MAHARASHTRA AT A GLANCE

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2 MAHARASHTRA AT A GLANCE Item Geographical Area (Thousand Sq.Km) Administrative Setup Revenue Divisions Districts Tahsils Inhabited villages ,722@@ Uninhabited villages N.A Towns Population as per Census (In thousand) Total Males Females Rural Urban Scheduled Castes N.A Scheduled Tribes N.A Density population (Per Sq.Km) Literacy rate (percentage) Sex ratio (Females per thousand males) Percentage of urban population State Income (At current prices) (As per series) State Income (Core Rs.) ,41,877+ Primary Sector (Core Rs.) ,610+ Secondary Sector (Core Rs.) ,222+ Tertiary Sector (Core Rs.) ,41,045+ Per capita State income (Rs.) ,736+ Agriculture (Area in thousand hectares) Net area sown Gross cropped area Gross irrigated area Percentage of gross irrigated Area to gross cropped area (2)

3 Item Area under principal crops (in thousand hectares) Rice Wheat Jowar Bajri All cereals All pulses All foodgrains Provisional+Preliminary estimates Including Un Inhabited villages ECONOMIC SURVEY OF MAHARASHTRA DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMIC & STATISTICS, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA, MUMBAI. (3)

4 MAHARASHTRA AT A GLANCE Item * Sugarcane Sugarcane harvested area Cotton ,105 Groundnut 1, Production of principal crops (in thousand tonns) Rice 1,369 1,662 2,315 2,344 2,651 Wheat ,077 Jowar 4,224 1,557 4,409 5,929 3,910 Bajri 489 4, , All cereals 6,755 4,737 8,647 10,740 9,305 All pulses ,441 1,880 All foodgrains 7,744 5,414 9,472 12,181 11,185 Sugarcane 10,404 14,433 23,, ,140 Cotton (lint) Groundnut Index number of agricultural Agricultural Census Number of operational holdings (in thousand) 4,951 6,863 8,101 9,470 Area of operational holdings (in thousand) 21,179 21,362 21,352 20,925 Average size of operational holdings (hectares) Livestock Census Total livestock (in thousand) 26,048 25,449 29,642 34,255 39,638 Total poultry (in thousand) 10,577 9,902 18,791 24,839 35,392 Tractor 1,,428 3,274 12,917 34,529 79,893 Forest Area (sq. Km.) 63,544 62,311 64,222 63,798 61,935 Factories Working Factories 8,010 9,803 15,170 23,410 28,324 Average daily employment (in thousand) ,177 11,663 1,201 Employment per lakh of population 1,886 2,031 11,,958 1,483 1,233 (4)

5 Item * Electricity (Million KWH) Total generation 3,268 9,134 18,751 37,311 64,138 Total consumption 2,720 7,650 14,034 30,775 46,338 Industrial consumption 18,553 5,312 8,130 14,706 17,435 Agricultural consumption ,723 6,604 8,730 Domestic consumption ,779 5,065 11,901 Provisional Base :- Triennial Average =100 Covered under Factories Acts, ECONOMIC SURVEY OF MAHARASHTRA DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMIC &STATISTICS, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, GOVERENMENT OF MAHARASHTRA, MUMBAI (5)

6 MAHARASHTRA AT A GLANCE Item * Banking (scheduled commercial) (June 1971) (June 1981) (June 1991) (June 2002) Banking offices N.A. 1,471 3,627 5,591 6,320 (March1991) (March 1993) Villages having banking offices N.A ,355 2,749 2,414 Education @@ Primary school 34,594 45,143 51,045 57,744 68,736 Enrolment (in thousand) 4,178 6,229 8,392 10,424 11,709 Secondary schools (incl. higher secondary) 2,468 5,339 6,119 9,972 16,647 Enrollment (in thousand) 858 1,936 3,309 5,704 10,094 Health Hospital N. A ,102 Dispensaries N. A. 1,372 1,776 1,896 1,544 Beds per lakh of N. A Birth ( ** ) Death ( ** ) Infant morality (+) Transport Railway route length (Kilometer) 5,056 5,226 5,233 5,434 5, Total route length (Kilometer)+ 39,241 63,364 1,441,131 1,72,965 2,22,600 Of which Surface 24,852 35,853 66,616 1,32,048 1,88, ,641 7,506 Co - operation Primary agricultural credit societies 21,400 20,420 18,577 19,565 20,674 Membership (in thousand) 2,170 3,794 5,416 7,942 10,340 total No. of Co-op. Societies 31,565 42,597 60,747 1,04,620 1,65,789 Total membership (in thousand) 4,191 8,581 14,783 26,903 43,939 Working capital (Rs. In core) 291 1,490 5,210 24,283 1,41,004 (6)

7 Item * Banking (scheduled commercial) (June 1971) (June 1981) (June 1991) (June 2002) Local bodies Zilla Parishads Gram Panchayats 21,636 22,300 24,281 25,827 27,832# Panchayat Samities Municipal Councils Municipal Corporations Cantonment Boards Provisional N. A. Not applicable As per Sample Registration Scheme. Per thousand population. Roads maintained by Z.P. and P.W.D. Including Nagar Panchayats ECONOMIC SURVEY OF MAHARASHTRA DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMIC &STATISTICS, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA, MUMBAI. (7)

