CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UNITED NATIONS United Nations Security Council Background Guide

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1 CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UNITED NATIONS United Nations Security Council Background Guide Security Council Background Following the guidelines of the charter of the United Nations, the Security Council is the primary body responsible for international peace and security. It is the ultimate authority on any legitimate action that the UN takes and is made up of fifteen nations, each with one vote. Unlike other committees however, five nations, commonly referred to as the permanent five (P5), have the individual authority to veto resolutions. The other ten nations on the committee are rotationally appointed for two year terms based on a regional apportionment system that ensures all corners of the globe are represented on the council. The nations that constitute the P5 are the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia and China. At the conclusion of World War II, the victorious allies met for talks on the creation of the United Nations and selected these five nations to serve as permanent members on the Security Council. After trying years during the Cold War in which their capacity to act was generally nonexistent, the Security Council is credited with having an increased ability to operate and solve for global issues since the collapse of the Soviet Union in While, it does take a majority of sitting nations to pass resolutions, eight in the case of the Security Council, it only takes one veto by any of the P5 to prevent passage. The Security Council is both the most capable and most powerful body in the United Nations. Its powers range from peacekeeping operations, to the establishment of international sanctions, all the way to the authorization of military action. It, along with the General Assembly, are the only two committees to hold substantive powers that allow it to act on a unilateral level in solving global problems, unlike the GA however, it has the added capacity to veto resolutions. It is the main body in dealing with the utilization of peacekeeping forces and has the ability to create subsidiary bodies tasked with special functions.

2 Topic 1: The Syrian Civil War Topic Overview For five years now the civil war in Syria has raged without end. The conflict has cost the lives of hundreds of thousands and created what is now the largest refugee crisis in human history by displacing millions from their homes. This has given rise to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and disrupting peace in a region that has been ravaged by decades of conflict already makes the situation even more serious. The issues here involve military, economic and humanitarian components. Millennia old minority communities have been displaced as a result of the action, often being persecuted by forces that intend for their own ideology to dominate. Women s issues and sexual violence have increased dramatically as well, causing abuse and sex slavery to become central issues that humanitarian groups are now trying to address. On all ends this conflict presents problems as it has become a microcosm of larger international struggles between different world powers, such as Russia and the United States. These nations, as well as others, are attempting to help those who they find beneficial and install them in place as the legitimate authority of Syria. Problems of chemical weaponry and citizens being caught in the crosshairs of the violence must also be addressed, as stern international laws against such actions are being violated. It is the duty of the United Nations Security Council to solve this issue to a satisfactory result and end the travesty that has plagued Syria for so long now. Background Arising out of the events of the Arab Spring, the Syrian Civil War started in July of Officers who defected from the Syrian Armed Forces formed the Free Syrian Army aiming to bring about the end of the Assad regime. In August of 2011, the Syrian National Council was formed in Turkey to try and organize the opposition, however it remained fractious and has not seen unity even do this day. Through 2012, government opposition forces continued to amass and eventually grew to a level that they formed a legitimate challenge to the government. After several attempted ceasefires failed to deescalate tensions, more fighting began in earnest as rebel offensives started to make inroads and fighting reached major cities. By June of 2013, it is estimated that over 90,000 people had been killed. At the end of 2015 that number had climbed to more than 250,000. In August of 2013, it was reported that rockets containing the nerve agent sarin were fired into several Damascus neighborhoods. Following international backlash, the Assad government agreed to dismantle all chemical weapons. By mid-2014, the rise of ISIS was complete as they emerged from the politically fractured opposition and declared the creation of a caliphate in June of Following this, US-led air strikes began in September of the same year. This group has also been successful as destabilizing Iraq, as they came very near to toppling the infant Iraqi government in Since then, the Iraqi government has been able to push them back, but with only limited overall success, as they continue to control a large part of the western portion of the country. At this time, ISIS also started its campaign against any religious or ideological differences and began persecuting minorities and dissidents. ISIS has been able to successfully spread into many neighboring countries, as well as abroad. The number of terrorist attacks committed in Western nations has increased dramatically as well, leading many of these countries to either retaliate or face problems of public image in dealing with government policy towards the situation.

