NOTE QUIZ. Who was elected in 1916 based on the slogan, He kept us out of war? What is an alliance?

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1 NOTE QUIZ Who was elected in 1916 based on the slogan, He kept us out of war? What is an alliance? What countries made up the Allies during the first part of WWI? Give one reason for the US entry into WWI. Was trench warfare effective?

2 BELL WORK Using the time line on pages answer the following questions: 1. What year did war break out in Europe? 2. Which nation withdrew from the war in the same year the US entered the war? 3. What event in 1918 suggests a move to reduce world conflict?

3 BELL WORK When American lives are threatened, how should the government respond? Should America go to war to make the world safe for democracy?

4 THE FIRST WORLD WAR The War to End All Wars ( ) Chapter 11

5 WORLD WAR I BEGINS Four long-term causes 1. Militarism 2.Alliance System 3.Imperialism 4.Nationalism

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7 1. Militarism: The development and use of armed forces as a tool of diplomacy. (Strongest European country: Germany) 2.Alliance System: the joining of nations for mutual benefit/ protection. 3.Imperialism: The policy in which stronger nations extend control over weaker territories. 4.Nationalism: A devotion to the interests and culture of one s own nation. Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance

8 Triple Entente (Allies): France, Britain, and Russia Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary Alliances provided security because nations did not want to disturb the balance of power.

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10 WWI BEGINS Balkans: Powder keg of Europe June, 1914: Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and wife, were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Serbian nationalist and member of ultranationalist organization: Black Hand.

11 DIPLOMATIC CRISIS July 28: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia August 1: Germany declared war on Russia August 3: Germany declared war on France (Russia s ally) August 3: Germany invaded Belgium. August 3: Britain declared war on Germany and AH.

12 WWI: THE GREAT WAR August 1914: Fighting starts August 3: Germany invaded Belgium using a plan designed by Alfred von Schlieffen (the Schlieffen Plan) Attack France and force early surrender. (Believed that Russia would take too long to defeat so focus on France)

13 WESTERN FRONT Allies halted Germany s advance and both sides dug in for a long wait. Trench Warfare: Front line, support and reserve Two parallel systems of deep, rat infested trenches that crossed France from the Belgian coast to the Swiss Alps. No Man s Land - barren wasteland between the trenches. Mass destruction of human life.

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15 FIRST BATTLE OF THE SOMME Horrors of Trench Warfare (July 1916-November 1916) Day 1:British suffer over 60,000 lives End: No real victor, total casualties: 1.2 million Total ground gained/lost 7 miles First recorded use of an armored tank

16 AMERICANS Most Americans saw no reason to enter a war 3,000 miles away. Recent immigrants: Very interested in home countries. Few Americans: Sympathetic to England. American Business: Closer ties to Allies (trading partners)

17 By 1917, the US shipped millions of dollars worth of supplies to the Allies. US mobilizes for war against CP for two reasons: 1.Ensure Allied repayment of debts 2.Prevent Germans from threatening US shipping

18 WAR AT SEA England set up a defensive blockade 1. US trade to Germany stopped. 2.Germany lost food/farm imports Germany responded by declaring unrestricted submarine warfare on all allied ships. U boats: Unterseeboot (Undersea boat) May 7, 1915: Sinking of the Lusitania. 1,198 died, 128 were American. American public opinion turned against Germany and the CP.

19 August 1915, Arabic -2 American deaths. March 1916, Sussex-18 American deaths. US warned Germany that they would break off diplomatic relations unless Germany changed its tactics.

20 1916 ELECTION Wilson(D) was elected: He kept us out of war.

21 US DECLARES WAR Reasons US enters war: 1.Intensified U-Boat warfare: Germany declares U-boats would sink ALL ships in British water-hostile or neutral. 2.Zimmerman Note: Telegraph to German ambassador in Mexico proposing an alliance between Germany/Mexico against US. 3.October Revolution in Russia: Monarchy overthrown, replaced with a representative government. Now a battle of democracies.

