Deindustrialization, Professionalization and Racial Inequality in Cape Town,

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Deindustrialization, Professionalization and Racial Inequality in Cape Town,"

Transcription

1 Deindustrialization, Professionalization and Racial Inequality in Cape Town, Abstract Since published in 2012 in Urban Affairs Review 48(6), pp Owen Crankshaw Scholars argue that persistent racial inequality in Cape Town is caused by deindustrialization that has led to high uneployent aong blacks (Africans, coloureds and Indians) and the polarization of the occupational structure into a class of ostly white highly-paid anagers and professionals and a class of ostly black low-paid service sector workers. This study shows that deindustrialization has not produced a large class of black low-wage service sector workers. Instead, it has produced a professionalizing occupational structure alongside high uneployent. Although whites benefited fro the growth of the professional and anagerial jobs, these occupations have been substantially deracialised. The consequence for the racial geography of Cape Town is that the city is becoing divided into racially-ixed, iddle-class neighborhoods and black working-class neighborhoods characterized by high uneployent. Keywords Deindustrialization, racial inequality, polarization, professionalisation, post-fordist spatial order, urban inequality, class inequality, residential desegregation, residential segregation, South Africa The Relationship between Deindustrialization and Racial Inequality Racial inequality has proved to be a persistent feature of urban populations in both developed and developing countries. Even in societies where racially discriinatory legislation has long since been abolished and where affirative action is practiced, racial inequality has not declined. In response to this phenoenon, scholars have turned to alternative explanations for the persistence of racial inequality. One of these explanations concerns the ipact of the changing econoic structure of cities on racial and class inequality. Within this school, scholars agree that the shift fro goods-producing industries to service-producing industries has resulted in the growth of high-incoe, white-collar jobs and the decline in iddle-incoe blue-collar jobs. There is disagreeent, however, about the eployent trends of lowincoe, low-skilled workers (Bailey and Waldinger 1991, 43). Soe authors argue that deindustrialization and the concoitant growth of the service sector led to the decline in deand for poorly-educated workers, which has led to their growing levels of uneployent (Burgers 1996, 100; Hanett 1994, 422; Hanett 1996, 109; Kasarda 1989, 30; Wilson 1996, 27-9). By contrast, others have argued that the growth of service sector eployent has resulted in a growing deand for low-skilled and low-wage workers and have given less attention to uneployent (Bau 1997 and 1999; Chiu and Lui 2004; Harrison and Bluestone 1988; Sassen 1994, 1998 and 2001). These different odels of urban inequality have quite different iplications for interpreting changing patterns of racial inequality under conditions of de-industrialization. Generally, scholars have been concerned to understand the persistence of inequality between black, Hispanic and other non-white residents, on the one hand, and white residents, on the other. They argue that white residents urbanized earlier than ost non-white residents and benefited fro the growth of iddle-incoe, anual jobs in the anufacturing sector during the 1

2 nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By contrast, non-whites, who igrated to cities during a later period when anufacturing jobs began to decline, bore the brunt of iddleincoe job losses. As a result, subsequent generations of non-white residents have not been as upwardly obile as their white predecessors. In the context of northern US cities, ost nonwhites are usually African Aericans or Hispanics. Whereas the forer are igrants and their descendants who cae fro the countryside and southern cities, the latter are iigrants and their descendants who cae fro Mexico and Central Aerican and Caribbean countries (Waldinger and Bozorgehr 1996, 15). In the context of Europe, ost non-whites are iigrants and their descendants who cae fro India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Africa, Asian and Caribbean countries (Hanett 2003, 109; Vertovec 2007, 1031). Both the professionalisation and uneployent and the polarization odels of inequality agree that de-industrialization and the growth of service sector eployent has increased racial inequality because non-whites, with higher proportions of recent low-skilled igrants, have borne the brunt of iddle-incoe job losses caused by the decline of the anufacturing sector. By contrast, the white population, with a greater proportion of better-educated natives, is said to have benefited fro the growth of highly-paid professional, anagerial and technical jobs. At this point in the arguent, these odels of inequality disagree. Those scholars who support the professionalisation and uneployent thesis argue that deindustrialization has resulted in higher rates of uneployent aong low-skilled non-whites than aong better-educated whites (Kasarda 1989, 33; Kesteloot 1995, ; Kesteloot 2000, ; Ortiz 1996; Wilson 1980; Wilson 1987, 39-41; Wilson 1996, 30). By contrast, scholars who support the polarization thesis argue that racial inequality is increased by the disproportionate concentration of non-whites in the growing low-wage, low-skilled service sector jobs and the concentration of whites in the better-paid professional and anagerial jobs (Bau 1997, 1897; Harrison and Bluestone 1988, 70; Sassen 1990, 83-4; Sassen 1998, 46; Sassen 2001, 321). However, it would be wrong to infer fro this pattern of persistent racial inequality in Europe and the USA that non-whites are uniforly disadvantaged by de-industrialization. To the contrary, ost researchers agree that there is a great deal of educational, occupational and incoe differentiation aong racial inorities (Clark 1998, 191; Clark and McNicholas 1996, 61; Clark 2003, 124; Hanett 2003, 115; Waldinger and Bozorgehr 1996: pp.26-7; Wilson 2003, 1099). Consequently, the growth of the professional and anagerial iddle class, which is one of the ain consequences of de-industrialization, has not solely benefited native white residents. These theories about urban racial inequality in Europe and the USA have been applied to recent studies of racial inequality in post-apartheid Cape Town. Generally, scholars argue that Cape Town s integration into the global econoy has deepened the patterns of racial inequality inherited fro a history of colonialis and Apartheid (Jenkins and Wilkinson 2002; Leanski 2007; McDonald 2008; Robins 2002; Turok 2001). In ore specific ters, they argue that in responding to the global deand for producer services and touris, Cape Town is increasingly taking on the characteristics of a global city. Foreign investent, in the for of Waterfront redevelopent, world-class hotels, international conference centers, casinos, shopping alls and office parks, is geared towards the needs of wealthy foreign tourists and the growing inforation technology, fil and financial sectors. This stands in contrast to the poor perforance of the anufacturing industry, which was hard-hit by factory closures, especially in the doinant sub-sectors of clothing, textile and food-processing. These authors argue that this deindustrialization has deepened inequality aong the residents of Cape Town, not only in ters of their racial and class differences, but also in geographical ters. 2

3 In ters of Cape Town s class structure, these authors argue that the growth of service sector eployent and the decline of anufacturing eployent has resulted in the occupational polarization of the eployed workforce. In other words, there has been a decline in the eployent of iddle-incoe workers, who are ostly blue-collar anufacturing workers, and a siultaneous growth in the eployent of high-wage professionals and anagers and low-wage, unskilled anual workers (Leanski 2007, 457). These scholars also clai that declining anufacturing eployent has increased racial inequality because it has caused high levels of uneployent and inforal sector activity aong less-skilled workers, who are ostly black (Jenkins and Wilkinson 2002, 40; Leanski 2007, 457; Robins 2002, 683). The overall arguent, therefore, is that the globalization of Cape Town has led to the decline of iddle-incoe, working-class jobs, which has further arginalized African and colored workers fro iddle-incoe and high-incoe jobs. The result of this shift in the occupational structure is a significant socio-econoic polarization based on race because whites still doinate the higher-skilled and higher-paid jobs (Leanski 2007, 457). These new class divisions are said to correspond with the old racial geography of Apartheid Cape Town. Instead of eroding residential racial segregation, these new post-fordist class divisions are said to correspond largely with the racial and geographical division between iddle-class white suburbs and working-class black (African, colored and Indian) public housing estates or townships. The following quotes deonstrate how widely-held this position is: To date, the pattern of socio-spatial developent in [Cape Town] during the period of re-integration into the global econoy has not diverged significantly fro the pattern established under apartheid. (Jenkins and Wilkinson 2002, 41) The race and class divide between Cape Town s historically white inner city and southern suburbs on the one side, and the black [African] and colored townships on the other, reains firly intact in the new South Africa. (Robins 2002, 671) Fro its (always overstated) reputation as a racially tolerant and relatively ixed city under apartheid, Cape Town has arguably becoe the ost racially segregated and racist city in the country. (McDonald 2008, 9) There is a gulf between Cape Town s poor townships [black neighborhoods] and its affluent suburbs [white neighborhoods] which appears to be widening in several respects. Institutional practices and arket forces are tending to reinforce spatial divisions rather than to assist urban integration, and there has been little spontaneous oveent of disadvantaged counities into well-located areas. Consequently, Cape Town reains one of the least-altered cities in the country. (Turok 2001, 2371) The overall arguent, therefore, is that the globalization of Cape Town is inhibiting governent attepts to integrate the racially divided class structure and geography of the city (Leanski 2007, 458). This study will contribute to this debate by presenting evidence to evaluate these clais. First, following the clais of Borel-Saladin and Crankshaw (2009), I argue that since 2001 the occupational structure of eployent has continued to grow in a professionalizing and not a polarizing pattern. As far as low-skilled black workers jobs are concerned, this eans that their low incoes are increasingly driven, not by the growth of low-waged eployent, but by high levels of uneployent. Second, I argue that a substantial proportion of black (African, colored and Indian) Cape Town residents have benefited fro the growth of these non-anual service sector jobs. I will also show that this upward occupational obility is 3