8 MAHARASHTRA A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Maharashtra is the third largest state in India, in terms of area (308 sq. km.) and second in terms of population (9,67,52,247 as per the 2001 census). Only Uttar Pradesh has a larger population and Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have larger areas. The state is bounded by the Arabian sea in the west, and shares its boundaries with Gujarat in the north west, Madhya Pradesh to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the south east and Karnataka and Goa in the south. The State of Maharashtra forms a huge irregular triangle with its base on the west coast of India, overlooking the Arabian sea. The coastal strip, about 720 km. long and not more than 80 km. wide, is the Konkan, dotted with paddy fields and coconut groves. The Sahyadris or the Western Ghats running almost parallel to the sea coast, flank the Konkan on the east. To the east of the Sahyadris, stretches a vast plateau, forming the apex of the triangle. The plateau is drained by the great rivers, Godavari, Bhima and Krishna, which rise in the Sahyadris and flow eastward across the Indian peninsula, into the Bay of Bengal. The plateau is extremely fertile and provides excellent crops of cotton, oil seeds and sugarcane. The rainfall in the state varies considerably, the areas west of the Sahyadris like the districts of Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg receive heavy rains. The areas which lie in the rain shadow of the Sahyadris, however, comprise the major portion of the state area and get an average rainfall of around inches of rain annually and in some areas, less than 20 inches of rain. These areas include the districts of Nashik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Satara, Sangli, Solapur and parts of Kolhapur. In 2002, the State received 86 per cent of the normal rainfall. Out of the 352 talukas in the State 95 talukas (27%) received above the normal rainfall (i.e. more than 100 per cent of the longterm average, 92 talukas (26.1 per cent received 81 to 100 per cent rainfall, whereas 165 talukas (46.9%) received deficient (less than 80%) rainfall. In these 165 talukas, 57 talukas were from Vidarbha, 53 from Central Maharashtra (Pune and Nashik Division), 28 from Konkan and 27 from Marathwada. Thus the overall picture of the rainfall received this monsoon was not satisfactory and has badly affected agricultural production in the State. Agricultural production during may record the lowest production in the last decade. The food grain production in the State is expected to be only at lakh tonnes, less by about 18 per cent than that in The production of cotton (lint) is expected to be around 3.27 lakh tonnes, less by about 28 per cent than that during the previous year. The oilseeds production is expected to decrease by 12 per cent and would be lakh tonnes. The sugarcane production is expected to be around 370 lakh tonnes, less by about 18 per cent than that during the previous year. (9)

9 The population density of Maharashtra has increased from 257 persons per km. in 1991 to 314 per km in The state has 6 divisions Konkan, Pune, Nasik, Aurangabad, Nagpur, and Amravati which are further divided into 35 districts. 46 per cent of the state population is concentrated in two divisions Konkan and Pune which form the most industrialized part of the state including Mumbai. According to the 2001 Census, the population density within the state ranges from 208 persons per km. in Nagpur division to 807 persons per km. in the Konkan division. As far as social development is concerned, Maharashtra occupies the second position among the major states, next to Kerala, in terms of two key indicators literacy and infant mortality. During the period , the literacy rate for males has increased from 49 per cent (among population age 5 years and above) to 86 per cent (among population age seven years and above). The female literacy rate has increased more than three-fold, from 20 per cent to 68 per cent during this period. In 2001, Maharashtra s overall literacy rate was 77 per cent, whereas for Kerala it was 91 per cent. In 1999, the infant mortality rate for Maharashtra was 48 deaths per 1000 live births, whereas for Kerala it was 14 deaths per 1000 live births. According to the 1991 Census, 11 per cent of Maharashtra s population belonged to scheduled castes and 9 per cent belonged to scheduled tribes. From , Maharashtra had the distinction of being the most urbanized state in India, but in 2001, Maharashtra (42% urban) lost this position to Tamil Nadu (44% urban). During the period , the urban population in the state increased from 28 per cent. During the period , the urban population in the state has increased from 28 per cent to 42 per cent of the total population. The number of cities with one million or more population in the state increased from four in 1991 to seven in According to 2001 census, 48.9 per cent of the population of Mumbai lives in slum areas. The crude birth rate in Maharashtrra declined from 32.2 births per 1000 population in 1971 to 22.1 in The crude death rate declined from 12.3 deaths per 1000 population in 1971 to 7.5 in 1999 and the infant mortality rate declined from 105 deaths per 1000 live births in 1971 to 48 in The expectation of life at birth in Mahashtra in is estimated to be 65.3 years for males and 68.1 years for females (cited in National Family and Health Survey, India Maharashtra is one of the most economically developed states in India. The per capita state income at current prices was Rs. 23,398 during Among the 13 major states, in , the per capita state income doubled from to , from Rs. 2,435 to Rs The annual growth rate of per capita state income was 3.8 per cent during the six years preceding Gross State Domestic Product As per the advance estimates, Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Maharashtra at constant ( ) prices is expected to grow at the rate of 4.0 per cent during , as against growth of 6.8 per cent in the last year. The sectoral growth rates of GSDP are expected to be (-)9.1 per cent (10)

