Remittances and Poverty: A Complex Relationship, Evidence from El Salvador
|
|
- Cecilia Mathews
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Advances in Management & Applied Economics, vol. 4, no.2, 2014, 1-8 ISSN: (print version), (online) Scienpress Ltd, 2014 Remittances and Poverty: A Complex Relationship, Evidence from El Salvador Mary Kate Naatus 1 Abstract This article examines the correlation between migrant remittances received by communities in El Salvador and the level of extreme poverty. Data from the 2004 national household survey (EHPM) in El Salvador was used to create regression models to determine the incremental impact of remittances on poverty levels across the 262 municipalities of El Salvador. The results revealed that dollar amount of remittances had a statistically significant inverse relationship with level of extreme poverty in municipalities. The regression analyses showed that an average increase of $100 of reported remittance earnings per month per person is correlated with a decrease in the level of extreme poverty of 24% in a given community. This article explains this relationship, along with the effect of other related quality of life and economic indicator variables and examines the complex nature of migration, migrant remittances and impacts in remittance-receiving communities in El Salvador. JEL classification numbers: F22, F24 Keywords: International migration, remittances, poverty, development 1 Introduction One of the pressing issues of our time is human migration, and the impact of the more than 200 million global migrants on both developing and industrialized countries is complex. The majority of migrants choose to leave their home country in search of better economic opportunities and often see the act of emigrating from the country of origin as the best option for earning a decent living and supporting families back home. According to International Organization of Migration (IOM) data, migrants around the world send nearly $500 billion dollars in remittances to loved ones in other countries each year, with the vast majority being sent to developing countries. These remittance dollars far outstrip other sources of foreign capital like Official Development Aid and Foreign Direct 1 Saint Peter s University, Department of Business Administration. Article Info: Received : January 1, Revised : January 31, Published online : April 10, 2014
2 2 Mary Kate Naatus Investment and often exceed a receiving country s revenues from exports or tourism, making it a vital source of capital, upon which many countries have become dependent. This dependency is a source of concern for many, because of the lack of sustainability of these flows from a macro perspective, and because of the substitution effects which may prevent people from entering the workforce or engaging in an economic endeavor, in favor of receiving remittances flows from outside the country. While any additional income is helpful to many families who are experiencing poverty around the globe, the dependencies that may form and the more complex household level and community-wide impacts of the cycle of migration and remittances may mitigate the positive effects. This article seeks to provide additional empirical evidence that an increase in household income in the form of migrant remittances is correlated with a reduction in extreme poverty, but that the author also notes that long-term effects and other outcomes are more nuanced. This article and the model have been adapted from the author s doctoral dissertation. El Salvador is among the countries most dependent upon migrant remittances, with a significant percentage of GDP being driven by remittance income and a large percentage of its population living outside of the country s borders, mainly in the United States. In 2012, remittances coming into the country were worth U.S. $3.91 billion, an annual growth of 7.2% compared to the year 2011, accounting for 16.4% of GDP [Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador]. By some estimates, such as the Central Bank of El Salvador s figures, the small nation of El Salvador on the Pacific coast of Central America with a population just under seven million, has nearly three million citizens living outside of its borders, with the majority of these emigrants in the United States. This figure includes second-generation Salvadorans living outside of El Salvador [Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador (BCR) n.d.] Other more conservative estimates suggest that this number is more likely around 1.5 million [2], which is still a large percentage of the working age population. While it is the smallest country geographically in Central America, El Salvador has the second largest population in the region after Guatemala and the third largest economy, though growth in recent years has been stagnant. With 18.2 percent of its GDP in 2006 made up of migrant remittances (Ratha, 2008), this source of income has surpassed its largest export, coffee, thus making El Salvador s laborers its most vibrant export, and remittance figures equaled over sixhundred percent of foreign direct investment in 2004 (Andrade-Eekhoff, 2006). As a result of this extreme economic dependency, the large proportion of Salvadoran citizens who have migrated to the U.S., and the close relationship between Salvadoran migrants with their families back home, El Salvador provides a robust and interesting study in the realm of remittance research, yet there is a lack of in-depth empirical studies on this country. With El Salvador s recent signing of the Central American Free Trade Agreement, dismantling further the remaining trade barriers with the U.S., and also the adoption of the U.S. dollar as its official currency in 2001, El Salvador has various characteristics making it unique in the field of remittance studies. 2 Background: Remittances and Poverty Many studies specific to migrant remittances effect on poverty tend to concur that remittance income can help to alleviate the severity of poverty in households in developing nations. The literature varies widely on the analysis of how sustainable these
3 Remittances and Poverty: A Complex Relationship, Evidence from El Salvador 3 gains are and how they can be mitigated by the dependency created by the cycle of migration and remittances. A 2006 study on this topic that classified poverty into foodbased poverty, capabilities-based poverty and assets-based poverty and compared families receiving remittances to households not receiving remittances in Mexico, found that this type of income helped to reduce food-based and capabilities poverty, but not assets-based poverty [4]. These findings support the theory that much of remittance income is spent on consumption and more short-term needs than on long-term investment or accumulation of assets. Another important recurring theme in the research on this topic that was clearly portrayed in a recently published World Bank study on Latin America and the Caribbean is that while remittances will have some positive effect, as would any increase income, the overall impact on poverty and growth in the region is in most cases quite modest. The report also specifically states that the degree to which countries truly benefit from remittances is heavily dependent on whether governments have implemented better policies to create a more favorable investment climate, greater institutional capacity and a better educated population [5]. Some earlier studies [7][3] point out that since migration is such an expensive undertaking and often dependent on social networks to help in the migration and adjustment process, these barriers prevent the poorest individuals from migrating. As a result, migration may serve to broadly increase inequality in communities and countries, even if the remittance income does alleviate poverty in receiving households. A more recent study [1] found an overall decline in the number of poor households and the number of individuals living on less than a dollar a day, as the percentage of a country s population participate in international migration and send money back home to their families. 