4 starting to erode racial residential segregation as blacks increasingly ove to live in neighborhoods that were previously restricted for white residents only. Finally, it is iportant to state that I a not arguing that the upward obility of any blacks into non-anual service sector jobs is causing overall racial incoe inequality to decline. In spite of governent legislation that has abolished the legal exclusion of blacks fro jobs and educational institutions previously reserved for whites only, inter-racial incoe differences have reained alost unchanged (Leibbrandt, Finn and Woolard 2012; Seekings and Nattrass 2005). In a contradictory pattern, the incoe gains aong blacks due to upward occupational obility have been eroded by growing levels of black uneployent. The evidence on eployent trends presented in this study is based on the Population Censuses, the Labor Force Surveys and the Counity Survey, conducted under the auspices of Statistics South Africa (StatsSA), which is the official source of statistics on South Africa. 1 The Population Censuses provide data for the City of Cape Town fro 1980 to The Labor Force Surveys provide data for the period 2000 to 2010, but only for the Western Province. The Counity Survey, conducted in 2007, also provides estiates for Cape Town (StatsSA 2007). Social Polarization or Professionalisation in Cape Town? On the face of it, the coparison of eployent trends in Cape Town in ters of theories developed to explain racial inequality in Chicago, New York and London ight see surprising. However, Cape Town is a good test case for the polarisation and professionalisation theses for a nuber of reasons. Firstly, eployent trends in Cape Town have also shown a stagnation of anufacturing eployent and vigorous growth in service sector eployent. Second, the population of Cape Town has also been characterised by waves of urbanization by different races that allow us to exaine the ipact of deindustrialization on racial inequality. Unlike ost South African cities, Cape Town is characterized by relatively large colored and white populations and a relatively sall African population. The reasons for this lie in the early colonial history of Cape Town and its rural hinterland, which featured white settlers; slaves brought ostly fro India, Bangladesh, Indonesia and West Africa; and the indigenous Khoisan population rather than the indigenous African population as elsewhere in the country (Whisson, 1972). During the apartheid period, coloreds were able to urbanise legally, whereas Africans were prevented fro peranent settleent in Cape Town by the Influx Control laws. In ore recent decades, African igration to Cape Town has increased, but coloreds still coprise about half the population. So, whites and coloreds first doinated the population in equal proportions until the late 1940s, with whites having privileged access to education and jobs. Thereafter, the white population grew slowly while the colored and African populations grew at a uch faster rate due to higher fertility rates and urbanisation. Most of the growth in the colored population took place fro the late 1940s, and ost of the growth of the African population took place fro the late 1970s. So, whites in Cape Town were were probably largely of urban origin by the late 1940s. By contrast, colored urbanisation took place during the rise and stagnation of anufacturing eployent and African urbanisation took place ostly after anufacturing eployent began to stagnate. Because these racial patterns of igration and econoic growth confor in broad outline to those found in North Aerican and European cities, this provides an opportunity to evaluate how well the copeting polarisation and professionalisation theories can explain patterns of racial inequality. Leanski (2007, 457) argues that de-industrialization in Cape Town over the period 1995 to 2004 has resulted in a polarized pattern of job growth in which there have been siilar increases in the eployent of highly-skilled and unskilled workers and a decline in the 4

5 eployent of sei-skilled workers. Her evidence is based on data published by the South African Cities Network (2006). These results contradict the research by Borel-Saladin and Crankshaw (2009, 658-9), who argued that de-industrialization over the period 1980 to 2001 resulted in professionalization rather than polarization. Their interpretation was based on findings that showed little decline in iddle-incoe jobs because the growth of clerical, sales and service jobs had alost copensated for the decline of sei-skilled anual jobs in the anufacturing sector. Furtherore, there was no substantial polarization since eployent growth aong highly-skilled anagers and professionals was twice as uch as the growth aong unskilled anual workers between 1980 and The statistical discrepancy between these two accounts is due to a publishing error in the South African Cities Network report and the use of different occupational classifications. 2 In the case of the forer, the data for sei- and unskilled eployent was transposed with those for skilled eployent. These results therefore show a decline rather than an increase in sei-skilled and unskilled eployent. Leanski s arguent that the occupational structure is polarizing is therefore not supported by the South African Cities Network research. To the contrary, these findings support Hanett s professionalization thesis, since the eployent of highly skilled anagers, professionals and technicians grew steadily while sei-skilled and unskilled anual jobs declined in nuber. However, because the occupational classification used by the South African Cities Network places sei-skilled and unskilled anual jobs in the sae category, these trends hide the fact that sei-skilled jobs declined over this period while unskilled jobs grew slowly. This study updates these trends for Cape Town using the results of the Counity Survey conducted in I have also analyzed the results of the 1991 and 1996 Population Censuses to confir that the change between 1980 and 2001 identified by Borel-Saladin and Crankshaw (2009) is a consistent trend over this period. The absolute estiates provided by the Population Censuses and the Counity Survey are coparable, so I have included the in the sae series. By contrast, the estiates provided by the Labor Force Survey are uch higher and, consequently, there is a disjunction between the Population Census series and the Labor Force Survey series. I have therefore analyzed the Labor Force Survey results separately. The analysis of changes in the occupational structure of eployent in Cape Town over the period 1980 to 2007 show a clear, long-ter trend of occupational professionalisation, rather than polarization (Figure 1). Eployent in Managerial, Professional, Technical and Associate Professional occupations grew at a uch faster rate than all other occupational groups, whereas the eployent of Unskilled or Eleentary Manual Workers stagnated after This is clearly not a polarizing pattern of eployent growth, which proposes substantial growth of both high-skilled and low-skilled jobs. Furtherore, although eployent in iddle-incoe Skilled (Craft and related trades) and Sei-Skilled (Plant and Machine Operators and Asseblers) Manual jobs stagnated, there was fairly strong growth in the iddle-incoe Clerical, Service and Shop and Sales jobs. In general, there was therefore substantial growth in high-incoe jobs, soe growth in iddle-incoe, non-anual jobs and soewhat less growth in low-incoe jobs. This pattern of growth is ore accurately described as an upgrading of the skills level of the workforce, or professionalisation. 5

6 t n e y lo p E Managers, Professionals, Technicians & Associate Professionals Clerks, Service Workers & Shop & Sales Workers Skilled & Sei-Skilled Manual Workers Unskilled Manual Workers Figure 1. Eployent trends by ajor occupational group in Cape Town, These eployent trends for Cape Town can be copared with the trends for the Western Cape as a whole. The erit of this coparison is that it allows for use of the Labor Force Survey and Quarterly Labor Force Survey over a longer period, fro 2000 to Although it ight see a stretch to use Western Cape estiates to infer trends within the unicipal boundaries of the City of Cape Town, bear in ind that 69% of the Western Cape s eployed workforce lives in Cape Town. The results for the Western Cape show that highly-skilled eployent (Professional, Managerial, Technical and Associate Professional jobs) continued to increase over this period. Siilarly, Clerical, Service and Shop and Sales eployent also grew strongly. By contrast, eployent in Skilled, Sei-Skilled and Unskilled anual jobs stagnated (Figure 2). The extent of this shift fro anual to non-anual eployent was draatic. Whereas in 2000, Managers, Professionals, Technicians and Associate Professionals coprised one of the sallest occupational groups, over the intervening years it has grown to such an extent that its nubers exceeded the size of unskilled eployent. Siilarly, Clerical, Service and Shop and Sales jobs grew fro being the sallest occupational group to overtake the nubers of Skilled and Sei-Skilled Manual jobs and are now alost as nuerous as Unskilled Manual jobs. These eployent trends do not support Sassen s (1994; 2001) occupational polarization thesis for two reasons. First, the nubers of Unskilled Manual jobs are not increasing, so there is no eployent growth at the low-skilled, low-incoe pole in the occupational structure. Instead, there was draatic growth only in the high-skill, high-incoe pole. This evidence alone is enough to disiss the polarization thesis. Instead, these results support Hanett s (1994) professionalization thesis. 6

7 t n e y lo p E Managers, Professionals, Technicians & Associate Professionals Unskilled Manual Workers Clerks, Service Workers & Shop & Market Sales Workers Skilled and Sei-skilled Manual Workers Figure 2: Eployent trends by ajor occupational group in the Western Cape, 2000 to 2010 (3-year oving average) Second, there has been draatic growth in iddle-incoe jobs in the for of Clerical, Service and Shop and Sales jobs. Although de-industrialization has resulted in the slow growth of iddle-incoe skilled and sei-skilled anual jobs, the draatic growth of iddle-incoe Clerical, Service and Shop and Sales jobs has ensured that the overall growth of iddle-incoe jobs has increased rather than declined. The overall pattern of eployent growth is therefore one of professionalization, in which there has been an upgrading of the educational and skill requireents of the eployed workforce. Consistent with trends elsewhere, the professionalisation of the eployed workforce has been accopanied by a steep rise in uneployent. In 1980, the uneployent rate in Cape Town was a ere 4%. By 1991, it had risen to 14%, reached 20% in 1996 and, after peaking at 29% in 2001, fell to 24% by The fact that this steep rise in uneployent coincided with deindustrialization does suggest a causal relationship. However, in order for de-industrialization to cause such a high level of uneployent, the overall rate of eployent growth should have been very slow or should have declined. In fact, for ost years since 1980, eployent growth has been quite strong. Econoists, who have studied national eployent trends, argue that the ain reason for high uneployent was the large increase in the size of the labor force and not declining levels of eployent (Hodge 2009, 500; Kingdon and Knight 2009, 302). This arguent certainly applies to Cape Town, where the average rate of eployent growth between 1980 and 2007 was 2.7% per annu, copared to the substantially faster rate of growth of the labor force, which was 3.6% per annu. In other words, between 1980 and 2007, the workforce grew at a faster rate than eployent and this is therefore an iportant, additional, cause of high uneployent in Cape Town. This is not to say that de-industrialization has not caused a skills isatch that has contributed to uneployent. Although there is evidence that textile workers have been leaving factory work to take clerical and sales jobs at siilar wages (Mthenthe 2008), it is nonetheless likely that the iddle-incoe clerical and sales jobs do require ore literacy, nueracy and (English and Afrikaans) language skills than were associated with anual, iddle-incoe 7