10 in Primary Sector (agriculture and allied activities), 4.9 per cent in Sector (Service Sector). The GSDP of Maharashtra in at constant ( ) prices is estimated at Rs. 1,66, 516 crore as against Rs. 1,55,875 crore in At current prices, GSDP in is estimated at Rs. 2,71,406 crore as against Rs. 2,38,875 crore in the previous year, showing an increase of 13.6 per cent. State Income The preliminary estimate of the State Income (i.e. Net State Domestic Product) of Maharashtra at current prices for the year was Rs. 2,41, 877 crore and the per capital state income was Rs. 24, 736. At constant ( ) prices, the State Income in was estimated at Rs. 1, 47, 359 crore and the per capital state income was Rs. 15, 070. Public Finance The revenue deficit of the State Government increased from Rs. 55 crore in to Rs. 6,245 crore in During the same period, the total Government expenditure has increased from Rs. 10, 432 crore in to Rs. 42, 662 crore in The State Government debts have soared from Rs. 10, 724 crore in to Rs. 61,123 crore at the end of and it s percentage to GSDP has increased from 15.9 to 20.8 per cent during the same period. The interest burden of the State Government has also increased from Rs. 881 crore in to Rs. 6,284 crore in and its percentage to revenue receipts has increased from 10.1 to 20.2 per cent during the same period. The fiscal deficit of the State budget which was Rs. 1,781 crore in increased to Rs, 10,800 crore in and its percentage to GSDP which was 2.6 in the same period, increased to 4.0 per cent in Livestock Production During , the milk production in the State is estimated at lakh tonnes, which is 2.5 per cent more than the estimated production of 60.9 lakh tonnes the previous year. Similarly, the production of eggs, (estimated at 329 crore), showed an increase by 3.1 per cent, while meat production at 2.20 lakh tonnes showed an increase of more than 1.9 per cent for the same period. During the year , the average daily collection of milk by the Government and Cooperative Dairy in the State (excluding Brihanmumbai) would be 42.2 lakh litres, lower by 3.4 per cent than that of 43.7 lakh litres during Fish Production The potential fish catch from the marine area in the State has been estimated at 6.3 lakh tones per year. As against this, the production during was 4.14 lakh tonnes, 2.7 per cent more than that in The estimated inland fish catch in was 1.23 lakh tonnes, 0.4 per cent less than that during The approximate gross value of marine and inland fish catch taken together in the State as per current prices during was Rs. 1,266 crores. (11)

11 Mineral Production The potential mineral bearing area of the State is about 58 thousand sq. km. (i.e. about 19 per cent of the total geographical area of the State). Among the major minerals found in the State, the production of coal during the year was 30.8 million tonnes, 7.2 per cent more than that during the previous year. During the same period, the production of bauxite increased by 5.0 per cent to 10.8 lakh tonnes. the total value of minerals extracted in the state during was at Rs. 2,402 crore, in which the share of coal was about 94 per cent (Rs. 2,254 crore). Industrial Relations The number of work stoppages in factories due to strikes and lockouts during 2002 was 43 and was lower than that of 51 during Similarly, the number of man-days lost due to work stoppages including continuing work stoppages was lakh man days during 2002 which was lower as compared to lakh man-days during Maharashtra s Information Technology Policy Citizen facility centres under the name SETU (under the SETU project, 83 often required certificates are issued to the public as per demand) have already been set up in seven districts and the government has decided to set up such centres in all remaining districts and taluka places in the State. The State government is developing public IT parks in the different areas of the State. New Investment Proposals Of the total investment proposed in the country since liberalization upto December 2002, Maharashtra with an investment of Rs. 2, 34,335 crore for 10,448 projects and employment of lakh accounts for about 20 per cent share in both investment and employment. Out of these, 4, 767 projects involving an investment of Rs. 64,945 crore have already started their production and 4.21 lakh employment is actually generated. Transport and Communications The total road length in the State by the end of March 2002 was lakh km. The total length of railway routes in the State during the same period was 5,459 km., which was 8.6 per cent in the country. The total number of motor vehicles on road in the State as on 1 January 2003 was lakhs. The number of Post Offices in the State at the end of March 2002 was 12,8333, of which 11,355 were in rural areas and 1,478 in urban areas. There were lakh telephone connections in the State as on 31 March Population As per the population census 2001, Maharashtra s population of 9.67 crores is 9.4 per cent of the total population (102.7 crore) of India. The percentage of urban population in the State was 42.4 (12)

