotian 42% Pakistani 27% Laotian $12,586 Korean 75% Laotian 54% 4. Guamanian 33% Vietnamese 29% Thai 15% Laotian 19% Korean $13,838 Vietnamese 75% Cambodian 53% 5. Pakistani 37% Pakistani 27% Vietnamese 15% Cambodian 18% Guamanian $15,711 Cambodian 67% Chinese 42% 6. Korean 41% Thai 18% Chinese excl 15% Vietnamese 14% Vietnamese $16,223 Chinese 67% Chinese excl 42% 7. Nat. Hawaiian 42% Asian Indian 17% Chinese 14% Korean 10% Samoan $17,170 Chinese excl 67% Pakistani 31% 8. Thai 43% Filipino 14% Nat. Hawaiian 13% Japanese 9% Filipino $19,200 Laotian 65% Thai 30% 9. Asian Indian 46% Chinese excl 13% Korean 12% Chinese 9% Indonesian $20,013 Thai 62% Korean 20% 10. Hmong 55% Chinese 12% Asian Indian 11% Chinese excl 9% Thai $22,481 Hmong 57% Nat. Hawaiian 19% 11. Sri Lanka 55% Korean 11% Pakistani 11% Asian Indian 8% Chinese excl $22,871 Filipino 48% Japanese 19% 12. Japanese 57% Nat. Hawaiian 8% Filipino 10% Filipino 6% Chinese $23,111 Japanese 35% Asian Indian 17% 13. Taiwanese 57% Japanese 3% Japanese 3% Nat. Hawaiian 4% Japanese $23,229 Nat. Hawaiian 24% Filipino 15% 14. Chinese excl 58% Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Nat. Hawaiian $24,390 Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * 15. Chinese 58% Fijian * Fijian * Fijian * Asian Indian $26,591 Fijian * Fijian * 16. Vietnamese 58% Guamanian * Guamanian * Guamanian * Pakistani $28,825 Guamanian * Guamanian * 17. Filipino 59% Indonesian * Indonesian * Indonesian * Taiwanese $29,539 Indonesian * Indonesian * 18. Laotian 62% Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Bangladeshi * Malaysian * Malaysian * 19. Cambodian 63% Samoan * Samoan * Samoan * Fijian * Samoan * Samoan * 20. Bangladeshi * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Malaysian * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * 21. Fijian * Taiwanese * Taiwanese * Taiwanese * Sri Lankan * Taiwanese * Taiwanese * 22. Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Figures are for the inclusive population (single race and multirace combined) and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race non-hispanic. Chinese includes both Chinese and Taiwanese. Chinese Excl and Taiwanese are separate figures for the two groups. Racial and ethnic groups are ranked from worst to best with regard to socioeconomic status indicators. Source: U.S. Census 2000, Summary Files 1 through 4. *Groups did not meet population threshold. Shaded = Faring below Non-Hispanic Whites Bold = Faring below the area average Boxed = Faring below all major racial and ethnic groups A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 75

78 Appendix B Socioeconomic Indicators: Houston, TX The Houston area is defined as Harris County, Texas. Table 34: Major Racial and Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT 2 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Black 41% Latino 35% Latino 57% Black 23% Latino $11,268 Asian Am. 72% Latino 46% 2. Pac. Islander 42% Pac. Islander 22% Am. Indian 26% Latino 23% Black $14,482 Latino 47% Asian Am. 42% 3. Latino 44% Asian Am. 21% Pac. Islander 25% Pac. Islander 16% Pac. Islander $15,739 Pac. Islander 35% Pac. Islander 18% 4. Am. Indian 49% Am. Indian 15% Black 23% Am. Indian 15% Am. Indian $18,971 Am. Indian 15% Am. Indian 15% 5. Asian Am. 52% Black 12% Asian Am. 21% Asian Am. 13% Asian Am. $19,438 White 5% Black 2% 6. White 66% White 2% White 9% White 6% White $32,679 Black 4% White 2% Harris County 55% Harris County 13% Harris County 25% Harris County 15% Harris County $21,435 Harris County 22% Harris County 18% Asian and Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT5 