A/HRC/WG.6/7/SLV/3. General Assembly. United Nations

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1 United Nations General Assembly A/HRC/WG.6/7/SLV/3 Distr.: General 25 November 2009 English Original: English/Spanish Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Seventh session Geneva, 8 19 February 2010 Summary prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1 El Salvador* The present report is a summary of 9 stakeholders submissions 1 to the universal periodic review. It follows the structure of the general guidelines adopted by the Human Rights Council. It does not contain any opinions, views or suggestions on the part of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), nor any judgement or determination in relation to specific claims. The information included herein has been systematically referenced in endnotes and, to the extent possible, the original texts have not been altered. Lack of information or focus on specific issues may be due to the absence of submissions by stakeholders regarding these particular issues. The full texts of all submissions received are available on the OHCHR website. The report has been prepared taking into consideration the four-year periodicity of the first cycle of the review. * The present document was not edited before being sent to the United Nations translation services. GE (E)

2 I. Background and framework A. Scope of international obligations 1. The Office of the Procurator for the Protection of Human Rights (PDDH) reports that the following, inter alia, are pending ratification or accession: the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC); the International Labour Organization Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (No. 169); the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; and the Convention against Discrimination in Education The World Coalition Against the Death Penalty (WCADP) urged El Salvador to ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. 3 B. Constitutional and legislative framework 3. PDDH reports that the Salvadoran State has accepted the jurisdiction of the Inter- American Court of Human Rights, but will limit its jurisdiction to cases brought after it was recognized. PDDH also reports that the State does not accept the jurisdiction of ICC, arguing that accession to the Rome Statute would violate the Constitution of the Republic PDDH reports that there is little political will to follow up proposals from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), such as a bill on the drinking water and sanitation subsector, the initial proposal to draft a bill on tracing children who disappeared during the armed conflict, and constitutional reforms to recognize the human rights of indigenous peoples, inter alia The Network for Children and Young People (RIA) reports that the Act on the Comprehensive Protection of Children and Adolescents was passed in 2009, but that there remain nevertheless matters of concern, such as the failure to explicitly prohibit corporal punishment, little depth on the issue of adoption, the complexity of the protection system, a lack of clarity on the funding necessary to guarantee application of the Act, and the importance of a special jurisdiction, among other things. 6 C. Institutional and human rights infrastructure 6. PDDH refers to insufficient resources, highlighting the need to have a greater number of specialist staff, to expand institutional services, and to acquire modern information systems for registering complaints and following up cases. 7 PDDH expresses regret that the majority of State institutions designated as responsible for safeguarding human rights have not reported on their implementation of recommendations. It states that, during the period , the National Civil Police, an institution mentioned frequently in rulings in cases brought in San Salvador, responded to per cent of rulings and the Office of the Public Prosecutor to per cent PDDH expresses regret that the Office of the Public Prosecutor has not brought legal action in respect of public acts that have constituted a threat to the existence of PDDH, including death threats, threats of physical violence, and attacks against honour and 2 GE

3 personal freedom, resulting from intolerance shown by previous Administrations to the ceaseless work of this institution to identify and denounce serious violations of human rights RIA states that the institutional framework introduced in El Salvador does not promote the establishment of networks for integration, cooperation and coordination that would lead to effective monitoring and comprehensive protection of children s rights. 10 D. Policy measures 9. PDDH states that it has observed a lack of systematic information and statistics disaggregated by sex, and of data on the specific contribution and participation of women in various aspects of life RIA expresses its concern at the total lack of statistics on the disabled population, which is limiting the development of programmes and strategies. RIA notes that, in the opinion of representatives of this sector, the questions on this issue in the sixth population and housing census (2007) did not fulfil the technical criteria that would make it possible to record the pertinent information appropriately, resulting in irrelevant and inaccurate information. 12 II. Promotion and protection of human rights on the ground A. Cooperation with human rights mechanisms N/A. B. Implementation of international human rights obligations 1. Equality and non-discrimination 11. PDDH states that there have been no positive measures to improve the political situation of women; in 2009, of 84 occupied seats in the Legislative Assembly, only 16 are held by women; out of 262 municipalities, only 29 town halls are run by women; and 80 per cent of municipal council seats are held by men, while women hold 20 per cent RIA considers that there exists much stigmatization of young people, arising from a culture centred around adults which tends to regard young people as unsuitable for decision-making and associates them with terms such as delinquent, superficial and incapable Right to life, liberty and security of the person 13. WCADP noted that the death penalty was abolished for ordinary crimes in the Constitution in 1983, and that there has been no execution in El Salvador since PDDH reports that, during the first half of 2009, murders increased by 27.6 per cent, making the country one of the most violent in Latin America. 16 RIA says that El Salvador has a murder rate of 14.5 per 100,000 minors in the 15 to 19 age group, the majority being male. 17 RIA also expresses particular concern at the fact that 207,000 firearms, the licences for 52 per cent of which have expired, are registered to private owners The Latin American and Caribbean Committee for the Defence of Women s Rights (CLADEM El Salvador) states that, even though some progress has been made, such as GE