12 per cent; it is the most urbanized state in the country after Tamilnadu (43.9%). The sex ratio in the State declined from 934 in 1991 to an all time low of 922 in The density of population of the State is 314 persons per sq. km. The projected population of the State as on 1 March 2003 is about crores. Poverty As per the National Sample Survey (NSS) data on the 55th round (July 1999-June 2000), about a quarter of the population (25.02%) of the population in the State was below the poverty line. the incidence of poverty in urban area (26.81) was more than that of rural area (23.72%) of the State. Employment There is a continuous decline trend in factory employment in the last few years. According to factory employment statistics, the average daily factory employment in the State at the end of December 2001 was 12 lakhs, which was 1.6 per cent less than that at the end of December, As per the data collected under Employment Market Programme (EMI), the total number of employment s on 31 March 2002 in both public and private sectors was lakhs as against lakhs reported during the previous year. During , employment provide under the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) for the period April-December 2002 was crore man days as against crore man days provided during the corresponding period of the previous year. In addition to this, under Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana employment of 2.34 crore man days was provided during the current year for the period April to December, During , from April to December, 2002, the number of persons newly registered in Employment and Self Employment Guidance Centres was 5.08 lakhs as compared with 5.24 lakhs in the corresponding period of The actual placements effected during from April to December, 2002 were seven thousand against nine thousand placements effected during the corresponding period of the previous year. During the current year, the number of persons on live register of Employment and Self-Employment Guidance Centres as at the end of December 2002 was lakh as compared to lakhs at the end of December, Education During the current year, there are 68,736 primary, 16, 019 secondary and 3, 903 higher secondary schools in the State. The number of enrolments in primary, secondary and higher secondary schools in the State during were lakhs and lakhs respectively. the literacy rate of population aged seven years and above was 77.3 per cent in Among the major states in India, Maharashtra ranked second in respect to literacy rate after Kerala (90.9%). (13)

13 Capital Market During the current year, up to 31 January During the current year, up to 31 January 2003, in the entire country Rs. 951 crores were raised through Initial Public Offer from 4 companies, of which Maharashtra accounted for half of the share (Rs crore from 2 companies). During , the stock exchanges from Maharashtra had a turnover of Rs. 8,21,789 crores, i.e. about 92 per cent of the total turnover at all the stock exchanges in the country. In the 58th round of the National Sample Survey (July-December 2002), data on village facilities, particulars of slum, disabled persons, housing conditions and household consumer expenditure was collected from 292 villages and 630 urban blocks. In the survey, data on housing conditions was collected from 3,430 rural and 7,528 urban households. About 93 per cent rural and 68 per cent urban households were living in the owned dwelling units. About 50 per cent rural and 95 per cent urban households were living in the owned dwelling units. About 50 per cent rural and 95 per cent urban households reported of having the major source of drinking water as tap. Separate bathroom facility was not available to about 59 per cent rural and 35 per cent urban households. Latrine facility was not available to about 86 per cent rural and 14 per cent urban households. (Source: Economic Survey of Maharashtra , Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Planning Department, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai.) (14)

14 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF MAHARASHTRA As per the Population Census of 2001 Maharashtra s population was 9.67 crore, which was 9.4 per cent of the total population ( crore) of India. Maharashtra is the second largest state in India in respect to population after Uttar Pradesh. During the decade, , there was an addition of 1.78 core persons in the state. This addition is equivalent to the entire population of Australia. On the basis of present growth rate, Maharastra might have crossed 100-million mark of the population in the month of September The projected population of the state as on 1 st March 2003 is about 10.9 crore. During the decade the population of the state increased by 22.6 per cent. The corresponding growth during the earlier decade was 25.7 per cent. The decadal growth rate in was less by 3.1 per cent point. The decadal population growth rate of the state during the six decades has been higher than that of India except for the decade The population growth in the state during is mostly on account of high population growth in Thane (54.9 per cent), Aurangabad (31.9 per cent) and Pune (30.6 per cent) districts. The average annual exponential growth grate of the population in Maharashtra during is 2.6 per cent which is higher than that of corresponding growth of India (1.95 per cent) As per the census results four major southern states viz. Andhra Pradesh (13.86 per cent), Karnataka (17.25 per cent), Kerala (9.42 per cent ) and Tamil Nadu (11.19 per cent 0 have recorded the decennial growth rate of population below the national average (21.4 per cent). In-migration is one of the main reasons for higher population growth rate in the state. Migration figures for 2001 population census are so far not available. Table 1 Decadal Population Growth Rates : Maharashtra and India Maharastra/India Maharashtra/India Maharashtra/India Maharashtra/India (Percentage growth rate) However one can estimate net migration to the state by using difference between actual and natural growth rate of the population in the state. The natural growth of the population of the state considering the difference between Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) from the Sample Registration Scheme (SRS) for the period works out to 1.7 per cent per annum (15)

