THE REGIONAL SITUATION

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "THE REGIONAL SITUATION"

Transcription

1 CHAPTER two

2 THE REGIONAL SITUATION 2.1 THE URBANIZATION PROCESS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN The still accelerated population growth and its concentration in urban areas, industrial development and the changes in the levels of consumption have given place to an increase in the amount and variety of solid waste generated by the LAC Region s population, with the accompanying demand of services for its adequate management. The LAC Region population has had a considerable increase in the last decades going from 209 million in 1960 to 518 million in the year 2001, as is shown in Figure 1 and Table 2. Figure 1. Latin America and Caribbean Region: Urban and rural population evolution Source: Urban and Rural Population: United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision. The 2001 population was obtained from the Solid Waste Evaluation. The urban and rural population definitions were provided by each country and may vary with regards to those used by United Nations.

3 REPORT ON THE REGIONAL EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN A gradual but very fast population concentration has been produced in urban centers in the LAC Region. In 1975, 61% of the population was urban. In 2001, this percentage increased to 78.3%, which means that approximately 406 million people live in cities. The Region is one of the most urbanized in the planet and its population increases in 8.4 million per year. As can be seen in Table 3, the major concentration in the Region can be seen for the year 2002 in Mexico City (18.2 million inhabitants), Sao Paulo (18.1 million), Buenos Aires (close to 13 million) and Rio de Janeiro (10 million). Likewise, the metropolitan areas of Buenos Aires and Santiago concentrate around 35% of the population of Argentina and Chile respectively. Lima concentrates 30% of Peru s total population and more than 40% of its urban population. On the other hand, countries such as Guatemala, Costa Rica, Haiti and Honduras present an initial and even slow urban transition compared to the rest of the Region with less than 60% of urban population. It is estimated that by the year 2005, Guatemala will be the only country in the Region that would not have exceeded the 50% urban population threshold and its rural nature will continue to stand out from the other countries in the next quinquenniums. In the Caribbean, at a country level, the percentage of urban population varies between a minimum of 24% in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and a maximum of 100% in Barbados and the Cayman Islands, with a 64.3% average in the Caribbean countries. However, the urban and rural distinction in the Caribbean is very subtle and usually the country is considered as a whole. 10

4 CHAPTER 2 - THE REGIONAL SITUATION Table 2. Latin America and the Caribbean Population December 2001 (In thousands of inhabitants) Country Urban Population % Urban Rural Population % Rural Total Population Anguila a Antigua and Barbuda a Netherlands Antilles b Argentina a 32, , ,224 Aruba b , Bahamas ,0 308 Barbados , Belize Bermuda b , Bolivia a 5, , ,274 Brazil 140, , ,386 Chile 13, , ,402 Colombia 30, , ,894 Costa Rica 2, , ,020 Cuba 8, , ,243 Dominica Dominican Republic 4, , ,541 Ecuador a 7, , ,156 El Salvador 3, , ,276 Grenada a Guadalupe b Guatemala 4, , ,237 French Guyana b Guyana Haiti 2, , ,131 Honduras a 2, , ,536 Cayman Islands Turks and Caicos Islands b British Virgin Islands a US Virgin Islands b Jamaica 1, , ,599 Martinique b Mexico 90, ,708 Montserrat b Nicaragua 2, , ,205 Panama , ,901 Paraguay 3, , ,830 Peru 18, , ,347 Saint Kitts and Nevis a Saint Vincent and the Grenadines a Saint Lucia a Surinam Trinidad & Tobago 1, ,267 Uruguay 3, ,341 Venezuela 21, , ,169 Total 405, , , Note: The definition of the term urban and rural corresponds to the one used in each country. The values indicated by the countries are submitted as official data from the 2001 Census or projections from the round of the 2000 and estimates in force in those countries. Some population values of the Solid Waste Evaluation can be different from PAHO s Basic Indicators for a 2001 Census carried out in these countries, which information was included in the Solid Waste Evaluation. Source: Solid Waste Evaluation and b PAHO, Health Analysis Special Program, Health Situation in the Americas: 2001 Basic Indicators, Washington, D.C., 2001.

5 REPORT ON THE REGIONAL EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN City Table 3. The 12 most populated cities in Latin America (*) 1996 Population (thousands) 2002 Population (thousands) 2008 Population (thousands) Mexico City 16,876 18,259 19,371 Sao Paulo 16,777 18,182 18,590 Buenos Aires 12,003 12,819 13,519 Rio de Janeiro 10,261 10,756 11,304 Lima 6,827 7,740 8,580 Bogota 5,762 6,543 7,276 Santiago de Chile 5,131 5,709 6,183 Belo Horizonte 3,854 4,308 4,689 Guadalajara 3,526 3,991 4,209 Porto Alegre 3,418-4,182 Santo Domingo - 3,759 4,219 Guatemala - - 4,273 (*) The populations correspond to the respective regions or metropolitan areas. Source: Health in the Americas, PAHO, Scientific and Technical Publication No. 587, 2002 (taken from United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision. 12 The highest development percentage can be seen in South America (83%), followed by Central America (62%) and the Caribbean (56%). This table is the result of national development policies that benefit large cities, where financial centers, media, the best medical care and employment opportunities are located. Likewise, migration has also had its effects on urban population distribution. Other migration flows have joined the intensive migration processes of destitute populations from rural zones to the main urban centers in search of better economic conditions, as is the case of one urban area to the other, migration within the cities themselves and international and interregional migration. Even though the development process tends to concentrate people in large urban centers, about 47% of LAC urban population still lives in small and medium size cities of less than 500,000 inhabitants, concentrating in the prior ones 35% of the Region s total population. In the last two decades, the medium size cities have had high growth rates and a number of these cities have started having the same problems as large cities, due to its larger economic activity and demographic pressures. It is estimated that by the year 2015, 80% of Latin America will be urban with the following distribution: 16% of the total population will live in nine large metropolitan zones over five million inhabitants (with a stabilized ratio.) 28% will live in 122 large cities between 500,000 and five million (with increase in ratios.) 36% will live in small and medium size cities up to 500,000 inhabitants (with ratio increase), including tens of thousands of small towns with less than 20,000 inhabitants. 20% will live in rural zones (with the ratio in a sustained descending from.) The greatest growth will be experienced by medium and small cities, which are the ones that have greater problems with regards to solid waste management due to the limited availability of economic, technical and administrative resources that they have. The Caribbean countries face an unusual growth and development situation due to their limited surface area and their strong dependency on tourism for economic survival. The lack of land resources in the Caribbean islands creates a serious competition between housing, traffic infrastructure, traditional agriculture and tourism. In recent years, some Caribbean islands have experienced an explosive economic growth due to the