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Indonesian 31% Laotian 32% Cambodian 42% Indonesian 22% Cambodian $13,042 Indonesian 87% Vietnamese 62% 2. Bangladeshi 31% Pakistani 32% Laotian 38% Pakistani 21% Laotian $14,391 Taiwanese 83% Cambodian 52% 3. Pakistani 32% Vietnamese 31% Vietnamese 38% Taiwanese 19% Nat. Hawaiian $14,440 Pakistani 79% Indonesian 50% 4. Samoan 35% Bangladeshi 30% Guamanian 23% Korean 15% Vietnamese $15,227 Bangladeshi 78% Taiwanese 49% 5. Japanese 40% Guamanian 26% Nat. Hawaiian 19% Guamanian 14% Guamanian $15,636 Vietnamese 75% Laotian 49% 6. Guamanian 41% Nat. Hawaiian 24% Pakistani 19% Cambodian 14% Pakistani $15,653 Asian Indian 74% Chinese 47% 7. Malaysian 42% Thai 22% Chinese excl 17% Chinese 14% Indonesian $16,625 Korean 74% Chinese excl 47% 8. Nat. Hawaiian 44% Cambodian 22% Chinese 16% Chinese excl 14% Bangladeshi $17,350 Chinese 73% Korean 46% 9. Korean 45% Filipino 21% Asian Indian 14% Vietnamese 13% Korean $18,367 Chinese excl 72% Bangladeshi 40% 10. Asian Indian 45% Korean 18% Bangladeshi 13% Laotian 13% Thai $18,997 Cambodian 72% Pakistani 34% 11. Sri Lankan 49% Chinese excl 15% Thai 13% Nat. Hawaiian 12% Filipino $21,325 Laotian 69% Thai 33% 12. Thai 51% Chinese 14% Korean 10% Asian Indian 12% Chinese excl $21,873 Thai 67% Japanese 30% 13. Chinese excl 54% Taiwanese 11% Filipino 7% Japanese 11% Chinese $22,101 Filipino 64% Asian Indian 25% 14. Chinese 56% Indonesian 10% Taiwanese 6% Bangladeshi 10% Asian Indian $23,744 Japanese 48% Filipino 19% 15. Filipino 57% Asian Indian 10% Japanese 6% Thai 10% Taiwanese $24,780 Guamanian 16% Guamanian 18% 16. Vietnamese 61% Japanese 2% Indonesian 4% Filipino 7% Japanese $25,844 Nat. Hawaiian 9% Nat. Hawaiian 11% 17. Cambodian 68% Fijian * Fijian * Fijian * Hmong * Fijian * Fijian * 18. Taiwanese 72% Hmong * Hmong * Hmong * Malaysian * Hmong * Hmong * 19. Laotian 75% Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * 20. Fijian * Samoan * Samoan * Samoan * Samoan * Samoan * Samoan * 21. Hmong * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * 22. Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Figures are for the inclusive population (single race and multirace combined) and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race non-hispanic. Chinese includes both Chinese and Taiwanese. Chinese Excl and Taiwanese are separate figures for the two groups. Racial and ethnic groups are ranked from worst to best with regard to socioeconomic status indicators. Source: U.S. Census 2000, Summary Files 1 through 4. *Groups did not meet population threshold. Shaded = Faring below Non-Hispanic Whites Bold = Faring below the area average Boxed = Faring below all major racial and ethnic groups 76 ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

79 Appendix B Socioeconomic Indicators: Las Vegas, NV The Las Vegas area is defined as Clark County, Nevada. Table 35: Major Racial and Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT 2 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Black 40% Latino 35% Latino 53% Black 20% Latino $12,506 Asian Am. 59% Latino 46% 2. Pac. Islander 45% Asian Am. 15% Am. Indian 22% Latino 17% Black $15,779 Latino 49% Asian Am. 29% 3. Latino 46% Pac. Islander 14% Black 21% Am. Indian 14% Pac. Islander $16,532 Pac. Islander 11% Pac. Islander 6% 4. Am. Indian 49% Black 10% Asian Am. 18% Pac. Islander 9% Am. Indian $17,747 Am. Indian 5% Am. Indian 6% 5. Asian Am. 59% Am. Indian 9% Pac. Islander 16% Asian Am. 8% Asian Am. $19,056 White 5% Black 3% 6. White 65% White 3% White 13% White 7% White $26,424 Black 