15 indicating about 4 lakh net migrant in the state per year during From this it appears that migration constitutes about 23 per cent in population growth of the state during In other words, for every five persons added to the population, during the decade one was due to migration. As life expectancy at birth is increasing the population of aged person (60+) is bound to increase. The age group wise distribution of the population based on population Census 2001 is not yet. Available. However from the earlier censs data indicates that the proportion of aged persons (60+) in the state increase from 5.2 per cent in 1961 to 6.9 per cent in This proportion is likely to increase further in 2001 resulting in increasing dependant population and reduction in workforce. Such situation needs to formulate in advance the policy to take care of aged persons. The SRS findings suggest that the gross reproduction rate of the state is 1.3 for the year This is less than that of all India gross reproduction rate of 1.5. For stabilization of the population the state has to achieve net reproduction rate of one. The state will have to take rigorous efforts in the direction. To achieve this target, the state will have to take the following measures: 1) Reducing infant mortality rates particularly of neo natal children (children less than one month of age) 2) Raising the age of marriage not only by strict implementation of laws but also by education and counselling activities to change people s attitude. 3) Promoting of spacing methods and other family planning methods among young couples to reduce incidence of fertility. 4) Making efforts for acceptance of sterilization after one or two children. 5) Projecting positive image of a girl to reduce son preference and prevent sex selective illegal abortion by strengthening education and counselling and NGO efforts 6) Promoting one child norm 7) Making efforts to improve coverage and utilization of antenatal services and promotion of deliveries attended by health professionals 8) Using electronic media for improving exposure to family planning messages 9) Some of the important features of te population of India and the state is given in Table 2 Population Density As per population census 2001, the density of the population (No. of persons per sq. km) of the state (314) is almost equal to that of India (312). As per 1991 population census, the density of the state was 257. During the decade there was an addition of 57 persons per sq. km. (16)

16 Table 2 Population Statistics as per the 2001 Population Census Item Maharashtra India Population (in crores) Total Persons Male Female Rural Persons Male Female Urban Persons Male Female Decadal percentage Growth ( ) Percentage of urban population Sex ratio (Females per 000 males) Area in (Lakh Sq. km) Population Density (per sq. km) Literacy percentage (for population of 7 years and above) Urban Population According to 2001 Population Census, 42.4 per cent (4.10 core) of the state s population was in urban areas as against 27.8 per cent (28.53 core) at All-India Level. Thus the proportion of urban population in the state is substantially higher than that of India. The proportion of urban population in the state increased from 38.7 per cent in 1991 to 42.4 per cent in In respect of the proportion of the urban population, the state stands second amongst the major states after Tamil Nadu (43.9 per cent). Out of the total urban population about half of the urban population in the state is concentrated in only 7 cities namely Brihanmumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Thane, Kalyan-Dombivalli, Nasik and Pimpri Chinchwad. Brihanmumbai alone accounts for about one third of the urban populaton of the state and about 12.3 per cent of the total populaion of the state. Among the first 15 most populous urban agglomerations, in India, three are from Maharashtra namely, Brihanmumbai (ranks first), Pune (ranks eighth) and Nagpur (ranks thirteen). (17)

17 Rural Population As per the population census 2001, the rural population (5.57 crore) of the state was 57.6 per cent of the total (9.67) crore population. During the decade the increase in rural population in the state was 15.1 per cent which was less than the corresponding increase (18.0 per cent) for all India. The percentage increase in rural population in the state in was 15.1 per cent which was less than the corresponding increase (18.0 per cent) for all India. The percentage increase of rural population in the state in decade was slightly lower than that in the earlier decade (18.6 cent) During the decade , the total no of villages including uninhabited in the state increased from 43, 025 to 43,722. Sex Ratio The census 2001 results revealed that in Maharashtra State Sex ratio, female per thousand males declined from 934 in 1991 to an all time low of 922 in This decline hurts in the context of an improvement at the national level and is a cause of concern. Major States that Have Sex Ratio Higher than Maharashtra (Female per 000 males) Kerala 1058 Tamil Nadu 986 Andhra Pradesh 978 Orissa 972 Karnataka 964 W. Bengal 934 Assam 932 Maharashtra 922 Sex Ratio (age group 0-6 years) The Population Census 2001 results reveal that the sex ratio in the state for the age group 0-6 has declined to 917 from 946 in This contrasts with the trend in Kerala where there is an improvement in the sex ratio from 958 in 1991 to 963 in At 917, the sex ratio in Maharashtra for children in the age group of 0-6 years is below that of the national figures, which is at 927. The reason for this may be attributed to the deeply entrenched son preference in Maharashtra. This results in the selective abortion of female children and in the neglect of female children in this age group Literacy On the positive side the census literacy figures suggest a remarkable growth in literacy, when compared to the other major states in the country. The literacy rate for the population above seven (18)

18 years of age has increased from 64.9 per cent in 1991 to 77.3 per cent in This rise of 12.4 percentage points was the maximum rise during the last four decades. Maharashtra has always remained above the national average with regard to education. The all India literacy rate for the year 2001 was 65.4 per cent. Literacy Rates (2001) All India 65.4 Kerala 90.9 Maharashtra 77.3 Tamil Nadu 73.5 Gujarat 69.9 Punjab 69.9 Karnataka 67.4 Madhya Pradesh 64.1 Andhra Pradesh 61.1 Among the major states in India, Maharashtra ranked second in respect to literacy rate after Kerala (90.9). The literacy rates for males and females in the rural and urban areas for 2001 census are given below: Area-wise Literacy Rate of Mahrashtra (Census 2001) (in per cent) Area Persons Male Female (1) (2) (3) (4) Total Rural Urban Though the state has registered impressive growth in literacy during the decade , about 2.09 crore persons are still illiterate in the state. Of which about 69 percent are females. Birth Rate and Death Rate of Infants The birth rates, death rates and infant mortality rates based on sample registration scheme for the period were 21.0, 7.5 and 48.0 respectively. These rates were less than that for India which were 25.8, 8.5 and 68.0 respectively. (19)