3 Data and Methodology The principal hypothesis this study seeks to address is whether migrant remittances have an overall positive impact on reducing the level of extreme poverty in communities of El Salvador and explore the relationships with other quality of life variables. The analysis in this article is based on Household Surveys, conducted by the Census Bureau of El Salvador in Multiple Regression analysis was used to assess relationships between the independent variables, including life expectancy, literacy rate, level of urbanization, and the dependent variable, representing remittances. In order to minimize the influence of other related factors on the dependent variable of each model, other relevant predictors were used as control variables in each model, in order to compare the relationship among certain factors and determine if certain variables alone or in combination have a significant correlation to the amount of migrant remittances received by individuals and households. In addition, each model was run through the regression twice, the second trial using a fixed effects model with dummy variables for four of the five different regions of El Salvador, replicating the regional breakdown used in the EHPM analyses by the Salvadoran Bureau of Statistics [Dirección General de Estadística y Censos (DGEC)] and serving as a control for any variance due to departmental or regional differences not related to any of the independent variables. The primary data set used for this study is from the 2004 Encuesta de Hogares Propositos Mulptilples (EHPM) data gathered and published by El Salvador s Economic Ministry. While it is not the most current data set, it contains data broken down to the municipality level, and it also contains two relevant variables, not always included in a census, the
4 4 Mary Kate Naatus average remittances per person in a household and also the percentage of people receiving remittances. The data set contains a variety of statistics for all 262 municipalities in El Salvador from the 14 different departments (similar to states or provinces) of the country. The method of data collection for the survey (EHPM) conducted by the Bureau of Statistics and Census of El Salvador was household surveys of 1400 households nationally, with representation of both urban and rural households. A table listing the regression results for each model appears in the Analysis section. Hypothesis: An increase in migrant remittances in a community will be correlated with a decrease in the severity of poverty in the community. The poverty model was built to test a widely accepted belief among researches in the social sciences about the economic impact of migrant remittance on the alleviation of extreme poverty. Many researchers that support the economic benefits of remittances often correlate remittance income with a reduction in the severity of the conditions of poverty that individuals endure in many developing nations. Since the research does not extend this hypothesis to conclude that remittances are correlated with an overall reduction in the number of poor people in remittance-receiving countries, I chose to examine the data for the percent of the population in extreme poverty, rather than relative poverty or the overall poverty rate, which combines the two categories. In this regression model, the dependent variable was the percent of individuals considered to be in extreme poverty in each community. Extreme poverty refers to the percentage of households, or in this case the percent of individuals in a community whose income is less than the cost of the basic food basket, which varies depending on the adjusted cost of living for urban and rural areas. For an urban family averaging 4.52 members in 2004, the cost of the basic food basket in was an average of $129 per month and for a rural family of the same size about $97 per month. This statistic and the makeup of the basic food basket is calculated by the Ministry of the Economy of El Salvador, which publishes much of its data and reports on it website: An analysis of this definition reveals how severe extreme poverty is for individuals in El Salvador, considering the basic food basket does not include the cost of housing and other basic necessities such as clothing, which are at least equal to the cost of the basic food basket (Rosen 5). Using the UNDP s statistical definition of the extreme poverty rate and its basis on the cost of the basic food basket, the annual income for the extreme poverty income threshold in El Salvador for a family of more than four would be only about $1,500 annually or almost one dollar per day per person. This perspective further illustrates the severity of extreme poverty, according to the statistical definition. The predictor variable average monthly remittances per person, was used to determine if a statistical relationship exists between remittances and the level of extreme poverty in the different municipalities of El Salvador. As control variables that are likely to be correlated with poverty level, the other independent variables built into the model were literacy rate, average grade level, masculinity index and unemployment rate. Average grade level data was also derived from the national census data, and the numbers in this data set represent the average grade level attained in school by the population above six years old in each municipality, and not the average numbers of years spent in school. Masculinity index is a measure of the ratio of males to females in the local population, which I thought might be related to poverty level in several ways. A higher ratio of males might mean more labor and higher productivity, or it could alternately lead to more competition and lower wages. A low ratio of males, which might be a result of high levels of male migration to other parts of the country or out of the country, could lead to
5 Remittances and Poverty: A Complex Relationship, Evidence from El Salvador 5 higher remittances levels to families in the community, which could in turn have a positive impact poverty levels. Greater employment opportunities and activity in communities should intuitively be related to better living conditions for residents and lower levels of poverty, so the variable of variable of unemployment rate was added as the last control variable to the model to test the relationship. 4 Results and Analysis The poverty model generated significant results, and all five explanatory variables were shown to have a statistically significant relationship with the level of extreme poverty in communities. The version that was most statistically significant resulted in an adjusted R2 value of.572, with all of the independent variables, besides average grade level shown to be significant. However, a review of related models that were tested reveals the collinearity between the variables literacy rate and average grade level. When only one of the two is present, the t-statistic increases dramatically, but when both are present, the t- statistics for both variables decrease significantly. This collinearity is probably due to the partial causal relationship between average grade level and literacy rate. In each test model, average remittances per person had a negative coefficient value, demonstrating an inverse relationship with extreme poverty. In the second version of the poverty model, which uses average grade level, masculinity index and unemployment rate as control variables, the coefficient value of shows that as average remittances per person increase by $100 per month, the level of extreme poverty