8 jobs in the anufacturing sector. This skills isatch ay have caused soe uneployent, but it is certainly not the sole cause of the extreely high levels of uneployent young black residents in Cape Town. Professionalisation and Trends in Racial Inequality What were the iplications of these changes in the occupational class structure for racial inequality in Cape Town? Proponents of the polarization thesis argue that occupational polarization has contributed to racial inequality in two ways. First, they argue that the growth of Professional, Managerial, Technical and Associate Professional jobs has largely benefited whites rather than blacks. Second, they argue that the decline of anufacturing eployent has deprived blacks of iddle-incoe jobs and third, that anufacturing workers have been forced into uneployent and low-incoe unskilled jobs. Consequently, according to this arguent, occupational polarization has resulted in significant socioeconoic polarization based on race (Leanski 2007, 457). The first of these arguents can be tested by exaining the extent of upward black obility into the iddle-class, naely Professional, Managerial, Technical and Associate Professional jobs. The results for the City of Cape Town show that the white share of iddle-class jobs declined fro 75% in 1980 to 46% in 2007 (Figure 3). In statistical ters, this declining share is due to the slower absolute growth rate of the white iddle class. Whereas the colored and Indian iddle class grew at an annual average rate of 6% and the African iddle class grew at a rate of 12%, the white iddle class grew at an average rate of only 2% per annu t n e y lo p E White Coloured & Indian African Figure 3. Percentage racial coposition of eployent in professional, anagerial and technical occupations in Cape Town, The results for the Western Cape suggest that white eployent in the iddle class actually declined slightly over the period 2000 to 2010 (Figure 4). By contrast, the nubers of iddleclass coloreds, Indians and Africans have ore than doubled over the sae period. In absolute ters, there are now alost as any coloreds and Indians in the iddle class as there are whites. In relative ters, the white share of iddle class jobs fell fro 65% in 2000 to 46% in Although it is true that whites are concentrated in the better-paid and ore 8

9 skilled iddle-class occupations, these results show that white predoinance in iddle class jobs is declining fast. The professionalization of the class structure is therefore not reinforcing racial inequality by excluding blacks fro iddle-class jobs. These results should not be surprising. Since the early 1990s, the growth of the black professional and anagerial iddle class has been fostered by the de-racialisation of both educational and job opportunities as well as black affirative action in eployent (Seekings 2008): The Eployent Equity Act of 1998 requires private eployers with id-sized and large-sized workforces to report on their progress in appointing black workers to skilled and highly-skilled jobs t n e y lo p E White Coloured & Indian African Figure 4: The Changing Racial Coposition of Professional, Managerial and Technical Eployent in the Western Cape, 2000 to 2010 The second arguent, that deindustrialization has deprived blacks of iddle-incoe eployent, can be tested by exaining the changing racial coposition of Clerical, Service and Shop and Sales jobs. These are non-anual, iddle-incoe jobs that have to a large extent replaced the Skilled and Sei-Skilled Manual iddle-incoe jobs that were lost due to the eployent decline in the anufacturing sector. The results for Cape Town suggest that white eployent in these jobs declined steeply since By contrast, colored, Indian and African eployent grew steadily (Figure 5). As a result the white share of Clerical, Service and Shop and Sales jobs declined fro 55% in 1980 to 19% in The results for the Western Cape reveal that by 2000, white eployent in these jobs was already sall and in fairly rapid decline (Figure 6). By contrast, colored, Indian and African eployent in these Clerical, Service Shop and Sales occupations grew steadily. In relative ters, the share of white eployent halved fro 34% in 2000 to 15% in It would therefore be fair to say that ost new iddle-incoe jobs, which are found largely in the growing service sector, have gone to African, colored and Indian workers. The professionalization of the eployed workforce has therefore not been accopanied by persistent racial inequality. To the contrary, better-educated coloreds, Indians and Africans 9

10 have benefited fro the growth of both iddle-incoe Clerical, Service Shop and Sales jobs and high-incoe Managerial, Professional, Technical and Associate Professional jobs t n e y lo p E Coloured & Indian White African Figure 5. The changing racial coposition of eployent in Clerical, Service and Sales occupations in Cape Town, 1980 to t n e y lo p E Coloured & Indian African White Figure 6. The changing racial coposition of eployent in Clerical, Sales and Service occupations in the Western Cape, 2000 to

11 What about the ipact of the loss of anual iddle-incoe jobs in the anufacturing sector on racial inequality? Over the period 1980 to 2001, the anufacturing sector shed alost 38,000 achine operators, asseblers, drivers and artisans, ost of who were colored workers (Borel-Saladin 2006, 63; Borel-Saladin and Crankshaw 2009, 654). However, the growth of these Skilled and Sei-Skilled Manual jobs in the service sector reduced the overall losses to about 21,000 jobs between 1980 and This is a relatively sall nuber of jobs considering that about 387,000 workers were uneployed in However, as Borel-Saladin (2006, 60) has argued, if anufacturing eployent had continued to grow at the sae rate that it did in previous decades, about 164,000 jobs would have been created. The loss of such a substantial nuber of anufacturing jobs contributed to the high levels of uneployent in Cape Town. The third arguent, by contrast, receives ixed support fro this evidence. The finding that there has not been substantial growth in low-wage jobs obviously rules out the arguent that poorly-educated blacks are being forced into low-wage eployent by deindustrialization. However, as discussed above, there is evidence that the professionalisation of the eployed workforce has been accopanied by persistent and extreely high levels of uneployent. The fact that this steep rise in uneployent coincided with de-industrialization does suggest a causal relationship. Certainly, it is likely that the iddle-incoe clerical and sales jobs do require ore literacy, nueracy and (English and Afrikaans) language skills than were associated with anual, iddle-incoe jobs in the anufacturing sector. An additional explanation for these high levels of uneployent ay lie in the fact that the labor force has grown so uch faster than eployent (Hodge 2009, 502; Kingdon and Knight 2009, 302). Both of these explanations are consistent with the fact that blacks are ore uneployed than whites. Not only are blacks, on average, less skilled than whites, an enduring legacy of apartheid schooling, but they are also younger and therefore entered the labor arket ore recently. So, deindustrialization has probably contributed to uneployent aong lowskilled black workers, thereby contributing to racial inequality. However, it is also true that black uneployent has been caused by the growth of the labor force, uch of which is due to the igration of low-skilled African workers to Cape Town. The post-apartheid pattern of racial inequality in de-industrialising Cape Town is therefore a coplex one, with contradictory trends for black residents. On the one hand, there was substantial black upward occupational obility into high-incoe and iddle-incoe jobs that were created by the growing service sector. On the other hand, job losses caused by deindustrialisation have contributed to extreely high levels of uneployent aong ostly black, young and poorly-educated workers. As a result of these contradictory trends, overall racial inequality is probably not declining. Nonetheless, the iddle class is becoing racially ixed, with iplications for racial coposition of residents in the forerly whites-only neighbourhoods of Cape Town. Race, Class and Space in Cape Town During the apartheid period, racial residential segregation was deepened by a nuber of policies. The first was the dearcation of existing neighborhoods into Group Areas for each race. The legislation governing these group areas ade it illegal for any person to reside in an area that was not designated for their race. The second entailed the forced reoval of black residents fro neighborhoods that were designated for white residence. Most infaously, the state reoved black residents fro neighborhoods in Sion s Town, Sea Point, Mowbray, District Six and Wynberg (Field 2001; Hart 1988; Western 1981; Whisson 1972). The last, and probably the ost iportant policy, entailed the state provision of housing for poor blacks that was spatially separate fro existing white areas. These policies led to the creation 11

12 Figure 7. The Group Areas in Cape Town during the Apartheid period (Source: Graha 2007) of a sharp racial divide between the African and colored Cape Flats neighborhoods and the white southern and northern neighborhoods (Figure 7). By 2001, the geography of the old Group Areas still largely corresponded to a division between predoinantly iddle-class neighborhoods in the west and north of the City and predoinantly working class neighborhoods in the south east of the City (Figure 8). 3 To what extent has the occupational obility of black residents into iddle-class professional and anagerial jobs resulted in the racial desegregation of the forerly whites-only neighborhoods? The ost recent neighborhood-level data are those that were collected by the 12

