Publishing in Feminist Economics

Transcription

1 Publishing in Feminist Economics Günseli Berik Editor, Feminist Economics Preconference IAFFE Conference, Berlin, July 15, 2015

2 Key Questions What are the characteristics of a good article? How can you enhance your chances of publication? Common submission mistakes What does a good empirical Feminist Economics article look like? What does the editorial process of Feminist Economics look like?

3 Common Starting Points Crafting a paper from: A PhD dissertation or a Master s Thesis A Report A paper rejected from another journal!revise paper originally developed for an audience different from Feminist Economics From: international agency, a government report, specialist group, conference, etc. To: international, interdisciplinary feminist economist audience

4 Developing Your Article: A Good Article What are the characteristics of a good article? (any journal) A well-focused research question, situated within the literature Makes the case for the importance, originality, and potential impact of the article Is a good fit for the journal: Genre (scholarly) Mission Current debates

5 Developing Your Article: A Good Fit for FE How to judge whether your paper might fit: Review the Journal s website Examine the Journal s mission Look at past regular and special theme issues Consider whether you could connect your paper to articles published

6 Developing Your Article: Share Your Draft Paper with Others Form a network of peers (e.g. join a Thematic Group, formed at Berlin conference 2015) Present your paper at IAFFE conferences Respond to the advice you get Ask others to comment on your paper Consider a co-author

7 Developing Your Article: For Non-native English Speakers Short sentences Use grammar and spell check Solicit advice on usage/language Consider professional editing help

8 Developing your Article: A Good Article Make sure paper is clearly developed and tightly argued" Be Concise! Consider level of detail appropriate for your audience (no need to cover familiar ground at length) Do not oversell your contribution/overclaim your results in the Abstract/Conclusion sections "

9 Developing your Article: A Good Article See powerpoint section on the structure of an empirical FE article under Author Instructions " Helpful Hints at A few highlights: Structure of a Research Article

10 Overview of a Research Article

11 Developing your Article: A Good Article Introduction: makes case for the paper (the research question; why important; how will analyze; likely contribution). Not the place for lengthy literature review. Present overview and get to the point in 2 pages! Literature Review: critical and thematic evaluation; move from general to narrow literature *Contribution: indicate in the Introduction, Literature Review, Conclusion sections *Caution: Do not claim as original, research/ results that has been done before.

12 Developing your Article: Methodology and Analysis: A Good Article Does not have to be formal/econometric analysis (research based on mixed methods, interpretive/qualitatitive methods is welcome) In econometric paper must acknowledge and deal with: Causality questions (endogeneity) Selection bias Report the most relevant results Aim to communicate methodology and results to a broad audience " avoid excessive jargon.

13 FE Questions to Reviewers 1. Does the manuscript make an important contribution to feminist economic scholarship? 2. Does the manuscript build upon and adequately reference the appropriate literature? 3. Is the manuscript clearly written and accessible to a broad audience with any tables and figures clearly laid out? 4. Is the manuscript s length appropriate to its purpose? Are there an appropriate number of tables and/or figures? 5. Is the manuscript appropriately worded for an international audience e.g. with specific country references and institutional definitions included where necessary? (Please see the journal's policy on international orientation.) 6. If statistical techniques are used, is the journal's policy on statistical reporting adhered to? (Please see the journal's policy on statistical reporting.)

14 Nutshell: Developing Your Article: Statistical Reporting Report standard errors Discuss economic importance (not solely statistical significance) of coefficients Check Miller and Rodgers (2008)

15 Developing Your Article: International Orientation Do not treat a phenomenon as though a particular country's experience is universal/do not speak in general terms Explain country-specific economic behaviors and international relevance (Why should readers from elsewhere care?) Include citations to contributions from other parts of the world to indicate wider relevance Specify geographical context of any cited studies

16 Common Submission Mistakes Submitting a paper rejected elsewhere without recasting it for FE ( fit problem) No/cursory engagement with feminist economics literature Not conforming to manuscript length policy Don t include excessive tables/figures If accepted, you can put online in publisher s website Rare: Not hitting submit on Manuscript Central! Follow procedures to the letter to avoid reviewing delays and rejections

17 Editorial Process Layered: Manuscript Central " Journal office check " Journal editors " Associate Editor " Reviewers Time frame If a Major Revision or Reject & Resubmit decision: the revised paper goes back to original reviewers (restart the process).

