PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTION. Must-Have Primary Sources. for. Hispanic Heritage Month

Transcription

1 PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTION 5 Must-Have Primary Sources for Hispanic Heritage Month 1

2 Foreword The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that, as of, there are 5. million people in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino the largest group being persons of Mexican heritage, but many others tracing their ancestors to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and to the countries of Central and South America. During Hispanic Heritage Month, celebrate the contributions and diverse histories of Hispanic peoples in the United States through these essential primary sources, which reveal history-shaping moments and the deep-seated presence of Hispanics in the United States. 2

3 Table of Contents Soldiers in Puerto Rico s 5th Infantry (41)...4 Zoot Suiters in Police Custody (43)...5 Proclamation of the Delano Grape Workers (9)...-9 Mariel Boatlift (80)...10 DREAM Act ()

4 Soldiers in Puerto Rico s 5th Infantry (41) Credit: U.S. Army Center of Military History Soldiers of the 5th Infantry after an all day schedule of maneuvers at Salinas, Puerto Rico, August 41. Also known as the Borinqueneers, the 5th Infantry was an all-volunteer Puerto Rican regiment in the U.S. Army who protected U.S. territories during WWI and fought in WWII, the Korean War, and in Vietnam. As a result of its segregated nature, the group faced such discriminatory practices as being forced to use separate showering facilities and being ordered not to speak Spanish. In 1, the 5th Infantry was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. 4

5 Zoot Suiters in Police Custody (43) Credit: Library of Congress Mexican Americans lined up outside Los Angeles jail en route to court after the Zoot Suit Riots, June 9, 43. The Zoot Suit Riots were race riots targeting mainly Mexican Americans that took place over a series of weeks primarily in East Los Angeles during the month of June 43. U.S. servicemen on leave, primarily white Southerners, went into minority communities in search of zoot suiters to attack. The Zoot Suit emerged in the early years of World War II, when Mexican American boys and young men in cities such as El Paso and Phoenix, but especially in Los Angeles, began wearing the suit as a youthful symbolic rebellion against the discrimination they faced in daily life. 5

6 Proclamation of the Delano Grape Workers (9) The Delano grape strike was the first in a series of labor protests enacted by the United Farm Workers (UFW) beginning in 5 and lasting through 70. Led by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta, the strike was launched in conjunction with Filipino workers against Delano grape growers to protest low pay, discrimination, and unsafe and unsanitary working conditions. Labor leaders of the Delano grape strike pioneered a number of approaches to sustain the life of the strike, including an international secondary boycott against table grapes, as well as retailers that purchased non-union harvested grapes. One such boycott was International Boycott Day on May 10, 9, when protests spread across the country at retailers of non-union grapes and Gallo wines. The Delano grape strike marked a turning point in the Mexican-American labor and civil rights movement, and it also changed how state and federal governments drafted farm labor legislation. Below is the Proclamation of the Delano Grape Workers for International Boycott Day on May 10, 9, included as evidence before Congress in the Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Migratory Labor on July, 9. Proclamation of the Delano Grape Workers (9) document follows next page Source: United States Senate. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Migratory Labor of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. 91st Congress, 1st Session, July, 9. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 70,