13 Figure 8. The percentage coposition of iddle-class residents in Cape Town neighborhoods, 2001 (Source: Graha 2007) 13

14 2001 Population Census. Graha (2007) used these data to calculate the percentage of black residents living in the forerly whites-only neighbourhoods. 4 These results show that even by 2001, at least soe segregation was fairly widespread and, in certain neighborhoods, desegregation was substantial (Figure 9). Consistent with earlier research on residential desegregation (Saff 1998), the vast ajority of blacks who have oved into the forerly whites-only neighborhoods are coloreds. These results stand in contrast to the results of research on residential desegregation that relied on the calculation of segregation indices. Using this ethod, Christopher showed that by 1996 white neighbourhoods in Cape Town showed alost no change in their racial coposition since 1985 (Christopher 2001, 453). Exaining national statistics, he concluded that by 2001, Desegregation is taking place in South African cities, but it is progressing at a very slow pace... (Christopher 2005, 274). The reason why Christopher s calculations show very little change is probably due to one of the liitations of the segregation index. Cortese, Falk and Cohen (1976, 631) show that the segregation index cannot be used to copare levels of segregation at different points in tie if the percentage contributions of the races change. Put siply, the denoinator in the equation ust be constant if the result is to reflect real changes in levels of segregation. Since the white population of Cape Town declined fro 33 per cent in 1980 to 19 per cent in 2001, this change has the effect of increasing the value of the segregation index. Why was it that certain neighborhoods were so substantially desegregated? The answer to this question probably lies in the characteristics of the neighborhoods theselves, such as their geography and housing stock. Soe of these neighborhoods are coprised largely of apartents, which are usually saller and cheaper than houses. Furtherore, any are also available for rent, which eans that the residential turnover is ore rapid, therefore providing ore opportunities for racial desegregation. Neighborhoods characterized by apartent buildings include the Central Business District (Pirie 2007, 137) and the inner-city neighborhoods of Greenpoint, Seapoint, Observatory, Mowbray, Brooklyn and Maitland (Figure 9). Furtherore, the reaining houses in these neighborhoods date fro as early as the nineteenth century and often take the for of terraced and sei-detached units. As such they cheaper, being sall and lacking off-street parking for otor vehicles. Desegregated neighborhoods in suburban locations are found along the first couter railway routes. In the southern suburbs, these include Kenilworth, Rondebosch East, Heathfield, Lansdowne West and Ottery. In the northern suburbs, they include Parow Valley, Parow, Beaconvale and Bellville Central. Although the housing stock dates largely fro the early twentieth century, these neighborhoods are considered desirable because of their convenient location to public bus and rail transport, good schools (Leon and Battersby- Lennard 2009) and other facilities that are found along the corridor developents of Main Road and Voortrekker Road. The extent of residential desegregation in soe these areas was such that whites are now, appropriately, a inority. For exaple, in soe neighborhoods, the percentage of white residents is less than 25%, which is less than their overall share of Cape Town s population. However, this high level of desegregation is largely liited to forerly whites-only neighborhoods that lie on the boundary with, or are surrounded by forerly coloreds-only neighborhoods. As one oves deeper into the forerly whites-only suburbs, the percentage of black residents drops to between 10 and 25% for ost neighborhoods. While racial desegregation of the forerly whites-only neighborhoods is starting to erode the racial geography of apartheid, a new geographical division between the eployed and uneployed residents of Cape Town is eerging. Uneployed residents are concentrated in 14

15 the public housing estates and shantytowns of the Cape Flats (Figure 10). In certain neighborhoods, such as Khayelitsha, Bloekobos, Gugulethu and Philippi, the uneployent rate is higher than 40%. These extreely high levels of uneployent stand in contrast to the white and racially-ixed iddle-class neighborhoods, where uneployent is seldo higher than 8%. Figure 9. The percentage of black (African, colored and Indian) residents in the forerly whites-only neighborhoods of Cape Town, 2001 (Source: Graha 2007) 15

16 Figure 10. The uneployent rate by neighborhood in Cape Town, 2001 (Source: Graha 2007) 16

17 Conclusion This study has exained the relationship between deindustrialization and racial inequality in Cape Town. The results show that the decline of anufacturing eployent and the concoitant rise in service sector eployent has not resulted in the occupational polarization of the workforce into high-skill, high-wage jobs on the one hand and low-wage, low skill jobs on the other. Instead, there has been an upgrading or professionalisation of the eployed workforce, with strong eployent growth of high-incoe professional and anagerial jobs and iddle-incoe clerical and sales jobs. By contrast, there was uch less eployent growth of low-wage, low-skill jobs. This result therefore disproves the arguent that racial inequality is being increased by the growth of low-wage, low-skilled jobs, in which black workers are concentrated. Instead, these results show that racial inequality was increased by the growth of uneployent aong black residents. This uneployent was caused in part by the decline of iddle-incoe anual jobs in the anufacturing sector. However, the increase in the size of the labor force is also an iportant cause of these high levels of uneployent. The latter cause of uneployent has nothing to do with econoic restructuring and is caused by natural population growth and igration to Cape Town. Although whites benefited fro the professionalisation of the eployed workforce, they were not the sole beneficiaries. Blacks were eployed in increasing nubers in the high-incoe professional and anagerial jobs. Although there was a decline in iddle-incoe anual jobs because of deindustrialization, these losses were ore than copensated for by the growth of iddle-incoe clerical and sales jobs in which blacks are predoinantly eployed. Professionalisation has therefore been associated with a decline in racial inequality aong the eployed workforce and deepening inequality between eployed and the uneployed ebers of the workforce. These changing patterns of occupational and racial inequality in the workforce have shaped the racial residential geography of Cape Town. Contrary to the arguent that the geographical division between black and white neighborhoods is becoing even deeper, these results show that the forerly whites-only neighborhoods are desegregating as the growing black iddle class of professionals and anagers oves out of the black Cape Flats neighborhoods. This is not the case for the low-skilled and uneployed black residents, who are increasingly concentrated in the old public housing estates, backyard roos and shack settleents of the Cape Flats. The eerging post-fordist spatial order of Cape Town is therefore not one that can be characterized solely with reference to racial divisions. The new divisions are increasing between racially-ixed, iddle-class neighborhoods on the one hand, and black working class neighborhoods characterized by high levels of uneployent. Acknowledgents Official statistics used in this study were ade available by the DataFirst Unit at the University of Cape Town. All data files and associated docuents referred to in this article are available to the public. Siply enquire at: The findings on residential desegregation are drawn fro the research conducted by y student Nancy Keggie (née Graha) under y supervision. The 1980 Census data were kindly provided by Jacqueline Borel-Saladin. This study was supported financially by the University of Cape Town and the National Research Foundation. The findings and conclusions of this research are those of the author and the NRF does not accept any liability for the. 17

18 Notes 1. The boundary of etropolitan Cape Town has changed over the years. Therefore, in order to allow for consistency across different population censuses, the data presented here are for the area bounded by the Magisterial Districts of Bellville, Cape, Goodwood, Kuilsriver, Mitchell s Plain, Sionstown, Soerset West, Strand and Wynberg. The Labor Force Survey (LFS) data were collected bi-annually by Statistics South Africa using a two-stage cluster saple over the period 2000 to The LFS is a saple survey, which eans that the absolute eployent estiates are projections. These estiates are calculated by ultiplying the survey saple results by a weight that calibrates the saple estiates to population projections. The calculation of the weights is based on the probabilities of selection in the saple, the refusal rate and deographic assuptions about population growth. The probabilities of selection are theselves based on the 2001 Population Census counts for the priary sapling units and updated during each survey (StatsSA 2001). The early LFS saples were designed only to represent the population nubers of the provinces. However, fro Septeber 2004 until Septeber 2007, the LFS saples were explicitly stratified by etropolitan unicipalities and district councils (StatsSA 2004). The probabilities of selection and the sapling weights for these areas are therefore known. This eans that for these surveys, estiates for Cape Town can be calculated. For the sake of brevity and because they do not represent a sufficiently longter trend, I have not presented the results for this period. Fro 2008 the saple and questionnaire of the LFS was changed and renaed the Quarterly Labor Force Survey (QLFS). The new saple was designed to produce statistics that represent the populations of provinces, district councils and the etropolitan unicipalities (StatsSA 2008, 2). The saple weights of the LFS were revised so that they were consistent with the new saple design of the QLFS (StatsSA 2009). 2. The publishing error was pointed out to e by Alison Todes, School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The original, correct version, is Figure 25 in the report by Hall and Roodt (2005, 62), on which the State of the Cities Report 2006 was based. As far as the use of different occupational classifications is concerned, Johann Erasus, who conducted the statistical analysis for the State of the Cities Report 2006, advised e that he used the following occupational classification: Highly Skilled (Managers, professionals and technicians); Skilled (Clerks, sales workers and service workers); and Sei- and unskilled (Craftsen/artisans, achine operators and unskilled anual labourers ). The eployent estiates in the State of the Cities Report 2006 therefore grouped unskilled anual labourers and sei-skilled achine operatives into a single category, which akes it ipossible to estiate trends in unskilled anual eployent alone. 3. The boundaries of these Group Areas are based on research conducted by Graha (2007) on Group Area boundaries for the forer Municipality of Cape Town. These Group Area classifications take the for of noting sheets that are a record of the Group Areas boundaries. These records were initially drawn up in 1975 by the office of the Property Section, Land Survey Branch, and subsequent Group Area proclaations up until 1989 were included. 4. These estiates include live-in doestic servants. Unlike Johannesburg, iddle-class hoes in Cape Town seldo have doestic servants quarters. Our initial statistical 18