5% White 2% Clark County 59% Clark County 9% Clark County 21% Clark County 11% Clark County $21,785 Clark County 18% Clark County 13% Asian and Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT5 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Tongan 33% Cambodian 42% Cambodian 54% Taiwanese 26% Samoan $10,175 Vietnamese 76% Vietnamese 54% 2. Samoan 36% Samoan 25% Laotian 42% Vietnamese 11% Cambodian $13,115 Cambodian 75% Cambodian 53% 3. Guamanian 45% Vietnamese 22% Vietnamese 36% Korean 10% Laotian $14,600 Taiwanese 74% Taiwanese 49% 4. Malaysian 45% Filipino 20% Thai 30% Laotian 10% Guamanian $15,297 Pakistani 71% Laotian 47% 5. Nat. Hawaiian 46% Guamanian 17% Taiwanese 29% Samoan 10% Filipino $16,589 Laotian 71% Chinese 43% 6. Sri Lankan 46% Nat. Hawaiian 15% Samoan 21% Nat. Hawaiian 10% Taiwanese $16,692 Asian Indian 70% Chinese excl 42% 7. Korean 48% Pakistani 14% Chinese excl 21% Japanese 9% Thai $17,167 Thai 65% Thai 40% 8. Asian Indian 52% Korean 13% Chinese 21% Cambodian 8% Nat. Hawaiian $17,487 Korean 62% Korean 35% 9. Laotian 55% Thai 13% Asian Indian 20% Thai 8% Korean $18,817 Filipino 60% Pakistani 31% 10. Pakistani 56% Asian Indian 13% Korean 19% Guamanian 8% Vietnamese $19,532 Chinese 59% Filipino 21% 11. Cambodian 57% Laotian 12% Guamanian 17% Filipino 8% Japanese $20,823 Chinese excl 59% Asian Indian 21% 12. Thai 57% Taiwanese 11% Filipino 14% Chinese 8% Pakistani $21,238 Japanese 30% Japanese 19% 13. Vietnamese 58% Chinese excl 11% Nat. Hawaiian 13% Chinese excl 7% Asian Indian $22,800 Samoan 13% Samoan 13% 14. Filipino 59% Chinese 10% Pakistani 11% Asian Indian 7% Chinese $23,919 Guamanian 10% Guamanian 8% 15. Indonesian 60% Japanese 5% Japanese 10% Pakistani 3% Chinese excl $24,224 Nat. Hawaiian 2% Hawaiian 3% 16. Japanese 61% Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * 17. Chinese excl 65% Indonesian * Hmong * Hmong * Fijian * Fijian * Fijian * 18. Chinese 65% Malaysian * Indonesian * Indonesian * Hmong * Hmong * Hmong * 19. Taiwanese 66% Sri Lankan * Malaysian * Malaysian * Indonesian * Indonesian * Indonesian * 20. Bangladeshi * Tongan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * 21. Fijian * Fijian * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * Tongan * 22. Hmong * Hmong * Fijian * Fijian * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Figures are for the inclusive population (single race and multirace combined) and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race non-hispanic. Chinese includes both Chinese and Taiwanese. Chinese Excl and Taiwanese are separate figures for the two groups. Racial and ethnic groups are ranked from worst to best with regard to socioeconomic status indicators. Source: U.S. Census 2000, Summary Files 1 through 4. *Groups did not meet population threshold. Shaded = Faring below Non-Hispanic Whites Bold = Faring below the area average Boxed = Faring below all major racial and ethnic groups ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 77

80 Socioeconomic Indicators: Seattle, WA The Seattle area is defined as King County, Washington. Table 36: Major Racial and Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT 2 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Latino 33% Latino 25% Latino 33% Black 20% Pac. Islander $15,246 Asian Am. 60% Asian Am. 37% 2. Black 35% Pac. Islander 22% Pac. Islander 19% Latino 18% Latino $15,780 Latino 41% Latino 34% 3. Pac. Islander 37% Asian Am. 16% Black 18% Am. Indian 17% Black $17,285 Pac. Islander 26% Pac. Islander 15% 4. Am. Indian 43% Black 9% Asian Am. 18% Pac. Islander 14% Am. Indian $18,335 Black 