UNDAF KENYA United Nations Development Assistance Framework

Transcription

1 UNDAF KENYA United Nations Development Assistance Framework

2 Contents FOREWORD 3 ACRONYMS 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 1. INTRODUCTION The United Nations in Kenya Lessons from past UNDAF (from the final evaluation) Purpose of the Development Assistance Framework ( ) UNDAF development process Country Development Context 8 2. UNDAF TRATEGIC PRIORITIES, OUTCOMES AND STRATEGIES Principles and approaches for integrated programming Expected Outcomes 18 Priority I: Transformative Governance 19 Priority II: Social and cohesive society enjoying equitable social development Align outcomes to SDGs, rationale is required, partnerships and marginalized groups 22 Priority III: Sustainable and inclusive growth RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS COMMON BUDGETARY FRAMEWORK Resource requirements for by outcome Resources and resource mobilization strategy IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS MONITORING, REPORTING AND EVALUATION Calendar of major Monitoring and Evaluation Activities Costed Monitoring and Evaluation plan COMMUNICATION OF RESULTS LEGAL CLUASE 55 2

3 FOREWORD 3

4 ACRONYMS 4

5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

6 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The United Nations in Kenya The credibility and trust of the UN in Kenya by the Government towards attainment of development priorities has been elaborated over the years. The UN in Kenya has been perceived by both the Government and key development partners as a reliable partner in its response, role, mandate and function in deepening efforts towards Leaving no one behind - going to the furthest first. The UN has explored a couple of innovations to address the challenges facing programming and operations especially while targeting the most vulnerable and marginalized communities in hard to reach areas and to support national development priorities towards realization of SDGs. The UN has focused on coordinated approaches, promoting resilience, conflict prevention/pve and sustainable peace (including the Cross-Border and Turkana Flagships and other integrated area based programmes) making the bridge stronger from disaster preparedness to long term socialeconomic transformation. Through the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF ), the UN in Kenya will increase its efforts towards realization of universal coverage of health, food security and increased efforts for job creation and youth empowerment. In addition, UN s support to Kenya s constitutional priorities and its targets on human rights including the adopted UPR targets, is central to the UNDAF. Gender equality will be one of the top priorities, as a fundamental right and potential accelerator of development, in all areas as outlined in Kenya s Vision 2030, the Medium-Term Plan (MTP) III and the Government of Kenya (GOK) Big 4 transformative agenda. Of critical importance, the UN will forge its technical support in collaboration with GOK and partners, around capacity building to improve SDGs based data and M&E frameworks, expanding availability of SDG evidence based indicators and promoting their use as prerequisite for collective ability to report on and be accountable to joint results. The UN visioning exercise conducted in 2017outlined 4 significant areas the UN in Kenya has comparative advantage in: 1. Delivering as One as a joint accountability framework with the Government of Kenya-through UNDAF as a strategic framework, the UN is working closely with the Government of Kenya to address the inequalities that persist across counties in Kenya leaving the youth and other vulnerable groups in the periphery of development. The UN in Kenya will support the government realize the Big 4 transformative agenda at National, county and regional level including the hard to reach areas, leaving no one behind. 2. The UN has a strong convening power-through the UNDAF as a strategic vehicle for change, the UN has strengthened and convened partnerships beyond the traditional towards realization of SDGs in Kenya. The UN will continue to forge existing and new partnerships which will include working closely with key institutions such as the World Bank and the Africa Development Bank who are making a big difference in Kenya. 3. Brokering effective responsiveness to emerging issues- the UN has effectively leveraged its comparative advantage as a provider of high level technical expertise; and as an advocate for the normative values, that will contribute to significant development gains in Kenya in the areas of human development, inclusive economic growth, governance and environmental sustainability. 4. Provision of technical capacities and innovations is also a critical advantage that the UN will continue to forge- towards realization of sustainable development. 1.2 Lessons from past UNDAF (from the final evaluation) Evaluation of past UN cooperation through the UNDAF , established that the UN in Kenya is both relevant and appropriate to the Kenya context. The UNDAF is aligned with national development priorities presented in the GOK s MTP II and in the country s Vision 2030 goals; and address several contextual development challenges identified in the 6

