Leaving children with grandparents in Myanmar: Experiences and perceptions of migrants in Samut Sakhon Province in Thailand

Transcription

1 Leaving children with grandparents in Myanmar: Experiences and perceptions of migrants in Samut Sakhon Province in Thailand John Knodel Wiraporn Pothisiri Chanettee Milintangul Busarin Bangkaew College of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University September 2015

2 Copyright 2015 by College of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission in from the publisher. CPS Publication no.316 First edition 300 copies, September, 2015 Publisher: College of Population Studies Visid Prachuabmoh Building Chulalongkorn University Bangkok , Thailand Tel: , Fax: URL =

3 Contents Section 1 Introduction 5 Background 6 Survey methodology 7 Interviewer effect 11 Section 2 Demographic and 13 social characteristics of migrant workers Number of living children 17 Section 3 Profile of grandparents 19 and children and their living arrangement Characteristics of grandparents 20 Characteristics of grandchildren 21 Living arrangement of the grandchildren 23 and grandparents Section 4 Grandchild care 25 Role of grandparents in providing grandchild care 26 Remittances 28 Contact 32 Impact of grandchild care on grandparent 34 Section 5 Conclusion 37 References 41 Appendix 43

4 List of Tables Table 1 Interviewer effect 12 Table 2 Demographic and social characteristics of 14 migrant workers, CPS survey compared to IOM survey Table 3 Mean number of children, percent having 17 a child in Myanmar and percent having a child in Myanmar with grandparent Table 4 Characteristics of grandparents 21 Table 5 Characteristics of the children of migrants 22 by if living with grandparents Table 6 Living arrangement of the grandparents 24 Table 7 Role of grandparents in providing grandchild 27 care Table 8 Remittances sent during past year to parents 28 living with grandchildren of the migrant Table 9 Use of remittances by characteristics of 30 migrant s children staying with grandparents Table 10 Contact by migrant with households in 32 Myanmar in which their children stay with grandparents Table 11 Impact of grandchild care on grandparent 35

5 SECTION 1 Introduction

6 6 Section 1 Introduction Background The roles of grandparenthood in family systems are influenced by presence of adult children who are the middle generation. While it is normative for grandparents in Asia, including Myanmar, to provide routine care for grandchildren, an absence of the middle generation alters the degree of grandparents involvement with and influence on grandchildren. In Myanmar, cross-border migration to Thailand has become an increasingly common experience for adult workers in states bordering Thailand. Many leave young children behind in care of aging grandparents. It is unclear how the crossborder migration and resulting absence of the middle generation impact upon the left-behind populations, particularly grandparents who care for grandchildren. One way to obtain information about the situation of grandparents taking care of grandchildren of Myanmar migrants in Thailand is to ask the migrants about whether or not they have left children to be cared for by grandparents in Myanmar and among those that have done so to ask them about their assessment of the grandparents situation. Thus we decided to conduct a survey in Samut Sakhon province bordering on Bangkok where there is an enormous concentration of migrants from Myanmar drawn there to fill jobs available in connection with the extensive fishing industry centered in the province (ION & ARCM 22013). Our objective was both to determine the magnitude of the phenomenon terms of the percentage of migrants that have left children with grandparents in Myanmar and also to learn about various aspects of their relationship with the grandparents as well as how they perceive the grandparents situation in relation to caring for the grandchildren.