4 the National Policy on Women and the Domestic Violence Act, a sexist view of women still predominates, seen most clearly in the deaths of women, which have not been accorded the importance they deserve. 19 CLADEM recommend that a national mechanism for statistics on women s deaths should be created. 20 PDDH says that the State has not adopted effective measures to prevent and punish violence against women. From 2001 to May 2009, 2,660 murders of women were recorded, many of which remain under investigation and unpunished. 21 PDDH also notes that, between 2002 and 2008, there were 5,869 complaints regarding sexual assaults, 88 per cent of which were against female victims La Fundación Mundial Déjame Vivir en Paz (Global Let Me Live in Peace Foundation) (FMDVP) recently reported the murders of at least 12 members of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex community in El Salvador, the result of escalating violence against the homosexual community The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR) reported that in 2007, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights declared that El Salvador violated the rights to a fair trial, judicial protection, and personal integrity of two parents of a homicide victim, due to the failure to investigate the threats and harassment suffered by these The International Centre for Transnational Justice (ICTJ) and the Human Rights Institute of the José Simeón Cañas University of Central America (IDHUCA) reports that, since the end of the armed conflict, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has avoided ruling on disappearances or assessing its own serious omissions during the years of conflict. This situation began to change in 2009, following a ruling in the case of a girl who disappeared in 1981 at the hands of army units, in which the Chamber recognized the existence of the phenomenon of disappearance for the first time and ordered the Office of the Public Prosecutor to begin the relevant investigations In 2006 and 2008, the IACHR considered admissible three separate petitions alleging the international responsibility of El Salvador for the forced disappearance of children, and its subsequent failure to investigate, prosecute, punish and make reparations for these disappearances. 26 The IACHR considered the remedy of habeas corpus ineffective for investigating disappearances, because the judicial authorities demand that the appellants provide proof of the detention. The IACHR also found that cases involving the forced disappearance of persons presented during that time did not result in due clarification of the facts or the investigation and punishment of those responsible RIA refers to child abuse, negligence and neglect, which continue to be the main reasons for care being offered by the Salvadoran Institute for the Comprehensive Development of Children and Adolescents (ISNA). According to RIA, ISNA reports that 45.5 per cent of children cared for in the Institute have suffered physical abuse, while 65 per cent live in an atmosphere of domestic violence. 28 PDDH expresses its concern at the increase in youth, domestic and sexual violence. In recent years, PDDH says it has observed that children and young people are daily the victims of public insecurity. 29 The IACHR indicated being deeply disturbed by the fact that the majority of acts of violence against women are never punished, noting that this perpetuates the social acceptance of such acts RIA expresses its concern that the recently passed Act on Child Protection does not explicitly prohibit corporal punishment. 31 The Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment against Children (GIEACPC) noted that it is still trying to establish whether recent legal reform effectively prohibits all corporal punishment in the home. While article 204 of the Penal Code confirms a right of correction, and article 215 of the Family Code states that parents have a duty to correct [their children] appropriately and moderately, the new Law on Integral Protection of Children and Adolescents passed in April 2009, prohibits corporal punishment in its article 38. GIEACPC had yet to confirm that the right 4 GE