18 After the Review Resubmission stage: Minor Revision : in 90 days; Major Revision : in 1 year for revision. If you need extra time to revise alert the editors as soon as possible. Don t ignore revision requests Be sure to include detailed response to each reviewer if you disagree, explain your position thoroughly and respectfully

19 After Acceptance Copy editing process: Keep in mind journal s copyediting process is meant to improve paper s readability and citations Two tracks: fast track to publisher and in-house + publisher track Respond punctually to queries and proofs, send in publishing agreement. Don t expect that paper will appear in next issue (online publication is ahead of print copy)

20 After Acceptance: Participating in a Community of Scholars Serve as Reviewer: Offer to review papers, and if invited to do so, accept and do a careful, timely job Acknowledge the help of others in your paper(s)

21 Consider submitting to FE

22 From: Conrad, Cecilia Subject: FRB: Conference Program Date: July 16, 2015 at 6:34 AM To: Joyce Jacobsen I had promised the link to the Fed session on diversity in economics to a participant. Here it is. Cecilia A Conrad Vice President, MacArthur Fellows Program

23 Women, Work, & Feminist Economics IAFFE Pre- Conference Workshop Berlin 2015

24 Topics Related to Women s Work Early focus on the Gender Gap in Pay, ParGcipaGon in Formal, Paid Labor Force by Women Care Labor Sexual Division of Labor in Home Work & Policies to Promote Women s Equality Women s Work and Economic Performance

25 100.0 Median Earnings of Women as % of Median Earnings of Men in the US, Year Round, Full Time Workers Year Data Source: United States, Bureau of the Census, Table P- 40. Women's Earnings as a Percentage of Men's Earnings By Race and Hispanic Origin: h^p:// Retrieved June 15, 2014

26 Gender Gap in Pay Japan Estonia Germany Czech Republic Finland Slovakia United Kingdom United States Switzerland Netherlands Hungary Cyprus Spain Denmark France Latvia Sweden Greece Lithuania Australia Ireland Bulgaria Portugal Belguim Romania New Zealand Italy Poland Slovenia Source: O Reilly, Jacqueline, Mark Smith, Simon Deakin and Brendan Burchell, Equal Pay as a Moving Target: InternaGonal PerspecGves on Forty- Years of Addressing the Gender Pay Gap, Cambridge Journal of Economics 2015, 39 (2),

27 Figure Seven: LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION BY MARRIED WOMEN in the US, WHITE NONWHITE Data Source: Goldin, Claudia. The Female Labor Force and American Economic Growth, , in Long Term Factors in American Economic Growth, edited by Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, University of Chicago Press, 1986.

28 Figure 1: Trends in female labor force pargcipagon, Source:Olivej, Claudia, The Female Labor Force and Long- run Development: The American Experience in ComparaGve PerspecGve, Unpublished Paper, May 2013.

29 Figure 2: Female labor force pargcipagon and economic development: Source: Olivej, Claudia, The Female Labor Force and Long- run Development: The American Experience in ComparaGve PerspecGve, Unpublished Paper, May 2013

30 Technological Change/ Structural Change (In US, At Least as Early as 1900) Growth in Demand for Women Workers Increase in Wage Offers to Women Workers Women in Different Jobs because of Differences in Tastes Increase in OH Hours Worked By Women Claim: US Real gap began to narrow in the 1900s - Smith & Ward

31 Access to Technology to Control ReproducGon Investment in Human Capital By Women Move into Professions Increase in Wage ANOTHER NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE (Goldin & Katz) Increase in OH Hours Worked, ParGcularly Highly Educated Women

32 AcGve Policy IntervenGon/Change in Wage Sejng (In US, Title IX & EEOC) NEW OCCUPATIONS OPEN HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS FEMINIST ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE Increase in OH Hours Worked Increase in Wage