6 CHAPTER 2 - THE REGIONAL SITUATION tourism industry putting great pressure in providing basic services and on the environment. Countries such as Barbados, with a stable population of 269,000 receives 800,000 tourists annually with lay days and some 500,000 from cruises, which puts a great demand on renewable and non renewable natural resources. Barbados is one of 10 countries in the world with more water scarcity, and places it within the six small countries in a risk situation (ECLAC, September 2002). Other smaller countries such as the British Virgin Islands, that with a total permanent population of 20,647, has a temporary population that exceeds 38% of its stable population, with the consequent increase in solid waste generation and serious difficulties for their disposal. These small island states are distinguished for their fragile and vulnerable ecology, therefore, they are easily affected by the dumping of solid waste and wastewater in the environment, situation that is taking these countries to look for solid waste management ecologically feasible alternatives, in order to maintain their natural heritage which is the foundation of their economies. In 1995, the urban population in LAC was estimated in 357 million people of a total of 474 million and the amount of urban solid waste generated totaled 275,000 tons per day. In 2001, the urban population in the LAC Region reached 406 million people of a total of 518 million persons and the Solid Waste Evaluation estimates municipal solid waste generation in 369,000 tons per day. It is projected that by the year 2015 the Region s population will reach 627 million, of which about 501 million will be urban (approximately 80%), and assuming that the amount of waste generated daily per person does not increase, more than 446,000 tons of municipal solid waste would be generated daily. With regards to hazardous waste, the situation is still more critical in some LAC countries. It is estimated that only in Mexico the total generation of industrial hazardous waste amounts to an approximate volume of eight million tons annually, which does not include mining waste 5. Even countries with a smaller area and population are in a critical situation, such is the case of Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica, whose economies are strongly linked to industrial processes in the energy sector related to the oil industry and natural gas, that carry a large amount of hazardous and non biodegradable wastes. With regards to hospital hazardous waste, a study carried out by PAHO in 21 LAC countries in 1993 estimated that a total of 220,547 tons daily of this type of wastes 6 was generated. Frequently, hazardous wastes are disposed of jointly with municipal solid wastes without any prior treatment, its indiscriminate disposal being even more severe to the environment. Economic and urban development in the Region leads to a greater demand of urban sanitation services, which pose an enormous challenge for countries to provide the conditions conducive to the adequate management of waste, therefore minimizing related environmental and sanitation problems. While development itself does not have to have negative socioeconomic or environmental effects, it is the disorderly urban growth, with no adequate planning, especially in poor areas inside and outside of the cities, what creates greater problems related to solid waste and makes it difficult to provide adequate basic services. 2.2 SOCIOECONOMIC TRENDS IN THE REGION According to estimates from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, March 2003), during the decade of the nineties, Latin America underwent a new economic growth compared to the previous decade. The Gross National Product (GNP) grew from 3.2% per year between 1990 and 2000, compared to 1% during the eighties. The Caribbean underwent a similar phenomenon, although its average growth rate has continued being lower, in the order of 2% in the nineties, compared to 0.1% during the eighties. However, this growth has not been sufficient to overcome the gap that exists between the countries in the Region and the more developed countries or to overcome poverty in LAC Mexico. National Ecology Institute (INE for its Spanish acronym). Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources. Program for the minimization and integrated management of industrial hazardous waste in Mexico , Mexico, D.F. INE, Mexico, D.F. Metropolitan Environmental Commission. Minimization, treatment and disposal manual: hazardous and industrial waste management for the chemical field. September PAHO. Hazardous and biological wastes in Latin America and the Caribbean. PAHO environmental series 14. Washington, D.C

7 REPORT ON THE REGIONAL EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 14 At the same time, a considerable progress has been accomplished in the opening of the economies in the LAC Region. In spite of the fact that the Region only represents 5% of the global exports, the current volume of exports has grown at the fastest rate in the history of the Region, at a rate of 8.9% per year between 1990 and Likewise, the liberalization of the economy and globalization, marked by the deregulation of activities from the intensive resource sectors, the privatization of activities of the sectors that had traditionally been reserved for the State and the use of free trade agreements, specifically the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR for its Spanish acronym), the Andean Community, the Central American Common Market and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM for its Spanish acronym) have contributed to the integration of the economy in the Region. This economic opening has brought as a consequence an increase in the use of goods, with the resulting generation of solid waste. With a few exceptions, the majority of the countries in the Region are differentiated by the low quality of solid waste final disposal that translates into an environmental liability expressed in the growing deterioration of land and urban environments, aquifer and air contamination, as well as negative effects on the health of the population. This situation has a high economic cost not only at a national level, but also at an international level, because of the contamination that some technological processes could represent from sectors such as mining, forestry or fishery, that are not guided towards cleaner production processes or their wastes are not disposed of adequately. The economies of the countries can be at a disadvantage by not complying with international trade requirements, environmental in nature. Likewise, countries whose economies are based on tourism can be seriously affected by inadequate waste management practices. The Region has maintained their export patterns based on the intensive use of labor force and the exploitation of natural resources that influence the vulnerability of the national economies by being highly dependent on a few products or markets. In general, three patterns of export specialization take place in LAC: (i) manufacturing commerce (maquila, assemblies of parts, pieces and components) predominantly in Mexico, some countries in Central America and the Caribbean; (ii) trade of homogeneous products for marketing (several products) in Andean countries, (medium and high technology manufacturing) in Brazil; and (iii) export of services (tourism, financial and transportation services) in some countries in the Caribbean and Panama. As the Region s economies have been transforming into an integral part of the global economy, the urban growth patterns have resulted in structural and morphologic changes of the cities, which have been influenced by the deregulation and privatization of certain production and service areas, the reduction of the State s investments and the decentralization or deconcentration of the areas of responsibility. These changes are not foreign to urban sanitation services, which represent a great potential for the participation of the private sector that could have significant repercussions on national development through its effects on employment and earnings from decreasing the cost of importing raw material for recycling purposes. On the other hand, the change in the Region s economies has resulted in an increase in the amount of solid waste and a change in their composition, becoming less biodegradable and with a greater content of hazardous contaminants. During the decade of the nineties, in the majority of the countries in the Region the GNP growth rates per capita were positive, even though the improvements in relation to the decade of the eighties were rather lower. However, the Region is far from being homogeneous. As is shown in Table 4, by 1999, the GNP per capita fluctuated between US$435 in Haiti and US$7,435 in Argentina (before the crisis). This situation does not change too much by the year 2001, in which the GNP for Haiti decreased to US$424 and Argentina still has a greater GNP per capita in Latin America with US$6,875. A similar fluctuation occurs in the Caribbean in which by 2001 Barbados registers a GNP per capita of US$6,722 and US$735 for Guyana (ECLAC, March 2003). By 2003 the English speaking Caribbean has an average GNP per capita of US$7,540, being the highest for the British Virgin Islands with US$16,000, followed by Antigua and Barbuda with US$11,000 and Anguila with US$8,600 and the lowest for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines with US$2,900. LAC continue suffering from one of the most disproportionate income distributions in the world, a distinction that has not changed in several decades. These differences are

8 CHAPTER 2 - THE REGIONAL SITUATION also strong within the countries, notable in countries such as Brazil, which on one hand is identified by its high technological development patterns, in comparison with the absolute misery of some rural regions and indigenous populations, and in the outskirts of large urban centers. The per capita income levels and the income distribution affect the health of the population, as can be seen in the sanitation indicators (life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, among others), and education indicators (degree of illiteracy), with a direct relationship between these components. Depending on the country, in recent years, high levels of open unemployment can be observed and/or a subunemployment growth and from the informal sector. In 2001, open unemployment in LAC was estimated at 8.4%, which constituted a substantial increase compared to the 1997 and 1990 values in which unemployment was in the order of 7.8% and 5.8% respectively (ECLAC, 2002). Figure 2 shows the urban open unemployment percentage for some countries in LAC for the year For comparative purposes, that year the unemployment rate in the United States was 4.8% According to data from ECLAC (2002), unemployment has a greater effect on young people, women and members of poor households. It is estimated that one third of the growth of informal work was generated by micro companies, of which a small percentage corresponds to solid waste collection and recycling micro companies. At the same time in countries such as Argentina, Colombia and Peru a significant increase in the waste segregators ratio has been observed, product of a disproportionate increase of poverty and indigence indexes, coupled with a critical unemployment situation. In terms of occupational structure, the change in employment from the production of goods to the production of services has continued. In 1998, the tertiary sector represented 73% of the labor force in the urban area, and the work ratio in the industrial sector has decreased to similar values in the early nineties (ECLAC, 2000). Figure 2. Urban open unemployment rate in selected countries in Latin America and the Caribbean Source: Data ECLAC, Latin America and Caribbean Statistics Annual Report, 2002