19 New Population Policy Maharashtra state is always on the forefront in implementing various national programmes. The state is implementing various family welfare programmes, which have resulted in declining in crude birth rate, crude death rate and infant mortality rate. The state government has also implemented family planning programme effectively. In spite of this the population of the state has multiplied by 2.5 times between 1961 and As a population control measure, the state government has declared its population policy in May The goals set in the new population policy are given below: Total Fertility Rate from 2.7 in 1997 to 2.1 in 2004 and 1.8 in Crude Birth Rate fro 22.5 in 1998 to 18 in 2004 and 15 in Crude Death Rate from 7.7 in 1998 to 6.4 in 2004 and 5 in Infant Mortality Rate from 49 in 1998 to 25 in 2004 and 15 in Neonatal Mortality Rate from 33 in 1996 to 20 in 2004 and 10 in Maternal Mortality Rate from 310 in 1998 to 150 in 2004 and below in When announcing the New Population Policy on May 9, 2001, the Government of Maharashtra put to the fore the reasons why the Policy was formulated. In 60 years from 1901, the population of areas that now constitute Maharashtra had doubled. But in 30 years since 1961, it had doubled again. Of the several reasons, the main was marriage of girls at an early age and preference for the male child. The Policy stressed the need to vigorously implement the existing law under: The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1978 The Pre-natal Sex Determination Act, 1994 Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 Energetic activation of the Women s Policy Provision of free education of girls (Human Development Report, Maharashtra, 2002, GOM) (20)

20 Statement 1 Ranking of districts by population size in 1991 and 2001 Rank Percent to total Percent to total Rank in District Population population of Population population of in the state the State Mumbai (Suburb) Thane Pune Nashik Ahmadnagar Nagpur Solapur Jalgaon Kolhapur Mumbai Aurangabad Nanded Satara Amravati Sangli Yavatmal Buldana Raigarh Bid Latur Chandrapur Dhule Ratnagiri Akola Jalna Parbhani (21)

21 Rank Percent total Percent total Rank in District Population population of Population population of in the state the State Osmanabad Nandurbar Wardha Gondiya Bhandara Washim Hingoli Gadchiroli Sindhudurg Statement 2 Ranking of Districts by Sex-ratio Rank District Sex-ratio (Number of females per 1000 males) Rank in in Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Gondiya Satara Bhandara Gadchiroli Nandurbar Raigarh Chandrapur Sangli Parbhani Hingoli Jalna (22)

22 Rank District Sex-ratio (Number of females per 1000 males) Rank in in Kolhapur Buldana Dhule Nanded Yavatmal Ahmadnagar Amravati Washim Akola Solapur Wardha Latur Nagpur Jalgaon Osmanabad Bid Nashik Aurangabad Pune Thane Mumbai (Suburb) Mumbai (23)

23 Statement 3 Ranking of Districts by Population Density Rank District Population density Rank in in Mumbai Mumbai (Suburb) Thane Pune Kolhapur Nagpur Nashik Jalgaon Raigarh Sangli Akola Bhandara Latur Aurangabad Nanded Satara Nandurbar Solapur Ahmadnagar Buldana Parbhani Gondiya Hingoli Amravati Dhule Jalna Ratnagiri (24)

24 Rank District Population density Rank in in Bid Washim Wardha Osmanabad Chandrapur Yavatmal Sindhurdurg Gadchiroli Statement 4 Literacy Rates by Sex for State and Districts Literacy rates* Sl. State/District Persons Males Females No Maharashtra Nandurbar Dhule Jalgaon Buldana Akola Washim Amravati Wardha Nagpur Bhandara Gondiya Gadchiroli Chandrapur (25)

25 Literacy rates* Sl. State/District Persons Males Females No Yavatmal Nanded Hingoli Parbhani Jalna Aurangabad Nashik Thane Mumbai (Suburb) Mumbai Raigarh Pune Ahmadnagar Bid Latur Osmanabad Solapur Satara Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Kolhapur Sangli Note: - * Literacy rate is the percentage of literacy to population aged 7 years and above. (26)

26 Statement 5 Sex-ratio since 1901 for State and Districts Sex-ratio (Number of females per 1000 males) No MAHARASHTRA Nandurbar Dhule Jalgaon Buldana Akola Washim Amravati Wardha Nagpur Bhandara Gondiya Gadchiroli Chandrapur Yavatmal Nanaded Hingoli Parbhani Jalna Aurangabad Nashik Thane Mumbai (Suburb) Mumbai Raigarh Pune (27)