decreases by 24 percent. By comparing the t-statistics in the model, it is apparent that literacy rate has the strongest predictor effect, most significantly when average grade level is not used as a control in the same model. The negative beta coefficient for literacy rate may imply that education and the ability to read helps reduce a person s likelihood of living or remaining in extreme poverty. There is a great disparity in literacy rate across the different regions of El Salvador, with average adult literacy rate ranging from 92.4 percent in the department of San Salvador to 61.6 percent at the lowest in the department of Morazán, which also happens to have the lowest life expectancy. The adult literacy rate is based on 2004 national census data and includes all persons aged fifteen and up. The fact that literacy rate is such an important predictor to severe poverty should be an impetus for the government of El Salvador to make literacy one of its championed causes. In these models, both masculinity index and unemployment rate are statistically significant control variables with positive coefficients. This correlation between unemployment and poverty is intuitive, but for masculinity index it is more open for interpretation. As the ratio of males to females increases, so does the level of extreme poverty, which could have many underlying causes, such as increased competition for jobs. As a result, more individuals may decide to leave the community as migrants to seek economic opportunities elsewhere. As these migrants leave their home communities to work and send remittances home, the gender percentages within communities are changing, in many cases with females becoming the majority. A relevant case study that was included in the 2005 UNDP report on El Salvador compared two communities in El Salvador, one of which receives almost no migrant remittances, and the other that is heavily dependent on migrant remittances. Based on 2004 census data, the differences between Santa Catarina Masahuat in Sonsonate, where only 0.6 percent of households receive remittances and Concepción de Oriente in La
6 6 Mary Kate Naatus Unión, where 63 percent of households receive remittances are dramatic, and confirms the statistical results of this model. While poverty rate is less 40 percent, masculinity index is low at 76 percent and the percentage of female-headed households is high at 41.5 percent in the town dependent on migrant remittances, on the other side of the country in Santa Clara which does not receive any significant remittance income, the poverty rate is extremely high at 74.5 percent, the masculinity index is also high at 1.02 and the percentage of female-headed households is low at 15.7 percent. The results of this poverty model and the correlations derived from the models support the generalizations implied from the UNDP case study comparison. The adjusted R Square value of these of the models, which is around of.50 shows that the independent variables in this model account for more than fifty percent of the variance in the level of extreme poverty in the different municipalities of El Salvador. The correlation between increased amounts of migrant remittances with a decrease of the percent of people living in extreme poverty is consistent with much of the remittance literature and research. Any increased income would help to increase an individual s chances of economic gain including rising out of extreme poverty, but in terms of economic inputs, migrant remittances can be the most efficient at least from the perspective of the receiving household. Other small gains in per capita income per household may derive from one or two children staying home from school, to work and contribute to family income, an immediate social cost, which in the long-term could detract from the benefits of increased income. However, while this model reveals a simplified statistical relationship between the variables, it does not divulge any insight about expenditures and sustainability. The ideal use of remittances would be for reinvestment in a small business or agricultural cooperative that spurs more long-term growth, but currently this type of sustainable remittance investment is a rarity, accounting for less than two percent of remittance expenditures [9]. A more in-depth discussion of the interpretation of role of remittances according to this poverty model and policy implications will be discussed in the following section. As in all statistical analyses, these models are only useful if the EHPM data collected by the government is accurate. This means that the methodology for calculating values for different variables, especially when examining levels of poverty, which can have important policy implications and influence world opinion. In the case of El Salvador, there are experts, including UNDP economist Carlos Acevedo, who dispute the quantitative parameters used to calculate poverty rates in the country. Specifically he has criticized the values assigned to the basic food basket, which is the comparative figure to determine where the poverty line falls. According to official statistics on poverty in El Salvador, the cost of consumer products as reflected by the basic basket of goods would have had to decline over the past ten years, which is not the reality. In addition, the basic consumer basket does not include many vital expenses such as electricity, education and phone service, which are goods and services that should be part of the basic market basket. Other experts refute this criticism, and defend the methodology used in El Salvador for determining poverty gaps, including the executive director of the Intersectorial Association for Economic Development and Social Progress, an agency that has worked to help alleviate poverty in the country [6]. While it is beyond the scope of this article to make value judgments about the collection of economic data and reporting in El Salvador, this is an important issue in the social sciences in general because if uniform methods are not applied across borders for calculating such figures and determining important social indicators such as poverty level, unemployment rate and
7 Remittances and Poverty: A Complex Relationship, Evidence from El Salvador 7 other variables, any research and statistical analyses relying on these numbers will be compromised. In Latin America alone, several countries have different thresholds for establishing the poverty line, which affects the poverty rates in each country. For example Argentina has the highest threshold poverty line and Dominican Republic has the lowest, which may seemingly inflate Argentina s poverty rate and decrease the rate in the Dominican Republic, which may distort not only the interpretation of comparative poverty rates but also other variables which are derived using poverty rates. In addition, subtle differences in the administering of household surveys among different countries can have a significant impact on national poverty rates, which affect comparative country rankings [8]. 5 Figures and Tables Table 1: Percent population in extreme poverty, Municipality Level, 2004 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Constant Average remittances per person Literacy rate (11.05) -.415** (-3.02) (4.32) ** (-3.88) (7.69) -.361** (-5.96) -.923** (-14.79) (6.51) -.332** (-5.33) -.787** (-5.76) Average Grade Level Masculinity Index Unemployment Rate -4.79** (-4.25).634** (3.92) ** (-12.02) ** (2.73) 0.642** (4.09) 40.12** (5.14) (-.725) 36.94** (4.52).546** (3.67) Adjusted R F-Statistic **Significant at 5% level * Significant at 10% level (t-statistic in parentheses) 5 Conclusion While there are certain limitations of this study such as the use of data all from a single year, rather than time-lagged data, which is not readily available with the embedded remittance variables, it adds additional evidence that remittance income has the potential