5 of correction now excludes all corporal punishment, however light. GIEACPC also indicated that the Domestic Violence Act revised in 2004 does not explicitly prohibit corporal punishment of children RIA states that in El Salvador, figures for the child population engaged in any type of labour are inexact and numbers vary according to the source. 33 RIA recommends that commercial sexual exploitation should not be considered one of the worst forms of labour, as this restricts how it is dealt with PDDH states that the prison situation requires attention, as there is overcrowding, the infrastructure is inadequate, and rehabilitation and social reinsertion programmes are mostly ineffective RIA estimates that some 3,000 children are held in protection centres in line with measures prescribed by the ISNA and family courts. However, it says that 73 per cent of the population is cared for in homes or care centres run by NGOs and 27 per cent in ISNA centres Administration of justice, including impunity, and the rule of law 25. ICTJ-IDHUCA states that the General Amnesty (Consolidation of the Peace) Act is in force and establishes the extinction of criminal or civil proceedings against any person implicated in human rights violations during the conflict, thereby blocking victims access to the courts to obtain justice and reparation on the basis of information supplied by the Truth Commission. 37 PDDH expresses its concern at the fact that the vast majority of crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during the armed conflict are still unpunished, principally as a result of this Act being in force PDDH refers to the application of repressive anti-crime plans, which increase arbitrary detention and violations of due process by the National Civil Police and the Office of the Public Prosecutor. 39 RIA reports that, since 2004, El Salvador has been developing initiatives known as super-heavy hand, a friendly hand and holding out a hand, which have been the main instruments of repression against adolescents and young people RIA says that the newly introduced juvenile criminal justice regulations have come up against a number of obstacles in practice. Substituting the doctrine of irregular situation with the doctrine of comprehensive protection is a challenge for the system, as traditional approaches still persist among some justice officials. In practice, it has been difficult to overcome conceptions of children as objects of judicial protection and perceive them as subjects of law Right to privacy, marriage and family life 28. RIA estimates that, in 2000, 9.8 per cent of children born were not entered in the civil registry; approximately 672,000 children need to be registered. Registration of birth is the first step to ensuring the legal existence of a person and bestows nationality FMDVP considers it necessary for El Salvador to recognize the rights of gay people to marry and adopt children Freedom of religion or belief, expression, association and peaceful assembly, and right to participate in public and political life 30. In a joint submission presented by Article 19, IDHUCA, APES and ARPAS (JS1) reference was made to the right of access to information held by public bodies, which is not provided for by law in El Salvador. JS1 indicated that there are two legal initiatives currently being discussed in Congress. 44 ICTJ-IDHUCA notes that the bill on transparency GE