7 2013 Complementary Country Analysis (CCA). The evaluation also outlined that UN s advocacy and high level technical expertise has been effective both at service delivery and policy levels. Delivering as one has been applauded by the evaluation as a strategic framework that has enabled the UN country team in Kenya to gain credibility as a key development partner. The evaluation outlined several key lessons learned and recommendations from the UNDAF which can inform UNDAF : Effective programme coordination requires time, funding and commitment to an overarching theory of change. Realistic self-assessment of comparative advantages and articulation of value-add is essential for effective programme planning, financing, implementation and sustainability of results. Strategic approach to the integration of the Gender Programming Principle is critical given that slightly more than half of UNDAF s intended beneficiaries are female. Identifying, brokering and establishing partnerships requires time, networking skills and perseverance, as well as an alignment of potential partners expectations. Alignment of both aid and corporate actors expectations are therefore essential for brokering and sustaining productive partnerships. Financing for Development (FfD) requires an awareness of new financing possibilities and an increase in the level of understanding on impact investment and other blended financing options and how they can support SDG achievement. The devolution process in Kenya has now been realized, hence the UN needs to adjust to -supporting activities and initiatives at the subnational level in a coherent manner. This may entail strengthening subnational capacities to manage, implement and report on the services and resources which have been transferred to them. Resilience-building and strengthening the humanitarian-development nexus is critical given Kenya s multi-hazard vulnerability. Given the country s youth bulge and the urgency of creating jobs and other income streams for the ever-increasing numbers of youth entering the employment market annually in Kenya, Youth employment readiness and job creation must also be a priority intervention area in the next UNDAF cycle. 1.3 Purpose of the Development Assistance Framework ( ) Kenya continues with implementation of its transformative agenda as outlined in the country s long-term development blueprint under the Kenya Vision The overarching goal of the Vision is to create a globally competitive and prosperous country with a high quality of life by It aims to transform Kenya into a newly industrialized, middle income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens in a clean and secure environment. Simultaneously, the Vision aimed to achieve the MDGs for Kenyans by 2015 and now the SDGs. The Vision is anchored on three key pillars: economic; social; and political, implemented through a series of successive five-year medium-term plans (MTPs). The current and fourth generation of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF ) is aligned to The Second Medium Term Plan ( (MTP II) prepared and implemented under the Kenya Constitution 2010 which significantly altered the governance structure by creating a two-tier government a National Government and 47 devolved county governments. The next and 5th generation of UNDAF ( ) for Kenya will be anchored on the Medium-Term Plan III (MTP ). The UNDAF will be aligned to Kenya s Vision 2030 and national priorities as outlined the third Medium Term Plan (MTP III) and the Big 4 Government of Kenya (GOK) transformative agenda, in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 1.4 UNDAF development process The process of developing the UNDAF commenced in May A road map to guide the process was developed in consultation with the Government of Kenya and other key stakeholders. The roadmap was launched on 22nd June by the three UNDAF co-chairs, the Cabinet Secretary the National Treasury, the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Planning and Devolution and the UN Resident Coordinator. The UNDAF was informed by key lessons and recommendations from the UNDAF Mid Term Review undertaken in June 2016 and the UNDAF final evaluation conducted 7

8 at the end of An evidence-based Common Country Assessment (CCA) was also undertaken to inform the UNDAF. un.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/unct/kenya-%20common%20country%20assessment%20%202018_.pdf; un.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/unct/final%20report%20of%20the%20undaf%20mtr%20report.pdf The whole UNDAF preparation process, was founded on joint work and consultations with government - further joint consultations and validations were done with development partners and key stakeholders through stakeholder consultative workshops bringing close to over 100 institutions and the UNDAF National Steering Committee. The UN translated the consultative process and its guiding principles, utilizing UN mandates and comparative advantage, to develop a framework (UNDAF ). that will contribute to effective implementation Kenya s Vision 2030 Shared Prosperity, the 2010 Constitution, accelerated by the government s investment in the Big 4 transformative agenda and the MTP III. 1.5 Country Development Context Kenya has recorded sustained growth of more than 5 percent since that positions the country to become an upper middle-income country (MIC) by Although GDP growth has been revised downwards to about 5 percent in , the forecast is that it will grow by over 6 percent in the medium term. The country has made progress in human development, as reflected in the improvement of its Human Development Index (HDI) from in 2014 to in Gross National Income (GNI) increased by 26.0 percent to US$2,881 (at 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP $), life expectancy by 3.4 years to 62.2 year, means years of schooling by 2.6 years to 6.3 years, and expected years of schooling by 2.0 years to 11.1 years in The country has made significant progress on social indicators especially in education and health but more efforts are required to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5. Despite these achievements, challenges remain in the areas of sustainable inclusive growth, shared prosperity, governance, peace and security, sustainable environment and natural resources management, climate change and resilience to withstand shocks. The most critical challenge facing Kenya is high levels of poverty and inequality. Currently there is no updated data on poverty rate but the rate of extremely poor is estimated to have dropped from 45.9 percent in 2005/06 to 39 percent in 2011/2012, with poverty rates above 80 percent in the remote, arid, sparsely populated north & north-eastern parts of the country (Turkana, Mandera, and Wajir) 6. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) shows a higher incidence of poverty of 39.9 percent with 14.5 percent of the population in severe multidimensional poverty 7. Income inequality levels have not decreased significantly in recent years and achieving inclusive growth remains a development challenge. Kenya s Gini coefficient of 47.7 is above the Sub-Saharan Africa 2013 average of The income share of the poorest 10 percent of the population is 2 percent while the richest 10 percent of the population share is 40 percent) 9. Despite poverty increasing in urban areas due to lack of employment opportunities (17 percent to 22 percent over the past decade), the dichotomy between rural and urban areas drives income disparities Kenya Economic Survey, Medium-term Expenditure Framework, Human Development Report (HDR), Ibid. 5 Kenya Voluntary National Report, World Bank, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), World Bank, 2014; World Bank World Bank, Ibid. 8

