Unit III: Expansion, Nationalism, Sectionalism PRELUDE TO THE WAR OF 1812

Transcription

1 Think Pair Share 1) After the American Revolution, where did the British soldiers and even the loyalists go? 2) How do you think British citizens and leaders felt about the newly formed United States? 3) What does the American government and its citizens want to do in order to grow at this point? 4) What was the US foreign policy like at this time? *Write abbreviated answers (yay) with a partner on a sheet of paper.

2 Unit III: Expansion, Nationalism, Sectionalism PRELUDE TO THE WAR OF 1812

3 Napoleonic Wars : A series of conflicts; France v. European countries England is struggling to maintain naval superiority United States is looking to make money through trade Extension of mercantilism Policy of neutrality Or is it?

4 Foreign Relations Impressment: British shortage of sailors leads to policy of impressment capturing sailors and forcing them to work on British ships Leopard-Chesapeake Incident (1805) British Orders in Council (1806, 1807): Britain s navy blockaded France s ports prevents neutral trade ships (US) Berlin Decree (1806): Napoleon ends all trade with England into territories controlled by France or dependent on France Milan Decree (1807): Napoleon orders any ship that follows British Orders in Council will be seized

5 America s Response Jefferson & Madison Non-Intercourse Act (1806): Halts the importation of British goods Embargo Act (1807): All foreign trade is prohibited Hurts local economies Smuggling occurs *Economic struggle cause northern people to now support Federalists again Why not the southern states as much? Non-Intercourse Act (1809): Trade resumes with foreign countries except belligerents ; hoped to make France/Britain stop abusing US ships Macon s Bill No. 2 (1810): Madison declares whichever country stops violating US shipping rights will gain American favor. Napoleon tricks him Britain was going to stop anyways because they needed materials from the US

6 British Aid to Native Americans Tension between the US and England never really disappeared England did not remove it s troops entirely or abandon forts Peace was more of a hiatus or break Distrust loomed and newly found American s wanted more land to farm and settle inward Native American tribes were fighting back independently Tecumseh (Shawnee Chief) attempts to unite several tribes US believes Britain is aiding the natives by arming them

7 Task: 1. List and describe 3 examples of injustices perpetrated upon Native Americans by the American government discussed by Tecumseh in his speech. 2. How would you describe the tone of Tecumseh s speech to William Henry Harrison? 3. What intention does Tecumseh state to William Henry Harrison? *All answers must be supported by evidence from the reading selection.

8 Unit III: Expansion, Nationalism, Sectionalism THE WAR OF 1812 AND RISE OF MANIFEST DESTINY

9 Clash of Clans Culture Why were northerners more likely to get along with Native Americans? Less competition for food, land, and resources Southerners envied land near Mississippi River Valley Available water resource Fertile soil to farm (not preserve for hunting) Access to New Orleans (port cities are KEY!) Who really instigated who? Was it racially motivated or economic interest? Or both?

10 War Hawks Natives have success until Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 (Harrison &Tyler become war heros) Tecumseh s War lasted until 1813 and his death at the Battle of Thames His death ignited more hostility towards Native Americans (revenge) and Britain (for arming them) War Hawks Supported going to war in the new Congress to seek revenge on both parties War is declared on June 18, 1812 A half-indian and half-white, named William Caldwell, whilst retreating, after the last encounter, overtook and passed Tecumseh, who was walking along slowly, using his rifle for a staff when asked by Caldwell if he was wounded, he replied in English, " I am shot " Caldwell noticed where a rifle bullet had penetrated his breast, through his buckskin hunting coat. His body was found by his friends, where he had laid [sic] down to die, untouched, within the vicinity of the battle ground [ ] Several of Harrison's army claimed to have killed Tecumseh. "I killed Tecumseh; I have some of his beard" one would say ; "I killed Tecumseh," another would clamour; "I have a piece of his skin to make me a razor strop!" none of these bragadocias [sic] were in the last battle, in which the brave Chief received his mortal wound.

11 United States Britain Advantages Troops on familiar ground (again) Newer ships on the Great Lakes Better supply lines Better trained troops (again) Largest navy in the world (again) More money to spend Experienced army (again) Disadvantages Poorly trained commanders/troops Smaller navy Small federal treasury North v. South divide on issue Fighting far from home (again) Poor supply lines Fighting elsewhere with France (again)

12 Major Events : Britain impresses over 100,00 Americans for their navy June 1807: Chesapeake fires on Leopard 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe June 18, 1812: War is declared August 19, 1812: Constitution defeats Guerriere (rise of morale/faith) October 1813: Battle of Thames Tecumseh if killed September 1814: Francis Scott Key writes the Star Spangled Banner regarding the Battle at Baltimore Harbor August 1814: British collapse on Washington D.C. and burn the White House down September 1814: Battle of Plattsburgh US secures northern border

13 Hartford Convention Dec Jan Gathering of New England Federalists Refused to buy war bonds Did not send every militia to aid in north *North = Industry, South = Agriculture Opposed Jefferson/Madison s decision to go to war Proposed eliminating 3/5 clause as it inflated southern representation Exacerbates political party problem

14 Treaty of Ghent Aided by abdication of Napoleon Britain did not have to compete financially w/france December 24, 1814 Both sides tire of fighting No significant concessions US Economy is devastated Areas of capital are destroyed Nationalism intensified Foreign countries gain respect for US military Federalists discredited For opposing the war that was won Challenging the constitution

15 Manifest Destiny Begins American belief that white natives should control land from the Atlantic to the Pacific under God s will -Native American Removal -Industry and Railroads -Mexico -Oregon Country -Spanish Florida War Heroes to Presidents -Harrison -Jackson -Tyler -Clay