19 analyses deonstrated that the racial coposition of forerly whites-only neighborhoods was not changed significantly by including doestic workers in the count (Graha 2007). References Bailey, T. and Waldinger, R The changing ethnic/racial division of labor. In Dual City: Restructuring New York, edited by J. Mollenkopf and M. Castells, New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Bau, S Sydney, Australia: a global city? Testing the social polarization thesis. Urban Studies 34 (11): Bau, S Social transforations in the global city: Singapore. Urban Studies 36 (7): Borel-Saladin, J. and O. Crankshaw Social polarization or professionalisation? Another look at theory and evidence. Urban Studies 46 (3): Harrison, B. and Bluestone, B The great u-turn: Corporate restructuring and the polarizing of Aerica. New York: Basic Books. Borel-Saladin, J Professionalisation or polarization? Econoic restructuring and changes in Cape Town s labor arket. Master s thesis, Departent of Environental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town. Burgers, J No polarisation in Dutch cities? Inequality in a corporatist country. Urban Studies 33 (1): Chiu, S. and Lui, T Testing the global city social polarization thesis: Hong Kong since the 1990s. Urban Studies 41 (10): Christopher, A Urban segregation in post-apartheid South Africa. Urban Studies 38 (3): Christopher, A Further progress in the desegregation of South African towns and cities, Developent Southern Africa 22 (2): Clark, A. and M. McNicholas Re-exaining econoic and social polarization in a ulti-ethnic etropolitan area: The case of Los Angeles. Area 28 (1): Clark, A The California cauldron: Iigration and the fortunes of local counities. New York: The Guildford Press. Clark, W Iigrants and the Aerican drea: Reaking the iddle class. New York: The Guildford Press. Cortese, C., Falk, R. and Cohen, J Further considerations of the ethodological analysis of segregation indices. Aerican Sociological Review 41 (4): Field, S. ed Lost counities, living eories: Reebering the forced reovals in Cape Town. Cape Town: David Philip. Graha, N Race and the post-fordist spatial order in Cape Town. Master s thesis, Geography Departent, University of Cape Town. Hall, E. and J. Roodt Annexure 1: An analysis of the skills profile in the cities of the South African Cities Network (SACN). Unpublished report. Hanett, C Social polarisation in global cities: Theory and evidence. Urban Studies 31 (3):

20 Hanett, C Why Sassen is wrong: A response to Burgers. Urban Studies 33 (1): Hanett, C Unequal city: London in the global arena. London: Routledge. Hart, D Political anipulation of urban space: The razing of District Six, Cape Town. Urban Geography 9 (6): Hodge, D Growth, eployent and uneployent in South Africa. South African Journal of Econoics 77 (4): Jenkins, P. and P. Wilkinson Assessing the growing ipact of the global econoy on urban developent in Southern African Cities. Cities 19 (1): Kasarda, J Urban industrial transition and the underclass. Annals of the Aerican Acadey of Political and Social Science 501: Kesteloot, C Three levels of socio-spatial polarization in Brussels. Built Environent 20 (3): Kesteloot, C Brussels: Post-Fordist polarization in a Fordist spatial canvas. In Globalizing cities: A new spatial order?, edited by P. Marcuse and R. van Kepen, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Kingdon, G. and Knight, J. (2009) Uneployent: South Africa s Achilles heel. In South African econoic policy under deocracy, edited by J. Aron, B. Kahn and G. Kingdon, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Leibbrandt, M., Finn, A. and Woolard, I Describing and decoposing post-apartheid incoe inequality in South Africa. Developent Southern Africa 29 (1): Leanski, C Global cities in the south: Deepening social and spatial polarization in Cape Town. Cities 24 (6): Leon, A. and J. Battersby-Lennard Overcoing the apartheid legacy in Cape Town schools. Geographical Review 99 (4): McDonald, D World city syndroe: Neoliberalis and inequality in Cape Town. New York: Routledge. Mthenthe Investigating the Growth Potential of the Clothing Industry and Identifying the Constraints to Growth. Cape Town: Mthenthe Research and Consulting Services. Ortiz, V The Mexican-origin population: Peranent working class or eerging iddle class? In Ethnic Los Angeles, edited by R. Waldinger and M. Bozorgehr, New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Pirie, G Reaniating a coatose goddess : Reconfiguring central Cape Town. Urban Foru 18 (3): Robins, S At the liits of spatial governability: A essage fro the tip of Africa. Third World Quarterly 23 (4): Saff, G Changing Cape Town: Urban dynaics, policy and planning during the political transition in South Africa. Lanha: University Press of Aerica. Sassen, S The obility of labor and capital: A study in international investent and labor flow. New York: Cabridge University Press. Sassen, S Cities in a world econoy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. Sassen, S Globalization and its discontents: Essays on the new obility of people and 20

CENTRE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH. Social Surveys Unit SOCIAL POLARISATION OR PROFESSIONALISATION? ANOTHER LOOK AT THEORY AND EVIDENCE

CENTRE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH. Social Surveys Unit SOCIAL POLARISATION OR PROFESSIONALISATION? ANOTHER LOOK AT THEORY AND EVIDENCE CENTRE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH Social Surveys Unit SOCIAL POLARISATION OR PROFESSIONALISATION? ANOTHER LOOK AT THEORY AND EVIDENCE Jacqueline Borel-Saladin Owen Crankshaw CSSR Working Paper No. 202

More information

Immigration and Social Justice

Immigration and Social Justice Iigration and ocial Justice (Translated fro the French original published in Revue Econoique, vol. 48, o. 5, epteber 1997, pages 1291-1309.) Thoas Piketty 1 ABTRACT Can the opening of the borders in the

More information

Ethnic Disparities in the Graduate Labour Market

Ethnic Disparities in the Graduate Labour Market D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S IZA DP No. 6159 Ethnic Disparities in the Graduate Labour Market Aslan Zorlu Noveber 2011 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of

More information

Bounds on Welfare-Consistent Global Poverty Measures

Bounds on Welfare-Consistent Global Poverty Measures Bounds on Welfare-Consistent Global Poverty Measures Martin Ravallion Departent of Econoics Georgetown University, Washington DC Shaohua Chen Developent Research Group World Bank, Washington DC Abstract:

More information

Factor Content of Intra-European Trade Flows

Factor Content of Intra-European Trade Flows Factor Content of Intra-European Trade Flows Götz Zeddies, Halle Institute for Econoic Research (IWH), Halle/Saale (Gerany) Abstract In recent decades, the international division of labor expanded rapidly

More information

Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality: A Survey of Trade and Wages*

Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality: A Survey of Trade and Wages* HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS Revised, October 2001 Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality: A Survey of Trade and Wages* Running Head Global Production Robert C. Feenstra Gordon H. Hanson

More information

Welfare-Consistent Global Poverty Measures

Welfare-Consistent Global Poverty Measures Policy Research Working Paper 8170 WPS8170 Welfare-Consistent Global Poverty Measures Martin Ravallion Shaohua Chen Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

More information

Migrants Movement. Introduction to Trade Unions for Migant Workers. February 24th-25th 2011

Migrants Movement. Introduction to Trade Unions for Migant Workers. February 24th-25th 2011 Migrants Moveent February 24th-25th 2011 Introduction to Trade Unions for Migant Workers MAP Foundation P.O. Box 7. Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202 Tel/Fax: 053 811 202. E-ail: ap@apfoundationc.org

More information

2 Gender, Poverty, and Wealth

2 Gender, Poverty, and Wealth 2 Gender, Poverty, and Wealth The large ajority of poor people in the world live in developing countries. The World Developent Report published by the World Bank (1990) estiates that in 1985, about one-third

More information

Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management Cornell University, Ithaca, New York USA

Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management Cornell University, Ithaca, New York USA WP 2011-03 January 2011 Working Paper Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Econoics and Manageent Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7801 USA A NOTE ON MEASURING THE DEPTH OF MINIMUM WAGE VIOLATION

More information

ESTIMATION OF GENDER WAGE DIFFERENTIALS IN EGYPT USING OAXACA DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUE *

ESTIMATION OF GENDER WAGE DIFFERENTIALS IN EGYPT USING OAXACA DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUE * ESTIMATION OF GENDER WAGE DIFFERENTIALS IN EGYPT USING OAXACA DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUE * Marwa Biltagy Assistant Proessor o Econoics Faculty o Econoics and Political Science Cairo University, Egypt bilarwa@eps.edu.eg

More information

On the Dynamics of Growth and Poverty in Cities

On the Dynamics of Growth and Poverty in Cities Growth and Poverty in Cities On the Dynaics of Growth and Poverty in Cities Marcellus Andrews Wellesley College This article presents a odel of the city as a growing, sall, open econoy in which the uneven

More information

Classification and Regression Approaches to Predicting United States Senate Elections. Rohan Sampath, Yue Teng

Classification and Regression Approaches to Predicting United States Senate Elections. Rohan Sampath, Yue Teng Classification and Regression Approaches to Predicting United States Senate Elections Rohan Sapath, Yue Teng Abstract The United States Senate is arguably the finest deocratic institution for debate and

More information

FINAL PROJECT REPORT. University of Delaware Disaster Research Center. # 10 ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES Russell R. Dynes and Dennis E.