12% Black 6% 5. Asian Am. 55% Amer. Indian 7% Am. Indian 16% Asian Am. 11% Asian Am. $21,178 White 6% Am. Indian 4% 6. White 64% White 2% White 7% White 6% White $33,334 Am. Indian 5% White 2% King County 60% King County 5% King County 10% King County 8% King County $29,521 King County 15% King County 8% Asian and Pacific Islander Ethnic Groups Homeownership Crowded Housing Less than High School Degree Below Federal Poverty Line Per Capita Income Foreign-Born Limited English Proficiency SF2 HCT5 SF4 HCT 11 SF4 PCT 64 SF4 PCT 142 SF4 PCT 130 SF4 PCT 44 SF4 PCT Samoan 23% Hmong 59% Hmong 62% Hmong 33% Hmong $6,730 Indonesian 77% Hmong 68% 2. Guamanian 35% Tongan 44% Laotian 50% Guamanian 25% Samoan $10,259 Vietnamese 76% Vietnamese 64% 3. Indonesian 37% Samoan 41% Cambodian 45% Indonesian 24% Cambodian $10,377 Asian Indian 75% Cambodian 49% 4. Thai 38% Laotian 38% Vietnamese 37% Cambodian 22% Laotian $12,307 Taiwanese 75% Laotian 49% 5. Tongan 40% Cambodian 35% Fijian 30% Samoan 20% Tongan $12,912 Thai 74% Taiwanese 45% 6. Pakistani 40% Vietnamese 31% Samoan 29% Vietnamese 17% Fijian $13,487 Korean 70% Korean 44% 7. Korean 42% Pakistani 24% Chinese excl 18% Korean 16% Vietnamese $14,451 Fijian 66% Thai 43% 8. Hmong 42% Filipino 20% Chinese 17% Thai 15% Pakistani $16,560 Cambodian 66% Chinese 41% 9. Asian Indian 43% Korean 20% Thai 17% Laotian 14% Thai $17,813 Laotian 64% Chinese excl 41% 10. Nat. Hawaiian 44% Fijian 19% Asian Indian 15% Taiwanese 13% Korean $17,839 Pakistani 63% Indonesian 34% 11. Cambodian 44% Thai 17% Tongan 13% Fijian 12% Guamanian $17,858 Chinese 63% Tongan 30% 12. Laotian 49% Asian Indian 14% Guamanian 13% Tongan 11% Filipino $18,728 Chinese excl 62% Asian Indian 25% 13. Vietnamese 49% Guamanian 12% Korean 12% Japanese 9% Nat. Hawaiian $20,102 Hmong 54% Fijian 24% 14. Fijian 52% Nat. Hawaiian 12% Filipino 12% Chinese 9% Indonesian $20,807 Filipino 53% Samoan 23% 15. Sri Lankan 53% Chinese excl 12% Pakistani 10% Chinese excl 8% Taiwanese $23,343 Tongan 52% Filipino 21% 16. Malaysian 56% Chinese 12% Nat. Hawaiian 8% Asian Indian 8% Chinese $24,285 Japanese 28% Japanese 18% 17. Filipino 58% Taiwanese 9% Japanese 5% Pakistani 8% Chinese excl $24,344 Guamanian 24% Pakistani 18% 18. Japanese 60% Indonesian 8% Taiwanese 5% Nat. Hawaiian 8% Japanese $28,088 Samoan 20% Guamanian 11% 19. Chinese excl 65% Japanese 2% Indonesian 2% Filipino 6% Asian Indian $28,982 Nat. Hawaiian 2% Nat. Hawaiian 2% 20. Chinese 65% Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * Bangladeshi * 21. Taiwanese 67% Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * Malaysian * 22. Bangladeshi * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Sri Lankan * Figures are for the inclusive population (single race and multirace combined) and are not exclusive of Latino/Hispanic, except for White, which is single race non-hispanic. Chinese includes both Chinese and Taiwanese. Chinese Excl and Taiwanese are separate figures for the two groups. Racial and ethnic groups are ranked from worst to best with regard to socioeconomic status indicators. Source: U.S. Census 2000, Summary Files 1 through 4. *Groups did not meet population threshold. Shaded = Faring below Non-Hispanic Whites Bold = Faring below the area average Boxed = Faring below all major racial and ethnic groups 78 A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