7 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 7 Survey methodology This survey targeted Myanmar migrant workers who were working in Samut Sakhon Province at the time of the survey and with most questions reserved for those that had at least one living child residing with grandparent in Myanmar. This small but highly labor-intensive industrialized province was purposively selected due to the large number of Myanmar migrant workers registered with Ministry of Interior and for its proximity to Bangkok which facilitated the data collection. In January 2014, out of 922,127 Myanmar migrants holding work permits, 154,939 were reported to work in Samut Sakhon, mostly in downstream fishing or marine food-processing industries 1. However, according to the province s survey of labor demands in this number is largely believed to be only a half or a third of the actual number. It was roughly estimated that there are 300,000 Myanmar workers actually residing in Samut Sakhon. This accounts for more than half of the total residential population of the province. Survey instruments The research team developed a structured survey questionnaire to obtain information on the migrant workers demographic characteristics and migration background, current situation of their children and parents living in Myanmar, types of support their parents received and provided to grandchildren and migrant workers opinion about the emotional impact of grandchild care on the grandparents. Although the unit of the survey was a migrant worker, information about children s demographic characteristics, education and current location was collected specific to their individual children. The questionnaire purposely kept quite brief so it would take only a few minutes to answer and thus not be a burden to respondents given the circumstances in which it was to be administered (see below). It was first developed in English. It was translated by native speakers into Burmese and Thai languages after several questionnaire pretests with Myanmar workers in Bangkok and Samut Sakhon. The questionnaire included a number of screening questions which were asked to all migrants approached in order to know which ones qualified for the more detailed inquiry about grandparents living with migrant s children that remained in Myanmar. The screening questions also provided some information about the characteristics of the general migrant population in the province. The questionnaire is provided as an appendix to this report. 1 The 2014 Statistical Journal of Foreign Workers in Thailand who Hold Work Permits, Department of Employment, Ministry of Labor.

8 8 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY Survey design In the absence of systematic and accurate information about Myanmar migrant workers in Samut Sakhon Province, to explore possible strategies to obtain a sample which was reasonably representative of the Myanmar migrant worker population we had several consultation sessions, both in-person and via telephone, with migration specialists and researchers in other institutes who had recently conducted surveys with Myanmar migrants in Samut Sakhon, non-governmental organizations working closely with migrant communities, and provincial government agencies such as Samut Sakhon Employment Office and Samut Sakhon Provincial Health Office. One major challenge we learned from their experience was the potential of oversampling documented migrant workers. This could be explained by two main reasons. First, the complete listing of migrant workers was developed based upon the official government statistics on documented migrants due to unknown quantitative information on undocumented migrants. Second, although these studies had attempted to recruit undocumented migrant workers using the network of local NGOs, it was found that gaining access to and obtaining informed consent to interview were still very difficult. Because of fear of being arrested and deported, undocumented migrant workers were generally reluctant to make themselves known in any public way or afraid to be asked about their identity, family and mode of entry into Thailand. There was also a possibility of selection bias as only the communities working closely with the NGOs would be accessible to the research team. To overcome such challenges, the research team decided to take the advice of the Head of Samut Sakhon Provincial Health Office to recruit a sample of potential respondents at Samut Sakhon Provincial Hospital, where the sample of documented workers could be obtained through a routine health check-up center for migrant workers, while undocumented workers could be approached through the One Stop Service Centre for the Registration of Migrant Workers (hereinafter referred briefly as OSSC) which had been established at the hospital. The health check-up center was established to facilitate migrant workers who seek a medical certificate for renewing a work permit or re-applying a work permit when they changed employers. For the OSSC, it was initially set up at Samut Sakhon Provincial Social Security Office in June 2014 following clause 4 of the announcement of the National Council for Peace and Order No.70/2557, on the subject: Interim Measures in Solving the Problem of Migrant Workers and Human Trafficking. The aims of the OSSC are (1) to service the registration of three main groups of migrant workers and their dependents aged below 15 years old: those who had previously registered under Cabinet Resolution on August 6, 2013 and whose work permits expired