7 575 [From the Congressional Record] Pboclamation of the Delano Grape Woekebs bemabks of hon. james g. o'hara, of michigan, in the house of REPRESENTATIVES, MONDAY, MAY, 9 Mr. O'Hara. Mr. Speaker, last Saturday, May 10, was proclaimed International Boycott Day by the Delano grape workers. Consumers everywhere were called upon to withhold their patronage from stores selling table grapes. When the Congress enacted the National Labor Relations Act over 30 years ago, agriculture workers were excluded from the provisions of this act. In effect, the Congress made second-class citizens of farmworkers by refusing to protect their right to form unions and to bargain collectively with their employers. For the past 7 years, efforts on the part of the grape workers to bargain collectively have been largely ignored by the growers. Without the protection of the law, the workers had nowhere to go but to the public. Two years ago, the farmworkers of California called upon consumers to boycott grapes in an effort to force the growers to recognize the rights of the workers and to bargain collectively with them. The boycott has been more and more effective as the public has become more and more aware of the plight of the farmworkers. By boycotting grapes, consumers tell growers that they will not purchase their product until they know that the workers who harvest it are assured of a just wage, humane working conditions, job security, and other employee benefits taken for granted by most working men and women in America. Mr. Speaker, I insert the proclamation of the Delano grape workers for International Boycott Day at this point in the Record : Proclamation of the Delano Grape Workers for International Boycott Day, May 10, 9 We, the striking grape workers of California, join on this International Boycott Day with the consumers across the continent in planning the steps that lie ahead on the road to our liberation. As we plan, we recall the footsteps that brought up fb this day and the events of this day. The historic road of our pilgrimage to Sacramento later branched out, spreading like the unpruned vines in struck fields, until it led us to willing exile in cities across this land. There, far from the earth we tilled for generations, we have cultivated the strange soil of public understanding, sowing the seed of our truth and our cause in the minds and hearts of men. We have been farm workers for hundreds of years and pioneers for seven. Mexicans, Filipinos, Africans and others, our ancestors were among those who founded this land and tamed its natural wilderness. But we are still pilgrims on this land, and we are pioneers who blaze a trail out of the vdlderness of hunger and deprivation that we have suffered even as our ancestors did. We are conscious today of the significance of our present quest. If this road we chart leads to the rights and reforms we demand, if it leads to just wages, humane working conditions, protection from the misuse of pesticides, and to the fundamental right of collective bargaining, if it changes the social order that relegates us to the bottom reaches of society, then in our wake will follow thousands of American farm workers. Our example will make them free. But if our road does not bring us to victory and social change, it will not be because our direction is mistaken or our resolve too weak, but only because our bodies are mortal and our journey hard. For we are in the midst of a great social movement, and we will not stop struggling 'til we die, or win! We have been farm workers for hundreds of years and strikers for four. It was four years ago that we threw down our plowshares and pruninghooks. These Biblical symbols of peace and tranquility to us represent too many lifetimes of unprotesting submission to a degrading social system that allows us no dignity, no comfort, no peace. We mean to have our peace, and to win it without violence, for it is violence we would overcome the subtle spiritual and mental violence of oppression, the violence subhuman toil does to the human body. So we went and stood tall outside the vineyards where we had stooped for years. But the tailors of national labor legislation had left us naked. Thus exposed, our picket lines were crippled by injunctions and harassed by growers; our strike was broken by imported scabs ; our overtures to our employers were ignored. Yet we knew the day must come when they would talk to us, as equals. 3-5 O pt. 3A - 3