FINAL PROJECT REPORT. University of Delaware Disaster Research Center. # 10 ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES Russell R. Dynes and Dennis E. University of Delaware Disaster Research Center FIAL PROJECT REPORT # 10 EVIROMETAL CRISES Russell R. Dynes and Dennis E. Wenger January 19, 1971 Contract o. 6-012-Ohio MG 14-01-0001-1536 Water Resources

More information

Immigration Policy and Counterterrorism

Immigration Policy and Counterterrorism Iigration Policy and Counterterroris Subhayu Bandyopadhyay a ederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, and IZA, Bonn odd Sandler b University of exas at Dallas April 2011 Abstract A terrorist group, based in a

More information

HQPE and the journal literature in the history of economic thought

HQPE and the journal literature in the history of economic thought History of Political Econoy 5:3 0 983 by Duke University Press HQPE and the journal literature in the history of econoic thought eil de Marchi and John Lodewijks I What sorts of changes should we expect

More information

Estimation of Gender Wage Differentials using Oaxaca Decomposition Technique

Estimation of Gender Wage Differentials using Oaxaca Decomposition Technique Loyola University Chicago Loyola ecoons Topics in Middle Eastern and North Arican Econoies Quinlan School o Business 5-1-2014 Estiation o Gender Wage Dierentials using Oaxaca Decoposition Technique Marwa

More information

and with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1

and with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1 and with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1 Inequality and growth: the contrasting stories of Brazil and India Concern with inequality used to be confined to the political left, but today it has spread to a

More information

European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions European Foundation or the Iproveent o Living and Working Conditions The gender pay gap Background paper Click or contents Wyattville Road, Loughlinstown, Dublin 18, Ireland. - Tel: (+353 1) 204 31 00

More information

DOES AUSTRALIAN LAW RECOGNISE PUBLIC LITIGATION?

DOES AUSTRALIAN LAW RECOGNISE PUBLIC LITIGATION? AlAL Foru No 17 DOES AUSTRALIAN LAW RECOGNISE PUBLIC LITIGATION? Andrea Durbach* PIAC's role in public interest litigation Paper presented to an AlAL seinar, Judicial Review - The Public Interest, Sydney,

More information

The problem of growing inequality in Canadian. Divisions and Disparities: Socio-Spatial Income Polarization in Greater Vancouver,

The problem of growing inequality in Canadian. Divisions and Disparities: Socio-Spatial Income Polarization in Greater Vancouver, Divisions and Disparities: Socio-Spatial Income Polarization in Greater Vancouver, 1970-2005 By David F. Ley and Nicholas A. Lynch Department of Geography, University of British Columbia The problem of

More information

Global Employment Trends for Women

Global Employment Trends for Women December 12 Global Employment Trends for Women Executive summary International Labour Organization Geneva Global Employment Trends for Women 2012 Executive summary 1 Executive summary An analysis of five

More information

Low-Skill Jobs A Shrinking Share of the Rural Economy

Low-Skill Jobs A Shrinking Share of the Rural Economy Low-Skill Jobs A Shrinking Share of the Rural Economy 38 Robert Gibbs rgibbs@ers.usda.gov Lorin Kusmin lkusmin@ers.usda.gov John Cromartie jbc@ers.usda.gov A signature feature of the 20th-century U.S.

More information

Geographical Indications and The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS): A Case Study of Basmati Rice Exports

Geographical Indications and The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS): A Case Study of Basmati Rice Exports Econoics Publications Econoics 2011 Geographical Indications and The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreeent (TRIPS): A Case Study of Basati Rice Exports Kranti Mulik Iowa State University

More information

Analysis of Gender Wage Differential in China s Urban Labor Market

Analysis of Gender Wage Differential in China s Urban Labor Market D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S IZA DP No. 6252 Analysis o Gender Wage Dierential in China s Urban Labor Market Biwei Su Alas Heshati Deceber 2011 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunt der Arbeit Institute

More information

In class, we have framed poverty in four different ways: poverty in terms of

In class, we have framed poverty in four different ways: poverty in terms of Sandra Yu In class, we have framed poverty in four different ways: poverty in terms of deviance, dependence, economic growth and capability, and political disenfranchisement. In this paper, I will focus

More information

Determinants of Unemployment in the Philippines 1

Determinants of Unemployment in the Philippines 1 The Epirical Econoics Letters, 1(12): (Deceber 211) ISSN 1681 8997 Deterinants of Uneployent in the Philippines 1 Thirunauarasu Subraania Departent. of Southeast Asian Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala

More information

The Great Black Migration: Opportunity and competition in northern labor markets

The Great Black Migration: Opportunity and competition in northern labor markets The Great Black Migration: Opportunity and competition in northern labor markets Leah Platt Boustan Leah Platt Boustan is Associate Professor of Economics at the University of California, Los Angeles.

More information

Intergenerational mobility during South Africa s mineral revolution. Jeanne Cilliers 1 and Johan Fourie 2. RESEP Policy Brief

Intergenerational mobility during South Africa s mineral revolution. Jeanne Cilliers 1 and Johan Fourie 2. RESEP Policy Brief Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch Intergenerational mobility during South Africa s mineral revolution Jeanne Cilliers 1 and Johan Fourie 2 RESEP Policy Brief APRIL 2 017 Funded by: For

More information

Provincial Review 2016: Western Cape

Provincial Review 2016: Western Cape Provincial Review 2016: Western Cape The Western Cape s real economy is dominated by manufacturing and commercial agriculture. As a result, while it did not benefit directly from the commodity boom, it

More information

Corruption and Economic Growth in Nigeria ( )

Corruption and Economic Growth in Nigeria ( ) Artha J Soc Sci, 14, 4 (2015), 1-16 ISSN 0975-329X doi.org/10.12724/ajss.35.1 Corruption and Econoic Growth in Nigeria (1980-2013) Ibrahi W * and Okunade, Sheu A Abstract Corruption is as aged as the existence

More information

Community Well-Being and the Great Recession

Community Well-Being and the Great Recession Pathways Spring 2013 3 Community Well-Being and the Great Recession by Ann Owens and Robert J. Sampson The effects of the Great Recession on individuals and workers are well studied. Many reports document

More information

Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA. Ben Zipperer University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA. Ben Zipperer University of Massachusetts, Amherst THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2013 A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA Ben Zipperer

More information

The widening income dispersion in Hong Kong :

The widening income dispersion in Hong Kong : Lingnan University Digital Commons @ Lingnan University Staff Publications Lingnan Staff Publication 3-14-2008 The widening income dispersion in Hong Kong : 1986-2006 Hon Kwong LUI Lingnan University,

More information

how neighbourhoods are changing A Neighbourhood Change Typology for Eight Canadian Metropolitan Areas,

how neighbourhoods are changing A Neighbourhood Change Typology for Eight Canadian Metropolitan Areas, how neighbourhoods are changing A Neighbourhood Change Typology for Eight Canadian Metropolitan Areas, 1981 2006 BY Robert Murdie, Richard Maaranen, And Jennifer Logan THE NEIGHBOURHOOD CHANGE RESEARCH

More information

GLASGOW: TRANSFORMATION CITY DISCUSSION PAPER

GLASGOW: TRANSFORMATION CITY DISCUSSION PAPER GLASGOW: TRANSFORMATION CITY DISCUSSION PAPER Discussion Paper 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. This paper provides background information to one of a set of three seminars to be held in November and December 2006.

More information

The Economic and Scientific Context of Quality Improvement and Six Sigma

The Economic and Scientific Context of Quality Improvement and Six Sigma The Econoic and Scientific Context of Quality Iproveent and Six Siga By Soren Bisgaard The Eugene M. Isenberg Professor of Technology Manageent Eugene M. University of Massachusetts-Aherst Ljubljana, Slovenia

More information

Wages in Post-apartheid South Africa

Wages in Post-apartheid South Africa The Journal of the helen Suzman Foundation Issue 75 April 215 Wages in Post-apartheid South Africa South Africa entered the post-apartheid era with one of the most unequal income distributions in the world.

More information

MEMORANDUM OF INCORPORATION OF COMENSA NPC REGISTRATION NUMBER 2005/017895/08

MEMORANDUM OF INCORPORATION OF COMENSA NPC REGISTRATION NUMBER 2005/017895/08 MEMORANDUM OF INCORPORATION OF REGISTRATION NUMBER 2005/017895/08 Policy: MOI Effective: 8 March 2016 Drafted by: Patrick Dunseith Date: Revised by: Belinda Davies Date: 25 February 2016 Approved by: Date:

More information

Wage Effects of High-Skilled Migration

Wage Effects of High-Skilled Migration Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 6317 WP6317 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Wage Effects of igh-killed Migration International Evidence Volker Grossann

More information

Part 1: Focus on Income. Inequality. EMBARGOED until 5/28/14. indicator definitions and Rankings

Part 1: Focus on Income. Inequality. EMBARGOED until 5/28/14. indicator definitions and Rankings Part 1: Focus on Income indicator definitions and Rankings Inequality STATE OF NEW YORK CITY S HOUSING & NEIGHBORHOODS IN 2013 7 Focus on Income Inequality New York City has seen rising levels of income

More information

8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3

8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3 8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3 F E A T U R E William Kandel, USDA/ERS ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE/USDA Rural s Employment and Residential Trends William Kandel wkandel@ers.usda.gov Constance Newman cnewman@ers.usda.gov

More information

CHAPTER 3 THE SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR MARKET

CHAPTER 3 THE SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR MARKET CHAPTER 3 THE SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR MARKET 3.1 INTRODUCTION The unemployment rate in South Africa is exceptionally high and arguably the most pressing concern that faces policy makers. According to the

More information

CDE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CDE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CDE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY March 2014 CITIES OF HOPE Cities have never been more important for human well-being and economic prosperity. Half of the world s population lives in urban areas, while about 80 per

More information

DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES

DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES DP11926 DIASPORAS AND CONFLICT Fabio Mariani, Marion Mercier and Thierry Verdier DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ISSN 0265-8003 DIASPORAS AND CONFLICT Fabio Mariani, Marion Mercier and Thierry

More information

% a 3. 9?a ia jv-[ a a. ,,r^b VC^I IIII. VjvA' aa. # a,!