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23 AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR OBJECTIVES Describe how the United States mobilized for war. Summarize U.S. battlefield successes. Identify the new weapons and the medical problems faced in World War I. Describe U.S. offensives at the end of the war.

24 AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR: SECTION 2 April 17, 1917 US declared war on Germany. only about 200,000 servicemen Selective Service Act-act required all men to register for military service. (18-45) 2 million servicemen reached Europe

25 400,000 African American men served in the armed forces 20,000 women-army Corps of Nurses, Navy and Marinesnoncombat,

26 MASS PRODUCTION Needed a way to transport men, food and equipment New shipyard production techniques launch a record level number of new ships *Use prefabrication techniques. *Takes over commercial, private ships. *Gives special status to shipyard workers no draft.

27 AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE German U-boats began sinking allied ships at an alarming rate. Convoy system; losses declined by 1/2 US Navy created a 230 mile barrier of sea mines in the North Sea.

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30 -After 2 1/2 years of fighting, Allied forces are exhausted, demoralized. -American troops bring numbers, freshness, enthusiasm. US Troops=Doughboys; never been away from small hometowns, dazzled by the big cities of London/Paris. Horrified by modern warfare -General John J. Pershing leads the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

31 AMERICA MOBILIZES How did the US raise an army during WWI? How did the US increase ship production? What is the significance of the convey system? How did the arrival of new American troops affect the spirit of Allied troops?

32 NEW WEAPONS 1. Machine guns 2.Airplanes 3.Artillery 4. Tanks 5.Poison Gas

33 NEW WEAPONS Two most innovative weapons: airplane and tank. Dogfights-Individual air combats UK: Billy Bishop (72 victories) France: Rene Fonck (75) US Eddie Rickenbacker (86) German Manfred von Richthofen The Red Baron Airships (blimps) and gallons

34 Tanks: Steel plated vehicles mounted on caterpillar tracks Used to clear barbed wire defenses before an infantry attack

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36 BIOLOGICAL WARFARE Chlorine Gas: Mixes with moisture in lungs/eyes to cause suffocation Mustard Gas: Colorless, sweet smelling gas that can cause blistering/blindness upon contact. Countermeasures: Protective clothing and gas masks Only about 4% of WWI casualties came from use of bio weapons

37 NEW HEALTH HAZARDS Gas Poisoning Digestive Illness Trench Foot: Toes and feet go numb, turn blue and had to be amputated Shell Shock: Mental illness developed by many soldiers (PTSS)

38 FIGHTING OVER THERE Who led the US troops in Europe? What new weapons were used during WWI?

39 TENNESSEE S HERO Sgt. Alvin York: redheaded mountaineer and blacksmith from Pall Mall, TN Conscientious Objector: opposes being drafted on moral grounds. October 8, 1918: Captured 32 machine guns, killed 25 German soldiers, and took 132 prisoners with only a rifle and revolver. Awarded Medal of Honor and became a national hero.

40 COLLAPSE OF GERMANY November 3, 1918: Austria-Hungary surrendered to the Allies and German soldiers mutinied against the government. November 9, 1918: Socialist leaders in Berlin established a German republic and the kaiser gave up the throne. Germans were too tired to continue fighting. November 11, 1918 in the 11th hour Germany agreed to a cease fire and signed the armistice-truce- that ended the war. (Veterans Day)

41 FINAL TOLL Bloodiest war in history at that time. 22 million deaths 20 million wounded 10 million refugees France last (nearly) an entire generation of males, aged $338 billion dollars

42 US lost 48,000 men in battle 62,000 died due to disease More than 200,000 wounded

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45 FAST FACTS: First World War, Great War and War to End all Wars Russia, France, UK, Italy, US. vs Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Military Personnel: 70 million+ Causalities: 22 million+

46 NOTE QUIZ What countries made up the Allies during WWI? What countries made up the Central Powers during WWI? On what date did Germany surrender? Who was Alvin York? What is a conscientious objector?