8 57 We have been farm workers for hundreds of years and boycotters for two. We did not choose the grape boycott, but we had chosen to leave our peonage, poverty, and dispair behind. Though our first bid for freedom, the strike, was weakened, we would not turn back. The boycott was the only way forward the growers left to us. We called upon our fellow men and were answered by consumers who said as all men of conscience must that they would no longer allow their tables to be subsidized by our sweat and our sorrow : They shunned the grapes, fruit of our affliction. We marched alone at the beginning, but today we count men of all creeds, nationalities, and occupations in our number. Between us and the justice we seek now stand the large and powerful grocers who, in continuing to buy table grapes, betray the boycott their own customers have built. These stores treat their patrons' demands to remove the grapes the same way the growers treat our demands for union recognition by ignoring them. The consumers who rally behind our cause are responding as we do to such treatment with a boycott They pledge to withhold their patronage from stores that handle grapes during the boycott, just as we withhold our labor from the growers until our dispute is resolved. Grapes must remain an unenjoyed luxury for all as long as the barest human needs and basic human rights are still luxuries for farm workers. The grapes grow sweet and heavy on the vines, but they will have to wait while we reach out first for our freedom. The time is ripe for our liberation. A Portrait of Agribusiness Power in the San Joaquin Valley of California (Prepared by Wayne C. Hartmire, Jr., Director, California Migrant Ministry, May 8) Company Acreage^ subsiciy'^ Kern County Land 348,02 $52,057 Standard Oil 8,485 Southern Pacific 1,851 Tejon Ranch 18, Vista de Llano (Anderson, Clayton) 52,000,840 Boston Ranch (J. G. Boswell) 37,555 50,01 Russell Giffen 33, 000 2, J. G. Boswell 32,34 2,807,33 South Lake Farms 30,478 1,48,9 Di Giorgio (Delano strike area) ,100 Everett Salyer 25, 2 1, 0, 80 Miller & Lux 25,3 299,051 Giumarra (Delano strike area),459 24,882 Bianco (Delano strike area),795 Divizich (Delano strike area) 5,500 Steele (Delano strike area) 4,7 Schenley (Delano strike area) 3,700 Pandol (Delano strike area). 2,288 Perelli-Minetti (Delano strike area) 2,280.0% of California's farms own 75% of the land (59 Census) 5.2% of California's farms pay 0.2% of the farm labor wages (59 Census) 1 59 U.S. Census of Agriculture. 2 Figures published by Senator John Williams of Delaware. ' Includes only soil bank and acreage diversion payments ; doesn't include price support program or water subsidy. June, 7 Statement by Senator Williams : "Based upon these large payments it is obvious that the small family-type farmer is not the real beneficiary of our present farm program ; but rather the Government through these large payments is in reality subsidizing an expansion of the corporate-type of farming operation." The Citizens' Board of Inquiry into Hunger & Malnutrition in the USA, a group which includes major Protestant representation came to the following conclusions about governmental farm support programs : "Judged by the allocation of payments to farmers in 7, this purpose (to encourage, promote & strengthen the family farm) has not been achieved. Some 42.7% of farmers the classical small family farmers with gross income of less than $2500 received 4.5% of

9 Mariel Boatlift (80) Source: U.S. Coast Guard The Mariel Boatlift refers to the mass migration of more than 5,000 Cubans to the United States from the Cuban port of Mariel between April and September 80. It was a turning point in U.S. responses both to Cuban refugees and to Cold War refugees generally. From the late 50s, the United States welcomed successive waves of Cubans who fled the rise of the Fidel Castro regime and its hardships and rights violations. On April, 80, Castro announced that Cubans wishing to leave could depart from the port of Mariel, unleashing a frantic wave of activity as boats commanded by Cuban Americans headed to Mariel to pick up relatives and others wishing to leave. Though an apparent sign of relaxed restrictions, and with many people taking advantage of the invitation, it later became evident that the event was orchestrated to purge Cuba of political dissidents, criminals, and the mentally ill. 7

10 DREAM Act () On July,, the bipartisan DREAM Act of was introduced, which would provide a path to lawful permanent residence for undocumented young people who were brought to this country as children. The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act was first introduced in Congress in 01 in response to the thousands of children and young adults in the United States who were in the country without the proper documentation needed to continue their higher education. Although the Act never became law, through President Barack Obama s Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, some of these young people received temporary permission to remain. According to Pew Research Center, since DACA began, of the 790,000 approved applications, 78% have come from Mexican-born students; however, on September 5,, the Donald Trump administration announced it will end DACA, leaving the future of these Dreamers uncertain. Below are the first three sections of the DREAM Act of. Proclamation of the DREAM Act () document follows next page Source: Dream Act of, S.1, 1th Congress. () 8

11 II 1TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION S. 1 To authorize the cancellation of removal and adjustment of status of certain individuals who are long-term United States residents and who entered the United States as children, and for other purposes. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES JULY, Mr. GRAHAM (for himself, Mr. DURBIN, Mr. FLAKE, and Mr. SCHUMER) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary A BILL To authorize the cancellation of removal and adjustment of status of certain individuals who are long-term United States residents and who entered the United States as children, and for other purposes Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the Dream Act of. SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: dlhill on DSKBC4BHB2PROD with BILLS 7 (1) IN GENERAL. Except as otherwise specifi- 8 cally provided, any term used in this Act that is VerDate Sep 11 :41 Aug 01, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