6 and access to public information, awaiting approval by the Legislative Assembly, would allow for the creation of an Institute for Transparency and Access to Information JS1 stated that article 84 of the 1997 Telecommunications Law allocates frequencies via a public auction. Although this reduces the arbitrariness and lack of transparency in the licence allocation process, it leads to the structural exclusion from broadcasting of various sectors, particularly members of vulnerable groups. JS1 noted the lack of rules preventing monopolization of the media According to JS1, physical and verbal attacks against journalists have increased since Fourteen attacks were registered between May 2008 and April In recent years, officials, including police, have been identified as the primary perpetrators. Their analysis of the pattern of attacks reveals that many are in response to the editorial line of media outlets. This is particularly true in the provinces, where media outlets and journalists face repercussions if they deal with sensitive issues such as drug trafficking, social conflicts and corruption JS1 also indicated that social and human rights organizations have denounced cases of physical and verbal attacks, including death threats directed at those who express critical views of the government and certain economic interest groups. JS1 reported that most of these cases remain unpunished, leading to a culture of impunity and exerting a chilling effect on the exercise of the right to freedom of expression. 48 According to data gathered by JS1, there has also been a significant growth in the number of attacks against human rights defenders. Since 2005, 29 cases of attacks against human rights defenders have been recorded PDDH reports that peaceful demonstrations and public meetings continue to be events where human rights defenders are particularly exposed. Over the period , human rights defenders have been the victims of excessive use of force by the State authorities, who have even resorted to the courts and restrictive legislation to punish their activities. 50 PDDH states that some NGOs working to promote and defend human rights are hampered by the State s refusal to process and decide on requests for legal personality and approval of statutes JS1 noted that libel, defamation and slander are all criminal offences in El Salvador and may be punished with prison sentences. If the information is published through a media outlet, the sentence is increased. Professionals and journalists may be subject to special disqualification for committing these crimes. JS1 indicated that since 2004, there have been 12 criminal defamation cases against journalists, and that the number of cases reached a peak in 2005 when 5 suits were brought. 52 JS1 also noted that although the right to reply is recognized in the Constitution, there is no law to enforce it in practice. Reference was made to article 14 of the American Convention on Human Rights which calls on all State parties to respect the right of reply, which provides an accessible remedy for those whose rights have been undermined by poor reporting PDDH draws attention to the need for urgent reform of the electoral system so as to give greater independence to the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, democratize political parties, introduce residential voting throughout the country and voting from abroad, and guarantee equal access to voting for women, persons with disabilities, and others. 54 PDDH states that there have been no positive measures to improve the political situation of women Right to work and to just and favourable conditions of work 37. PDDH refers to a worrying lack of decent work, highlighting the fact that, of every 10 workers, 8 experience a decent work deficit, either because they do not have a job, their 6 GE

7 working conditions are precarious or their jobs lack minimum social coverage or fair remuneration. This trend has been accompanied by a weakening of trade union freedoms CLADEM states that, in the labour market, the differences between men and women can be seen in the activity rates of the two groups, the type of occupations in which they engage, and the sectors in which they are concentrated. According to the Multi-purpose Household Survey, 82 per cent of the female labour force is concentrated in four branches of activity: commerce, the manufacturing industry, domestic service, and public, social and health services. Of those women who work in industry, almost half are in low-paid jobs, predominantly in maquiladoras. 57 It has been shown that women work one more hour per day than men. The contribution of unpaid domestic work to the gross domestic product (GDP) has been analysed: for 2005 it represented 32 per cent of GDP In 2006, the IACHR considered admissible a petition alleging the international responsibility of El Salvador for violating the human rights of the founding members of a union as a result of denying legal recognition to the union. 59 Inter alia, the State pointed out that domestic law establishes that the right of workers to join professional associations or trade unions to protect and promote their interests applies solely and exclusively to employers and workers in the private sector and to workers in official autonomous institutions, and only the latter have the right to acquire legal recognition and to be protected in the exercise of their duties Right to social security and to an adequate standard of living 40. PDDH expresses deep concern at the progressive deterioration in living conditions of the Salvadoran population as a consequence of the implementation of a development model that prioritizes the privatization of essential public services. According to official data, the poverty level rose from 30.6 per cent in 2006 to 40 per cent in 2008, which represents a deterioration of almost 10 percentage points, similar to those reported at the end of the 1990s. 61 PDDH reports that insufficient State resources have been allocated to social development. It states that sustainability of supply and accessibility to essential goods and services have not been guaranteed, especially for the lowest-income population groups PDDH states that it receives constant complaints about shortages of medicines, inadequate hospital infrastructure, lack of capacity within the health and education systems, etc. 63 RIA refers to the excessive prices 52.2 per cent compared with international standards that the Salvadoran population pays for medicines. It has been suggested that a national medicines policy regulating market prices should be introduced. Although health coverage has increased, the quality of care is deficient and families do not have the purchasing power to buy the medicines prescribed to them RIA reports that, in schools, it has been observed that 15.5 per cent of first-grade children suffer from malnutrition. This figure reflects a decrease of 4 percentage points with respect to data obtained in a survey in 2000, when the average figure was 19.5 per cent CLADEM reports that, in the last four years, cases of HIV/AIDS in El Salvador have increased significantly. CLADEM notes that, in dealing with sexuality and reproduction, a mythologized vision prevails, and measures to prevent HIV emphasize sexual abstinence, mutual fidelity and postponing the beginning of sexual relations, reflecting opposition from the religious authorities, who influence the formulation and thrust of public policies. There is still no sexual education based on scientific evidence and focusing on rights. 66 RIA recognizes the progress made in dealing with the situation of children with HIV but also highlights concerns, such as the limited specific focus on GE