8 8 Mary Kate Naatus to help alleviate severe poverty in developing countries. A deeper analysis points out that many other important health and quality of life variables may increase along with remittance income, indicating the development potential of the proliferation of migrant remittances in countries around the globe. Another limitation of this study is that it lacks personal input via in-depth interviews of the people who are actually migrating, sending remittances or receiving remittance income. This firsthand information and primary data would be useful for future studies on the topic and provide more insight into some of the statistical findings of this study. This research area on migration and remittances is urgently needed so that governments, households and individuals in both sending and receiving countries can benefit the most but not become dependent on these income flows to the detriment of more productive development and economic endeavors and support. There are many opportunities for cross-country comparisons in the field of international migration and remittances, which can be useful at both the micro and macro levels to help households and governments leverage the significant financial stream of remittances to help promote wider and more sustainable development in communities. It is also important that at the same time, any immediate benefits of remittances such as the reduction in the level of extreme poverty that this study demonstrates, do not lead to inaction or complacency by families and leaders, which forms an unhealthy dependency on remittance income. Instead, further studies on how remittances are used and efforts to stimulate sustainable investment and increase broader economic opportunities in communities and countries, should be implemented. References [1] R. Adams and J. Page, Do International Migration and Remittances Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries? World Development, 33(10) (2005), [2] K. Andrade-Eekhoff, Migration and development in El Salvador: Ideals versus reality, Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute, April, (2006). [3] S. Blue, State policy, economic crisis, gender, and family ties: Determinants of family remittances to Cuba, Economic Geography, 80(1), (2004), [4] G. Esquivel and A. Huerta-Pineda, Remittances and poverty in Mexico: a propensity score matching approach: Understanding the effect of remittances on households living in developing countries, India: Global Development Network, (2006). [5] P. Fajnzylber and J. Humberto Lopez, Remittances and Development Lessons from Latin America. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank, (2008). [6] T. Gutiérrez, J. Romellón, J. and R. Vázquez, El monto de las remesas familiares en México: mito o realidad? Papeles de Población, no. 050, (2006), [7] C. Stahl, Labor emigration and economic development International Migration Review, 16, (1982), [8] M. Skekely, N. Lustig, M. Cumpa and J. A. Mejia, Do we know how much poverty there is? Washington D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, Working Paper no. 437, (2000). [9] UNDP Human Development Report for El Salvador 2005: A look at the new Us : The impact of migration, San Salvador: United Nations Development Program, (2005).
Full file at
Chapter 2 Comparative Economic Development Key Concepts In the new edition, Chapter 2 serves to further examine the extreme contrasts not only between developed and developing countries, but also between
More informationTest Bank for Economic Development. 12th Edition by Todaro and Smith
Test Bank for Economic Development 12th Edition by Todaro and Smith Link download full: https://digitalcontentmarket.org/download/test-bankfor-economic-development-12th-edition-by-todaro Chapter 2 Comparative
More informationDo Remittances Promote Household Savings? Evidence from Ethiopia
Do Remittances Promote Household Savings? Evidence from Ethiopia Ademe Zeyede 1 African Development Bank Group, Ethiopia Country Office, P.O.Box: 25543 code 1000 Abstract In many circumstances there are
More informationRemittances and Income Distribution in Peru
64 64 JCC Journal of CENTRUM Cathedra in Peru by Jorge A. Torres-Zorrilla Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics, University of California at Berkeley, CA M.Sc. in Agricultural Economics, North Carolina State
More informationRemittances and Poverty. in Guatemala* Richard H. Adams, Jr. Development Research Group (DECRG) MSN MC World Bank.
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Remittances and Poverty in Guatemala* Richard H. Adams, Jr. Development Research Group
More informationVolume 36, Issue 1. Impact of remittances on poverty: an analysis of data from a set of developing countries
Volume 6, Issue 1 Impact of remittances on poverty: an analysis of data from a set of developing countries Basanta K Pradhan Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi Malvika Mahesh Institute of Economic Growth,
More informationPoverty profile and social protection strategy for the mountainous regions of Western Nepal
October 2014 Karnali Employment Programme Technical Assistance Poverty profile and social protection strategy for the mountainous regions of Western Nepal Policy Note Introduction This policy note presents
More informationImmigrant Remittances: Trends and Impacts, Here and Abroad
Immigrant Remittances: Trends and Impacts, Here and Abroad Presentation to Financial Access for Immigrants: Learning from Diverse Perspectives, The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago by B. Lindsay Lowell
More informationMigration, Remittances and Children s Schooling in Haiti
Migration, Remittances and Children s Schooling in Haiti Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes San Diego State University & IZA Annie Georges Teachers College, Columbia University Susan Pozo Western Michigan University
More informationRemittance Recipients in El Salvador
September 2016 Remittance Recipients in El Salvador A Socioeconomic Profile By: Lukas Keller Rebecca Rouse Remittance Recipients in El Salvador A Socioeconomic Profile 1 ABOUT THE MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT
More informationRemittances and the Brain Drain: Evidence from Microdata for Sub-Saharan Africa
Remittances and the Brain Drain: Evidence from Microdata for Sub-Saharan Africa Julia Bredtmann 1, Fernanda Martinez Flores 1,2, and Sebastian Otten 1,2,3 1 RWI, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung
More informationTHE EMPLOYABILITY AND WELFARE OF FEMALE LABOR MIGRANTS IN INDONESIAN CITIES
SHASTA PRATOMO D., Regional Science Inquiry, Vol. IX, (2), 2017, pp. 109-117 109 THE EMPLOYABILITY AND WELFARE OF FEMALE LABOR MIGRANTS IN INDONESIAN CITIES Devanto SHASTA PRATOMO Senior Lecturer, Brawijaya
More informationNinth Coordination Meeting on International Migration
Ninth Coordination Meeting on International Migration Measuring migration s economic and social impacts: Core indicators and methodological considerations Laura Chappell Senior Research Fellow, Institute
More informationAn Analysis of Rural to Urban Labour Migration in India with Special Reference to Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes
International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), 2015, Vol 2, No.10,53-58. 53 Available online at http://www.ijims.com ISSN: 2348 0343 An Analysis of Rural to Urban Labour
More informationDR CAFTA and Migration in Central America
DR CAFTA and Migration in Central America Susan M. Richter University of California, Davis and Merced June 25 th, 2009 6/25/2009 1 Central American Free Trade )Agreement (CAFTA Series of Free Trade Agreements
More informationThe Economic Impact of Crimes In The United States: A Statistical Analysis on Education, Unemployment And Poverty