9 A wide urban-rural gap exists in access to education, electricity, water and sanitation, health and housing services which exacerbates inequalities in income and opportunities 11. The underlying causes of poverty in rural areas include low investment, low productivity growth of the agriculture sector (averaging 4.4% over the period , according to government data, 2017), reinforced by agro-climatic shocks that impact vulnerable livelihoods that depend on livestock and low productivity agriculture. Poverty is feminized, with incidence among women being higher in many dimensions, including being less likely to find employment in the formal sector and earning lower wages compared to men 12. Although the 2010 Constitution establishes equal rights for men and women to own land, women provide 80% of Kenya s farm labour and manage 40% of the country s smallholder farms, yet they own only roughly 1% of agricultural land and receive just 10% of available credit 13. One of the underlying causes of poverty is the slow structural transformation of production and labour markets, which has resulted in majority of workers confined to low earning jobs or the informal sector. The Medium-Term Plan II, (MTP II) projected, on average, the creation of 1 million jobs per year over the period The MTP II Mid-Term Review, 2017 data shows that between , new jobs created were estimated at 799,700 and 841,600, respectively; against a target of 723,000 and 821,000. The major structural challenge is that 83% of the new jobs are created in the informal sector (ibid.), which is characterized by low labour productivity, low earnings, lack of job security and social protection. Most notably, the informal economy employment is growing faster than the formal economy, rising by nearly 4 million versus 60,000 since 2009; while the corresponding share of the formal economy in total employment shrunk to 17 percent from 19 percent 14. The World Bank estimates that unemployment stands at 21.8 percent amongst youth aged years 15 ; as such, there is pressure for job creation and skills match in the labour market. The formal sector, which currently generates 20 percent of the jobs required to absorb the labour force, is growing at only 2.9 percent per annum. Thus, Kenya requires appropriate policies to spur the growth of the formal sector economy and equip people with relevant and in demand skills to create productive jobs. The magnitude of the problem underscores the need for a focused approach to spur growth in the productive sectors, including agriculture, extractives, manufacturing, blue economy, trade, and tourism, which have enormous potential to contribute to growth and employment creation; and, catalyse structural economic transformation. The 2010 Constitution seeks to address poverty and inequality by bringing decisions closer to people through devolved governance both politically and administratively. This transition is historic and has expanded the scope and reach of services particularly in the northern and coastal parts of the country. Increased budgetary allocations, including through the marginalization fund, has resulted in expanded road, oil pipeline and telecommunication infrastructure; oil and gas prospecting initiatives; and market access for local products 16. Nonetheless, the MTP III CN identified several challenges for the period; clarification of the roles and functions between national and county governments; low county revenue; irregular disbursement of county funds; and corruption and misuse of public funds. Thus, the transition to a devolved governance will require safeguarding and support including capacity building. The implementation of the Constitution has led to improvements in governance indicators. The 2017 Mo Ibrahim Index on Governance in Africa ranked Kenya 13/53 with a score of 59.3/100 with some progress in national security and safety, rule of law, participation and human rights and gender, although there are some weaknesses in government accountability, corruption and bureaucracy OPHI, World Bank, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), ibid. 15 World Bank, MTP II Mid-term Report, 2017; MTP III Concept Note (CN), 2017; UN Common Country Assessment, The 2017 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index ranked Kenya 143/180 countries with a score of 28/100, a slight improvement from 2016 ranking of 145/180 with a score of 26/100. 9