9 REPORT ON THE REGIONAL EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Table 4. Socioeconomic indicators selected for Latin America and the Caribbean 16 Country GNP per capita (a) (1) (dollars per year 1999) GNP per capita (a) (1) (dollars per year 2001) Human Development Index (2) 2001 Poverty (b)(2) (%) Indigence (c)(2) Country (%) Gini Coefficient (2)(3) (1999) Illiteracy Rate (2) (%) Anguila , Antigua and Barbuda 11 0,798 0, Argentina 7,435 6,875 0, , Bahamas 0, Barbados 6,713 6,722 0, , Belize 1,546 2,825 0, , Bolivia , , Brazil 4,216 4,335 0, , Chile 5,618 5,883 0, , Colombia 2,271 2,273 0, , Costa Rica 3,701 3,654 0, , Cuba 3,878 4,156 0, Dominica 3,7 0, , Dominican Republic 1,940 1,067 0, , Ecuador ,492 0, , El Salvador 1,754 1,756 0, , Grenada 5 0, ,5 2.0 Guatemala 1,551 1,558 0, , Guyana , Haiti , Honduras , , Jamaica 2,4 2,8 0, Mexico 4,576 4,722 0, , Nicaragua , , Panama 3,274 3,271 0, , Paraguay 1,602 1,55 0, , Peru 2,309 2,309 0, , Saint Kitts and Nevis 8,7 0, , Saint Lucia 4,4 0, , Saint Vincent and 2,9 0, , Grenadines Suriname 1,35 0,762 0, Trinidad and Tobago 5,116 5,773 0, ,4 6.2 Uruguay 5,983 5,587 0, , Venezuela 3,036 3,121 0, , (a) Constant prices for (b) Corresponds to the population that spends per capita less than what is equivalent to basic needs (basic basket of goods) which takes into consideration food and non-food expenses. Percentages in relation to the total population. (c) When the total expense per capita is less than the basic needs (basic basket of goods) cost per capita of the basic needs (basic basket of goods) for food. Percentage in relation to the total population. Information not available. Fuentes: 1 ECLAC, Latin America and the Caribbean Annual Report, Solid Waste Evaluation. The numbers for Human Development Index were obtained from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Human Development Report The poverty amounts and the Gini Coefficient are based on surveys of homes. 3 UNDP, ECLAC and the Institute of Applied Economic Application (IPEA). Towards the objective of the millennium of reducing poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago de Chile, February 2003.

10 CHAPTER 2 - THE REGIONAL SITUATION Poverty in the Region It is estimated that about 150 million people, or close to one out of three individuals, are below the poverty line in LAC, considering the income criteria at less than two dollars daily 7. The strong economic crisis that some Latin American countries have experienced have contributed to the increase of poverty in the Region with the emergence of the new poor phenomena, generated by the sudden impoverishment of the middle segments of the population, which has been the case in Argentina and Uruguay. The extreme poverty or indigence component affects close to half the homes in poverty situation in the Region. The poor people in the Region constitute a heterogeneous group, within the countries and more so when the Region is considered as a whole. Between the end of the 1980s and mid 1990s, the poverty incidence decreased slightly in the majority of the countries in the Region, with the exception of Venezuela and the area of the Great Buenos Aires in Argentina, where the poverty incidence increased, and Mexico where there have been no changes. In spite of the efforts carried out recently by the LAC countries to reduce poverty, the results have been discouraging due to the high levels of inequality in the Region. With regards to the evolution of inequality in the distribution of household income through Latin America, during the last decade the disparities were relatively less and the levels of inequality, measured by the Gini 8 coefficient have remained stable, with the exception of Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Venezuela where said coefficient went through a brief increase. In contrast, Honduras recorded a substantial decrease of around 8.3% 9 in the inequality. The Caribbean countries on the other hand have not suffered great variations in this aspect. LAC is the Region with the most unequal income distribution in the world, a distinction that continues being unaltered for several decades. The disparity in the distribution of income is large not only among the countries but within them (Table 4), as can be seen by the high values of the Gini coefficient in countries such as Brazil (0.64), Bolivia (0.60), Mexico (0.59) and Grenada (0.58). Even the Gini coefficient for Uruguay (0.44) is considered high according to international averages when compared to countries with a high income, whose average in the 90 s was 0.34 (ECLAC, 2003). About 35% of the urban households are in a poverty situation, concentrated in poor urban neighborhoods and in the urban outskirt areas. In countries such as Brazil and Chile, the poor in urban areas constitute the largest percentage of the poor in the Region. However, poverty is still concentrated in rural zones. In several countries in LAC, more than 50% of the poor live in rural areas. In countries such as Bolivia, El Salvador, Ecuador, Haiti, Guatemala and Nicaragua, poverty exceeds 50% of the population and one fourth of the population is in extreme poverty (Figure 3). Likewise, the indigenous groups are disproportionately represented among the poor, specifically in those of extreme poverty. Often, the poor are at a disadvantage with regards to formal education, health care and essential basic services, and for many the informal sector is a source of employment. Even though the consequences of inadequate solid waste management or the lack of it is attributed to the whole population, the poor and especially women and children are the ones that suffer the most because of these problems. Collection services in the most indigent areas have low priority in relation to the more affluent areas. Accessibility in the most indigent places tends to be a problem because of bad traffic and housing conditions, and the lack of infrastructure to store and collect waste. Furthermore, the poor because of necessity are many times obligated to economically subsist from waste without any sanitary control, being exposed to a series of health risks and themselves acting as vectors of diseases. The challenges are still marked by inequalities, in coverage as well as quality of the services provided, present in the different regions within the same country, in different economic stratum of the population and sometimes in different technical groups Based on income as a poverty measure, the poverty line corresponds to an income of two dollars daily and the extreme poverty or indigence is equal to one dollar per day. 8 The Gini coefficient measures the disparity on the whole distribution of the income or consumption. A value of 0 represents perfect equality and a value of 100 represents a perfect inequality. 9 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC) and the Institute of Applied Economic Application). Towards the objective of the millennium to reduce in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago de Chile, February 2003.

11 REPORT ON THE REGIONAL EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Figure 3. Poverty and indigence percentages in Latin American and Caribbean countries Source: Solid Waste Evaluation: Solid Waste Evaluation AL database corresponding to official information registered by the countries. Note: Indigence information for Trinidad and Tobago is not available. The British Virgin Islands and Barbados do not report indigence HEALTH AND EDUCATION The majority of the countries in the LAC Region have been able to reduce infant mortality to a regional average of 24.8 per 10,000 live births for the 1995 to 2000 period (PAHO, 2002a). However, there are still marked differences in the countries. Likewise, life expectancy at birth has increased to more than 70 years, even though not in a uniform manner in every country. A common denominator that influences mortality and morbidity rates is the level of income in the countries, corroborated when the poor quintiles are compared to the more affluent. Tables 5 to 7 show infant mortality indicators, life expectancy at birth and illiteracy for countries in the LAC Region for the year Even though a direct relationship has not been established between inadequate solid waste management, health and education of the population because of lack of adequate epidemiological studies, the unhealthy conditions that waste represents constitutes a real and potential threat to human health and the environment. Waste not collected that is deposited without any control in the environment originates a broad range of sanitary problems that translate into an increase in the prevalence of diseases such as dengue, leptospirosis and gastrointestinal diseases. Specifically, waste is a means conducive to the proliferation of the dengue vector, especially objects that trap water and provide a breeding place for mosquitoes; such is the case of used tires and discarded vessels or containers. The incidence of dengue has