27 Sex-ratio (Number of females per 1000 males) No Ahmadnagar Bid Latur Osmanabad Solapur Satara Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Kolhapur Sangli Targets Set Under New Population Policy for Maharashtra Indicator (1) (2) (3) Crude birth rate* Crude death rate* Total fertility rate # Infant mortality rate@ Neo-infant mortality rate@ *Crude birth rate and crude death rate are per thousand of Infant mortality rate and neo-natal mortality rate are per thousand live births. # Total 000 females in reproductive age group of 15 and 49 Looking at the targets set under population policy and achievements thereunder upto 2000, it seems very difficult to achieve the targets set for Therefore concerted efforts are needed for achieving the goals set for (28)

28 Total Population and Sex Ratio as per 2001 Census No. Dist. Total Male Female Female Ratio per Thousand MUMBAI 33,26,837 18,75,141 14,51, MUMBAI (SUBURB) 85,87,561 47,02, ,84, THANE 81,28,833 43,77,806 37,51, RAIGAD 22,05,972 11,16,821 10,89, RATNAGIRI 16,96,482 7,94,431 9,02, SINDHUDURG 8,61,672 4,14,900 4,46, NASHIK 49,87,923 25,91,980 23,95, DHULE 17,08,993 6,62,764 6,46, NANDURBAR 13,09,135 6,62,764 6,46, JALGAON 36,79,936 12,04,437 17,75, AHMADNAGAR 40,88,077 21,06,501 19,81, PUNE 72,24,224 37,68,001 34,56, SATARA 27,96,906 14,02,301 13,94, SANGLI 25,81,835 13,19,267 12,62, SOLAPUR 38,55,383 19,90,661 18,64, KOLHAPUR 35,15,413 18,03,746 12,62, AURANGABAD 29,20,548 15,21,632 13,98, JALANA 16,12,357 8,25,977 7,86, PARBHANI 14,91,109 7,61,937 7,29, HINGOLI 9,86,717 5,05,188 4,81, NANDED 28,68,158 14,76,301 13,91, BEED 21,59,841 11,20,664 10,39, OSMANABAD 14,72,256 7,62,947 7,09, LATUR 20,78,237 11,20,664 10,39, BULDHANA 22,26,328 11,44,314 10,82, AKOLA 16,29,305 8,40,883 7,88, WASHIM 10,19,725 5,25,806 4,93, (29)

29 No. Dist. Total Male Female Female Ratio per Thousand YAVATMAL 24,60,482 12,67,117 11, WARDHA 12,30,640 6,35,751 5,94, NAGPUR 40,51,444 20,95,489 19,55, BHANDARA 11,35,835 5,73,184 5,62, GONDIA 12,00,151 5,98,447 6,01, CHANDRAPUR 20,77,909 10,59,875 10,18, GADCHIROLI 9,69,960 4,90,809 4,79, AMRAVATI 26,06,063 13,43,572 12,62, TOTAL 9,67,52,247 5,03,34,270 4,64,17, (30)

30 SEX RATIO FROM 1961 TO 2001 No. Dist MUMBAI MUMBAI (SUBURB) THANE RAIGAD RATNAGIRI SINDHUDURG NASHIK DHULE NANDURBAR JALGAON AHMADNAGAR PUNE SATARA SANGLI SOLAPUR KOLHAPUR AURANGABAD JALANA PARBHANI HINGOLI NANDED BEED OSMANABAD LATUR BULDHANA AKOLA WASHIM YAVATMAL (31)

31 No. Dist WARDHA NAGPUR BHANDARA GONDIA CHANDRAPUR GADCHIROLI AMRAVATI TOTAL (32)

32 Total Population of Children between the Ages 0-6 No. Dist. Total Number Boys Girls MUMBAI 3,27,398 1,72,500 1,54,898 2 MUMBAI (SUBURB) 9,85,612 5,13,706 4,71,906 3 THANE 11,14,539 5,76,658 5,37,881 4 RAIGAD 3,04,310 1,56,620 1,47,690 5 RATNAGIRI 2,30,052 1,17,710 1,12,342 6 SINDHUDURG 1,01,208 52,020 49,188 7 NASHIK 7,65,868 3,95,495 3,70,373 8 DHULE 2,45,364 1,28,625 1,16,729 9 NANDURBAR 2,20,267 1,12,027 1,08, JALGAON 5,11,501 2,47,029 2,34, AHMADNAGAR 5,68,671 3,00,962 2,68, PUNE 9,26,828 4,86,382 4,40, SATARA 3,51,353 1,86,613 1,64, SANGLI 3,24,178 1,75,241 1,48, SOLAPUR 5,47,548 2,88,631 2,58, KOLHAPUR 4,38,975 2,36,073 2,02, AURANGABAD 4,29,824 2,28,087 2,01, JALANA 2,51,459 1,31,370 1,20, PARBHANI 2,39,383 1,24,297 1,15, HINGOLI 11,61, , NANDED 4,59,081 2,36,152 2,22, BEED 3,23,150 1,70,297 1,52, OSMANABAD 2,19,799 1,14,039 1,05, LATUR 3,15,292 1,63,966 1,51, BULDHANA 3,30,095 1,72,411 1,57, AKOLA 2,28,716 1,18,148 1,10, WASHIM 1,56,834 81,627 75, YAVATMAL 3,59,430 1,85,114 1,74,316 (33)