3 Government offensives took place between October and December of 2013, making a few strides on the part of the Assad regime in regaining control of the country. The heaviest fighting between ISIS and other rebel groups in Syria took place in the early parts of 2014 when ISIS was at its military zenith and forcefully displaced many of the rebel strongholds in the east of Syria. US airstrikes began in June of 2014 and saw ISIS gain even more territory in Iraq, allowing them access to oilfields that have provided them a steady source of income. Offensives by rebel groups, supported by US airstrikes, and the Assad government finally were able to halt the advance of ISIS in 2015 and turn the tide against them. Many of the airstrikes resulted in the deaths of top ISIS leaders, although the weakened hierarchy showed signs of incredible endurance and ability to adapt to new scenarios. Russian intervention began in September of 2015 at the behest of the Assad regime, with bombing of anti-government and jihadist groups. Tensions between the US and Russia increased in response to this as both countries began to more heavily push their agendas in the region. A partial ceasefire was declared in February of this year negotiated by US-Russian diplomats and unanimously adopted by the Security Council as resolution Although this ceasefire was initially successful, by July fighting had once again resumed between all major parties and had intensified around several major cities in northern Syria. Major ceasefire talks have summarily failed to result in anything substantial and lasting, and Russian/US relations hit an all-time low this fall. Other NATO nations became more heavily invested in the conflict beginning in 2015, bringing with them an increased sense that the conflict was becoming a dueling ground between nations vying for power and influence. Current Situation The Syrian Civil War is largely seen as one of the most devastating global conflicts since the end of World War II. More than 250,000 people have been killed and as many as half of Syria s twenty-two million people have been displaced from their homes. It is the epicenter of Sunni-Shia sectarian violence and has incredible implications for the future security of the entire region. Attempts at a ceasefire earlier this year have ultimately failed and as fighting continues, control of the country remains divided between many factions. US and Western involvement has largely been in support of government opposition forces while Russian and Iranian forces support the Assad regime. The power struggle between NATO and Russia has been magnified in Syria and these foreign powers are heavily invested in the future of the country. Global terrorism is spreading, with ISIS reportedly operating in over 30 countries, and most major terrorist attacks abroad being related to or inspired by their ideology. While hard power has been the main source of power used, soft power routes have been largely ignored and allowed for terrorist propaganda to sway the minds of vulnerable populations. Issues of lawlessness, lack of effective government control from any group have made the lives of every day citizens extremely difficult. With heavy investment in the results of this conflict from all across the globe, the importance of reaching a peaceful conclusion cannot be overstated. These larger global implications have made Syria a hot spot of international activity and concern, meaning that now more than ever it is important to solve for this crisis.

4 Bloc Positions/Major Players 1. The largely Western backed anti-government forces have been supported by the United States and its allies since the beginning of the conflict. They have been armed and trained by Western governments in hopes of overthrowing the Assad regime and currently hold approximately 15-20% of the land in Syria. 2. The Assad government has been supported by Iran since the beginning of the conflict and has had more open support from Russia since the third quarter of last year. These governments have gone a long way to fund the regime s continued position in Syria and carried out orders to bomb enemy targets on their behalf. 3. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria has quickly risen to become the world s most dangerous terrorist organization thanks to the chaos that was created by the conflict in Syria. It holds large swaths of land in the eastern portion of the country and western regions of neighboring Iraq. Their international reach has made them an increasing threat to the entire world and all parties involved with the conflict have shown a willingness to work together to put a stop to ISIS s reign of terror. 4. The Sunni majority nations in the region, such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain and Turkey have supported the Sunni opposition forces in dismantling the Assad regime. Their support has come in the form of funding and military aid. 5. Kurdish forces in the northern parts of the country have taken the conflict as a chance to gain control of regions of Syria traditionally viewed as being a part of Kurdistan. These regions are generally seen as being the most stable although Kurdish forces face stiff opposition from what many view as illegal territorial encroachment. Discussion Questions 1. What can the United Nations Security Council do to end the Syrian refugee crisis? 2. What can the United Nations Security Council do to stop violence against religious and ethnic minorities? 3. What can the United Nations Security Council do to ensure the stability of the Iraqi government? 4. What can the United Nations Security Council do to establish peace between the various rebel factions and the Assad regime in Syria? 5. What steps can the United Nations Security Council take to eliminate the threat of ISIS? Key Terms 1. Islamic State of Iraq and Syria 2. Al-Nusra Front 3. Kurdistan 4. Chemical Weapons 5. Ba ath Party 6. Syrian Opposition 7. Syrian National Council

5 Resources

6 References

7 Topic 2: The Ongoing Conflict in Sudan Topic Overview Conflict has raged in the nation of Sudan for longer than it has ever been at peace since its independence in The country has been ravaged by intermittent civil wars, genocide, and marginalization for decades now. The United Nations at large and the Security Council have worked to end the hostilities with limited success, but renewed fighting has led to a need for conflict resolution once again. The conflict in Sudan has raged for so long and in such an isolated region of the world that it has largely been pushed to the back of the minds of most major governments and international knowledge of the conflict is extremely limited, posing one of the greatest problems in garnering support for solving the problem through international aid. Limited access to resources and education opportunities have also made solving the issue more complicated, as there is a fight for survival and dominance in an incredibly diverse and impoverished nation. It is the duty of the Security Council to step in and aid in resolving this issue before any more tragedies can result from it. Background Following Sudan s independence in 1956, sectarian differences led to an outbreak of civil war that lasted until the 1972 Addis Ababa agreement. This agreement allowed for a short period of relative peace in which the Christian southern portions of the country were granted autonomy. Discovery of oil and the issuance of Islamic Sharia law over the entire country by the central government in Khartoum led to renewed civil war in 1983 and successive waves of coups. The 1988 famine that hit Sudan was used as a weapon in the conflict and resulted in the death of over 250,000 people. The following year, a coup led by Omar al-bashir led to increased repression and a rapidly deteriorating situation in the southern regions. Things slowly began to change in the early 2000 s with increased pressure from the rest of the world. In 2003 however, rebel groups in the western province of Darfur rose up against the government of Khartoum for marginalizing, both politically and economically, the non-arab population of the area. In response, the government began what has come to be seen as a genocidal attempt to squash this rebellion. Conflict really began to intensify in 2003 when the Darfur Liberation Front claimed credit for an attack in the country. The rebels subsequently began seizing border towns and weaponry. This was seen as a sign of weakness in the Sudanese government, and inspired the Sudan Liberation Army and Justice and Equality Movement to launch an attack against government forces, leading to an unprecedented victory against them. This placed the government in a very difficult position, as its power was compromised and they began to consistently lose. The African Union stepped in in 2004 to try and mediate the conflict, sending a limited number of troops and observers to the nation in an effort to monitor the situation. Because of conflict, starvation rates and displacement began to take a toll on the population and the risk of genocide began to increase substantially according to many observers. The spilling over of conflict into neighboring Chad also led to tensions rising in 2005, as attacks in eastern Chad forced the government into action. In 2005 the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed that ended hostilities between the north and the south of the country and in 2006, the Darfur Peace Agreement was signed