12 CHAPTER 2 - THE REGIONAL SITUATION increased gradually in the LAC Region since 1981 and the outbreak reached its critical peak in 1998, with a total of 741,794 cases, among them 12,396 hemorrhagic dengue and 151 fatalities (PAHO 2002a). Between 2000 and 2001, countries such as Brazil, Ecuador, Cuba, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Peru notified dengue outbreaks. In that same year in the Caribbean, countries such as Anguila, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago recorded dengue cases. It is considered that vector control is the most effective means to prevent and control this disease, which should include an education component that leads to a change in the behavior of the population and reduction at the sources. In this aspect, it is relevant to take appropriate prophylactic measures to prevent the indiscriminate disposal of wastes in open-air dumps, as well as in households. Intestinal infections constitute the third cause of the mortality in the 0 to 4 years age group in countries with low income, in the low as well as high-income bracket and the fourth cause of mortality in the high-income bracket (PAHO, 2002a). Table 5. Infant mortality Rate (*) for the year 2001 by groups of countries Infant mortality rate Countries Less than 10.0 Between 10.0 and 20.0 Anguila, Chile, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Costa Rica, Dominica, Grenada, Mexico, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Between 20.0 and 30.0 Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Jamaica, Paraguay, Suriname Between 30.0 and 40.0 Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru Between 40.0 and Between 50.0 and 60.0 Bolivia Between 60.0 and More than 70.0 Haiti (*) Fatalities of children 1 year of age and less for each one thousand children born alive. Source: Solid Waste Evaluation. Table 6. Life expectancy at birth (*) in 2001 in Latin America and the Caribbean Life expectancy at birth Countries 50.0 to 59.9 Haiti 60.0 to 64.9 Bolivia, Guyana, 65.0 to 69.9 Bahamas, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis 70.0 to 74.9 Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Belize, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela and more Anguila, Barbados, Dominica, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica (*) Number of years of life remaining if a person would be submitted to the current mortality conditions. Source: Solid Waste Evaluation

13 REPORT ON THE REGIONAL EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Table 7. Illiterate population 15 years and older in Latin America and the Caribbean grouped by countries to the year 2001 Less than 5 Illiterate population percentage (%) Between 5 and 10 Between 10 and 15 Between 15 and 20 Between 20 and 30 More than 30 Source: Solid Waste Evaluation. Countries Anguila, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Grenada, Guyana, Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Uruguay Belize, Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Antigua and Barbuda, Brazil, Bolivia, Jamaica, Peru Dominican Republic El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Saint Lucia Guatemala, Nicaragua, Haiti 20 The cause and effect of these diseases is complex and factors of different nature have an influence on it. It is acknowledged that poverty conditions and the level of education have a predominant role in the level of mortality and morbidity of the population, due greatly to the lack, and sometimes nil, access that the most indigent people have to basic health services, dignified housing and basic sanitation, the difficulty in following hygiene habits and ignorance regarding the risks that they face, mainly individuals who work and live in contact with waste. Solid waste management is closely related to the population s level of education in this regard. The Solid Waste Evaluation showed that the majority of the countries in the Region have, in greater or lesser degree, some sanitation/environmental education component related to solid waste, either at a school level (primary and secondary education), such as programs and campaigns at a municipal and national level guided towards different age groups. The detailed information by country on education is found in the Solid Waste Evaluation database and in the corresponding analytical reports from the countries. Usually, this education tends to be more informal and only a few countries like Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guyana, Cayman Islands and Jamaica include it in their syllabus. Even when there is a great variety of ecological programs and campaigns, the population in general has not yet absorbed the concept of accountability that it has with regards to solid waste management and it appears indifferent regarding their consumption styles. The illiterate population 15 years and older has been decreasing in the Region. However, countries such as Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, and Saint Lucia still have illiteracy rates of 20% and higher (Figure 4). The importance of the educational level of the population lies in the great interference it has in personal hygiene and the cleaning habits of households and public area, as well as the environmental awareness that translates into the demand for better services, and a better prepared community to assume their participation in waste management.

14 CHAPTER 2 - THE REGIONAL SITUATION Figure 4. Illiteracy rate in persons 15 years and older in Latin American and Caribbean countries 2001 Source: Solid Waste Evaluation. 21

Distr. LIMITED LC/L.4068(CEA.8/3) 22 September 2014 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: SPANISH

Distr. LIMITED LC/L.4068(CEA.8/3) 22 September 2014 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: SPANISH Distr. LIMITED LC/L.4068(CEA.8/3) 22 September 2014 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: SPANISH Eighth meeting of the Statistical Conference of the Americas of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

More information

Distr. LIMITED LC/L.4008(CE.14/3) 20 May 2015 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: SPANISH

Distr. LIMITED LC/L.4008(CE.14/3) 20 May 2015 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: SPANISH Distr. LIMITED LC/L.4008(CE.14/3) 20 May 2015 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: SPANISH Fourteenth meeting of the Executive Committee of the Statistical Conference of the Americas of the Economic Commission for Latin

More information

Rapid Assessment of Data Collection Structures in the Field of Migration, in Latin America and the Caribbean

Rapid Assessment of Data Collection Structures in the Field of Migration, in Latin America and the Caribbean www.migration-eu-lac.eu Rapid Assessment of Data Collection Structures in the Field of Migration, in Latin America and the Caribbean EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this document

More information

Commission on Equity and Health Inequalities in the Americas

Commission on Equity and Health Inequalities in the Americas Commission on Equity and Health Inequalities in the Americas Professor Sir Michael Marmot Health equity Summit Cuernavaca 14 November 2017 @MichaelMarmot Commission on Equity and Health Inequalities in

More information

Mapping Enterprises in Latin America and the Caribbean 1

Mapping Enterprises in Latin America and the Caribbean 1 Enterprise Surveys e Mapping Enterprises in Latin America and the Caribbean 1 WORLD BANK GROUP LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SERIES NOTE NO. 1 1/213 Basic Definitions surveyed in 21 and how they are

More information

Dealing with Government in Latin America and the Caribbean 1

Dealing with Government in Latin America and the Caribbean 1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK GROUP LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SERIES NOTE NO. 6 REV. 8/14 Basic Definitions

More information

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AND THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY AND HUNGER IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AND THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY AND HUNGER IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AND THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY AND HUNGER IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Regional Consultations on the Economic and Social Council Annual Ministerial Review Ministry

More information

Avoiding Crime in Latin America and the Caribbean 1

Avoiding Crime in Latin America and the Caribbean 1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK GROUP LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN SERIES NOTE NO. 7 REV. 8/2014 Basic

More information

Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO) Silvia Bertagnolio, MD On behalf of Dr Gabriele Riedner, Regional advisor

Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO) Silvia Bertagnolio, MD On behalf of Dr Gabriele Riedner, Regional advisor Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO) Silvia Bertagnolio, MD On behalf of Dr Gabriele Riedner, Regional advisor EMRO Countries Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran (Islamic Republic

More information

Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, Done at Panama City, January 30, 1975 O.A.S.T.S. No. 42, 14 I.L.M.

Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, Done at Panama City, January 30, 1975 O.A.S.T.S. No. 42, 14 I.L.M. Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, 1975 Done at Panama City, January 30, 1975 O.A.S.T.S. No. 42, 14 I.L.M. 336 (1975) The Governments of the Member States of the Organization

More information

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE AMERICAS

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE AMERICAS INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE AMERICAS SICREMI 2012 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Organization of American States Organization of American States INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE AMERICAS Second Report of the Continuous

More information

East Asia and Latin America- Discovery of business opportunities

East Asia and Latin America- Discovery of business opportunities East Asia and Latin America- Discovery of business opportunities 2004 FEALAC Young Business Leaders Encounter in Tokyo 12 February 2004, Toranomon Pastoral Hotel Current Economic Situations (Trade and

More information

Freedom in the Americas Today

Freedom in the Americas Today www.freedomhouse.org Freedom in the Americas Today This series of charts and graphs tracks freedom s trajectory in the Americas over the past thirty years. The source for the material in subsequent pages

More information

Sensitive to the wide disparities in size, population, and levels of development among the States, Countries and Territories of the Caribbean;

Sensitive to the wide disparities in size, population, and levels of development among the States, Countries and Territories of the Caribbean; Convention Establishing the Association of Caribbean States PREAMBLE The Contracting States: Committed to initiating a new era characterised by the strengthening of cooperation and of the cultural, economic,

More information

Welfare, inequality and poverty

Welfare, inequality and poverty 97 Rafael Guerreiro Osório Inequality and Poverty Welfare, inequality and poverty in 12 Latin American countries Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru,

More information

Purchasing power parities for Latin America and the Caribbean, : methods and results

Purchasing power parities for Latin America and the Caribbean, : methods and results Purchasing power parities for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005-2013: methods and results Hernán Epstein and Salvador Marconi ABSTRACT This work sets out some methodological aspects and gross domestic

More information

Santiago, Chile, March 2004

Santiago, Chile, March 2004 1 Santiago, Chile, March 2004 LC/L.2055 March 2004 Design: Mariana Babarovic 2 NINTH REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Contents: 1. WHAT IS THE REGIONAL CONFERENCE? 5 2. WHO

More information

ANDEAN. . CAN entities involved in health establish formal coordination mechanisms, at the end of the twoyear

ANDEAN. . CAN entities involved in health establish formal coordination mechanisms, at the end of the twoyear III SUBREGIONS ANDEAN ISSUES AND CHALLENGES The countries of the Andean Community of Nations (CAN) have expressed their commitment to the process of integration as an essential tool for its development,

More information

United Nations Publication. LC/W.145 Copyright United Nations, July All rights reserved Printed in Santiago, Chile United Nations

United Nations Publication. LC/W.145 Copyright United Nations, July All rights reserved Printed in Santiago, Chile United Nations Project Document The Millennium Development Goals and the challenges facing Latin America and the Caribbean in making progress towards higher levels of well-being, better human capital, and more equal

More information

450 Million people 33 COUNTRIES HEALTH IN LATIN AMERICA. Regions: South America (12 Countries) Central America & Mexico Caribbean

450 Million people 33 COUNTRIES HEALTH IN LATIN AMERICA. Regions: South America (12 Countries) Central America & Mexico Caribbean HEALTH IN LATIN AMERICA Dr. Jaime Llambías-Wolff, York University Canada 450 Million people 33 COUNTRIES Regions: South America (12 Countries) Central America & Mexico Caribbean ( 8 Countries) (13 Countries)

More information

THE AMERICAS. The countries of the Americas range from THE AMERICAS: QUICK FACTS

THE AMERICAS. The countries of the Americas range from THE AMERICAS: QUICK FACTS THE AMERICAS THE AMERICAS The countries of the Americas range from the continent-spanning advanced economies of Canada and the United States to the island microstates of the Caribbean. The region is one

More information

New Economical, Political and Social Trends in Latin America, and the Demands for Participation

New Economical, Political and Social Trends in Latin America, and the Demands for Participation New Economical, Political and Social Trends in Latin America, and the Demands for Participation Bernardo Kliksberg DPADM/DESA/ONU 21 April, 2006 AGENDA 1. POLITICAL CHANGES 2. THE STRUCTURAL ROOTS OF THE

More information

The Political Culture of Democracy in El Salvador and in the Americas, 2016/17: A Comparative Study of Democracy and Governance

The Political Culture of Democracy in El Salvador and in the Americas, 2016/17: A Comparative Study of Democracy and Governance The Political Culture of Democracy in El Salvador and in the Americas, 2016/17: A Comparative Study of Democracy and Governance Executive Summary By Ricardo Córdova Macías, Ph.D. FUNDAUNGO Mariana Rodríguez,

More information

Content License (Spanish/Portuguese Language Territories)

Content License (Spanish/Portuguese Language Territories) As of January 15, 2012 Crackle, Inc. 10202 W. Washington Blvd. Culver City, CA 90232 Re: Content License (Spanish/Portuguese Language Territories) Ladies/Gentlemen: This letter shall confirm the agreement

More information

CD50/INF/6 (Eng.) Annex F

CD50/INF/6 (Eng.) Annex F - 25 - Annex F F. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REGIONAL STRATEGY AND PLAN OF ACTION FOR AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH Background

More information

for Latin America (12 countries)

for Latin America (12 countries) 47 Ronaldo Herrlein Jr. Human Development Analysis of the evolution of global and partial (health, education and income) HDI from 2000 to 2011 and inequality-adjusted HDI in 2011 for Latin America (12

More information

At the dawn of the new millennium, 189 countries committed themselves to reducing poverty by

At the dawn of the new millennium, 189 countries committed themselves to reducing poverty by Chapter 1 HEALTH IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT At the dawn of the new millennium, 189 countries committed themselves to reducing poverty by 2015. To that end, they set eight Millennium Development Goals

More information

III SUBREGIONAL PROGRAMS

III SUBREGIONAL PROGRAMS III SUBREGIONAL PROGRAMS This section is introduced for the first time as predicated by the PAHO Regional Program Budget Policy approved by the 45th Directing Council in 2005. This section represents the

More information

Gender equality and women s empowerment

Gender equality and women s empowerment Chapter IV Gender equality and women s empowerment Goal Target Indicators 3. Promote gender equality and empower women A. Introduction 4. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education,

More information

más allá de los promedios

más allá de los promedios L O D D M OS BJETIVOS DE ESARROLLO EL ILENIO más allá de los promedios Draft Do not quote without authors permission. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Latin America: Beyond the Averages Diana Alarcón*

More information

The foreign-born population of Aruba

The foreign-born population of Aruba The foreign-born population of Aruba The foreign-born population 2 introduction Central Bureau of Statistics Aruba TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION... 5 THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION... 5 THE SEX AND AGE DISTRIBUTION

More information

The state of anti-corruption Assessing government action in the americas. A study on the implementation of the Summit of Americas mandates

The state of anti-corruption Assessing government action in the americas. A study on the implementation of the Summit of Americas mandates The state of anti-corruption Assessing government action in the americas A study on the implementation of the Summit of Americas mandates www.transparency.org Transparency International is the global civil

More information

REPORT OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON THE MULTILATERAL EVALUATION MECHANISM (MEM)

REPORT OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON THE MULTILATERAL EVALUATION MECHANISM (MEM) 0 FIFTH MEETING OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL OEA/Ser.L./XIV.4.5 WORKING GROUP ON THE MULTILATERAL CICAD/MEM/doc.13/99 rev.1 EVALUATION MECHANISM (MEM) 17 June 1999 May 3-5, 1999 Original: Spanish Washington,