9 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 9 on August 11, 2014; undocumented migrant workers from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar, who were already in Thailand and had never been registered into the system; and any undocumented migrants of the abovementioned nationalities who remained illegally in Thailand after their work permits or visas had expired, and (2) to issue those workers a temporary work permit which authorized them to work until March The registration process involved several steps, including taking a urine test, checking documents, submitting an application for identification card, collecting registration fee, meeting with doctors, undertaking a chest x-ray examination, receiving the ID and health insurance cards, and attending a briefing on legal rights for migrant workers. In August 2014, the OSSC was moved to Samut Sakhon Provincial Hospital because the area within Provincial Social Security Office, where the OSSC was formerly situated, was going to be closed for refurbishment, and the hospital already had a special clinic for migrant workers with medical personnel ready to provide the required health examinations. The OSSCs in Samut Sakhon were officially closed down on October 31, According to the Provincial Health Office, the total of migrant workers registered at the OSSC in Samut Sakhon was 98,994, 73 percent of which were Myanmar nationals. As aforementioned, many of the questions in our survey targeted specifically Myanmar migrant workers who had at least one living child residing with a grandparent in Myanmar. According to the 2013 report of International Organization for Migration (IOM) on assessing potential changes in the migration patterns of Myanmar migrants and their impacts on Thailand, almost 30% of the migrant workers in Samut Sakhon had at least one child living in Myanmar (IOM and ARCM 2013). Based on this information, together with practical considerations related to cost and period of data collection, the desired sample size was set at a minimum of 300 cases of migrants who had a child living with a grandparent in Myanmar which should be sufficient to represent the population of interest and to perform statistical analyses. This would necessarily involve a substantially greater number of screening interviews in order to reach this number. In fact the total numbers of screening interviews conducted were 1,324 yielding 406 cases with children living with grandparents in Myanmar. 2 National-Council-for-Peace-and.html, accessed on Mar 22, 2015.

10 10 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY Survey implementation Data collection was carried out during October 2014 following pretesting in September. The duration of fieldwork was very short because we started the fieldwork in early October and the OSSC was ordered to close down by the end of October. This situation forced us to speed up the data collection. However, due to unexpected high demand for registration, the OSSC decided to open on the last two Saturdays, which enabled us to achieve the targeted sample size within the timeline. The data collection was conducted by interviewers and supervised by the research team. Unfortunately, the interviewers who were originally recruited and trained during the questionnaire pre-testing were unable to join the fieldwork due to other engagements. Therefore, new interviewers had to be recruited and trained. All of the newly recruited interviewers were full-time staff at Samut Sakhon hospital, who were able to speak Burmese and/or Mon and worked as translators at the special clinic for migrant workers. We spent the first half day on training and practice. Training included instructions about the questionnaire and how to check for completeness of the questionnaire before submitting to the field supervisors. During the training session, we found that the interviewers language ability varied greatly. Some could speak and read both Burmese and Thai fluently; other could speak Mon and Thai but could read only some of the Burmese characters. To ensure that all of the interviewers sufficiently understood the questionnaire, the interviewers were asked to create their own manual and to practice asking questions out loud. Additional coaching was provided during the fieldwork. We observed each interviewer closely and provided corrective feedback after the interview was complete. At the end of the first few days of fieldwork, we had a debriefing session where the interviewers could ask questions, report problems and share their thought about the fieldwork. Because they had to work also, not all of the interviewers were able to remain with the survey during the entire period of fieldwork. Therefore, a few additional interviewers had to be recruited and trained. We also recruited one more field supervisor to help manage and monitor the fieldwork. This supervisor was later hired to do the data entry. In total 10 persons were involved in conducting the fieldwork although some conducted only a small number of interviews. The length of the interviews varied considerably from just a few minutes to about 40 minutes. Interviews with respondents who had at least one of their children living in Myanmar were generally considerably longer than those with never-married or married but childless respondents. To express our gratitude for their time, the respondents who completed the whole questionnaire were presented with a towel after the interview. Also, a bar of soap was presented

11 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 11 to each respondent who were never-married or married but was childless, or had all their children living in Thailand. Interviewer effect As the methodology description indicates, interviews were by and large conducted by persons who could speak Burmese and in some cases other ethnic minority languages likely to be spoken by the migrants. The interviewers were recruited through our contact person at the hospital. Table 1 indicates the number of interviews conducted by the key interviewers as well as characteristics of respondents they interviewed both for screening and full interview purposes. Slightly over half of the interviews were conducted by one interviewer (Ngae), about a fourth by another interviewer (Mon) and most of the remainder by two other interviewers. Perhaps most striking about the characteristics of the persons screened for interview is that they differ substantially across the interviewers. For example, 75% of those screened by Mon were men compared to only 36% screened by Dam. The percent of those screened that ever married as well as the percent that have any children also differ substantially across the interviewers. Even among those who were ever married, those that have children varies from 70% to over 90% across the interviewers. Of particular concern is that the percent of migrants that indicate that they have a child with grandparents in Myanmar vary substantially even when restricted to only those that have children. We are puzzled by these differences and can offer no explanation as to how they arose. To take this into account, when conducting multivariate analysis we include a variable indicating who conducted the interveiw as one of the independent variables.