8 between the Sudanese Liberation Movement and the Khartoum government. The UN was notified that the government seemed to be gearing up for a major offensive and reported a massive amount of rape and sexual violence having been committed during the conflict. This problem is still ongoing in the nation as destabilization tends to sadly have this effect. In late 2006, the head of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees stated that Darfur faced a humanitarian catastrophe. The UN mandate in Sudan was extended to allow for peacekeeping forces and African Union troops to remain deployed there. Even with the ceasefire, reports of violence and killings continued to poor in into It was not until 2009 that the situation finally began to stabilize, with analysts saying that the war may have finally ended. The compromise between the north and the south resulted in a referendum in 2011 for the southern independence. This referendum was successful and South Sudan became the newest country in the world. Although relatively calm for a period of time, conflict once again flared in 2014, with the worst violence seen in a decade. In March of 2014, attacks began once again and a new wave of displaced persons was created, launching the country into crisis. Thousands of villages were destroyed in 2014 and more than 400,000 attacks were carried out. Government forces continue to annihilate any opposition and carry out attacks against civilian targets, with reports of chemical weapons attacks against civilians as recent as September of this year. Current Situation As of 2015, over 3 million civilians are internally displaced and refugee camps in neighboring Chad are largely reported to be in slum-like conditions. Millions in the country remain in need of all types of assistance and conflict between South Sudan and Sudan, along with Darfur rebels and the Sudanese government, continue to make the region one of the most volatile in the world. Image is one of the main issues effecting the conflict, as it has very little awareness on an international scale, meaning that support for resolution is also limited. Geographically, Sudan is very isolated and surrounded by equally impoverished countries whose populations are booming. The added pressure of trying to deal with an influx of Sudanese refugees means that these refugees are very poorly treated and not well taken care of. Conditions in these countries are already some of the harshest in the world and the continuing conflict only makes them worse. Problems of internal governmental legitimacy and ability to provide for the people is a problem that plagues many nations in the region and ethnically and religiously based conflict only contributes to the incredible problems they are facing. Sectarian differences have made it hard to come to a resolution, and self-determination may be one of the best ways at addressing this issue going forward, as splitting the country up to more accurately represent populations would likely result in more stability, as the struggle for dominance would no longer be such a major issue. Starvation is a major factor, as agriculture is difficult and war has made it even harder for people to attain food supplies. As well, government action has repeatedly led to atrocities, with superior fire power being used against any groups thought to be in opposition. The many crimes against humanity that have occurred must be dealt with and continuing humanitarian issues make this country one of the world s most in need. Bloc Positions/Major Players 1. Southern forces, which have historically been largely Christian, fought for many decades to achieve a satisfactory level of autonomy from the majority Muslim population. Although independence was achieved, conflict and animosity remains a problem.

9 2. Darfur rebel groups, much like Christian forces in the south, have fought long and hard to achieve a more equitable position in Sudanese society. These groups have been subjected to genocide by the Sudanese government and have shown a more pronounced reluctance to agree to peace terms. 3. The government of Sudan, dominated by the majority Muslim population, has sought to marginalize minority groups throughout the country since independence and profit from its territories natural resources. They have shown a willingness to cooperate with international organizations, but are the main perpetrators of the humanitarian crisis unfolding. Discussion Questions 1. What past actions has the UN taken to try and deal with the conflict? 2. What are the various ethnic and religious groups involved? 3. Why did the peace deal fail to work? 4. What is the state of women and minority rights/issues? 5. Has the government of Sudan shown itself to be willing to work with international bodies or will more strict intervention be necessary to end the conflict? Key Terms 1. Darfur 2. South Sudan 3. Sudan Revolutionary Front 4. Sudanese Awakening Revolutionary Council 5. Darfur Peace Agreement Resources

10 References

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