10 However, the Universal Periodic Review of Kenya in 2015 highlighted some important persisting challenges and made recommendations - which Kenya accepted - aimed at addressing serious human rights violations by police and other security agencies, tackling impunity and protecting media and civic space. Kenya also pledged to ensure accountability for past abuses and follow up on the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission report. On peace and security, a few areas in Kenya remain vulnerable to inter and intra communal conflicts and an increased incidence of terrorism. Although Kenya s Global Terrorism Index ranking improved marginally from 6.66 in 2015 to in 2016, there remains significant threats particularly from the Al Qaeda affiliated Al-Shabaab. Conflicts and instability in the neighbouring countries have spilled over into Northern Kenya, resulting in an increase in cross-border conflicts, proliferation of small arms and general instability. Women are disproportionately affected by conflict and related incidents with the Women Peace and Security Index 2017/18 ranking Kenya 107th globally with a score of against a global average of Women are the most affected by conflicts and related incidents due to the loss of their husbands and children; resultantly they end up shouldering the responsibility of managing and providing livelihoods for their families. Thus, it is important to recognize the importance of women s leadership, participation in conflict prevention, resolution and peacebuilding 18. Kenya s economy is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and change due to the dependency on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water, energy, forestry and tourism 19. While climate change impacts all sectors, agriculture, small-scale rainfed cultivation or livestock production is highly vulnerable to shifting rain patterns and droughts which results in significant negative impacts of the livelihoods of most poor Kenyans because of their high dependence on natural resources, and their limited capacity to adapt to a changing climate 20. For the most Kenyans, agriculture remains the main source of livelihood, employing 70-75% of the population and contributing 25-30% of gross domestic product (GDP) 21. Average yearly temperatures in many of Kenya s arid and semi-arid counties appear to have already exceeded the global target of 1.5 degrees centigrade 22 and a severe drought struck the country in which caused severe food insecurity and famine in arid and semi- arid regions. In February 2017, the government declared a state of drought emergency and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2017 estimates that in July 2017, 3.4 million Kenyans were directly affected by severe drought due to the rapid nationwide inflation of food prices, including for staples like maize, sugar and milk. Over the years, drought has continued to affect key livelihood activities including agriculture, livestock, water, natural resources and biodiversity among others. Furthermore, drought results in livestock migration in some arid areas into neighboring countries such as Uganda and Ethiopia, which creates risks of inter, intra and of cross border conflicts between pastoralists, and among pastoralists and farmers as they compete over water and grazing resources 23. Frequent and prolonged droughts result in significant economic losses and undermines the country s development gains and progress towards the achievement of the SDGs. The country also experiences floods in some parts of the country which causes widespread damages to agricultural crops and infrastructure. In response to various emerging situations in the region, Kenya has continued to offer asylum and protection to close to 500,000 persons from South Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, D.R. Congo among others. The New York Declaration on Refugees and Migrants and its Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) were adopted by all 193 UN member States on 19 September Since then, the CRRF has been formally initiated in 13 countries in Africa, mainly the East and Horn. Kenya has been on the forefront of seeking international support and responsibility sharing towards renewing efforts 18 United Nations, (2018). Peacebuilding and sustainable peace: Report of the Secretary-General, New York. 19 African Development Bank (AfDB), 2014; Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR), Thus, building resilience to climate change provides an opportunity to focus resources on reducing long entrenched poverty and inequalities that make people disproportionately vulnerable to climate hazard. 21 Government of Kenya, Overseas Development Institute, FAO,

11 for durable solutions for Somali refugees and sustainable return and reintegration of returnees in Somalia, as demonstrated by its decision to host the ground-breaking summit in March 2017 in Nairobi that resulted in the Nairobi Declaration and Action Plan. The country was a pledging member of the Leaders Summit and in December 2017 joined others in becoming a pilot country for implementation of the CRRF. The CRRF approach in Kenya will facilitate that host populations in counties hosting refugees are supported with development initiatives by both government and the international community including development partners. This will in the long run enhance inclusion of both refugees and the host populations who are both often marginalized and left behind in development initiatives. Further, while the linkage between development and natural resources in Kenya is profound, the country is facing pressing environmental challenges of land degradation, climate change, natural resource depletion, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Land degradation driven by overgrazing, deforestation and extensive use of biomass as an energy source is exacerbating the impact of climate change. In addition, illegal wildlife trade and commercial poaching is posing danger to species survival as well as affecting tourism in key protected areas over the past years. Meanwhile, the discovery in oil and natural gas and exploitation of coal and the natural resources need to be supported by various legislation and regulations to foster sustainable economic growth, reduce environmental degradation including impacts of climate change, create jobs especially for the youth, promote inclusive growth, structural transformation and economic diversification as envisaged in MPT III and the Big 4 Plan. The Kenya Development Framework Kenya s Vision 2030 aims to create a globally competitive and prosperous country with a high quality of life to all citizens in a clean and secure environment. The Vision, anchored in economic, social and political pillars is supported by enablers or foundation pillars which aim at putting the economy on high growth trajectory to attain double digit growth of 10 percent per annum. The implementation of the framework is to be supported by policy, legal, institutional and structural reforms that will be implemented by the Government to maintain macroeconomic stability, strong governance institutions, improve business environment, transparent and accountable use of public resources. The framework will also support broad-based inclusive growth to contribute to poverty reduction, shared prosperity and employment creation. In the third Medium Term Plan (MTP III) , the Government intends to implement additional legal and institutional reforms to maintain and strengthen macroeconomic stability including public sector and governance reforms in the areas of administration of justice and law and order as to improve the ease of doing business and sustain a conducive business environment that will promote private sector investment and growth. The Government has laid a solid foundation for Kenya s industrialization as envisaged in the Kenya Vision Building on the progress made and with the desire to confront the challenges of high unemployment, poverty and income inequality the Government has identified four key strategic areas of focus over the next five years that will accelerate broad-based economic growth and help transform the lives of all Kenyans. The focus areas are supporting value addition and raise the manufacturing sector s share of GDP to 15% by 2022 which will accelerate economic growth, create jobs and reduce poverty; focusing on initiatives that guarantee food security and improve nutrition to all Kenyans by 2022 through expansion of food production and supply, reduction of food prices to ensure affordability and support value addition in the food processing value chain; providing Universal Health Coverage thereby guaranteeing quality and affordable healthcare to all Kenyans; and, providing at least five hundred thousand (500,000) affordable new houses to Kenyans by 2022, hence improve living conditions for Kenyans. Investments in the four areas is expected to transform lives by creating the muchneeded jobs enabling Kenyans to meet their basic needs, improve living conditions, lower cost of living, and reduce poverty and inequality. 11