12 12 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY Table 1 Interviewer effect Interviewer Ngae Mon Pai Dam Others Total Cases interviewed Number ,324 % of total State of origin (% distribution) Mon Kayin Thaninthayi Yangon Bago Other Demographic characteristics % male Median age % ever married Percentage with children All If ever married Percentage with a child living with a grandparent in Myanmar All If ever married

13 SECTION 2 Demographic and social characteristics of migrant workers

14 14 Section 2 Demographic and social characteristics of migrant workers The key demographic and social characteristics of the migrant samples are presented in Table 2. To assess the extent of the possible selection bias as aforementioned in the introduction chapter, Table 2 also compares results based on the IOM survey which was enabled by IOM kindly providing us with the data set. To increase comparability, the IOM results restricted to Samut Sakhon Province are shown in addition to results for the other provinces in the IOM sample. Table 2 Demographic and social characteristics of migrant workers, CPS survey compared to IOM survey CPS survey Samut Sakhon IOM survey (most recent state) Samut Sakhon Other Total Number of respondents 1,324 1,193 3,834 5,027 State migrated from (%) Mon Kayin Tanintharyi Yangon Bago Other

15 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 15 Gender (%) CPS survey Samut Sakhon IOM survey (most recent state) Samut Sakhon Other Total Male Female Age Mean Standard deviation Marital status (%) Single Married living with spouse Spouse elsewhere in Thailand Spouse in Myanmar Separated/divorced Widowed Has a child < 15 (%) Among all migrants Among ever married migrants Has a child < 15 in Myanmar (%) Among all migrants Among ever married migrants Ethnicity Bamar Mon Kayin Shan Dawei Other Duration of stay in Thailand < 1 year

16 16 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY In the CPS survey, the vast majority of sample came from three key border states, namely Mon (43%), Tanintharyi, (17.3%) and Kayin (13.1%), while in the IOM survey, the large majority of sample in Samut Sakhon came from Mon (39.2%), Tanintharyi (30.9%), Bago (8.6%) and Kayin (8.1%). In the CPS survey, the sample is almost equally divided between males and females, with the proportion of males slightly larger than that of females. In the IOM survey, on the other hand, the proportion of female sample is higher than that of male. The deviation between male and female proportions is particularly pronounced among the Samut Sakhon sample. The CPS sample is somewhat younger than the IOM survey sample in Samut Sakhon Province. The majority of Myanmar migrant workers in both CPS and IOM surveys are married. About 8 percent of the CPS sample are married and have a spouse living separately in Myanmar. This proportion is almost twice the proportion of the Samut Sakhon sample in the IOM survey. In addition, about 44 percent of the sample in the CPS survey are never-married, compared to only about 35 percent of the Samut Sakhon sample in IOM survey. The vast majority of ever-married samples in the CPS and IOM surveys have at least one child aged less than 15. The CPS sample has a substantially higher proportion of having at least one child who aged less than 15 and are currently living in Myanmar than the Samut Sakhon sample in IOM survey. Bamar is the largest ethnicity of both CPS sample and Samut Sakhon sample in the IOM survey, representing 42.1 percent and 60.6 percent of the samples, respectively. Mon is the second largest ethnicity of both samples, accounting for 30.7 percent of the CPS sample and 25.8 percent of the Samut Sakhon sample in IOM survey. In the CPS survey, Dawei is the third largest ethnicity representing slightly over 10 percent of the sample, whereas in the IOM survey, Kayin is the third most common ethnicity accounting for about 7 percent of the Samut Sakhon sample. The CPS sample seems to have arrived to Thailand more recently, compared with those of the IOM survey. In the CPS survey, half of the sample had lived in Thailand for less than 2 years, with about one-thirds living in Thailand for less than one year. In the IOM survey, on the other hand, the majority of sample in Samut Sakhon had lived in Thailand for about 3-9 years and more than 20 percent had lived in Thailand for more than 10 years. This big difference is possibly associated with the sampling procedure in which many of the CPS respondents were recruited through the registration centre (i.e. OSSC), whereas the IOM respondents were selected through the local networks, which are more likely to include migrants who have lived in Thailand for a longer period of time.