12 2 1 used in the immigration laws shall have the meaning 2 given such term in the immigration laws. 3 (2) DACA. The term DACA means de- 4 ferred action granted to an alien pursuant to the 5 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program an- nounced by President Obama on June,. 7 (3) DISABILITY. The term disability has the 8 meaning given such term in section 3(1) of the 9 Americans with Disabilities Act of 90 (42 U.S.C (1)) (4) EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION PRO- GRAM. The term early childhood education program has the meaning given such term in section 103 of the Higher Education Act of 5 ( U.S.C. 1003). (5) ELEMENTARY SCHOOL; HIGH SCHOOL; SEC- ONDARY SCHOOL. The terms elementary school, high school, and secondary school have the meanings given such terms in section 8101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 5 ( U.S.C. 7801). () IMMIGRATION LAWS. The term immigration laws has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)() of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)()). S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

13 S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1 3 (7) INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION. The term institution of higher education (A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), has the meaning given such term in section 102 of the Higher Education Act of 5 ( U.S.C. 1002); and (B) does not include an institution of higher education outside of the United States. DITIONAL (8) PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS ON A CON- BASIS. The term permanent resident status on a conditional basis means status as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence on a conditional basis under this Act. (9) POVERTY LINE. The term poverty line has the meaning given such term in section 73 of the Community Services Block Grant Act (42 U.S.C. 9902). (10) SECRETARY. Except as otherwise specifically provided, the term Secretary means the Secretary of Homeland Security. (11) UNIFORMED SERVICES. The term Uniformed Services has the meaning given the term uniformed services in section 101(a) of title 10, United States Code.

14 S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1 4 SEC. 3. PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS ON A CONDITIONAL BASIS FOR CERTAIN LONG-TERM RESIDENTS WHO ENTERED THE UNITED STATES AS CHIL- DREN. (a) CONDITIONAL BASIS FOR STATUS. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an alien shall be considered, at the time of obtaining the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence under this section, to have obtained such status on a conditional basis subject to the provisions under this Act. (b) REQUIREMENTS. (1) IN GENERAL. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall cancel the removal of, and adjust to the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence on a conditional basis, an alien who is inadmissible or deportable from the United States or is in temporary protected status under section 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 54a), if (A) the alien has been continuously physically present in the United States since the date that is 4 years before the date of the enactment of this Act; (B) the alien was younger than years of age on the date on which the alien initially entered the United States;

15 5 1 (C) subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the 2 alien 3 (i) is not inadmissible under para- 4 graph (2), (3), ()(E), ()(G), (8), 5 (10)(A), (10)(C), or (10)(D) of section 2(a) of the Immigration and Nationality 7 Act (8 U.S.C. 12(a)); 8 (ii) has not ordered, incited, assisted, 9 or otherwise participated in the persecution 10 of any person on account of race, religion, 11 nationality, membership in a particular so- cial group, or political opinion; and (iii) has not been convicted of (I) any offense under Federal or State law, other than a State offense 1 for which an essential element is the alien s immigration status, that is punishable by a maximum term of im- prisonment of more than 1 year; or (II) 3 or more offenses under Federal or State law, other than State offenses for which an essential ele- ment is the alien s immigration sta- 24 tus, for which the alien was convicted 25 on different dates for each of the 3 of- S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

16 1 fenses and imprisoned for an aggre- 2 gate of 90 days or more; and 3 (D) the alien 4 (i) has been admitted to an institution 5 of higher education; (ii) has earned a high school diploma 7 or a commensurate alternative award from 8 a public or private high school, or has ob- 9 tained a general education development 10 certificate recognized under State law or a 11 high school equivalency diploma in the United States; or (iii) is enrolled in secondary school or in an education program assisting students in 1 (I) obtaining a regular high school diploma or its recognized equiv- alent under State law; or (II) in passing a general edu- cational development exam, a high school equivalence diploma examina- tion, or other similar State-authorized exam. 24 (2) WAIVER. With respect to any benefit 25 under this Act, the Secretary may waive the grounds S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm 0000 Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