% a 3. 9?a ia jv-[ a a. ,,r^b VC^I IIII. VjvA' aa. # a,! i 4 he % a 3 ll ll l - 9?a ia jv-[ a a ia ii nr a al if A 4^ IKE & VC^I IIII VjvA' aa V I 9 I r MU,,r^b 1 V si V\ NTS # a,! Eric Garcetti Honorable Mebers of the City Council c/o City Clerk City Hall,

More information

Chairman and Members of the Planning and Development Committee. Thomas S. Mokrzycki, Commissioner of Planning and Building

Chairman and Members of the Planning and Development Committee. Thomas S. Mokrzycki, Commissioner of Planning and Building CD.15.DAT DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT: Chairman and Members of the Planning and Development Committee Thomas S. Mokrzycki, Commissioner of Planning and Building Mississauga: A City of Many Cultures MEETING

More information

STAATSKOERANT, 3 APRIL 2012 GOVERNMENT NOTICE DEPARTMENT OF POLICE SECOND-HAND GOODS ACT, 2009 REGULATIONS FOR DEALERS AND RECYCLERS

STAATSKOERANT, 3 APRIL 2012 GOVERNMENT NOTICE DEPARTMENT OF POLICE SECOND-HAND GOODS ACT, 2009 REGULATIONS FOR DEALERS AND RECYCLERS STAATSKOERANT, 3 APRIL 2012 No.35220 3 GOVERNMENT NOTICE DEPARTMENT OF POLICE No. R. 285 3 April 2012 SECOND-HAND GOODS ACT, 2009 REGULATIONS FOR DEALERS AND RECYCLERS The Minister of Police has, under

More information

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING PETITION FOR GUARDIANSHIP OF THE PERSON AND/OR PROPERTY OF AN ALLEGED DISABLED PERSON (CC-GN-002)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING PETITION FOR GUARDIANSHIP OF THE PERSON AND/OR PROPERTY OF AN ALLEGED DISABLED PERSON (CC-GN-002) INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING PETITION FOR GUARDIANSHIP OF THE PERSON AND/OR PROPERTY OF AN ALLEGED DISABLED PERSON (CC-GN-002) (Md. Rule 10-112) Before copleting the Petition for Guardianship of Alleged

More information

RACIAL-ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND SOCIOECONOMIC PROSPERITY IN U.S. COUNTIES

RACIAL-ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND SOCIOECONOMIC PROSPERITY IN U.S. COUNTIES RACIAL-ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND SOCIOECONOMIC PROSPERITY IN U.S. COUNTIES Luke T. Rogers, Andrew Schaefer and Justin R. Young * University of New Hampshire EXTENDED ABSTRACT Submitted to the Population Association

More information

Chapter 4 North America

Chapter 4 North America Chapter 4 North America Identifying the Boundaries Figure 4.1 The geographic center of North America is located near Rugby, North Dakota. Notice the flags of Mexico, Canada, and the United States. Source:

More information

Dominicans in New York City

Dominicans in New York City Center for Latin American, Caribbean & Latino Studies Graduate Center City University of New York 365 Fifth Avenue Room 5419 New York, New York 10016 212-817-8438 clacls@gc.cuny.edu http://web.gc.cuny.edu/lastudies

More information

MAGNET Migration and Governance Network An initiative of the Swiss Development Cooperation

MAGNET Migration and Governance Network An initiative of the Swiss Development Cooperation International Labour Organization ILO Regional Office for the Arab States MAGNET Migration and Governance Network An initiative of the Swiss Development Cooperation The Kuwaiti Labour Market and Foreign

More information

FACTOR PRICES AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN LESS INDUSTRIALISED ECONOMIES

FACTOR PRICES AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN LESS INDUSTRIALISED ECONOMIES Blackwell Publishing AsiaMelbourne, AustraliaAEHRAustralian Economic History Review0004-8992 2006 The Authors; Journal compilation Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd and the Economic History Society of

More information

% of Total Population

% of Total Population 12 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 2.1 POPULATION The Water Services Development Plan: Demographic Report (October December 2000, WSDP) provides a detailed breakdown of population per settlement area for the

More information

Monthly Situation Overview II: Venezuelan asylum seekers and migrants living outside of shelters, Boa Vista city

Monthly Situation Overview II: Venezuelan asylum seekers and migrants living outside of shelters, Boa Vista city Monthly Situation Overview II: Venezuelan asylu seekers and igrants living outside of shelters, Boa Vista city July 2018 BACKGROUND Since early 2015, populations have been leaving Venezuela due to social,

More information

Remaking the Apartheid City* Presentation of Data: Durban, Draft, May 2007

Remaking the Apartheid City* Presentation of Data: Durban, Draft, May 2007 Remaking the Apartheid City* Presentation of Data: Durban, 1996-2001 Draft, May 2007 Daniel Schensul, Lead Investigator Ph.D. Candidate Department of Sociology Daniel_Schensul@Brown.edu Patrick Heller,

More information

A Socio-economic Profile of Ireland s Fishery Harbour Centres. Castletownbere

A Socio-economic Profile of Ireland s Fishery Harbour Centres. Castletownbere A Socio-economic Profile of Ireland s Fishery Harbour Centres Castletownbere A report commissioned by BIM Trutz Haase* and Feline Engling May 2013 *Trutz-Hasse Social & Economic Consultants www.trutzhasse.eu

More information

THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2011: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1

THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2011: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2011: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 Lauren D. Appelbaum UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment 2 Ben Zipperer University

More information

People. Population size and growth. Components of population change

People. Population size and growth. Components of population change The social report monitors outcomes for the New Zealand population. This section contains background information on the size and characteristics of the population to provide a context for the indicators

More information

Persistent Inequality

Persistent Inequality Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Ontario December 2018 Persistent Inequality Ontario s Colour-coded Labour Market Sheila Block and Grace-Edward Galabuzi www.policyalternatives.ca RESEARCH ANALYSIS

More information

A Socio economic Profile of Ireland s Fishing Communities. The FLAG South West Region including Castletownbere Harbour Centre

A Socio economic Profile of Ireland s Fishing Communities. The FLAG South West Region including Castletownbere Harbour Centre A Socio economic Profile of Ireland s Fishing Communities The FLAG South West Region including Castletownbere Harbour Centre Trutz Haase and Feline Engling May 2013 Table of Contents 1 Introduction...

More information

11. Labour Market Discrimination

11. Labour Market Discrimination IV. Wage Dierentials across Groups and Labour Market Discriination 11. Labour Market Discriination B. Evidence 1.Direct Evidence a. Audit and correspondence studies b. Field and lab experients 2. Indirect

More information

Residential segregation and socioeconomic outcomes When did ghettos go bad?

Residential segregation and socioeconomic outcomes When did ghettos go bad? Economics Letters 69 (2000) 239 243 www.elsevier.com/ locate/ econbase Residential segregation and socioeconomic outcomes When did ghettos go bad? * William J. Collins, Robert A. Margo Vanderbilt University

More information

Openness and Poverty Reduction in the Long and Short Run. Mark R. Rosenzweig. Harvard University. October 2003

Openness and Poverty Reduction in the Long and Short Run. Mark R. Rosenzweig. Harvard University. October 2003 Openness and Poverty Reduction in the Long and Short Run Mark R. Rosenzweig Harvard University October 2003 Prepared for the Conference on The Future of Globalization Yale University. October 10-11, 2003

More information

IV. Residential Segregation 1

IV. Residential Segregation 1 IV. Residential Segregation 1 Any thorough study of impediments to fair housing choice must include an analysis of where different types of people live. While the description of past and present patterns

More information

Social and Demographic Trends in Burnaby and Neighbouring Communities 1981 to 2006

Social and Demographic Trends in Burnaby and Neighbouring Communities 1981 to 2006 Social and Demographic Trends in and Neighbouring Communities 1981 to 2006 October 2009 Table of Contents October 2009 1 Introduction... 2 2 Population... 3 Population Growth... 3 Age Structure... 4 3

More information

Rural America At A Glance

Rural America At A Glance Rural America At A Glance 7 Edition Between July 5 and July 6, the population of nonmetro America grew.6 percent. Net domestic migration from metro areas accounted for nearly half of this growth. Gains

More information

The Maori Population A Profile of the Trends Within Iwi Rohe

The Maori Population A Profile of the Trends Within Iwi Rohe The Maori Population A Profile of the Trends Within Iwi Rohe Report on Tauranga Moana Iwi Rohe Report prepared for Te Puni Kōkiri by Kaipuke Consultants Ltd 9 June 2009 The Maori Population A Profile of

More information

18 Pathways Spring 2015

18 Pathways Spring 2015 18 Pathways Spring 215 Pathways Spring 215 19 Revisiting the Americano Dream BY Van C. Tran A decade ago, the late political scientist Samuel Huntington concluded his provocative thought piece on Latinos

More information

Immigration, Community and Ethnic Diversity

Immigration, Community and Ethnic Diversity Immigration, Community and Ethnic Diversity Pathways, Circuits and Crossroads: New Research on Population, Migration and Community Dynamics Wellington, New Zealand, June 9-11, 2008 Wei Li Associate Professor

