The Contributing Factors of Conflict Human Trafficking of Women

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1 The annotated bibliography was the first building block to the literature review. In order to find credible sources we were taught how to use the Northeastern Library database, which I had never explored before. Researching for the bibliography was a great opportunity to practice utilizing resources available on campus that will strengthen my academic writing in the future. My first attempt writing the annotated bibliography was completely wrong and I had basically summarized the texts, which I later realized while peer reviewing. My peer review partner was Cory and his annotated bibliography was so good and highlighted how wrong mine was. Although I felt slightly embarrassed, Cory s was a great example so I went away and thought about the things he had included about the texts in his bibliography and rewrote mine. My second draft was what I used for my final literature review and is displayed below. Annotated Bibliography The Contributing Factors of Conflict Human Trafficking of Women 1) S. Wolte. Armed Conflict and Trafficking in Women Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Wolte examines the prevalent forms of trafficking of women during and post armed conflict situations. The study is based on reports by international and nongovernmental organizations, newspaper articles and academic publications. During times of conflict, government rebels often enslave women due to economic and political forces that encourage the wrongdoing. Impunity, lawlessness, dysfunctional state institutions and border controls as well as high levels of violence are highly conducive factors to the trafficking of women. Wolte is a well-respected German researcher and author who conducted the study on trafficked women for The Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammernarbeit, an international enterprise owned by the German Federal Government, operating in many fields across more than 130 countries. The intended audience of this study includes government and nongovernment bodies, international donors like the European Union, World Bank or the United Nations and the private sector, promoting sustainable development and human rights reforms. 2) Hynes, Patricia H. On the battlefield of women s bodies: an overview of the harm of war to women. Women s Studies International Forum. Pages Volume 27, Nov 2004.

2 This book is a general overview of the suffering of women during conflict including the trafficking of women. Over the past 30 years a growing number of academics have unveiled and exposed war crimes against women including peacekeeping missions and claims they largely facilitate the trafficking process by accepting bribes from traffickers and sexual favors. Hynes is a retired Professor of Environmental Health from Boston University of Public Health and current Chair of the Board of the Traprock Center for Peace and Justice. She has written 7 books, and been published in many more, among them Women s Studies International Forum, a bimonthly journal to aid the distribution and exchange of feminist research since Hyne s extract On the Battlefield of Women s Bodies: an Overview of the Harm of War to Women is a unique study into the harm of war for women is the trauma inflicted in military brothels, rape camps, and the growing sex trafficking for prostitution all of which is fueled by the culture of war, male aggression, and the social and economic ruin left in the wake of war. The journal seeks to critique and re-conceptualize existing knowledge, to examine and re-evaluate the manner in which knowledge is produced and distributed, and to assess the implications this has for women's lives. 3) Usman Mikail Usman. Trafficking in women and children as vulnerable groups: talking through theories of international relations. European Scientific Journal. June, 15, This article analyzes women trafficking from the perspective of International Affairs theories, focusing on feminist, absolutist, constructivist, conflict and trauma theories within the framework of international politics. The general thoughts behind social conflict theory are the general premise that surrounds human trafficking. Usam a professor from the Department of History and International Studies at Northwest University, Kano, Nigeria, has used several theories to help illuminate the actors and the activities involved in trafficking in women appealing to an audience of international relations discourse community. His analysis was published in the European Scientific Journal that accepts only the highest quality of research by thousands of academicians from over 120 countries around the world. 4) Shelley, Louise. Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press, New York 2010.

3 This book examines all forms of human trafficking globally, revealing the operations of the trafficking business and the nature of the traffickers themselves. Using a historical and comparative perspective, it demonstrates that there is more than one business model of human trafficking and that there are enormous variations in human trafficking in different regions of the world. Drawing on a wide body of academic research, actual prosecuted cases, diverse reports, and fieldwork and interviews conducted by the author over the last sixteen years in Asia, Latin America, Africa, Europe, and the former socialist countries. Shelley is a professor at George Mason University in Virginia; she is also founder and executive director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center as well as author of numerous books. Cambridge University Press published Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective in 2010 and has been read by academics, human rights activists and government officials. Shelley's final chapter offers a useful summary diagnosis, a gloomy prediction, and a range of general policy recommendations for civil society, governments, and multilateral reforms including increased funding and more effective law enforcement. 5) Mattar, Mohamed. Trafficking in Persons: An Annotated Legal Bibliography. Law Library Journal Pages Fall Since the 1990s, trafficking in persons as an international human rights issue has garnered significant attention on both international and national levels. As a result, there has been an increase in the numbers of articles that have analyzed he problem, its root causes, and its form, and discussed the international and national efforts to combat it. Dr. Mohamed Mattar has worked to promote state compliance with international human rights standards and has advised governments on drafting and implementing anti-trafficking legislation. He participated in drafting the United Nations model law on trafficking in persons and he authored the Inter-Parliamentarian Handbook on appropriate responses to trafficking in persons. Mattar s bibliography has been published in both the Protection Project Journal of Human Rights and Civil Society and the Law Library Journal. His work is an effort to identify, organize and describe the growing body of literature surround human trafficking. 6) Martin and Tirman. Women Migration and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle. Dordretcht, New York: Springer 2009.

4 This unique collection by leading scholars and practitioners was derived from a project to advise the UN, and brings the problems faced by displaced women in conflict zones into sharp focus. It offers in-depth understanding and problem-solving ideas. 7) Skjelsbaek, Barth and Hostens. Gender Aspects of Conflict Interventions: Intended and Unintended Consequences The study examines ways in which gender dimensions shape and is shaped by international conflict interventions. In particular, the report seeks to outline the ways in which three particular interventions the United Nations Mission in Eritrea/Ethiopia (UNMEE), the NATO Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR), and the Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) fulfill the goals of gender balancing and gender mainstreaming outlined in core U.N. documents. Special attention is paid to the negative consequences of increased prostitution, the need to consider sexual violence, and the positive effects that local women s involvement in anti-intervention can bring about. The report was conducted by the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO) for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The authors are research advisors at PRIO who spent three years on a collaborative project to complete this academic paper. 8) Charles Anthony Smith and Brandon Miller-de la Cuesta. Human Trafficking in Conflict Zones: The Role of Peacekeepers in the Formation of Neworks This paper asserts that trafficking for sexual exploitation in Kosovo is a multidimensional phenomenon that arose from a variety of circumstances in the Kosovo conflict, including poverty, unemployment, weak state institutions, and exploitation of socioeconomic conditions by criminal groups in the Balkans. However, the paper claims that human trafficking in the form of prostitution was almost nonexistent in Kosovo, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Cambodia until the arrival of international troops, which spurred a demand for prostitution in the conflict zone. This paper provides a series of recommendations on how to minimize the chances of soldiers being involved in sex trafficking and curb the sex industry in Kosovo and other post-conflict areas, including recommendations for the UN. Smith is a political science professor with a PhD at the University of California. Cuesta is a literary journalism and political science graduate with first hand experience with Peace Corps

5 work on the ground in Sub Saharan Africa. Together their study was published online at Springerlink.com in November 2010.