17 7 1 of inadmissibility under paragraph (2), ()(E), 2 ()(G), or (10)(D) of section 2(a) of the Immigra- 3 tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 12(a)) for hu- 4 manitarian purposes or family unity or if the waiver 5 is otherwise in the public interest (3) TREATMENT OF EXPUNGED CONVIC- TIONS. An expunged conviction shall not automatically be treated as an offense under paragraph (1). The Secretary shall evaluate expunged convictions on a case-by-case basis according to the nature and severity of the offense to determine whether, under the particular circumstances, the Secretary determines that the alien should be eligible for cancellation of removal, adjustment to permanent resident status on a conditional basis, or other adjustment of status. (4) DACA RECIPIENTS. The Secretary shall cancel the removal of, and adjust to the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence on a conditional basis, an alien who was granted DACA unless the alien has engaged in conduct since the alien was granted DACA that would make the alien ineligible for DACA. (5) APPLICATION FEE. S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

18 8 1 (A) IN GENERAL. The Secretary may re- 2 quire an alien applying for permanent resident 3 status on a conditional basis under this section 4 to pay a reasonable fee that is commensurate 5 with the cost of processing the application. (B) EXEMPTION. An applicant may be 7 exempted from paying the fee required under 8 subparagraph (A) if the alien 9 (i)(i) is younger than years of age; 10 (II) received total income, during the 11 -month period immediately preceding the date on which the alien files an application under this section, that is less than 0 percent of the poverty line; and (III) is in foster care or otherwise 1 lacking any parental or other familial sup- port; (ii) is younger than years of age and is homeless; (iii)(i) cannot care for himself or her- self because of a serious, chronic disability; and (II) received total income, during the 24 -month period immediately preceding the 25 date on which the alien files an application S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

19 9 1 under this section, that is less than 0 2 percent of the poverty line; or 3 (iv)(i) during the -month period im- 4 mediately preceding the date on which the 5 alien files an application under this sec- tion, accumulated $10,000 or more in debt 7 as a result of unreimbursed medical ex- 8 penses incurred by the alien or an imme- 9 diate family member of the alien; and 10 (II) received total income, during the 11 -month period immediately preceding the date on which the alien files an application under this section, that is less than 0 percent of the poverty line () SUBMISSION OF BIOMETRIC AND BIO- GRAPHIC DATA. The Secretary may not grant an alien permanent resident status on a conditional basis under this section unless the alien submits biometric and biographic data, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary. The Secretary shall provide an alternative procedure for aliens who are unable to provide such biometric or biographic data because of a physical impairment. (7) BACKGROUND CHECKS. S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

20 S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1 10 (A) REQUIREMENT FOR BACKGROUND CHECKS. The Secretary shall utilize biometric, biographic, and other data that the Secretary determines appropriate (i) to conduct security and law enforcement background checks of an alien seeking permanent resident status on a conditional basis under this section; and (ii) to determine whether there is any criminal, national security, or other factor that would render the alien ineligible for such status. (B) COMPLETION OF BACKGROUND CHECKS. The security and law enforcement background checks of an alien required under subparagraph (A) shall be completed, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, before the date on which the Secretary grants such alien permanent resident status on a conditional basis under this section. (8) MEDICAL EXAMINATION. (A) REQUIREMENT. An alien applying for permanent resident status on a conditional basis under this section shall undergo a medical examination.

21 S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1 11 (B) POLICIES AND PROCEDURES. The Secretary, with the concurrence of the Secretary of Health and Human Services, shall prescribe policies and procedures for the nature and timing of the examination required under subparagraph (A). (9) MILITARY SELECTIVE SERVICE. An alien applying for permanent resident status on a conditional basis under this section shall establish that the alien has registered under the Military Selective Service Act (50 U.S.C et seq.), if the alien is subject to registration under such Act. (c) DETERMINATION OF CONTINUOUS PRESENCE. (1) TERMINATION OF CONTINUOUS PERIOD. Any period of continuous physical presence in the United States of an alien who applies for permanent resident status on a conditional basis under this section shall not terminate when the alien is served a notice to appear under section 9(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 29(a)). (2) TREATMENT OF CERTAIN BREAKS IN PRES- ENCE. (A) IN GENERAL. Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), an alien shall be considered to have failed to maintain contin-