More information

The Initiative. Towards the Eradication of Child Under nutrition in Latin America & the Caribbean by Latin America & the Caribbean

The Initiative. Towards the Eradication of Child Under nutrition in Latin America & the Caribbean by Latin America & the Caribbean The Initiative Latin America & the Caribbean Towards the Eradication of Child Under nutrition in Latin America & the Caribbean by 2015 Delivered by: Pedro Medrano Regional Director United Nations World

More information

2015 Review Conference of the Parties 21 April 2015

2015 Review Conference of the Parties 21 April 2015 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 21 April 2015 NPT/CONF.2015/WP.29 Original: English New York, 27 April-22 May 2015 The Vienna Conference

More information

III. RELEVANCE OF GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND ACTIONS IN THE ICPD PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDG GOALS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

III. RELEVANCE OF GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND ACTIONS IN THE ICPD PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDG GOALS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN III. RELEVANCE OF GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND ACTIONS IN THE ICPD PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDG GOALS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

More information

Population Association of America Annual Meeting Boston, MA, USA 1 3 May Topic: Poster only submissions 1202 Applied Demography Posters

Population Association of America Annual Meeting Boston, MA, USA 1 3 May Topic: Poster only submissions 1202 Applied Demography Posters Population Association of America Annual Meeting Boston, MA, USA 1 3 May 2014 Topic: Poster only submissions 1202 Applied Demography Posters Convenor: Nancy S. Landale. Pennsylvania State University. Nsl3@psu.edu

More information

Latin America in the New Global Order. Vittorio Corbo Governor Central Bank of Chile

Latin America in the New Global Order. Vittorio Corbo Governor Central Bank of Chile Latin America in the New Global Order Vittorio Corbo Governor Central Bank of Chile Outline 1. Economic and social performance of Latin American economies. 2. The causes of Latin America poor performance:

More information

Countries 1 with risk of yellow fever transmission 2 and countries requiring yellow fever vaccination

Countries 1 with risk of yellow fever transmission 2 and countries requiring yellow fever vaccination ANNEX 1 Countries 1 with risk of yellow fever transmission 2 and countries requiring yellow fever vaccination Countries Countries with risk Countries requiring Countries requiring of yellow fever yellow

More information

OEA/Ser.G CP/doc.4104/06 rev. 1 1 May 2006 Original: Spanish

OEA/Ser.G CP/doc.4104/06 rev. 1 1 May 2006 Original: Spanish PERMANENT COUNCIL OEA/Ser.G CP/doc.4104/06 rev. 1 1 May 2006 Original: Spanish REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOLLOW-UP MECHANISM TO THE INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION, PUNISHMENT, AND

More information

Middle-income countries A structural-gap approach

Middle-income countries A structural-gap approach Middle-income countries A structural-gap approach Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Antonio Prado Deputy Executive Secretary Daniel Titelman Chief of the Financing for Development Division Ricardo Pérez

More information

Commonwealth of Dominica. Consulate. Athens Greece

Commonwealth of Dominica. Consulate. Athens Greece Commonwealth of Dominica Consulate Athens Greece This is a full list of all the Visa Free Countries to where holders of Dominica Passport could travel visa free or easily get visa on arrival. The list

More information

Diaspora in the Caribbean

Diaspora in the Caribbean , Civil Society and the Diaspora in the a look at the Diaspora and its role in philanthropy in the A Report of the Prepared by: Karen Johns March 2010 This publication is a product of the (CPN) and was

More information

How the US Acquires Clients. Contexts of Acquisition

How the US Acquires Clients. Contexts of Acquisition How the US Acquires Clients Contexts of Acquisition Some Basics of Client Acquisition Client acquisition requires the consent of both the US and the new client though consent of the client can be coercive

More information

NINTH MEETING OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL OEA/Ser.L WORKING GROUP ON THE MULTILATERAL EVALUATION MECHANISM (IWG-MEM) May 2, 2006

NINTH MEETING OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL OEA/Ser.L WORKING GROUP ON THE MULTILATERAL EVALUATION MECHANISM (IWG-MEM) May 2, 2006 NINTH MEETING OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL OEA/Ser.L WORKING GROUP ON THE MULTILATERAL CICAD/MEM/doc. EVALUATION MECHANISM (IWG-MEM) May 2, 2006 February 21 24, 2006 Original: English Washington, D.C. FINAL

More information

REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSION biennium

REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSION biennium Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Thirty-first session of the Commission Montevideo, Uruguay, 20-24 March 2006 REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSION 2004-2005 biennium REPORT

More information

Combating poverty and hunger

Combating poverty and hunger THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: A LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN PERSPECTIVE Chapter II Combating poverty and hunger The first Millennium Development Goal is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. While

More information

Duration of Stay... 3 Extension of Stay... 3 Visa-free Countries... 4

Duration of Stay... 3 Extension of Stay... 3 Visa-free Countries... 4 Table of Contents Entry Requirements for Tourists Duration of Stay... 3 Extension of Stay... 3 Visa-free Countries... 4 Visa Guide General Visa Exemptions... 5 Additional Exemptions... 5 Instructions for

More information

Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections

Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and s Julissa Gomez-Granger Information Research Specialist Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin American Affairs October 12, 2011 CRS Report for

More information

Unpaid domestic work: its relevance to economic and social policies

Unpaid domestic work: its relevance to economic and social policies Unpaid domestic work: its relevance to economic and social policies Rebeca Grynspan Director, Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean, Subregional Headquarters in Mexico. Conference on

More information

Stray Bullets II: Media Analysis of Cases of Stray Bullets in Latin America and the Caribbean ( ) With the support of

Stray Bullets II: Media Analysis of Cases of Stray Bullets in Latin America and the Caribbean ( ) With the support of UNLIREC Stray Bullets II: Media Analysis of Cases of Stray Bullets in Latin America and the Caribbean ( ) With the support of UNLIREC EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Stray Bullets II: Media Analysis of Cases of Stray

More information

Last Time Industrialization in the late 19th Century up through WWII Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s 1970s) Export Promotion

Last Time Industrialization in the late 19th Century up through WWII Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s 1970s) Export Promotion Last Time Industrialization in the late 19th Century up through WWII Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s 1970s) Export Promotion Industrialization TODAY Population growth, distribution,

More information

Rainforest Alliance Authorized Countries for Single Farm and Group Administrator Audit and Certification Activities. July, 2017 Version 1

Rainforest Alliance Authorized Countries for Single Farm and Group Administrator Audit and Certification Activities. July, 2017 Version 1 Rainforest Alliance Authorized Countries for Single Farm and Group Administrator Audit and Certification Activities July, 2017 Version 1 D.R. 2017 Red de Agricultura Sostenible, A.C. This document is provided

More information

Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future Julian Messina and Joana Silva

Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future Julian Messina and Joana Silva Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future Julian Messina and Joana Silva 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 US (Billions) Gini points, average Latin

More information

Skilled-Worker Mobility and Development in Latin American: Between Brain Drain and Brain Waste 1

Skilled-Worker Mobility and Development in Latin American: Between Brain Drain and Brain Waste 1 Skilled-Worker Mobility and Development in Latin American: Between Brain Drain and Brain Waste 1 Fernando Lozano Ascencio, CRIM-UNAM Luciana Gandini, COLMEX I. INTRODUCTION The social and economic impact

More information

Challenges of Latin America and the Caribbean in front of the current development crossroads

Challenges of Latin America and the Caribbean in front of the current development crossroads Challenges of Latin America and the Caribbean in front of the current development crossroads ANTONIO PRADO DEPUTY EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Regional Meeting of the Ambassadors of Norway in Latin America Santiago,