33 WOMEN ARE NOT STUPID. THEY DO NOT FLOCK TO LOW PAYING OCCUPATIONS. THEY ARE EXCLUDED FROM HIGH PAYING OCCUPATIONS, AND VERY LITTLE HAS BEEN DONE TO ENFORCE THE LAW AGAINST THAT EXCLUSION. BARBARA BERGMANN, 1983

34 Methodological Approaches Carefully constructed descripgve studies, including case studies, of specific occupagons, industries, cultural contexts Cross- secgonal Econometric studies that include gender as explanatory variable Analyses of historical pa^erns over Gme ComparaGve/cross- nagonal studies

35 Care Work in US Women Men Childcare Workers Primary School teachers Secondary School Teachers Higher EducaGon professors Doctors Other medical Other care labor Source: England, Paula, Michelle Budig and Nancy Folbre, Wages of Virtue: The RelaGve Pay of Care Work, Social Problems, V. 49, #4 (November 2002), pp

36 Division of Labor Within Household Time Spent on Child Care Father Average Mother Average HK Index Denmark France Germany Italy Spain Inmaculada García- Mainar, José Alberto Molina & Víctor M. Montuenga (2011) Gender Differences in Childcare: Time AllocaGon in Five European Countries, Feminist Economics, 17:1,

37 DUELING ECONOMISTS: WORK AND POLICIES TO PROMOTE WOMEN S ECONOMIC EQUALITY

38 WOMEN ARE NOT STUPID. THEY DO NOT FLOCK TO LOW PAYING OCCUPATIONS. THEY ARE EXCLUDED FROM HIGH PAYING OCCUPATIONS, AND VERY LITTLE HAS BEEN DONE TO ENFORCE THE LAW AGAINST THAT EXCLUSION. BARBARA BERGMANN, 1983

39 If because of the dead hand of custom and discriminagon half of our populagon have a quarter of their producgve potengal unrealized and that may be an understatement then by simple arithmegc a gain of between 10 and 15 percent in living standards is obtainable, by ending these limitagons and discriminagons. Paul Samuelson

40 Film Clip h^ps://youtu.be/bm3yfmtgedi

41 Macroeconomics and Gender Inequality Yana van der Meulen Rodgers Rutgers University International Association for Feminist Economics Pre-Conference July 15, 2015

42 Organization of Presentation Introductory Remarks Feminist and Mainstream Perspectives on Inequality and Macroeconomics Feminist Project of Engendering Macroeconomics: Main Contributions Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact Gender-Aware Policies Take-home Points

43 Introductory Remarks Since early 1980s, gender-aware analyses have shown adverse effects of gender-blind macroeconomic policies on livelihoods and well-being of women in developing countries Feminist project of engendering macroeconomics Makes visible the way gender relations permeate the workings of the economy Studies in the field of feminist economics have contributed: Gender-aware macroeconomic theory Gender-aware macroeconomic methodology New research findings on gender-aware policies with demonstrated links to macroeconomic outcomes Links with international dialogues on financing for development

44 Introductory Remarks Economists ought to develop knowledge and policies that create conditions for people to provision for themselves and their families. Analysis should not just explore how economies function Macro fundamentals (price stability, robust growth) are not enough Inequality is a constraint on achievement of human well-being, and it translates into unequal power that affects resource distribution. Any systematic form of stratification based on group characteristics inhibits ability of subordinate group to achieve human well-being. Human well-being. Key requirements: Capabilities (ability to provision for oneself and the family with meaningful, secure work and with adequate social safety net) Agency (ability to participate in decision-making).