12 2. UNDAF TRATEGIC PRIORITIES, OUTCOMES AND STRATEGIES This is the main section of the document. It describes the expected outcomes and the overarching principles and approaches for integrated programming. The complete results framework including indicators, baselines, targets, means of verification, and risks and assumptions is provided in Annex A. Strategic Priority Priority I: Transformative governance, respect for the rule of law, improved security, and effective implementation of devolution for a peaceful, secure, cohesive, equitable and prosperous Kenya. Priority II: A social and cohesive society enjoying equitable social development in a clean and secure environment Outcomes 1.By 2022, people in Kenya enjoy improved governance, access to justice, respect for the rule of law, human rights and gender equality; 2.By 2022 people in Kenya access high quality services at devolved level that are well coordinated, integrated, transparent, equitably resourced and accountable; 3.People in Kenya live in a secure, peaceful, inclusive and cohesive society 4. By 2022, children, youth and adults have increased access to inclusive and equitable quality and relevant education and training that integrates sports, culture and the arts and provides life-long learning opportunities 5. By 2022, people in Kenya have increased and equitable access to and utilize quality health services including Sexual Reproductive Maternal New-born Child Adolescent Health (SRMNCAH) in emergency and non-emergency settings 6. By 2022, increased proportions of girls and boys under 5 years and pregnant and lactating women have equitable access to and use quality nutrition specific and sensitive interventions 7. All women, men and children in need, including key and priority populations, have equitable access to quality HIV prevention, treatment and care services 8. By 2022, an increased proportion of the population have access to sustainable and safe drinking water and sanitation, and practice appropriate hygiene behavior 9. By 2022, marginalized and vulnerable people have increased access to and utilize social protection, and services for prevention and response to gender based violence and violence against children 10. By 2022, management of population programmes and access to quality, affordable and adequate housing is improved in socially and environmentally sustainable settlements with focus on vulnerable groups 11. By 2022, individuals and communities in Kenya have reduced exposure to risks and are more resilient to disasters and emergencies. 12

13 Priority III: Competitive and sustainable economic growth that is increasingly resilient, green, inclusive, equitable, and creating decent jobs and quality livelihoods for all 12.By 2022, productivity in services sectors, agriculture, manufacturing, extractives, blue economy and their value chains increased. 13. By 2022, marginalized vulnerable groups and regions in Kenya have increased access to decent jobs, income and entrepreneurship opportunities. 14. By 2022, people in Kenya benefit from sustainable natural resource management, a progressive and resilient green economy. 2.1 Principles and approaches for integrated programming The UNDAF applies the global programming principles and approaches of: leave no one behind; human rights, gender equality and women s empowerment; sustainability and resilience; and accountability. The principle of accountability in leaving no one behind is embedded in the links between rights-holders and duty-bearers presented in each of the outcome statements. This UNDAF will strategize social inclusion as a principle to address inequality and socio-cultural discrimination, which are perceived as some of the root causes of exclusion and vulnerability in the country. The programming principles and approaches will be applied at all phases of programme design, implementation, and management including monitoring and evaluation. Data generation and adaptability to changing circumstances will be cross-cutting strategies. While this UNDAF includes specific results on human rights, gender equality and environmental protection under the relevant outcomes, these three normative principles will also be mainstreamed across and within the UNDAF outcomes and corresponding results. In addition, the UN will address youth as a specific priority group, mainstreaming youth perspectives into its programming across all UNDAF outcome areas. The UN will promote an enabling environment that recognizes the rights of youth, and enhance meaningful engagement of youth as essential actors in civic and political and decision-making processes at all levels. In addition, focus will be placed on ensuring availability of age and sex disaggregated data in support of an analysis of the needs and priorities of young men and women, including youth among vulnerable and marginalized groups. In addition, each outcome has specific strategies, partners, and vulnerable groups expected to benefit from the programme results. Inclusion and equity to reach most disadvantaged leave no one behind Kenya has experienced significant economic growth over the last five years but growing prosperity has not been shared equitably. Inequality has not decreased and poverty reduction remains the biggest challenge. Although no updated current data on poverty rate is available, World Bank data (2014) indicates that the rate of extremely poor is estimated to have dropped from 45.9 percent in 2005/06 to 39 percent in 2011/2012, with poverty rates above 80 percent in the remote, arid, sparsely populated north and north-eastern parts of the country (Turkana, Mandera, and Wajir). Furthermore, poverty is feminized. Poverty incidence among women tends to be higher in many dimensions, including being less likely to find employment in the formal sector and earning lower wages compared to men 24. Income inequality levels have not decreased significantly in recent years with high inequality levels in the coastal region of Kenya. Kenya s Gini coefficient of 47.7 is above the Sub-Saharan Africa 2013 average of The income share of the poorest 10 percent of the population is 2 percent while the richest 10 percent of the population share is 40 percent World Bank, World Bank, 2014; World Bank World Bank,