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2017 American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-issn: 2320-0847 p-issn : 2320-0936 Volume-6, Issue-12, pp-283-288 www.ajer.org Research Paper Open
More informationRural to Urban Migration and Household Living Conditions in Bangladesh
Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 253-257, 2012 (July) Rural to Urban Migration and Household Living Conditions in Bangladesh Department of Statistics, Biostatistics & Informatics, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000,
More informationInternal migration determinants in South Africa: Recent evidence from Census RESEP Policy Brief
Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch Internal migration determinants in South Africa: Recent evidence from Census 2011 Eldridge Moses* RESEP Policy Brief february 2 017 This policy brief
More informationBrazilians in the United States: A Look at Migrants and Transnationalism
Brazilians in the United States: A Look at Migrants and Transnationalism Alvaro Lima, Eugenia Garcia Zanello, and Manuel Orozco 1 Introduction As globalization has intensified the integration of developing
More informationCase Study on Youth Issues: Philippines
Case Study on Youth Issues: Philippines Introduction The Philippines has one of the largest populations of the ASEAN member states, with 105 million inhabitants, surpassed only by Indonesia. It also has
More informationGender and Ethnicity in LAC Countries: The case of Bolivia and Guatemala
Gender and Ethnicity in LAC Countries: The case of Bolivia and Guatemala Carla Canelas (Paris School of Economics, France) Silvia Salazar (Paris School of Economics, France) Paper Prepared for the IARIW-IBGE
More informationAnalysis of the Sources and Uses of Remittance by Rural Households for Agricultural Purposes in Enugu State, Nigeria
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 2319-2380, p-issn: 2319-2372. Volume 9, Issue 2 Ver. I (Feb. 2016), PP 84-88 www.iosrjournals.org Analysis of the Sources and Uses
More informationProblems Involved in Improving the Quality of Life in Albania in the Years
Problems Involved in Improving the Quality of Life in Albania in the Years 2000-2012 Doi:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n10p312 Abstract Dr. Enriko Ceko There are some major issues to be clarified about the quality
More informationLeaving work behind? The impact of emigration on female labour force participation in Morocco
Leaving work behind? The impact of emigration on female labour force participation in Morocco Anda David (AFD) Audrey Lenoël (INED) UNU-WIDER conference on Migration and Mobility - new frontiers for research
More informationSocio-Economic Mobility Among Foreign-Born Latin American and Caribbean Nationalities in New York City,
Socio-Economic Mobility Among Foreign-Born Latin American and Caribbean Nationalities in New York City, 2000-2006 Center for Latin American, Caribbean & Latino Studies Graduate Center City University of
More informationA Note on International Migrants Savings and Incomes
September 24, 2014 A Note on International Migrants Savings and Incomes Supriyo De, Dilip Ratha, and Seyed Reza Yousefi 1 Annual savings of international migrants from developing countries are estimated
More information5. Destination Consumption
5. Destination Consumption Enabling migrants propensity to consume Meiyan Wang and Cai Fang Introduction The 2014 Central Economic Working Conference emphasised that China s economy has a new normal, characterised
More informationSelected macro-economic indicators relating to structural changes in agricultural employment in the Slovak Republic
Selected macro-economic indicators relating to structural changes in agricultural employment in the Slovak Republic Milan Olexa, PhD 1. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic Economic changes after
More information262 Index. D demand shocks, 146n demographic variables, 103tn
Index A Africa, 152, 167, 173 age Filipino characteristics, 85 household heads, 59 Mexican migrants, 39, 40 Philippines migrant households, 94t 95t nonmigrant households, 96t 97t premigration income effects,
More informationSocial Dimension S o ci al D im en si o n 141
Social Dimension Social Dimension 141 142 5 th Pillar: Social Justice Fifth Pillar: Social Justice Overview of Current Situation In the framework of the Sustainable Development Strategy: Egypt 2030, social
More informationTHE IMPACT OF MIGRANT REMITTANCES ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN MUNICIPALITIES OF EL SALVADOR. Graduate School- Newark
THE IMPACT OF MIGRANT REMITTANCES ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN MUNICIPALITIES OF EL SALVADOR By Mary Kate Romano A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School- Newark Rutgers, The State University
More informationInternal Migration to the Gauteng Province
Internal Migration to the Gauteng Province DPRU Policy Brief Series Development Policy Research Unit University of Cape Town Upper Campus February 2005 ISBN 1-920055-06-1 Copyright University of Cape Town
More informationMarycela Diaz-Unzalu Economic Education Specialist Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Miami Branch
Marycela Diaz-Unzalu Economic Education Specialist Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Miami Branch Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal
More informationTHE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL REMITTANCES ON HOUSEHOLD WELFARE: EVIDENCE FROM VIET NAM
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL REMITTANCES ON HOUSEHOLD WELFARE: EVIDENCE FROM VIET NAM Nguyen Viet Cuong* Using data from the Viet Nam household living standard surveys of 2002 and 2004, this
More informationEconomic and Social Council
United Nations Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 27 December 2001 E/CN.3/2002/27 Original: English Statistical Commission Thirty-third session 5-8 March 2002 Item 7 (f) of the provisional agenda*
More informationDO POVERTY DETERMINANTS DIFFER OVER EXPENDITURE DECILES? A SRI LANKAN CASE FROM 1990 TO 2010
International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom Vol. III, Issue 10, October 2015 http://ijecm.co.uk/ ISSN 2348 0386 DO POVERTY DETERMINANTS DIFFER OVER EXPENDITURE DECILES? A
More informationIncome, Deprivation, and Perceptions in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Income, Deprivation, and Perceptions in Latin America and the Caribbean: New Evidence from the Gallup World Poll Leonardo Gasparini* Walter Sosa Escudero** Mariana Marchionni* Sergio Olivieri* * CEDLAS
More informationDeterminants of Household Poverty: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Determinants of Household Poverty: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Muhammad Tariq Majeed and Muhammad Nauman Malik Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2014
More informationCharacteristics of the Ethnographic Sample of First- and Second-Generation Latin American Immigrants in the New York to Philadelphia Urban Corridor
Table 2.1 Characteristics of the Ethnographic Sample of First- and Second-Generation Latin American Immigrants in the New York to Philadelphia Urban Corridor Characteristic Females Males Total Region of
More informationMigration, Employment, and Food Security in Central Asia: the case of Uzbekistan
Migration, Employment, and Food Security in Central Asia: the case of Uzbekistan Bakhrom Mirkasimov (Westminster International University in Tashkent) BACKGROUND: CENTRAL ASIA All four countries experienced
More informationREMITTANCE TRANSFERS TO ARMENIA: PRELIMINARY SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS
REMITTANCE TRANSFERS TO ARMENIA: PRELIMINARY SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS microreport# 117 SEPTEMBER 2008 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It
More informationHow Important Are Labor Markets to the Welfare of Indonesia's Poor?
