Migration and Development Sonia Plaza Expert Group Meeting on Integrated approaches to international migration November 1, 2017

Transcription

1 Meeting of the Regional Conference on Migration to define guidelines for a regional position towards the Global Compact for Sa Migration and Development Sonia Plaza Expert Group Meeting on Integrated approaches to international migration November 1, 2017

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4 Desde abogados hasta vendedores en Perú

5 LET S TALK ABOUT FACTS MIGRANTS 250 million billion population Migrants 3.4% of the world population

6 Measuring Policy Coherence for Migration and Development: A Dashboard of Indicators Policy dialogue on Migration and Development 2 nd October 2017 OECD Development Centre Paris Riad Meddeb (UNDP), David Khoudour(OECD Dev), Sonia Plaza (KNOMAD)

7 Partner countries

8 How does the dashboard work? 2 dashboards Countries of origin (67%) 48 indicators Countries of destination (33%) 62 indicators 5 policy dimensions 1 Promote institutional coherence Reduce the costs of migration Protect the rights of migrants and their families Promote the (re)integration of migrants 5 Enhance the development impact of migration

9 The dashboards promote policy learning Promote understanding of the links between migration and development. Take stock of existing policies and institutional arrangements. Consider what policies and institutions needed to maximise the positive impact of migration on development. Enable critical self-assessment of levels of PICMD and identify areas for improvement.

10 Example indicators OBJECTIVE 1 Promote institutional coherence for migration and development origin/ destination There is an inter-agency mechanism, e.g. a body or committee that allows for the consideration of migration (and development) in other policy sectors. 0 = no mechanism (or those participating in mechanism have not met in the last year) 5 = mechanism exists and those participating in it have met once in the last year 10 = mechanism exists and those participating in it have met more than once in the last year OBJECTIVE 2 Reduce the costs of migrating origin/ destination There is a regulation framework for the recruitment process in place (such as a monitoring agency) and it is implemented. 0 = no 5 = regulation framework in place 10 = regulation framework in place and implemented at national, regional and local levels

11 Example indicators OBJECTIVE 3 Protect the rights of migrants and their families destination Migrants and their family members, regardless of status, have the same right to education as citizens. 0 = no access 5 = access to primary and secondary education 10 = access to primary, secondary and tertiary education OBJECTIVE 4 Promote the integration and re-integration of migrants origin Re-integration programmes and assistance (e.g., in the socio-cultural sphere and areas of employment, housing, education, health, investment and access to credit) exist and are accessible to all return migrants (including forced returnees) throughout the country. 0 = no 5 = re-integration programmes exist and are accessible to certain categories of migrants 10 = re-integration programmes exist and are accessible to all categories of migrants

12 Example indicators OBJECTIVE 5 Enhance the development impact of migration origin/ destination There are no restrictions or taxes on the inflow/outflow of remittances. 0 = there are taxes on the inflow/outflow of remittances 5 = there are restrictions other than taxes (such as capital controls) on the inflow/outflow of remittances 10 = there are no restrictions or taxes on the inflow/outflow of remittances

13 Within country-analysis Distribution of Moldova s scores across target areas

14 Multi-country comparison at the policy dimension level Policy and institutional coherence in Bosnia and Herzegovina by policy dimension

15 Multi-country comparison at the policy dimension level Normalised PICMD scores for dimension 1 on institutional coherence

16 THANK YOU Riad Meddeb (UNDP), David Khoudour(OECD Dev), Sonia Plaza (KNOMAD)

17 Migration and Global Development Stylized facts Benefits and challenges to migrants, country of origin, host country Thematic elements for proposed Global Compact on Migration: Role of Public Institutions and public administration

18 1 billion migrants: 1 in every 7 persons in the world is a migrant

19 Facts 250 mn international migrants 17.2 mn Refugees* * Refugee data excludes 5.3 mn Palestinian refugees reported by UNRWA Source: World Bank, Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016; UNHCR

20 Facts 1. 1 in every 7 persons in the world is a migrant 2. Over 92% of international migrants are voluntary migrants (not forced migrants) 3. South-South migration is larger than South-North migration 4. Migration pressures will increase in the future

21 Migration pressures will increase in future Developing countries Change in working age population, (million) Change in employment (assuming employment rates at 2015 level, million) "Migration pressure (million) (A) (B) (A B) 2,119 1, East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib, Middle East & N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income OECD Source: International Labor Organization calculations based on ILO Trends Econometric Models and UN World Population Prospects (2015 Revision).

22 Drivers of Migration Income gaps Demographic changes Environmental Change [Fragility, Conflict, Violence]

23 Benefits and Costs to Migrants Benefits after migration Migrants income increased by 15-fold School enrollment doubled Child mortality reduced by 16-fold Women are empowered Better access to health, education, services Costs Risks: health, trafficking, abusive employers and recruiters Exclusion, discrimination, xenophobic attacks Family left behind (children and old parents)

24 Recruitment fees $4,000 Monthly income $200

25 Recruitment costs vary can be a year s earnings 6, $, 4th quintile Number of months 12 5, , , , , Costs (2016 $) (left axis) RCI - costs in months of foreign earnings (right axis) Source: KNOMAD/ILO

26 Recruitment costs higher with immigration quotas 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 Recruitment costs (2016 $, 4th quintile) [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] , , , , , ,000 Lagged annual emigration outflows Pakistan-Saudi Arabia Pakistan-U.A.E. Nepal-Qatar

27 Remittance flows to low and middle income countries projected at $450 billion in $ billion 700 FDI Remittances Private debt & portfolio equity ODA Source: World Bank, October 2017

28 Exorbitant costs 7% 9% 20% 90% Global average Africa Within Africa Venezuela

29 África subsahariana tiene los costos más altos 10 Percent Global average Source: Remittance Prices Worldwide Q3 2017, the World Bank

30 Origin Countries Remittances Investments Philanthropy Dia-bonds are forever Skills Trade Tourism Technology Values, Advocacy

31 Origin Countries Benefits Reduced unemployment, reduced poverty Remittances and diaspora investments Trade and FDI Skill and technology transfer Challenges Family left behind Loss of skills Dutch disease

32 Destination Countries Benefits Increases incomes Increases labor supply Increases skills, entrepreneurship and innovation Alleviates aging problem Fiscal contributions often positive Diversity Challenges Job competition for native workers Congestion and fiscal costs of social services Crime National security National identity Negative public perceptions

33 Migration Cycle Under-studied Destination Origin

34 Migration-related SDGs are subsumed under the proposed Global Compact

35 Public Perceptions: Myth vs Reality Perception of share of migrants in population Perception Reality United States 32% 13% France 28% 10% Spain 24% 12% United Kingdom 24% 13% Source: German Marshall Fund 2015

36 Questions How can various parts of national and local governments get engaged in decisions on national migration policies in various political systems? What are concrete challenges to ensuring whole-ofgovernment approaches? What are examples of modalities that have ensured cross-agency and cross-sectoral cooperation? What kind of skills should public servants have to support integrated approaches?

37 Questions How can various parts of national and local governments get engaged in decisions on national migration policies in various political systems? Mayoral Forum on Human Mobility, Migration and Development ( Mayoral Forum )

38 Time is short!