More information

Report. Youth Reality in the Americas. Prepared by. Young Americas Business Trust for. The Organization of American States

Report. Youth Reality in the Americas. Prepared by. Young Americas Business Trust   for. The Organization of American States Report Prepared by Young Americas Business Trust www.ybiz.net for The Organization of American States Within the framework of the OAS Inter-Departmental Meetings requested by the Assistant Secretary General

More information

Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *0245013764* GEOGRAPHY 0460/13 Paper 1 October/November 2018 Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

More information

Did NAFTA Help Mexico? An Assessment After 20 Years February 2014

Did NAFTA Help Mexico? An Assessment After 20 Years February 2014 Did NAFTA Help Mexico? An Assessment After 20 Years February 2014 Mark Weisbrot Center for Economic and Policy Research www.cepr.net Did NAFTA Help Mexico? Since NAFTA, Mexico ranks 18th of 20 Latin American

More information

Income, Deprivation, and Perceptions in Latin America and the Caribbean:

Income, Deprivation, and Perceptions in Latin America and the Caribbean: Income, Deprivation, and Perceptions in Latin America and the Caribbean: New Evidence from the Gallup World Poll Leonardo Gasparini* Walter Sosa Escudero** Mariana Marchionni* Sergio Olivieri* * CEDLAS

More information

2017 Planning summary

2017 Planning summary 2017 Planning summary Downloaded on 2/12/2016 Subregion: North America and the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize British overseas territories (Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin

More information

Estimates of International Migration for United States Natives

Estimates of International Migration for United States Natives Estimates of International Migration for United States Natives Christopher Dick, Eric B. Jensen, and David M. Armstrong United States Census Bureau christopher.dick@census.gov, eric.b.jensen@census.gov,

More information

Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections

Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and s Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin American Affairs Julissa Gomez-Granger Information Research Specialist July 10, 2009 Congressional Research

More information

Report of the Working Group on International Classifications (GTCI) of the Statistical Conference of the Americas

Report of the Working Group on International Classifications (GTCI) of the Statistical Conference of the Americas ESA/STAT/AC.340/6 7 August 2017 UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS STATISTICS DIVISION Meeting of the Expert Group on International Statistical Classifications New York, 6-8 September

More information

Global Access Numbers. Global Access Numbers

Global Access Numbers. Global Access Numbers Global Access Numbers Below is a list of Global Access Numbers, in order by country. If a Country has an AT&T Direct Number, the audio conference requires two-stage dialing. First, dial the AT&T Direct

More information

Trade facilitation and paperless. trade implementation in. Latin America and the Caribbean

Trade facilitation and paperless. trade implementation in. Latin America and the Caribbean Trade facilitation and paperless trade implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Report 2017 Trade facilitation and paperless trade implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean Regional

More information

Economic and Social Panorama of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, 2013

Economic and Social Panorama of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, 2013 Economic and Social Panorama of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, 213 Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Antonio Prado Deputy Executive Secretary Ricardo Pérez Chief, Publications and

More information

Jane Katkova & Associates. Global Mobility Solutions. Your Speedy Gateway To The World CITIZENSHIP BY INVESTMENT GRENADA

Jane Katkova & Associates. Global Mobility Solutions. Your Speedy Gateway To The World CITIZENSHIP BY INVESTMENT GRENADA Mobility Your Speedy Gateway To The World CITIZENSHIP BY INVESTMENT GRENADA Mobility presents the fastest of its kind Citizenship-by-Investment Program by the government of GRENADA The newest Economic

More information

The Vienna Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons. (8-9 December 2014) and the Austrian Pledge: Input for the

The Vienna Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons. (8-9 December 2014) and the Austrian Pledge: Input for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 21 April 2015 NPT/CONF.2015/WP.29 Original: English New York, 27 April-22 May 2015 The Vienna Conference

More information

CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA

CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA CoP12 Doc. 20.2 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Santiago (Chile), 3-15 November 2002 Strategic and administrative

More information

Alexandra R. Harrington. Part I Introduction. affect lasting policy changes through treaties is only as strong as the will of the federal

Alexandra R. Harrington. Part I Introduction. affect lasting policy changes through treaties is only as strong as the will of the federal Signed, Sealed, Delivered, and?: The Correlation Between Policy Areas, Signing, and Legal Ratification of Organization of American States Treaties by Member States. Alexandra R. Harrington Part I Introduction

More information

ACHIEVING THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS WITH EQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES

ACHIEVING THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS WITH EQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES ACHIEVING THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS WITH EQUALITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES 5 Chapter I THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE EQUALITY AGENDA FOR LATIN AMERICA

More information

DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL DATA OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE HISPANIC CARIBBEAN. (Complementary information compiled by the Conference Coordinators)

DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL DATA OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE HISPANIC CARIBBEAN. (Complementary information compiled by the Conference Coordinators) DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL DATA OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE HISPANIC CARIBBEAN (Complementary information compiled by the Conference Coordinators) The purpose of this complementary document is to show some

More information

World Summit of Local and Regional Leaders october 2016 Bogota, Colombia Visa Guide

World Summit of Local and Regional Leaders october 2016 Bogota, Colombia Visa Guide World Summit of Local and Regional Leaders 12-15 october 2016 Bogota, Colombia Visa Guide Visa waiver and online application Not all participants require a visa. Visa waiver applies i.a. to nationals of

More information

Find us at: Subscribe to our Insights series at: Follow us

Find us at:   Subscribe to our Insights series at: Follow us . Find us at: www.lapopsurveys.org Subscribe to our Insights series at: insight@mail.americasbarometer.org Follow us at: @Lapop_Barometro China in Latin America: Public Impressions and Policy Implications

More information

The repercussions of the crisis on the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean

The repercussions of the crisis on the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean The repercussions of the crisis on the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean Second Meeting of Ministers of Finance of the Americas and the Caribbean Viña del Mar (Chile), 3 July 29 1 Alicia Bárcena

More information

PART II. Natural Hazards, Shocks and Fragility in Small Island Developing States. Amelia U. Santos-Paulino UNU-WIDER. ODI, London 26 February 2010

PART II. Natural Hazards, Shocks and Fragility in Small Island Developing States. Amelia U. Santos-Paulino UNU-WIDER. ODI, London 26 February 2010 PART II Natural Hazards, Shocks and Fragility in Small Island Developing States Amelia U. Santos-Paulino UNU-WIDER ODI, London Overview of the presentation 1. Fragile States definition 2. Vulnerability

More information

REMITTANCES TO LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN IN 2013: STILL BELOW PRE CRISIS LEVELS

REMITTANCES TO LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN IN 2013: STILL BELOW PRE CRISIS LEVELS REMITTANCES TO LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN IN 2013: STILL BELOW PRE CRISIS LEVELS Multilateral Investment Fund Member of the IDB Group REMITTANCES TO LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN IN 2013: STILL

More information

The Experience of Peru and its Applicability for Africa

The Experience of Peru and its Applicability for Africa Mainstreaming Gender in Rural Roads Programs: The Experience of Peru and its Applicability for Africa Anna Okola Addis Ababa, March 22, 2011 The World Bank Group Mexico Cuba Project area The Bahamas Guatemala

More information

Economic and Social Council

Economic and Social Council United Nations E/CN.3/2010/16* Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 10 December 2009 English Original: Spanish Statistical Commission Forty-first session 23-26 February 2010 Item 3 (m) of the provisional

More information

Remittances To Latin America and The Caribbean in 2010 STABILIZATION. after the crisis. Multilateral Investment Fund Member of the IDB Group