14 High inequality entails marginalization regarding access to social services of good quality such as water and sanitation and access to health and education which implies several pockets of the population have been left behind, principally women, children of the rural poor, migrant workers, informal sector workers, and people with disabilities among others. Instrumental to an overall approach focused inclusion and equity are a human rights-based approach and gender equality. Human rights-based approach The UNDAF will adopt a human rights-based approach (HRBA) to development that aims to support better, more sustainable development outcomes by analyzing and addressing inequalities and discriminatory practices. At country level, a HRBA proceeds from the commitments of the state based on its ratified human rights conventions. It works to ensure that human rights standards and principles guide development cooperation with a focus on developing the capacities of duty-bearers, primarily the state, to meet their obligations and of rights-holders, especially the marginalized vulnerable groups, to claim their rights. Kenya is a state party to all main UN human rights treaties that provide for economic, social and cultural rights, civil liberties and fundamental freedoms. And while the legislative and institutional framework for the observance of international human rights law is mostly in place, implementation is under-funded and inconsistent. Further efforts are needed to ensure full implementation of the legal framework and international instruments. Across all priorities, the UN will support to further develop and strengthen capacities to implement the recommendations of both UN human rights mechanisms as well as recommendations from independent state oversight bodies 27. The UN will also support Government and civil society reporting and engagement with UN treaty body reviews and the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). Consistent with its mandate, the UN will advise on Government policy, legislation and practice to support compliance with Kenya human rights obligations. Kenya is currently host to 483, refugees and asylum seekers, of which 30 % are youth aged between 18 and 35. With the protracted situation, refugees and asylum seekers became part of the socio-economic structure mainly in Turkana, Garissa and Nairobi counties. In Kakuma and Dadaab economically active refugees are creating an ecosystem which benefits for the county and the host-community. Refugees and asylum seekers are contributing as well to the local economy being either consumers or entrepreneurs 29. Small entrepreneurs are creating job opportunities for other refugees and members of the host-community which reinforces the socio-economic integration and social-cohesion. Active refugees and members of the host communities in Turkana and Garissa counties need financial support to sustain their lives and not to fall deeper into poverty. To ensure that no one is left behind, partnership with the county, development partners and the private sector will be key in ensuring that refugees are included in development plans and host communities benefit from assistance currently being provided to the refugee population. Gender equality Despite progress in Kenya to establish a legal and policy framework for the advancement of women s rights and gender equality, inequalities continue to be pervasive. Patriarchal attitudes are still prominent, gender inequalities are present in all spheres of social and economic life, and violence against women is still widespread 30. Although the 2010 Constitution establishes equal rights for men and women, the constitutional mandate of Not more than two third of one gender principle has not been realized for elected and nominated women in leadership. The goal of gender equality is that everyone despite their different gender-based experiences is provided with equal opportunities. Gender mainstreaming aims to identify and address stereotypical cultural norms and structures that sustain gender inequality and then facilitating change that is both institutional and systemic. Kenya is a signatory to CEDAW 31 which is a binding international treaty that guarantees the equality of men and women and prohibits gender-based 27 This is in line with the UN Secretary-General s Rights Up Front Action Plan 28 UNHCR Kenya Statistics as at 28 February World Bank Yes in my backyard? The economics of refugees and their social dynamics in Kakuma, Kenya (Dec 2016). 30 The 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey indicated that 45% of women between the age of experienced domestic violence and 14% of women between the age have experienced sexual violence at least once in their lifetime. 31 The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 14