17 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 17 Number of living children Of total 1,324 migrants, 563 have children. The mean number of living children among all migrants and migrants with children are 0.69 and 1.63, respectively. Among the migrants with children, 78 percent have left at least one child in Myanmar and 72 percent have at least one child living with grandparents in Myanmar. Table 3 Mean number of children, percent having a child in Myanmar and percent having a child in Myanmar with grandparent All migrants Migrants with children Number of cases 1, Mean number of children % with a child in Myanmar % with a child in Myanmar with a grandparent

18

19 SECTION 3 Profile of grandparents and children and their living arrangement

20 20 Section 3 Profile of grandparents and children and their living arrangement Characteristics of grandparents In total, the migrants children live with 702 grandparents. As Table 4 shows, the majority of grandparents live in three key states, namely Mon, Kayin and Tanintharyi, which corresponds to the migrants state of origin. In addition, more migrants children live with maternal grandparents than paternal grandparents (70.7% Versus 29.3%). Approximately 60 percent of grandparents are aged 60 and above and 16 percent have deceased or absent spouses. It is also observed that grandfathers are slightly older than grandmothers, while those who are widowed or live without spouse are far more common for grandmothers compared to grandfathers.

21 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 21 Table 4 Characteristics of grandparents Total Grandmothers Grandfathers Number State (%) Mon Kayin Tanintharyi Yangon Bago Other Family side of grandparent (%) Maternal Paternal Age (%) Under % has deceased or absent spouse Characteristics of grandchildren Table 5 shows demographic and social characteristics of the migrants children according to their coresidence status with grandparents in Myanmar. In total, the migrants have 917 living children, approximately two-thirds of which are living with grandparents in Myanmar. Overall, living sons outnumber living daughters. There is little difference in the proportion of sons and daughters between the children who live and do not live with grandparents.

22 22 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY Table 5 Characteristics of the children of migrants by if living with grandparents Total Children Whether with grandparents in Myanmar Yes No Total Gender Male Female Age distribution > Place of birth* Myanmar Thailand % currently attend school by age under Total

23 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 23 The vast majority of migrants children (75.4%) are under age 15. The proportion is considerably higher for migrants children who live with grandparents in Myanmar than those who live do not (84.9% versus 58.8%). However, it is observed that it is rather uncommon for the children who aged less than 2 year to live with grandparents in Myanmar, with only about 2 percent of the children age under 1 currently living with grandparents in Myanmar. This is probably because the migrants might want to breastfeed their children for a certain period due to economic and health reasons. Also, they might not want to separate from children during their early childhood. Another possible explanation is that the migrants might not want to burden their parents too soon. They might want to send their children back when they are able to do certain activities by themselves. A substantial majority of the migrants children were born in Myanmar. The children who were born in Myanmar are modestly more likely to currently live with grandparents than those who were born in Thailand. About half of the migrants children are still in school. The current educational status differs greatly by age and coresidence status with grandparents. The percent of currently attending school is highest for the migrants children aged 5-9 and lowest for those aged under 5. At all ages, except under 5, the proportions of children currently in school are considerably higher for those living with grandparents in Myanmar than those who do not. Living arrangement of the grandchildren and grandparents Skip generation households are found to be a quite common type of living arrangement of the migrants children and grandparents. As indicated in Table 6, among the migrants who have children living with grandparents in Myanmar, about half of the cases have children who are currently living in households in which only grandchildren and a grandparent are present. Among the cases in which grandchildren reside with other household members besides grandparents, about 44 percent involve living with siblings of the migrants or someone else. In only a small percentage of cases do the children live with a parent that remains in Myanmar. This may be because migrant couples usually migrate together.