45 Introductory Remarks Need to emphasize equality of opportunities as well as equality of outcomes Inequality makes it difficult for those at bottom of distribution to provision for families Social norms that assign women responsibility for childcare contribute to pervasive gender inequality in labor market (and to costs for society as a whole) Social hierarchy that justifies inequalities in material outcomes also inhibits equality of opportunities in access to education, health, jobs, and voice

46 Introductory Remarks Equitable expansion of people s capabilities is synonymous with development Depends crucially on how proceeds of growth are utilized. Growth enables expansion of capabilities, but is not a guarantee This presentation aims to: Reflect on the ability of market-oriented reforms and economic growth to generate broadly shared gains in wellbeing and a reduction in inequality. Explore various channels through which gender equality and development affect each other Discuss examples of gender-aware policies with links to macroeconomic outcomes

47 Feminist and Mainstream Perspectives on Inequality and Macroeconomics Growing body of research on links between gender inequality and growth, with contrasting views Mainstream: emphasizes equality of opportunity (i.e. formal, legal equality) but not equality of outcomes. Promoting equality of opportunity can achieve economic efficiency ( prosperity ); inequality of opportunity linked to poorly functioning markets that must be fixed by promoting greater competition. This approach led to policy prescriptions that privilege market liberalization and privatization, within an idealized society of small producers as the economic agents to spur economic growth. Seeking equality of outcomes is argued to undermine efficiency.

48 Feminist and Mainstream Perspectives on Inequality and Macroeconomics Feminist economics perspective: The mainstream view ignores that markets encompass unequal bargaining power and that operation of markets reproduces the inherent inequalities. Major point of divergence between the mainstream economic perspective and the feminist economics perspective: Mainstream: support Washington Consensus policies (trade liberalization, investment & financial liberalization, privatization, deregulation) Feminist economists: these policy reforms have worked against development and have generated inequality. Liberalization should not be an end in itself.

49 Feminist and Mainstream Perspectives on Inequality and Macroeconomics Feminist economists seek equality of outcomes. Market processes do not alleviate inequality, they exacerbate it. Labor market example:! designating men as breadwinners provides rationale for hiring them into jobs with upward mobility! women slotted into low-wage insecure jobs! competition in labor markets stacked against women who have unpaid housework and caring responsibilities. Gender-aware lens on the macroeconomy highlights the reciprocal relationship between inequality and macro aggregates Macro policies have gender differentiated effects and shape the possibilities for gender equality! Macroeconomy acts as a structure of constraint in the achievement of broadly shared well-being Gender inequality has macroeconomic effects

50 Feminist Project of Engendering Macroeconomics: Main Contributions Understanding of macroeconomy as a structure of constraint has shaped large body of feminist research. This research grew well before recent calls for a new international financial architecture and move away from unfettered liberalization. Research often found that reforms generated uneven burdens and economic inefficiency. Led to new gender-aware macroeconomic models that incorporate the unpaid reproductive economy Highlighted the deflationary bias and commodification bias of macro policies that disproportionately hurt low-income women! Through budget cuts for basic services (deflationary bias)! Through the need to rely more on cash incomes and markets for provisioning of livelihoods (commodification bias)

51 Feminist Project of Engendering Macroeconomics: Main Contributions Feminist research has produced macroeconomic models and empirical approaches that: Define the economy as a totality of interconnected paid and unpaid activities that are necessary for provisioning of human beings Pay attention to gender differences that shape choices and wellbeing Provide a yard-stick for evaluating macroeconomic policies! Yardstick based on social justice criteria Embrace pluralistic research approaches, including theoretical models, SAMs and CGE analysis, regression analysis, case studies, and qualitative methods. Macroeconomic policies labeled as sensible are less so when viewed through a gendered lens.

52 Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact Area 1: Trade liberalization and expansion. Feminization of foreign exchange earnings through female-labor intensity of export production Growth of informal employment without job/income security Poor working conditions with few if any labor rights! Employment gains for women, but under unfavorable conditions and precarious conditions in LDCs. Firms turning more to flexible and informal work arrangements! Also tendency to sub-contract to smaller-scale, home-based operations Rising discrimination with trade competition

53 Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact Area 2: Financial liberalization. Greater integration in world capital markets contributes to vulnerability to financial shocks and exchange rate shocks Financial liberalization can potentially help women and men through greater access to capital and new job opportunities in multinational factories Women can bear disproportionate share of burdens associated with shocks and footloose capital due to:! Women s unpaid workloads and caring responsibilities! Women s relative lack of bargaining power in industries where they are concentrated Women often sequestered into mobile, labor-intensive industries Soundness of financial liberalization is undermined by the macroeconomic instability it generates.