15 discrimination. The UN will support to GoK to address issues raised in the CEDAW review of Kenya (Nov 2017) which recommended renewed action towards advancing women s rights including in access to justice, health and property. Women provide 80 percent of Kenya s farm labor and manage 40 percent of the country s smallholder farms, yet they own only roughly 1% of agricultural land and receive just 10 percent of available credit 32. In supporting the Government s gender equality goals, the UNDAF will apply a two-pronged approach to gender equality. First, by supporting the mainstreaming of gender in all UNDAF outcomes, thus broadening the accountability for achieving gender equality to all UN agencies. The second aspect will be development of standalone initiatives to address specific gender results that call for a multi-faceted response that brings in multiple actors. The UNDAF will work with the Government to realize the objectives set out in its MTP III particularly in areas related to broad gender mainstreaming across their programmes and the implementation of new and existing gender policies and laws moving from paper to practice. The UN s support will also enhance Kenya s capacity to generate gender disaggregated data to inform planning, programming and monitoring of the SDGs. To address other thematic areas where gender inequality persists, the UNDAF will support the Government s flagships on women s economic empowerment, advancing women s participation in public leadership, ending harmful cultural practices and Gender Based Violence (GBV). Sustainability and resilience The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has the objective to ensure the lasting protection of the planet and its natural resources, support inclusive and sustained economic growth, end poverty and hunger and enhance human well-being. It has the resilience of societies and ecosystems at its core and aims to promote multi-sectoral, integrated approaches that harness the assets and capacities of institutions and communities to reduce risks and vulnerabilities, and to enhance human wellbeing. Cooperation between the Government and UN agencies will work to enhance the resilience of the Kenyan society, economy, and its natural environment. UNDAF puts sustainability at the heart of all its planned results and activities to ensure a successful implementation of the 2030 Agenda in its objective of ensuring the lasting protection of the planet and its natural and cultural resources, supporting inclusive and sustained economic growth and ending poverty in all its dimensions including environmental poverty. The application of the Sustainability and Resilience Principle will increase the resilience of communities and ecosystems, strengthen institutional capacities to enhance human well-being, and reduce risks and vulnerabilities associated with natural hazards and climate change in Kenya. It will also make it possible to ensure the implementación of internationally agreed policy frameworks or conventions ratified by Kenya including the Paris Agreement, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, among others. The use of the principle will inform the policy process through the UN technical support and analysis at both, the macroeconomic, sectoral and county levels. This principle will support the application of the overarching principle of leaving no one behind which recognizes the need for protecting ecosystems and biodiversity as the GDPs of the poor, as they provide the bases for livelihoods and employment for many of the poor. This will involve measures to: Raise awareness of environmental challenges and shaping the attitudes and behaviors that can make a difference through education. Strengthen implementation of environment policies and strengthen the nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources Create National regional and international market access opportunities for products from women and youth led MSMEs in the informal sector; Strengthen implementation of environment policies and strengthen the nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources ; Incorporate potential environmental considerations during programme design and implementation; 32 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS),

16 Strengthen the formulation of local action plans to address ecosystem and land degradation, deforestation, and help communities to withstand shocks and manage risks and uncertainties; and Encourage equal participation of women in natural resource management. Enhance socio-economic integration of refugees and asylum seekers and hosting communities in Turkana, Garissa and Wajir counties Encourage equal participation of women and youth in MSMEs in the informal sector and their related value chains; The UNDAF will address sustainable development in a crosswise manner given its paramount importance to support the 5 Ps of the SDGs (People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership), and with emphasis on Peace and Partnerships. Peace, including security, strong justice and institutions, is essential to improve the three main areas of sustainable development. In terms of Partnership, it involves capacity development of all partners engaged in sustainable development to facilitate harmonized interventions, addressing the challenges together, sharing knowledge and experience, which requires new forms of collaboration, focused on joint and interdisciplinary solutions. Accountability Strategic direction is an essential element of accountability. The UNDAF sets out the UN system s role and collective contribution to the achievement of the MTP III, The MTP III, and related sector plans and policies, form the national framework for Kenya to achieve its development goals and attaining the Vision 2030 of Kenya being a prosperous middle-income nation. The global strategic priorities set by the Agenda 2030 also provide strategic direction to the work of the UN in Kenya. To enhance accountability, the UNDAF will strengthen national and local mechanisms, institutions and processes to monitor and report on the progress of SDG implementation for all parts of society through strengthen the quality and availability of disaggregated data, linking these with international mechanisms, including UN human rights mechanism. In addition, the UNDAF is aligned to national development priorities and includes a results and performance framework with agreed outcomes and outputs, as well as baselines, targets and indicators t to monitor and assess the progress achieved against the UNDAF outcomes. In terms of the commitment to have effective, responsible and inclusive institutions, the UN supports the GoK in promotion and observance of internationally accepted human rights standards, and will support an enabling environment for public participation and effective check and balances for the population to participate to programs and governmental institutions. As such, institutional capacity will be developed, through a process of skills and competencies acquisition, strengthening, adaption and maintenance over time, including systems and procedures, organizational rules and alliances, internal structures and knowledge to achieve institutional goals beyond individual capabilities. This capacity development will have an impact on the production and best use of data, and sound and transparent information to support the design and implementation of public policies at national and local level. To ensure accountability and inclusion of the population in UNDAF , mechanisms to promote participation, transparency and contribution will be used or established. Results-focused programming A result focus requires that Government and UN energies and resources are focused on the results expected from this UNDAF, rather than on planned activities. It requires a demand for performance information from the leadership of the Government and UN as well as clearly defined accountabilities and mechanisms for monitoring and reporting progress against planned results. Results groups will support implementation, management, monitoring, and reporting of progress towards the expected UNDAF outcomes. Indicators for the outcomes listed in Annex A and the outputs to be formulated as part of work plans will be reviewed and aligned, as appropriate, with MTP III and SDGs indicators framework. Development, humanitarian and peacebuilding linkages The UNDAF builds on growing recognition that humanitarian, development, and peacebuilding efforts are complementary and need to reinforce each other to respond to Kenya s vulnerability to inter and intra communal conflicts, 16