24 24 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY Table 6 Living arrangement of the grandparents Of those who have children in MY with grandparent Total Age of youngest grandchild Age of youngest grandparent > Number of cases % in skip generation household Total With grandchildren only and no spouse With only grandchildren and spouse % with other in the household Total With spouse or ex-spouse of the respondent With sibling or someone else With respect to age of the grandchildren, the data shows that grandparents that live with older grandchildren are more likely to live in a skip generation household. This could be due to older grandchildren being less dependent, thus they may need less attention than the younger ones. In terms of age of the grandparents, it is observed that about 13 percent of cases involve grandchildren that are residing with only grandparents who are widowed and aged 70 or older.

25 SECTION 4 Grandchild care

26 26 Section 4 Grandchild care Role of grandparents in providing grandchild care One of the most important contributions that the grandparents can provide to their adult children, especially the migrant ones, is care for grandchildren. As shown in Table 7, almost all of the grandparents living with grandchildren (98.8%) are currently involved with grandchild care. Moreover, the vast majority are reported as the current main caregivers. It is observed that the prevalence of grandchild care is inversely proportional to the age of the grandparents; that is, older grandparents are modestly less likely to provide grandchild care compared to younger grandparents. However, there is virtually no difference in grandchild care for different ages of grandchildren.

27 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 27 Table 7 Role of grandparents in providing grandchild care Total Age of youngest grandchild Age of youngest grandparent > Number of cases Role of grandparents in providing care to grandchild provide any care provide main care Role of others: parent of grandchild provide any care provide main care siblings of respondents or spouse provide any care provide main care Number of cases (conditioned on presence of parent) parent of grandchild provide any care * * * * * * 70.0 provide main care * * * * * * 30.0 Number of cases (conditioned on presence of siblings of respondent or spouse) siblings of respondents or spouse provide any care provide main care * Results not shown if based on less than 10 cases.

28 28 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY The prevalence of grandchild care is also observed to vary with living arrangements. In the skip generation households, care for grandchildren cannot be provided by anyone except the grandparents. In the multigeneration households, on the contrary, it is found that the care of grandchildren is shared by either spouse or siblings of the migrants, depending on their presence. Parents of the grandchildren are more likely to be the main caregivers for very young grandchildren (0-4 years), while siblings of the migrants are more likely to be the main caregivers for older grandchildren. Remittances Migrants that indicated that they had a child living with a grandparent in Myanmar were asked several questions concerning monetary support that they provided to the grandparents household. These included whether or not they sent any remittances, the approximate amount that they sent, and what they believed the money was used for. Table 8 indicates if remittances were sent and the total amount sent during the past year. Clearly the large majority of migrants that have children living with grandparents in Myanmar indicate that they send remittances. This is true regardless of the migrant s gender, the location of the grandparents, whether or not others are coresident with the grandparents and whether or not the grandchild attends school. Table 8 Remittances sent during past year to parents living with grandchildren of the migrant Number of cases % sending any remittances Mean Amount sent Median % sending at least 48,000 TB Total ,630 40, Characteristics of migrant Gender Male ,777 40, Female ,407 42, Years in Thailand (a) Under ,025 10,

29 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 29 Number of cases % sending any remittances Mean Amount sent Median % sending at least 48,000 TB ,438 36, ,908 42, ,953 48, Grandparental household characteristics Location Mon state ,099 40, Kayin state ,756 40, Tanintharyi Region ,798 44, Yangon/Bago ,221 48, Other ,467 48, Any other coresident adults Yes ,973 42, No ,274 40, Characteristics of grandchildren left behind by migrant Number ,715 40, ,828 48, Age of youngest ,989 40, ,624 40, ,272 41, ,352 40, Does any attend school? Yes ,842 40, No ,510 40,