22 1 uous physical presence in the United States 2 under subsection (b)(1)(a) if the alien has de- 3 parted from the United States for any period 4 exceeding 90 days or for any periods, in the ag- 5 gregate, exceeding 0 days (B) EXTENSIONS FOR EXTENUATING CIR- CUMSTANCES. The Secretary may extend the time periods described in subparagraph (A) for an alien who demonstrates that the failure to timely return to the United States was due to extenuating circumstances beyond the alien s control, including the serious illness of the alien, or death or serious illness of a parent, grandparent, sibling, or child of the alien. (C) TRAVEL AUTHORIZED BY THE SEC- RETARY. Any period of travel outside of the United States by an alien that was authorized by the Secretary may not be counted toward any period of departure from the United States under subparagraph (A). (d) LIMITATION ON REMOVAL OF CERTAIN ALIENS. (1) IN GENERAL. The Secretary or the Attorney General may not remove an alien who appears prima facie eligible for relief under this section. S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm 000 Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

23 1 (2) ALIENS SUBJECT TO REMOVAL. The Sec- 2 retary shall provide a reasonable opportunity to 3 apply for relief under this section to any alien who 4 requests such an opportunity or who appears prima 5 facie eligible for relief under this section if the alien is in removal proceedings, is the subject of a final 7 removal order, or is the subject of a voluntary depar- 8 ture order (3) CERTAIN ALIENS ENROLLED IN ELEMEN- TARY OR SECONDARY SCHOOL. (A) STAY OF REMOVAL. The Attorney General shall stay the removal proceedings of an alien who (i) meets all the requirements under subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of subsection (b)(1), subject to paragraphs (2) and (3) of such subsection; (ii) is at least 5 years of age; and (iii) is enrolled in an elementary school, a secondary school, or an early childhood education program. (B) COMMENCEMENT OF REMOVAL PRO- CEEDINGS. The Secretary may not commence removal proceedings for an alien described in subparagraph (A). S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm 000 Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

24 1 (C) EMPLOYMENT. An alien whose re- 2 moval is stayed pursuant to subparagraph (A) 3 or who may not be placed in removal pro- 4 ceedings pursuant to subparagraph (B) shall, 5 upon application to the Secretary, be granted an employment authorization document. 7 (D) LIFT OF STAY. The Secretary or At- 8 torney General may not lift the stay granted to 9 an alien under subparagraph (A) unless the 10 alien ceases to meet the requirements under 11 such subparagraph (e) EXEMPTION FROM NUMERICAL LIMITATIONS. Nothing in this section or in any other law may be construed to apply a numerical limitation on the number of aliens who may be granted permanent resident status on a conditional basis under this Act. SEC. 4. TERMS OF PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS ON A CONDITIONAL BASIS. (a) PERIOD OF STATUS. Permanent resident status on a conditional basis is (1) valid for a period of 8 years, unless such period is extended by the Secretary; and (2) subject to termination under subsection (c). (b) NOTICE OF REQUIREMENTS. At the time an alien obtains permanent resident status on a conditional S 1 IS VerDate Sep 11 04:29 Jul 29, Jkt 090 PO Frm 000 Fmt 52 Sfmt 1 E:\BILLS\S1.IS S1

25 Social Studies Research and Curriculum Resources 1 subject-specific databases designed to improve students inquiry skills and to deepen their understanding of history, contemporary issues, and global cultures American Government American History Daily Life through History Health and Wellness Issues TO REQUEST YOUR FREE TRIAL Issues kchasse@abc-clio.com Modern Genocide Pop Culture Universe The African American Experience The American Indian Experience The Latino American Experience United States Geography World at War World Geography World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras World History: The Modern Era There are many wonderful digital resources that students and teachers can utilize to enrich the learning experience. One of the best is ABC-CLIO. We find their databases of information to be rich in primary source materials; their readings to be clear and concise; and their videos, graphs, and charts very engaging. Carmine Picardo, Former Supervisor of Curriculum and Instruction for World Studies, Wayne Public Schools, NJ World Religions abc-clio.com/abc-cliosolutions