54 Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact Restrictive monetary policy can have gendered effects through three channels:! Labor market. Some evidence that labor market contraction from inflation reduction had disproportionately negative impact on women s employment rates due to male breadwinner bias.! Access to credit. In principle, reduction in supply of credit can disproportionately affect women if they have more uncertain credit histories or less collateral. Higher debt service costs can also squeeze women out of credit market.! Consumption. Women and low-income earners may be helped if restrictive monetary policy succeeds in reducing inflation Very little published evidence that isolates gendered impacts of monetary policy from other macroeconomic reforms; area for new research.

55 Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact Area 3: Fiscal austerity, deregulation, and privatization. Cuts in subsidies on essential items and reductions in government services disproportionately affect women! Women hold more responsibility for purchasing food and necessities for their families, and demand for education and health services is relatively sensitive to price and income shocks. Women s relative lack of ability compared to men to respond to new opportunities in private markets! Examples of constraints: lack of clearly defined property rights, inadequate transportation, poor marketing structures Higher gender wage gaps following public sector downsizing! Public sector a major source of jobs with higher wages and benefits, especially for women! Women experience more difficulty securing similar private-sector jobs Fiscal policies labeled as sensible are less so when viewed through a gendered lens.

56 Pathways by Which Macro Aggregates and Gender Inequality Interact Area 4: Economic growth Growth affects gender inequality! Growth has led to reductions in disadvantages faced by women, especially in educational attainment, life expectancy, and labor force participation.! Yet growth does not necessarily mean inequality will decline, especially if women continue to face constraints in obtaining new, well-paid employment opportunities Gender inequality affects growth! Can enhance short-run growth! Women s low wages hold down production costs in manufactured exports; FX generated by exports funneled into imported capital goods! But inequality in education and employment can act as a drag on long-term growth

57 Gender-Aware Policies Three examples of gender-aware policies with demonstrated links to macroeconomic outcomes 1. Labor standards enforcement through positive trade incentives Model program is Better Factories Cambodia Origins: Bilateral Trade Agreement btw U.S. and Cambodia ( ) Positive trade incentives to increase quota limits if proven compliance with labor standards Factory inspections by International Labor Organization (first time in this role); results posted on-line; factories named Evidence that working conditions in Cambodia improved without employment losses.! Leaving labor standards enforcement to market forces has resulted in persistence of poor working conditions in Bangladesh

58 Gender-Aware Policies 2. Public sector investments that reduce women s unpaid labor burdens and promote remunerative work Infrastructure expenditures on roads, clean water, and power Provide financial assistance for out-of-home child care Offer business-development services Strengthen property rights (e.g. land titling programs) Expand women s access to credit (microfinance, rural banking reforms)! Evidence shows positive impact on food production in SSA, which reduces reliance on food imports and conserves FX! Also linked to increased entrepreneurial activities among women with potential for employment creation! Strengthens women s bargaining power in the home

59 Gender-Aware Policies 3. Mobilize domestic and donor resources for investment in human capital. Examples include: Promote skill development through better education and vocational training Support small-scale farmers with extension services to improve productivity. Fund conditional cash transfer programs! Research showing that women spend a greater proportion of their income on health and education inputs than men! Common conditions: (1) children must be in school, and (2) children must be immunized and have regular health check-ups.! Examples: Opportunidades in Mexico, Bolsa Familia in Brazil! Success of these programs indicates that small budgets can go a long way if they are properly targeted. Requires a new approach to fiscal budgeting recognizing that returns from human capital investments are realized over the long-run

60 Take-home points Gender-aware analyses have shown that growth is not sufficient to improve gendered well-being in all its dimensions. Macroeconomic policy reforms can have contradictory effects on well-being of women and men Pursuit of macroeconomic stability has come at a high cost Soundness and sensibility of macroeconomic policies should be based on extent to which they integrate social objectives into their macroeconomic goals

61 Take-home Points These approaches promote equity, raise productivity, and improve long-run growth and well-being. Higher incomes generated as a result of such investments can be used to pay down accumulated debt used to fund such investments. Incorporate gender goals into financing for development Financing gender equality thus generates financing for overall development.