30 30 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY The largest difference is associated with the duration of the migrant s stay in Thailand. Most notably those in the country less than one year are much less likely to report sending remittances. This undoubtedly reflects the fact that many have not been in Thailand long enough to accumulate sufficient income to enable them to remit. Also it may take time for them to find a suitable arrangement for delivery of the funds. The fact that almost all who have been in Thailand for just one or two years have sent remittances suggest that after the first full year passes the majority will also be sending money to the grandparents households. Overall, among those who do send remittances the average amount is relatively substantial with both the mean and median somewhat above 40,000 Thai baht and close to half sending at least 48,000 Thai baht, an amount equivalent to at least 4000 baht per month. With respect to the covariates shown in the table, differences in the prevalence of sending such substantial amounts are relatively modest with the exception of the far lower percentage among migrants who have been present in Thailand for less than a year. Migrants who send remittances were also asked what they thought the remittances were used for. Those that reported more than one type of use were further asked what they thought the main use was. Results are summarized in table 9. The various purposes stated have been grouped into several main categories. The results make clear that it was quite common to report multiple purposes for which they thought the money was put to use with large majorities reporting using remittances for household expenses, as compensation for childcare, and for the child s expenses as well as for a variety of other purposes. Differences in these respects are fairly modest according to the number of the migrant s children in the grandparental household, the age of the youngest grandchild and whether or not a grandchild attends school. Table 9 Use of remittances by characteristics of migrant s children staying with grandparents Number of cases Household expenses Use of remittances Compensation for child care Child s expenses Other Any funds used for purpose (%) Total

31 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 31 Number of cases Household expenses Use of remittances Compensation for child care Child s expenses Other Number of grandchildren Age of youngest grandchild Does any grandchild go to school Yes No Main use of funds (% distribution) Total Number of grandchildren Age of youngest grandchild Does any grandchild go to school Yes No

32 32 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY When focus is on what the migrants thought the main use of the funds were, almost half indicated household expenses with the vast majority of the remainder reporting in almost equal shares compensation for childcare and child s expenses. Very few reported any other use as the main use. The relationships between the main use and either the number of grandchildren, age of the youngest grandchild or whether or not any grandchild attends school are either minimal or show no consistent pattern. Contact While material support, especially in the form of remittances, are undoubtedly crucial for most older persons who have grandchildren in their households whose parents are absent, maintaining contact with the migrant parents of the grandchildren can also be important. Being able to communicate serves both social and practical functions. Migrants not only want to know how their children are doing but also need to be consulted about issues that arise concerning their children s health and welfare. Being able to contact each other also enables grandparents to indicate when additional funds are needed to cover the expenses involved. Questions were included in the survey that asked migrants how often they contacted their children and the grandparents in Myanmar and what means of contact they used. In addition, migrants were asked whether or not there was a phone in the grandparents household and if not whether the grandparents could access a phone elsewhere. Table 10 summarizes the results. Table 10 Contact by migrant with households in Myanmar in which their children stay with grandparents Number of cases Contact frequency (% distribution) Weekly Monthly Less often Means of contact (%) Telephone Visit Other Total Characteristics of migrant Gender Male Female

33 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 33 Number of cases Contact frequency (% distribution) Weekly Monthly Less often Means of contact (%) Telephone Visit Other Years in Thailand (a) Under Grandparental household characteristics Location Mon state Kayin state Tanintharyi Region Yangon/Bago Other Any phone in household Yes No Characteristics of grandchildren left behind by migrant Number Age of youngest Does any attend school? Yes No Note: percentages shown for means of contact are not mutually exclusive

34 34 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY Overall, migrants report relatively frequent contact with the household in which their children live with grandparents. Almost a third report weekly contact and well over 80% report at least monthly contact. The most common means of contact is through phone calls. Not surprisingly, given the time, expense and possible complications involved, visits are far less common. The frequency of contact varies little by gender of the migrant. However, those who have been in Thailand for less than a year are considerably more likely to have weekly contact than those who had been here longer. This may reflect the fact that there is a greater need among recent arrivals compared to those who had been in Thailand longer to inform those back home about changing details of their situation as they establish themselves following their arrival. Not surprisingly, recent arrivals also very rarely report contact through visits undoubtedly reflecting that they have had insufficient time to make return trips back to Myanmar. Until recently very few households in Myanmar had phones. For example, in the 2012 Survey of Older Persons in Myanmar, barely 10% of persons 60 and older reported either a landline or cell phone in their household (Knodel 2014). The situation, however, is changing rapidly as reflected in the fact that almost 40% of households in which the grandparents and the migrants children reside were reported by the migrants to have a phone in the household. Moreover, virtually all of the grandparents who do not have a phone in their own household have access to a phone elsewhere (not shown in table). Nevertheless it is clear from the results of the survey that weekly contact is considerably more common between migrants and the grandparental households if the latter have their own phone. Oddly, at the same time less than monthly contact is reported by a higher percentage of migrants who indicate the grandparents have a phone in the household than those who indicate there is no phone in the household. Impact of grandchild care on grandparent Migrants who have at least one child living with grandparents in Myanmar were asked for their view on how their parents feel about providing care to their children. Possible answers were mostly enjoyed, mostly difficult and both enjoyable and difficult. Only a small proportion of migrants (3.5%) responded that their grandparents considered grandchild care mostly burdensome, while three-fifths thought that grandchild care was mostly enjoyable for grandparents and the remaining one-third were said to find it a combination of being enjoyable as well as a burden.