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized S /4 POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1665 How Important Are Labor Markets to the Welfare
More informationCharacteristics of Poverty in Minnesota
Characteristics of Poverty in Minnesota by Dennis A. Ahlburg P overty and rising inequality have often been seen as the necessary price of increased economic efficiency. In this view, a certain amount
More informationDominicans in New York City
Center for Latin American, Caribbean & Latino Studies Graduate Center City University of New York 365 Fifth Avenue Room 5419 New York, New York 10016 212-817-8438 clacls@gc.cuny.edu http://web.gc.cuny.edu/lastudies
More informationIn class, we have framed poverty in four different ways: poverty in terms of
Sandra Yu In class, we have framed poverty in four different ways: poverty in terms of deviance, dependence, economic growth and capability, and political disenfranchisement. In this paper, I will focus
More informationImpact of Remittance on Household Income, Consumption and Poverty Reduction of Nepal
Economic Literature, Vol. XIII (32-38), August 2016 ISSN : 2029-0789(P) Impact of Remittance on Household Income, Consumption and Poverty Reduction of Nepal Nirajan Bam Rajesh Kumar Thagurathi * Deepak
More informationMigration, Poverty & Place in the Context of the Return Migration to the US South
Migration, Poverty & Place in the Context of the Return Migration to the US South Katherine Curtis Department of Rural Sociology Research assistance from Jack DeWaard and financial support from the UW
More informationAmericasBarometer Insights: 2014 Number 105
AmericasBarometer Insights: 2014 Number 105 Bridging Inter American Divides: Views of the U.S. Across the Americas By laura.e.silliman@vanderbilt.edu Vanderbilt University Executive Summary. The United
More informationBenefit levels and US immigrants welfare receipts
1 Benefit levels and US immigrants welfare receipts 1970 1990 by Joakim Ruist Department of Economics University of Gothenburg Box 640 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden joakim.ruist@economics.gu.se telephone: +46
More informationHow Do Countries Adapt to Immigration? *
How Do Countries Adapt to Immigration? * Simonetta Longhi (slonghi@essex.ac.uk) Yvonni Markaki (ymarka@essex.ac.uk) Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex JEL Classification: F22;
More informationThe Causes of Wage Differentials between Immigrant and Native Physicians
The Causes of Wage Differentials between Immigrant and Native Physicians I. Introduction Current projections, as indicated by the 2000 Census, suggest that racial and ethnic minorities will outnumber non-hispanic
More informationReducing Poverty in the Arab World Successes and Limits of the Moroccan. Lahcen Achy. Beirut, Lebanon July 29, 2010
Reducing Poverty in the Arab World Successes and Limits of the Moroccan Experience Lahcen Achy Beirut, Lebanon July 29, 2010 Starting point Morocco recorded an impressive decline in monetary poverty over
More informationDeterminants of Return Migration to Mexico Among Mexicans in the United States
Determinants of Return Migration to Mexico Among Mexicans in the United States J. Cristobal Ruiz-Tagle * Rebeca Wong 1.- Introduction The wellbeing of the U.S. population will increasingly reflect the
More informationConference on What Africa Can Do Now To Accelerate Youth Employment. Organized by
Conference on What Africa Can Do Now To Accelerate Youth Employment Organized by The Olusegun Obasanjo Foundation (OOF) and The African Union Commission (AUC) (Addis Ababa, 29 January 2014) Presentation
More informationINCLUSIVE GROWTH AND POLICIES: THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE. Thangavel Palanivel Chief Economist for Asia-Pacific UNDP, New York
INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND POLICIES: THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE Thangavel Palanivel Chief Economist for Asia-Pacific UNDP, New York Growth is Inclusive When It takes place in sectors in which the poor work (e.g.,
More informationPoverty and Inequality
Chapter 4 Poverty and Inequality Problems and Policies: Domestic After completing this chapter, you will be able to 1. Measure poverty across countries using different approaches and explain how poverty
More informationRegional Disparities in Employment and Human Development in Kenya
Regional Disparities in Employment and Human Development in Kenya Jacob Omolo 1 jackodhong@yahoo.com; omolo.jacob@ku.ac.ke ABSTRACT What are the regional disparities in employment and human development
More informationChapter 1: The Demographics of McLennan County
Chapter 1: The Demographics of McLennan County General Population Since 2000, the Texas population has grown by more than 2.7 million residents (approximately 15%), bringing the total population of the
More informationPoverty and the Binational Population: A Note on Poverty Measurement
Poverty and the Binational Population: A Note on Poverty Measurement Dr. Anita Alves Pena Colorado State University Hispanic Economic Issues Conference Americas Center, Atlanta, GA November 2010 Previous
More informationPoverty and Social Change in Colombia Diagnostic and Main Challenges
Poverty and Social Change in Colombia Diagnostic and Main Challenges Juan M. Ramírez Fedesarrollo, Associate Researcher (with the contribution of Roberto Angulo, Inclusion, Director) Revisiting Socio-economic
More informationSelected trends in Mexico-United States migration
Selected trends in Mexico-United States migration Since the early 1970s, the traditional Mexico- United States migration pattern has been transformed in magnitude, intensity, modalities, and characteristics,
More informationPoverty in the Third World
11. World Poverty Poverty in the Third World Human Poverty Index Poverty and Economic Growth Free Market and the Growth Foreign Aid Millennium Development Goals Poverty in the Third World Subsistence definitions
More informationExplanatory note on the 2014 Human Development Report composite indices. Dominican Republic