33 No. Dist. Total Number Boys Girls WARDHA 1,50,254 77,672 72, NAGPUR 5,10,561 61,985 48, BHANDARA 1,50,252 76,731 73, GONDIA 1,67,408 85,219 88,82, CHANDRAPUR 2,71,499 1,39,633 1,31, GADCHIROLI 1,51,486 76,750 74, AMRAVATI 3,47,067 1,78,234 1,68,833 TOTAL 1,31,87,087 68,78,579 63,08,508 (34)

34 HEALTH STATUS OF WOMEN IN MAHARASHTRA Health Status of Women Select Indicators of Health Status of Women Sex Ratio; Age Specific Sex Ratio; Life Expectancy at Birth Sex ratio as well as life expectancy at birth are indicators which speak of how conducive the conditions are in society to women s survival and the quality of life they are likely to have. A declining sex ratio is suggestive of a serious neglect of girl children and sex selective abortion where the medical and public health services are used to attain the small family norm within the traditional attitudes for son preference. The relatively better sex ratios in the tribal areas is one indicator of a positive bias favouring girl children. The sex ratio which is 922 in 2001 has been steadily falling from 978 in 1901 to 934 in Hence the missing women or the deficit of women in the population in the state has been steadily rising from 2 lakh in 1901 to 4 million in Even though the sex ratio is a combination of the increased migration of men, a decline in the proportion of girl children born, and a high mortality for girls and women, it is the latter, especially the child sex ratio which is indicative of the neglect of girls and women and their deficit in the population. The drastic decline in the sex ratio of the 0-6 years age group in the past 10 years is a matter of serious concern. In 2001 it was 917 compared to 946 in Even though, Maharashtra fares better than states like Punjab (793), Himachal Pradesh (897), Haryana (820), and Gujarat (878), the sharp fall in ten years in indicative of a very negative trend. The skewed sex ratio in 0-6 age group in these better-off states is indicative of the utilisation of the health and available abortion services keeping within the traditional son preference. In Maharashtra, districts such as Sangli (850), Kolhapur (859), Jalgaon (867), Aurangabad (884) and Satara (884) have the lowest sex ratios in the 0-6 age group. Three of these districts belong to the prosperous sugar belt in Western Maharashtra. On the other hand, Gadchiroli and Nandurbar which are tribal districts, are among others which have a higher sex ratio ( ). Life Expectancy at Birth for women in Maharashtra is 65.4 years, higher than the male 63 years, and much above for women in the country as a whole (59.7 years). Only Kerala (74.7 years) and Punjab (67.6 years) have higher life expectancy. Even though life expectancy for Maharashtra is very comforting, it is offset by the alarming sex ratio discussed above. (35)

35 Infant Mortality Rate; Age Specific Mortality Rate From 105 in 1971, the overall infant mortality rate (IMR) declined to 48 per 1000 live births in 1999, with very marginal differential across males and females. Thus as far as IMR is concerned, the state has done fairly well, though there is scope for improvement. However, there is a marked differential vis-a-vis urban and rural areas, with the IMR being 58 for rural populations and 31 among urban areas in Apart from infant mortality rate, the age specific mortality rate (ASMR) reveals the neglect of women in general and of the girl child in particular. The under-5 mortality rate for females is much higher (13.9 per cent) than the corresponding rate for males (12.4 per cent). Women between years (1.5 per cent) also have a higher mortality rate than their male cohorts (0.8 per cent), indicating the cumulative effect of neglect of girls in their early years which takes a toll on their health. Morbidity The pattern of morbidity is extremely significant to understand the burden of illness that a population is carrying, and is a significant indicator of health status. The morbidity rate (recall within 2 weeks) was 52 per thousand in rural Maharashtra and 48 per thousand in urban areas. Women in urban regions report a higher level of morbidity for both acute and any ailment. Morbidity and mortality due to communicable diseases (which is also linked to nutritional deficiencies discussed below) such as tuberculosis, malaria, leprosy, continue to account for a major share of the burden of illness. With the exception of leprosy, the prevalence of other diseases is still quite high without any visible declining trends. Tuberculosis prevalence of the number of persons affected per 100,000 shows that there is hardly any difference between males and females at 281 for males and 282 for females per 100,000, and it is much lower than the national estimate of 544. However the rural-urban comparison indicates that in rural areas it was 259 for males and 212 for females, while the urban prevalence was 308 for males and 381 for females, indicating the burden in urban areas (NFHS-2). Malaria prevalence showed that 4098 per 100,000 population in the state, which is somewhat higher than the national rate of 3697 per 100,000. Rural residents (4509) are likely to suffer more from malaria than urban residents (3551). The reported prevalence is slightly higher for males than for females in both urban and rural areas. The challenge of HIV-AIDS for Maharashtra is significant as it has the highest prevalence of the disease among the Indian states. The poverty-disease correlates of HIV-AIDS show that it should not just be tackled as a communicable disease but as a regular development issue in Maharashtra. This should also be the case for other communicable diseases such as tuberculosis. Both by incidence and fatality, Sangli and Mumbai lead with a high number of AIDS cases: 2952 out of a total of 6644 cases (36)

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