81 Technical Notes The 2000 Census marked the first decennial census in which persons could report more than one racial or ethnic background, capturing the multiracial population for the first time in U.S. Census history. While the change resulted in a more detailed description of race and ethnicity, it complicates reporting and prevents direct comparisons between the 2000 Census and 1990 or any other previous census. The U.S. Census reports racial and ethnic background for the 2000 Census as two figures, alone and inclusive. Alone numbers represent single race responses. Inclusive (also referred to as alone and in combination ) numbers represent single race and multiracial responses combined. Because the 1990 Census reported racial and ethnic background as a single figure, two measures of population growth are possible: one measuring growth from 1990 to 2000 alone and another measuring growth from 1990 to 2000 inclusive. Data for social and economic characteristics such as education, income, and home ownership are provided for the inclusive population for all racial and ethnic groups except for White, for which the alone population is described. The U.S. Census does not consider Latino or Hispanic a racial category but an ethnic category. Those of Latino or Hispanic origin can be of any race. Therefore, figures for the Latino population include persons of all racial backgrounds who indicated Latino or Hispanic origin. Likewise, all racial categories include those of Latino or Hispanic origin, except for White, which is non-hispanic. Except where specified, the source for data in this report is the U.S. Census Bureau, including the 2000 Census and 2004 population estimates. Special thanks to Asian Pacific American Legal Center Daniel Kikuo Ichinose Kimiko Kelly Stewart Kwoh Yu-Hong Lin Melinda Ou Rebecca Shea Karin Wang Asian American Justice Center Adlai Amor Terry Ao Juliet Choi Vincent Eng Traci Hong Pang Houa Moua Karen Narasaki Asian Law Caucus Gen Fujioka Asian American Institute Tuyet Le Principal Launch Partners Center on Pan Asian Community Services, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans, Minneapolis- St. Paul Minnesota Asian American Legal Center Texas, Houston, Texas National Federation of Filipino American Associations, Nevada Chapter, Las Vegas, Nevada Asian Counseling and Referral Service, Seattle, Washington Proofreaders and Additional Edits Kate DeBrandt The Linguistic Edge Mini Timmaraju Tim Wong SunDried Penguin Design Photographers Sarita Ahuja Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans Kimiko Kelly Natalie Lee Craig Matsuzaki Amal Mongia Jamie Watson A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER 79

82 Order Form Publications are available in print or on the Asian American Justice Center website ( where they can be downloaded or printed free of charge. All orders for paid copies must be prepaid. Sorry, but we cannot process orders or invoice for future payments. For questions about ordering reports, please call (202) Asian American Justice Center, 1140 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 1200, NW, Washington, DC Order Information Title Ordered Quantity Cost Postage Amount Enclosed A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States $10.00 ea. $4.00 ea. $ Donation: ( ) included with credit card billing ( ) check included $ Total $ Name Organization Address City State Zip Phone Number FedEx Number (if applicable) Please select method of payment (pre-payment is required for all orders): ( ) Check enclosed, payable to: Asian American Justice Center ( ) Bill my credit card: ( ) Visa ( ) MasterCard Credit Card Number Name Expiration Date Amount $ A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS ASIAN AMERICAN JUSTICE CENTER ASIAN AMERICAN LEGAL CENTER

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