Human Development Report 2014 Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience Explanatory note on the 2014 Human Development Report composite indices Dominican Republic HDI
More informationMonitoring Country Progress in Pakistan
Monitoring Country Progress in Pakistan Program Office OAPA & USAID/Pakistan U.S. Agency for International Development Pakistan Institute for Development Economics September, 21 st, 211 Economic Reforms
More informationSocio - Economic Impact of Remittance on Households in Lekhnath Municipality, Kaski, Nepal
Economic Literature, Vol. XII (39-49), December 2014 Socio - Economic Impact of Remittance on Households in Lekhnath Municipality, Kaski, Nepal Ananta Raj Dhungana, PhD 1 * Dipendra Pandit** ABSTRACT The
More informationUnequal Recovery, Labor Market Polarization, Race, and 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Maoyong Fan and Anita Alves Pena 1
Unequal Recovery, Labor Market Polarization, Race, and 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Maoyong Fan and Anita Alves Pena 1 Abstract: Growing income inequality and labor market polarization and increasing
More informationInflation and relative price variability in Mexico: the role of remittances
Applied Economics Letters, 2008, 15, 181 185 Inflation and relative price variability in Mexico: the role of remittances J. Ulyses Balderas and Hiranya K. Nath* Department of Economics and International
More informationEdexcel (B) Economics A-level
Edexcel (B) Economics A-level Theme 2: The Wider Economic Environment 2.4 Life in a Global Economy 2.4.2 Developed, emerging and developing economies Notes Indicators of growth: o GDP per capita GDP per
More informationGrowth and Migration to a Third Country: The Case of Korean Migrants in Latin America
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUDIES Volume 23, Number 2, 2016, pp.77-87 77 Growth and Migration to a Third Country: The Case of Korean Migrants in Latin America Chong-Sup Kim and Eunsuk Lee* This
More informationA Multivariate Analysis of the Factors that Correlate to the Unemployment Rate. Amit Naik, Tarah Reiter, Amanda Stype
A Multivariate Analysis of the Factors that Correlate to the Unemployment Rate Amit Naik, Tarah Reiter, Amanda Stype 2 Abstract We compiled a literature review to provide background information on our
More informationThe Demography of the Labor Force in Emerging Markets
The Demography of the Labor Force in Emerging Markets David Lam I. Introduction This paper discusses how demographic changes are affecting the labor force in emerging markets. As will be shown below, the
More informationRural and Urban Migrants in India:
Rural and Urban Migrants in India: 1983-2008 Viktoria Hnatkovska and Amartya Lahiri July 2014 Abstract This paper characterizes the gross and net migration flows between rural and urban areas in India
More informationMigrant remittances is a way for Bangladesh to march toward a developed country through socio - economic development
2015; 2(3): 01-07 IJMRD 2015; 2(3): 01-07 www.allsubjectjournal.com Impact factor: 3.672 Received: 15-02-2015 Accepted: 27-02-2015 E-ISSN: 2349-4182 P-ISSN: 2349-5979 Malaya Tashbeen Barnamala Senior Lecturer,
More informationUnder-five chronic malnutrition rate is critical (43%) and acute malnutrition rate is high (9%) with some areas above the critical thresholds.
May 2014 Fighting Hunger Worldwide Democratic Republic of Congo: is economic recovery benefiting the vulnerable? Special Focus DRC DRC Economic growth has been moderately high in DRC over the last decade,
More informationDo Our Children Have A Chance? The 2010 Human Opportunity Report for Latin America and the Caribbean
12 Do Our Children Have A Chance? The 2010 Human Opportunity Report for Latin America and the Caribbean Overview Imagine a country where your future did not depend on where you come from, how much your
More informationNon-Voted Ballots and Discrimination in Florida
Non-Voted Ballots and Discrimination in Florida John R. Lott, Jr. School of Law Yale University 127 Wall Street New Haven, CT 06511 (203) 432-2366 john.lott@yale.edu revised July 15, 2001 * This paper
More informationDid NAFTA Help Mexico? An Assessment After 20 Years February 2014
Did NAFTA Help Mexico? An Assessment After 20 Years February 2014 Mark Weisbrot Center for Economic and Policy Research www.cepr.net Did NAFTA Help Mexico? Since NAFTA, Mexico ranks 18th of 20 Latin American
More informationPersistent Inequality
Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Ontario December 2018 Persistent Inequality Ontario s Colour-coded Labour Market Sheila Block and Grace-Edward Galabuzi www.policyalternatives.ca RESEARCH ANALYSIS
More informationRefugee Versus Economic Immigrant Labor Market Assimilation in the United States: A Case Study of Vietnamese Refugees
The Park Place Economist Volume 25 Issue 1 Article 19 2017 Refugee Versus Economic Immigrant Labor Market Assimilation in the United States: A Case Study of Vietnamese Refugees Lily Chang Illinois Wesleyan
More informationReturns to Education in the Albanian Labor Market
Returns to Education in the Albanian Labor Market Dr. Juna Miluka Department of Economics and Finance, University of New York Tirana, Albania Abstract The issue of private returns to education has received
More informationSTRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: Population and Demographic Challenges Across Rural Canada A Pan-Canadian Report
STRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: Population and Demographic Challenges Across Rural Canada A Pan-Canadian Report This paper has been prepared for the Strengthening Rural Canada initiative by:
More informationPoverty: A Social Justice Issue. Jim Southard. Professor David Lucas. Siena Heights University
Running head: POVERTY: A SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUE Poverty: A Social Justice Issue Jim Southard Professor David Lucas Siena Heights University Poverty: A Social Justice Issue 2 Introduction: Is poverty a serious
More informationABSTRACT...2 INTRODUCTION...2 LITERATURE REVIEW...3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND...6 ECONOMETRIC MODELING...7 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS...9 RESULTS...