17 terrorism, violent extremism, natural disasters and climate change. The UN will prioritize prevention means to avert and mitigate shocks, whether these shocks are caused by conflict, natural disaster, climate, or epidemics by supporting Government and other national partners in addressing the root causes of conflicts and disasters and reduce risk from other hazards. The UN will provide support to national and regional prevention agendas through targeted, flexible, and sustained engagement. The prevention agenda, will be integrated into development policies and efforts, because prevention is costeffective, saves lives, and safeguards development gains. The SDGs will be at the core of the UN approach to prevent and sustain peace in Kenya as the best way to prevent the Kenyan society from descending into crisis, including but not limited to conflict. This will be done by ensuring that communities are resilient by investment in inclusive and sustainable development. Thus, addressing inequalities and exclusion, making institutions more inclusive, and ensuring that development strategies are risk-informed are central to preventing the fraying of the social fabric that could erupt into crisis in Kenya. Capacity development To ensure that development efforts are nationally owned, sustainable and achieve the goals of Agenda 2030 and Agenda 2063, a capacity development approach will inform all aspects of this UNDAF. The Government and UN agencies will base capacity development initiatives on sound capacity assessments and innovative measures to address institutional bottlenecks. Capacity development initiatives will be as technically relevant as possible to the specific tasks at hand to produce actionable results. The Government and UN will continue to promote stronger, deeper engagement with civil society groups and to sustain their support and services for marginalized vulnerable groups. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) will have a full range of roles as development actors and change agents, for the delivery of basic services, support to local development, policy-influencing and accountability. Within each of these roles, CSOs will also engage in programmes and interventions at the local level that contribute to develop the capacities of targeted communities, institutions and themselves. Furthermore, better leveraging of volunteerism will be essential act of citizenship in promoting social inclusion; and supporting civil society voice and community participation in local governance and economic decision making. Risk-informed programming Embracing uncertainties and managing risks are instrumental for the UN to make informed decisions, thereby maximizing gains for national partners and targeted groups while avoiding unnecessary losses. Risk is viewed from a common UN system-wide rather than an individual agency perspective. Importantly, risk-informed development will consider economic, social, and environmental risks to programming as well as risks from programming. Risk-informed development programming will not only entail managing disaster risks and climate impacts but also seek to protect development gains. Considering the Kenya s significant terrorism threats particularly from the Al Qaeda affiliated Al-Shabaab, the UN will ensure that its interventions are in line with do-no harm principle, are conflict-sensitive and avoid negative impacts and maximize positive impacts toward promoting peace and stability. Coherent policy support Policy coherence is crucial for achievement of MTP III, Big 4 Plan, Agenda 2063 and the SDGs. To support greater policy coherence in Kenya: UNDAF outcomes are aligned with MPT III and Big 4 Plan and will make tangible contribution to the achievement of the country priorities; Cooperation between the Government and UN agencies will strive for vertical policy coherence at central and local levels through constant assessment together of the national development and policy landscape; and In line with the focus on cross-sectoral linkages between the SDGs, the UN will support the Government and civil society partners to apply multi-sectoral thinking and approaches to UNDAF implementation. This will enable the consideration of different policy options and models with multi- sectoral benefits and it will encourage greater interministry and inter-departmental coordination in planning, budgeting, service delivery, and monitoring in line with international standards. 17