More information

FOREIGN IMMIGRATION, HOUSING AND CITY: THE CASES OF MADRID AND BARCELONA

FOREIGN IMMIGRATION, HOUSING AND CITY: THE CASES OF MADRID AND BARCELONA FOREIGN IMMIGRATION, HOUSING AND CITY: THE CASES OF MADRID AND BARCELONA Pilar García Almirall Blanca Gutiérrez Valdivia IMMIGRATION IN SPAIN Immigration is considered to be a major social phenomenon in

More information

The Impact of Global Economic Crisis on Migrant Workers in Middle East

The Impact of Global Economic Crisis on Migrant Workers in Middle East 2012 2 nd International Conference on Economics, Trade and Development IPEDR vol.36 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore The Impact of Global Economic Crisis on Migrant Workers in Middle East 1 H.R.Uma

More information

Racial integration between black and white people is at highest level for a century, new U.S. census reveals

Racial integration between black and white people is at highest level for a century, new U.S. census reveals Thursday, Dec 16 2010 Racial integration between black and white people is at highest level for a century, new U.S. census reveals By Daily Mail Reporter Last updated at 1:11 PM on 16th December 2010 But

More information

Labor Force Structure Change and Thai Labor Market,

Labor Force Structure Change and Thai Labor Market, Labor Force Structure Change and Thai Labor Market, 1990-2008 Chairat Aemkulwat * Chulalongkorn University Abstract: The paper analyzes labor force transformation over 1990-2008 in terms of changes in

More information

The Rise of the Black Middle Class and Declines in Black-White Segregation, *

The Rise of the Black Middle Class and Declines in Black-White Segregation, * The Rise of the Blac Middle Class and Declines in Blac-White Segregation, 1970-2009 * John Iceland Penn State University Kris Marsh University of Maryland Mar Gross University of Maryland * Direct all

More information

Research Report. How Does Trade Liberalization Affect Racial and Gender Identity in Employment? Evidence from PostApartheid South Africa

Research Report. How Does Trade Liberalization Affect Racial and Gender Identity in Employment? Evidence from PostApartheid South Africa International Affairs Program Research Report How Does Trade Liberalization Affect Racial and Gender Identity in Employment? Evidence from PostApartheid South Africa Report Prepared by Bilge Erten Assistant

More information

Migrant population of the UK

Migrant population of the UK BRIEFING PAPER Number CBP8070, 3 August 2017 Migrant population of the UK By Vyara Apostolova & Oliver Hawkins Contents: 1. Who counts as a migrant? 2. Migrant population in the UK 3. Migrant population

More information

2016 Census: Housing, Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, Aboriginal peoples

2016 Census: Housing, Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, Aboriginal peoples October 26, 2017 Backgrounder 2016 Census: Housing, Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, Aboriginal peoples The 2016 Census Day was May 10, 2016. On October 25, 2017, Statistics Canada released data

More information

South Africa: social mobility for a few?

South Africa: social mobility for a few? Report October 2013 South Africa: social mobility for a few? Executive summary By Milfrid Tonheim and Frank Matose Many obstacles stand in the way of young South Africans from disadvantaged backgrounds

More information

Land Use, Job Accessibility and Commuting Efficiency under the Hukou System in Urban China: A Case Study in Guangzhou

Land Use, Job Accessibility and Commuting Efficiency under the Hukou System in Urban China: A Case Study in Guangzhou Land Use, Job Accessibility and Commuting Efficiency under the Hukou System in Urban China: A Case Study in Guangzhou ( 论文概要 ) LIU Yi Hong Kong Baptist University I Introduction To investigate the job-housing

More information

THE LONG STRUGGLE HOME: THE KLAMATH TRIBES' FIGHT TO RESTORE THEIR LAND, PEOPLE AND ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY

THE LONG STRUGGLE HOME: THE KLAMATH TRIBES' FIGHT TO RESTORE THEIR LAND, PEOPLE AND ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY National Indian Law Library NILL No. 010069/2002 dl cl THE LONG STRUGGLE HOME: THE KLAMATH TRIBES' FIGHT TO RESTORE THEIR LAND, PEOPLE AND ECONOMIC SELFSUFFICIENCY On March 19, 2002 the Secretary of the

More information

URBAN SOCIOLOGY: THE CITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE AMERICAS Spring 1999

URBAN SOCIOLOGY: THE CITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE AMERICAS Spring 1999 URBAN SOCIOLOGY: THE CITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE AMERICAS Spring 1999 Patricia Fernández Kelly Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research 21 Prospect Avenue Office Hours: Tuesdays, by

More information

Occupational gender segregation in post-apartheid South Africa

Occupational gender segregation in post-apartheid South Africa UNU-WIDER Helsinki, March 7, 2018 Occupational gender segregation in post-apartheid South Africa Carlos Gradín UNU-WIDER Motivation South Africa: dysfunctional labor market with low employment rates among

More information

Section 3. The roots of inequality in South Africa

Section 3. The roots of inequality in South Africa Section 3. The roots of inequality in South Africa Inequality in South Africa is rooted in military conquest and political exclusion, which took a colonial and racial form, and was buttressed by continuing

More information

The Informal Economy: Statistical Data and Research Findings. Country case study: South Africa

The Informal Economy: Statistical Data and Research Findings. Country case study: South Africa The Informal Economy: Statistical Data and Research Findings Country case study: South Africa Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Informal Economy, National Economy, and Gender 2.1 Description of data sources

More information

There is a seemingly widespread view that inequality should not be a concern

There is a seemingly widespread view that inequality should not be a concern Chapter 11 Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Do Poor Countries Need to Worry about Inequality? Martin Ravallion There is a seemingly widespread view that inequality should not be a concern in countries

More information

Segregation in Motion: Dynamic and Static Views of Segregation among Recent Movers. Victoria Pevarnik. John Hipp

Segregation in Motion: Dynamic and Static Views of Segregation among Recent Movers. Victoria Pevarnik. John Hipp Segregation in Motion: Dynamic and Static Views of Segregation among Recent Movers Victoria Pevarnik John Hipp March 31, 2012 SEGREGATION IN MOTION 1 ABSTRACT This study utilizes a novel approach to study

More information

ENDOGENOUS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH AND DECLINE IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND

ENDOGENOUS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH AND DECLINE IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2008 95 ENDOGENOUS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH AND DECLINE IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND Alistair Robson UQ Social Research Centre, Institute of Social Science,

More information

NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ENTRY AND ASYMMETRIC LOBBYING: WHY GOVERNMENTS PICK LOSERS. Richard E. Baldwin Frédéric Robert-Nicoud

NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ENTRY AND ASYMMETRIC LOBBYING: WHY GOVERNMENTS PICK LOSERS. Richard E. Baldwin Frédéric Robert-Nicoud BER WORKIG PAPER SERIES ETRY AD ASYETRIC LOBBYIG: WHY GOVERETS PICK LOSERS Richard E. Baldwin Frédéric Robert-icoud Working Paper 8756 http://www.nber.org/papers/w8756 ATIOAL BUREAU OF ECOOIC RESEARCH

More information

THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2009: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1

THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2009: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2009: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 Lauren D. Appelbaum UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment Ben Zipperer University

More information

GROWTH OF LABOR ORGANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES,

GROWTH OF LABOR ORGANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES, GROWTH OF LABOR ORGANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1897-1914 SUMMARY I. Lack of adequate statistics of trade-union membership in the United States; American Federation of Labor reports, 779. New York Department

More information

STRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: The Coming Demographic Crisis in Rural Ontario

STRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: The Coming Demographic Crisis in Rural Ontario STRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: The Coming Demographic Crisis in Rural Ontario An Executive Summary 1 This paper has been prepared for the Strengthening Rural Canada initiative by: Dr. Bakhtiar

More information

An Equity Profile of the Southeast Florida Region. Summary. Foreword

An Equity Profile of the Southeast Florida Region. Summary. Foreword An Equity Profile of the Southeast Florida Region PolicyLink and PERE An Equity Profile of the Southeast Florida Region Summary Communities of color are driving Southeast Florida s population growth, and

More information

Urbanisation: an historical perspective

Urbanisation: an historical perspective 4 Urbanisation: an historical perspective The particular racial nature of capitalist development in South Africa has resulted in a unique process of urbanisation. Legislation has been enacted and implemented

More information

People. Population size and growth

People. Population size and growth The social report monitors outcomes for the New Zealand population. This section provides background information on who those people are, and provides a context for the indicators that follow. People Population

More information

Provincial Review 2016: Northern Cape

Provincial Review 2016: Northern Cape Provincial Review 2016: Northern Cape The Northern Cape has by far the smallest population and economy of any of the provinces. Its real economy has been dominated by iron ore and ferro alloys, with the

More information

Aged in Cities: Residential Segregation in 10 USA Central Cities 1

Aged in Cities: Residential Segregation in 10 USA Central Cities 1 Journal of Gerontolug v 1977. Vol. 32. No. 1.97-102 Aged in Cities: Residential Segregation in 10 USA Central Cities 1 John M. Kennedy and Gordon F. De Jong, PhD 2 This study focuses on the segregation

More information

The ten years since the start of the Great Recession have done little to address

The ten years since the start of the Great Recession have done little to address BUDGET & TAX CENTER December 2017 ENJOY READING THESE REPORTS? Please consider making a donation to support the Budget & tax Center at www.ncjustice.org MEDIA CONTACT: PATRICK McHUGH 919/856-2183 patrick.mchugh@ncjustice.org

More information