8 children in policies to address the HIV epidemic, the lack of decentralized care, and the limited availability of comprehensive care for orphans affected by HIV PDDH reports that El Salvador is currently considered to be one of the countries with the highest levels of pollution and environmental degradation in Latin America, 68 yet the Government has taken no steps to reverse the damage, mitigate its effects or adapt to changes CLADEM reports that there is a housing deficit, with housing stock for barely 63 per cent of urban dwellers and 37 per cent of rural dwellers. Of this, only 66 per cent is in good condition and 32 per cent is lacking or deficient in some respect; furthermore, CLADEM states that 60 per cent of low-income families have no legal property title Right to education 46. CLADEM states that the Constitution stipulates that all inhabitants of El Salvador have the right and duty to receive preschool and basic education to equip them to fulfil their role as useful citizens, but that there are wide differences between regions in terms of access to education, with the metropolitan region displaying the highest level of average schooling at 7.5 years of study, which is 1.7 years of study more than the national average in RIA notes that El Salvador is one of the countries with the lowest rates of primary school completion CLADEM states that studies across a range of countries have shown that El Salvador s performance in various education indicators, such as basic literacy, enrolment in secondary education and average level of schooling, continues to be poor. Lack of resources and inefficiency are reflected in high dropout and repetition rates, and also give rise to a steady stream of cases of sexual harassment, sexual abuse and pregnancy that do not appear in official reports. 73 RIA states that material accessibility to rural secondary education in El Salvador is not inclusive. Fewer than one third of adolescents of the right age to attend classes for high-school leaving qualifications are enrolled at that level Minorities and indigenous peoples 48. RIA states that, in 2007, the indigenous population was believed to account for 12 per cent of the total national population and was spread across 13 of the country s 14 regions. RIA states that the majority of indigenous people live in conditions of poverty or extreme poverty. Nevertheless, there has always been a tendency for them to suffer hidden racism, i.e., total exclusion from national population statistics and information on needs and the status of their rights within the country. The lack of information on indigenous children should also be cause for concern. 75 PDDH considers it imperative to undertake a census of this sector of the population and to ensure constitutional recognition of their human rights Migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 49. PDDH reports that El Salvador has not achieved a reduction in the forced departure of persons to other countries. Its efforts to recognize the rights of Salvadorans abroad have been insufficient. 77 RIA estimates that, of the rural population who emigrate, 60 per cent cannot do so with their children, and responsibility for looking after and raising them consequently falls on grandparents, aunts and uncles, and siblings. This phenomenon hinders the emotional and social development of children and young people and produces new family configurations. PDDH notes that there is no policy to strengthen and assist such families in order to avoid the deterioration of the social fabric that supports children who remain in the country GE

9 50. PDDH considers that El Salvador is not fully complying with its international obligations to protect foreigners within its territory, particularly those who find themselves subjected to discrimination, with limited rights of access to labour courts, adequate health services and personal freedom, for example Human rights and counter-terrorism 51. JS1 noted the vague definition of concepts in the Special Law against Acts of Terrorism, adopted in 2006, granting the authorities discretion which can be abused to unduly limit freedom of expression ICTJ-IDHUCA reports that the Special Act against Acts of Terrorism criminalizes popular protest and public mobilization. The Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has before it several claims of unconstitutionality in respect of this Act that have still not been admitted, despite having been before the Court for more than two years, which exceeds the reasonable time limit for it to rule. 81 PDDH reports the detention and trial for acts of terrorism of 14 people belonging to civil society organizations that participated in a peaceful protest in This case has led to legal reforms to increase the penalties for the offence of public disorder, which is essentially a means of criminalizing public protest and could intimidate people from exercising one of society s forms of participatory expression. 82 III. Achievements, best practices, challenges and constraints 53. RIA states that there is evidence of marked progress in reducing infant mortality as a result of a sustained decrease in fertility rates and an increase in the use of mother and child health services in recent years CLADEM states that Goal 3 of the Millennium Development Goals, to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, has already been achieved, as there are no significant differences between the sexes in El Salvador in access to education and the ratio of boys to girls in primary and secondary education, which had been 99 per cent since 1991, is now 100 per cent, with figures similar in urban and rural areas. 84 IV. Key national priorities, initiatives and commitments N/A. V. Capacity-building and technical assistance N/A. Notes 1 The stakeholders listed below have contributed information for this summary; the full texts of all original submissions are available at: (One asterisk denotes a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council. Two asterisks denote a national human rights institution with A status.) Civil society: CLADEM Comité de América Latina y el Caribe para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer, San Salvador, El Salvador; FMDVP Fundacion Mundial Dejame Vivir en Paz, San Jose, Costa Rica; GE