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...2 INTRODUCTION...2 LITERATURE REVIEW...3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND...6 ECONOMETRIC MODELING...7 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS...9 RESULTS...10 LIMITATIONS/FUTURE RESEARCH...11 CONCLUSION...12
More informationThe Trends of Income Inequality and Poverty and a Profile of
http://www.info.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/d90_3.htm Page 1 of 6 Published in TDRI Quarterly Review Vol. 5 No. 4 December 1990, pp. 14-19 Editor: Nancy Conklin The Trends of Income Inequality and
More informationInternational Remittances and the Household: Analysis and Review of Global Evidence
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized International Remittances and the Household: Analysis and Review of Global Evidence Richard
More informationContents. List of Figures List of Maps List of Tables List of Contributors. 1. Introduction 1 Gillette H. Hall and Harry Anthony Patrinos
Contents List of Figures List of Maps List of Tables List of Contributors page vii ix x xv 1. Introduction 1 Gillette H. Hall and Harry Anthony Patrinos 2. Indigenous Peoples and Development Goals: A Global
More informationPresentation prepared for the event:
Presentation prepared for the event: Inequality in a Lower Growth Latin America Monday, January 26, 2015 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Washington, D.C. Inequality in LAC: Explaining
More informationRemittances To Latin America and The Caribbean in 2010 STABILIZATION. after the crisis. Multilateral Investment Fund Member of the IDB Group
Remittances To Latin America and The Caribbean in 2010 STABILIZATION after the crisis Multilateral Investment Fund Member of the IDB Group Total: US$ 58.9 billion 2010 REMITTANCES TO LATIN AMERICA AND
More informationDoes Paternity Leave Matter for Female Employment in Developing Economies?
Policy Research Working Paper 7588 WPS7588 Does Paternity Leave Matter for Female Employment in Developing Economies? Evidence from Firm Data Mohammad Amin Asif Islam Alena Sakhonchik Public Disclosure
More informationInternal and International Migration and Development: Research and Policy Perspectives
2 Internal and International Migration and Development: Research and Policy Perspectives Josh DeWind Director, Migration Program, Social Science Research Council Jennifer Holdaway Associate Director, Migration
More informationRemittance and Household Expenditures in Kenya
Remittance and Household Expenditures in Kenya Christine Nanjala Simiyu KCA University, Nairobi, Kenya. Email: csimiyu@kca.ac.ke Abstract Remittances constitute an important source of income for majority
More informationAsian Economic and Financial Review GENDER AND SPATIAL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT GAPS IN TURKEY
Asian Economic and Financial Review ISSN(e): 2222-6737/ISSN(p): 2305-2147 journal homepage: http://www.aessweb.com/journals/5002 GENDER AND SPATIAL EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT GAPS IN TURKEY Edward Nissan 1
More informationDimensions of rural urban migration
CHAPTER-6 Dimensions of rural urban migration In the preceding chapter, trends in various streams of migration have been discussed. This chapter examines the various socio-economic and demographic aspects
More informationThe Poor in the Indian Labour Force in the 1990s. Working Paper No. 128
CDE September, 2004 The Poor in the Indian Labour Force in the 1990s K. SUNDARAM Email: sundaram@econdse.org SURESH D. TENDULKAR Email: suresh@econdse.org Delhi School of Economics Working Paper No. 128
More informationVenezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Human Development Report 2013 The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World Explanatory note on 2013 HDR composite indices Venezuela (Bolivarian HDI values and rank changes in the 2013 Human
More informationLatin American Immigration in the United States: Is There Wage Assimilation Across the Wage Distribution?
Latin American Immigration in the United States: Is There Wage Assimilation Across the Wage Distribution? Catalina Franco Abstract This paper estimates wage differentials between Latin American immigrant
More informationAsia-Pacific to comprise two-thirds of global middle class by 2030, Report says
Strictly embargoed until 14 March 2013, 12:00 PM EDT (New York), 4:00 PM GMT (London) Asia-Pacific to comprise two-thirds of global middle class by 2030, Report says 2013 Human Development Report says
More informationThe Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances Received in Four Regions
The Park Place Economist Volume 26 Issue 1 Article 14 2018 The Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances Received in Four Regions Olivia Heffernan Illinois Wesleyan University, oheffern@iwu.edu Recommended
More informationHuman development in China. Dr Zhao Baige
Human development in China Dr Zhao Baige 19 Environment Twenty years ago I began my academic life as a researcher in Cambridge, and it is as an academic that I shall describe the progress China has made
More informationAvoiding Crime in Latin America and the Caribbean 1
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK GROUP LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SERIES NOTE NO. 7 REV. 8/2014 Basic
More information