47 SECTION 3: WAR AT HOME Not just a job for American soldiers; every American contributed to the allied victory Entire economy was focused on the war effort. Power of government was greatly expanded; President Wilson had direct control over much of the economy. Gospel of the clean plate Meatless, sweetless and porkless days

48 SELLING THE WAR War cost 35.5 billion dollars. Most was raised through taxes, Liberty loans and Victory loans. Excise Taxes (alcohol, tobacco and luxury items) War bonds Gain public support Propaganda: Type of biased communication used to influence people s thoughts/actions.

49 Promoted lightless nights and gasless Sundays. Daylight savings time

50 ATTACKS ON CIVIL LIBERTIES Immigrants (esp. German-Americans) were targeted 1917: Espionage and Sedition Acts: fined $10,000 and 20 years in prison for interfering with war effort or promoting disloyalty to US Government. Violated the First Amendment 2,000 people prosecuted (2 years) Eugene V. Debs-10 year sentence for speaking out against war and draft.

51 WWI brought death and disease to millions but after four years of slaughter and destruction, the time had come to forge a peace settlement. President Wilson traveled to Versailles, France to work on the terms of peace.

52 CLASSWORK Answer the Main Ideas questions 1-8 on page 406

53 BW Read page 401 Point and CounterPoint Answer question number 1

54 WILSON FIGHTS FOR PEACE Jan Allied leaders meet at Versailles (Paris) to determine the outcome of WWI Wilson proposes Fourteen Points: First 5 Points - Issues that had to be addressed to prevent another war No secret treaties Freedom of the high seas

55 Next 8 points - Dealt with boundary changes, based on selfdetermination European geo-political landscape redrawn Point 14 - Called for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises the League of Nations.

56 The Allied leaders rejected Wilson s plan each sought additional reparations/revenge against Austria & Germany. Big Four New Treaty France - Georges Clemenceau U.K. - David Lloyd George Italy - Vittorio Orlando U.S. - Woodrow Wilson

57 TREATY OF VERSAILLES June 28, Established 9 new nations, and shifted the boundaries of others 2. Carved the Ottoman Empire into 5 areas to be temporary colonies of France and U.K. 3. Barred Germany from maintaining an army 4. Pay reparations ($33 bil.) to allies

58 WILSON FIGHTS FOR PEACE New Countries: Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary Yugoslavia

59 WEAKNESSES OF TREATY 1.Humiliated Germany (War- Guilt responsibility for WWI ) Clause - Accept full 2. No way Germany could pay reparations 3. Russia lost more territory than Germany (despite fighting with Allies for 3 years and had most casualties) and USSR determined to regain land 4. Ignored claims of colonized people for self-determination

60 US OPPOSITION TO TREATY Conservative Senators, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, opposed the League of Nations Feared U.S. foreign policy would be influenced by The League The U.S. rejected the Treaty of Versailles and refused to join the League of Nations U.S. signed separate treaty with Germany in 1921

61 LEGACY OF WWI (US) Accelerated America s emergence as the world s greatest industrial power Contributed to the movement of African-Americans to Northern cities-great Migration Intensified anti-immigrant hysteria among mainstream Americans Brought over 1 million women into the workforce

62 Legacy of WWI (World) Bred fear and resentment among many Europeans including one Austrian WWI veteran: Adolf Hitler

63 SOCIAL CHANGE African Americans: Pubic opinion on war was divided. Great Migration: Large scale movement of 1.5 million Southern African Americans to cities in the North. Escape discrimination and better job opportunities in North Women and the War: Began to move into men s jobs

64 FLU EPIDEMIC 1918: Flu outbreak that affected nearly 25% of the US population. 500,000 deaths Economy output cut by 1/2