Remittances To Latin America and The Caribbean in 2010 STABILIZATION. after the crisis. Multilateral Investment Fund Member of the IDB Group Remittances To Latin America and The Caribbean in 2010 STABILIZATION after the crisis Multilateral Investment Fund Member of the IDB Group Total: US$ 58.9 billion 2010 REMITTANCES TO LATIN AMERICA AND

More information

INTER-AMERICAN JURIDICAL REPORT: CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSETS

INTER-AMERICAN JURIDICAL REPORT: CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSETS 90 th REGULAR SESSION OEA/Ser.Q March 6-10, 2017 CJI/doc.527/17 rev.2 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 9 March 2017 Original: Spanish INTER-AMERICAN JURIDICAL REPORT: CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSETS INTRODUCTION The OAS

More information

India International Mathematics Competition 2017 (InIMC 2017) July 2017

India International Mathematics Competition 2017 (InIMC 2017) July 2017 India International Mathematics Competition 2017 (InIMC 2017) 25 31 July 2017 CMS RDSO Campus, Lucknow, India Please fill in the details and send us by email at the address below: City Montessori School,

More information

International migration within Latin America. Mostly labor circulation flows Industrial and urban destinations Rural origin to urban destination

International migration within Latin America. Mostly labor circulation flows Industrial and urban destinations Rural origin to urban destination International migration within Latin America Mostly labor circulation flows Industrial and urban destinations Rural origin to urban destination International to and from Latin America Colonial migrations

More information

CONSTITUTION OF THE CARIBBEAN SOCIETY OF CONSTRUCTION LAW

CONSTITUTION OF THE CARIBBEAN SOCIETY OF CONSTRUCTION LAW CONSTITUTION OF THE CARIBBEAN SOCIETY OF CONSTRUCTION LAW 1 ESTABLISHMENT 1.1 The name of the Society shall be the "Caribbean Society of Construction Law". 2 INTERPRETATION OF TERMS 2.1 "the Society" shall

More information

ACEPTANCE OF OF THE JURISDICTION OF THE INTER-AMERICAN ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AREA OF ECONOMIC, ENTRY INTO FORCE: November 16, 1999

ACEPTANCE OF OF THE JURISDICTION OF THE INTER-AMERICAN ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AREA OF ECONOMIC, ENTRY INTO FORCE: November 16, 1999 AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS "Pact of San José" Signed at the Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights, San José, Costa Rica held from November 8-22 1969 ENTRY INTO FORCE: July 18,

More information

Macroeconomics+ World+Distribu3on+of+Income+ XAVIER+SALA=I=MARTIN+(2006)+ ECON+321+

Macroeconomics+ World+Distribu3on+of+Income+ XAVIER+SALA=I=MARTIN+(2006)+ ECON+321+ Macroeconomics+ World+Distribu3on+of+Income+ XAVIER+SALA=I=MARTIN+(26)+ ECON+321+ Ques3ons+ Do+you+have+any+percep3ons+that+existed+ before+reading+this+paper+that+have+been+ altered?++ What+are+your+thoughts+about+the+direc3on+of+

More information

19th American Regional Meeting Panama City, Panama, 2-5 October 2018

19th American Regional Meeting Panama City, Panama, 2-5 October 2018 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION 9th American Regional Meeting Panama City, Panama, 5 October 08 AMRM.9/D. Report of the Credentials Committee. The Credentials Committee, which was appointed by the 9th

More information

REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR PARTNERSHIP FOR INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT

REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR PARTNERSHIP FOR INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT The Executive Secretariat for Integral Development REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR PARTNERSHIP FOR INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT 2006-2011 Presented by the Executive Secretariat for Integral

More information

The CAP yesterday, today and tomorow 2015/2016 SBSEM and European Commission. 13. The Doha Round Tomás García Azcárate

The CAP yesterday, today and tomorow 2015/2016 SBSEM and European Commission. 13. The Doha Round Tomás García Azcárate The CAP yesterday, today and tomorow 2015/2016 SBSEM and European Commission 13. The Doha Round Tomás García Azcárate The mandate: more of the same The negotiating groups: a complex world The European

More information

The C.I.F.A.D. INTER AGENCY DRUG CONTROL TRAINING CENTER. Fort de France. Martinica CENTRE INTERMINISTERIEL DE FORMATION ANTI DROGUE

The C.I.F.A.D. INTER AGENCY DRUG CONTROL TRAINING CENTER. Fort de France. Martinica CENTRE INTERMINISTERIEL DE FORMATION ANTI DROGUE C.I.F.A.D. 2007 The C.I.F.A.D. CENTRE INTERMINISTERIEL DE FORMATION ANTI DROGUE INTER AGENCY DRUG CONTROL TRAINING CENTER Fort de France Martinica BEGINNING The CIFAD has been created in September 1992

More information

Latin & South American Economies, 2014 Excerpt from

Latin & South American Economies, 2014 Excerpt from March 26, 2014 Views expressed in GETAnalysis reports and commentaries are strictly for information only. All images and content contained herein are subject to copyright; All rights reserved. from Global

More information

The People's Republic of China and Latin America and the Caribbean: towards a strategic relationship

The People's Republic of China and Latin America and the Caribbean: towards a strategic relationship The People's Republic of China and Latin America and the Caribbean: towards a strategic relationship 1 Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Osvaldo Rosales Director of the Division of International Trade

More information

AmericasBarometer Insights: 2014 Number 105

AmericasBarometer Insights: 2014 Number 105 AmericasBarometer Insights: 2014 Number 105 Bridging Inter American Divides: Views of the U.S. Across the Americas By laura.e.silliman@vanderbilt.edu Vanderbilt University Executive Summary. The United

More information

Poverty Reduction and Economic Management The World Bank

Poverty Reduction and Economic Management The World Bank Financiamento del Desarollo Productivo e Inclusion Social Lecciones para America Latina Danny Leipziger Vice Presidente Poverty Reduction and Economic Management, Banco Mundial LAC economic growth has

More information

The globalization of inequality

The globalization of inequality The globalization of inequality François Bourguignon Paris School of Economics Public lecture, Canberra, May 2013 1 "In a human society in the process of unification inequality between nations acquires

More information

Conservative transformation in Latin America: can social inclusion justify unsustainable production? Vivianne Ventura-Dias

Conservative transformation in Latin America: can social inclusion justify unsustainable production? Vivianne Ventura-Dias Conservative transformation in Latin America: can social inclusion justify unsustainable production? Vivianne Ventura-Dias Latin America: inequality and violence. Why so unequal? Why so violent? Conservative

More information

ACTIVITIES OF THE ECLAC SYSTEM TO PROMOTE AND SUPPORT SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION DURING THE BIENNIUM

ACTIVITIES OF THE ECLAC SYSTEM TO PROMOTE AND SUPPORT SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION DURING THE BIENNIUM Distr. GENERAL LC/G.2439(SES.33/10) 9 April 2010 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: SPANISH ACTIVITIES OF THE ECLAC SYSTEM TO PROMOTE AND SUPPORT SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION DURING THE 2008-2009 BIENNIUM 2010-125 2 CONTENTS

More information

NORTH AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

NORTH AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN NORTH AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 2013 GLOBAL REPORT Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas (the) Barbados Belize British overseas territories (Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos

More information

Presentation prepared for the event:

Presentation prepared for the event: Presentation prepared for the event: Inequality in a Lower Growth Latin America Monday, January 26, 2015 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Washington, D.C. Inequality in LAC: Explaining

More information