10 GIEACPC Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children; ICTJ-IDHUCA Centro Internacional para la Justicia Transicional and the Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad Centroamericana, San Salvador, El Salvador; JS1 Joint submission by Article 19,* Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad Centroamericana, the Association of Journalists of El Salvador, and the Association of Radios and Participative Programmes of El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador (Joint submission); RIA Red para la Infancia y Adolescencia, San Salvador, El Salvador; WCADP World Coalition Against the Death Penalty, Chatillon, France. National human rights institution: PDDH Procuraduría Para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos,** San Salvador, El Salvador. Regional intergovernmental organization: IACHR Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Washington D.C., USA. 2 PDDH, p. 6, para WCADP, p. 2, para PDDH, p. 6, para PDDH, pp. 5 6, para RIA, p. 3, para PDDH, pp. 4 5, para PDDH, p. 5, para PDDH, p. 5. See submission for cases cited, para RIA, p. 3, para PDDH, p. 4, para RIA, p. 8, para PDDH, p. 4, para RIA, p. 3, para WCADP, p. 1, para PDDH, p. 2, para RIA, p. 6, para RIA, p. 6, para CLADEM, p. 1, para CLADEM, p. 5 (Recomendaciones). 21 PDDH, p. 4, para PDDH, p. 4. para FMDVP, p IACHR Annex 6, p ICTJ-IDHUCA, pp IACHR Annex 1, p. 1; IACHR Annex 4, p. 1; IACHR Annex 5, p IACHR Annex 1, p. 6; IACHR Annex 4, p. 9; IACHR Annex 5, p RIA, pp. 5 6, para PDDH, p. 4, para IACHR, Annex 7, p RIA, p. 6, para GIEACPC, p. 2, para RIA, p. 10, para RIA, p. 13, para (Recomendaciones). 35 PDDH, p. 2, para RIA, p. 4, para ICTJ-IDHUCA, p. 3, para PDDH, p. 2, para PDDH, p. 2, para RIA, p. 11, para RIA, p. 3 para RIA, p. 4, para FMDVP, p GE

11 44 JS1, p. 1, para ICTJ-IDHUCA, p JS1, p. 2, paras. 8 and JS1, p. 2, paras JS1, p. 3 para JS1, p. 3 para PDDH, p. 5, para PDDH, p. 5, para JS1, p. 3, para JS1, p. 4, para PDDH, pp. 2 3, para PDDH, p. 4, para PDDH, p. 3 para CLADEM, pp. 3 4, para CLADEM, p. 4, para IACHR Annex 2, p IACHR Annex 2, p PDDH, p. 3, para PDDH, p. 3, para PDDH, p. 3, para RIA, p. 7, para RIA, p. 7, para CLADEM, p. 2 para RIA, p. 8, para PDDH, p PDDH, p. 4, para CLADEM, p. 5, para CLADEM, p. 3, para RIA, p. 10, para CLADEM, p. 3, para RIA, p. 10, para RIA, p. 4, para PDDH, p. 2, para PDDH, p. 2, para RIA, p. 5, para PDDH, p. 2, para JS1, p. 3, para ICTJ-IDHUCA, pp PDDH, p. 5, para RIA, p. 7, para CLADEM, p. 3, para. 11. GE