35 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 35 Table 11 Impact of grandchild care on grandparent Number of cases Mostly enjoy Mostly difficult Both Total Residing in: skip generation household with grandchildren only and no spouse with only grandchildren and spouse non-skip generation household with spouse or ex-spouse of the respondent with sibling or someone else The grandparent is main care giver Main caregiver, no one else helping Main caregiver, someone else helping Not a main caregiver Remittance None Less than 20,000 TB ,000-29,999 TB ,000-39,999 TB ,000-49,999 TB ,000-59,999 TB ,000 TB or more Number of Grandchildren Age of youngest grandchild (youngest)

36 36 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY Number of cases Mostly enjoy Mostly difficult Both Frequency of contact Weekly Monthly Less often Mean of contact Telephone Visit Other The results from Table 11 also indicate that grandparents who live in multigeneration households and are not the main caregivers are more likely to view grandchild care favorably compared to those who live in skip generation households. Moreover, grandparents who live with fewer numbers of grandchildren and those who were able to communicate with and be visited by their migrant children are more likely to be viewed as enjoying providing care to the grandchildren.

37 SECTION 5 Conclusion

38 38 Section 5 Conclusion The surge of Myanmar migrant workers has brought several challenges not only to Thailand as a receiving country, but also to their families and society in Myanmar. Given that the population in Myanmar is aging rapidly, as in other countries around the world, how the migration of these adult children has affected the economic and social well-being of older parents who remain behind in Myanmar has sparked interest to conduct this study. More specifically, this study aims primarily to explore whether the dispersion of children undermines family solidarity, thus leading to a loss of financial, social and emotional support for older parents. On the other hand, it is important to understand how such migration economically benefits older persons and other family members, thereby improving the quality of life of the whole family. A survey of Myanmar migrant workers in Samut Sakhon Province was conducted to gather important information to address the objectives of the study. The information included migrant workers demographic and socioeconomic background, the current situation of their children and parents who remain behind in Myanmar, the types of support their parents receive and provide to their grandchildren and, in the view of migrant workers, the emotional impact of grandchild care. As discussed in the introduction chapter of this report, the survey has serious limitations which may have impacted the accuracy of the results. The limitations include various problems with survey implementation as noted in the methodology section. In addition, because the questionnaire was designed to be very brief, issues could not be explored in much depth. Notwithstanding these limitations, the results suggest that grandparents in Myanmar play a key role in facilitating their children s ability to improve their earning by migrating to Thailand. It also appears, at least based on the report of migrant workers, that the grandparents do not feel burdened by having to

39 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 39 provide grandchild care. Some of the interesting information gathered from the survey is that a substantial proportion of migrant workers have children who are being taken care of by grandparents, with the large majority of the children living with their grandparents in Myanmar being under 15 years old. Children who live with their grandparents are more likely than those who do not live with grandparents to attend school. Most of the children live with maternal grandparents rather than paternal grandparents. Approximately 60 percent of the grandparents are aged 60 and above and 16 percent have deceased or absent spouses. About half of the migrant workers who have children taken care of by grandparents live in skip generation households with no other adults and the vast majority of grandparents are reported to provide the main care for their grandchildren. Only a small minority of migrant workers indicate that they had a spouse that remained behind in Myanmar and is the main care provider or that one of their siblings in Myanmar is the main care provider. The large majority of migrant workers whose children are currently living with grandparents remit substantial amounts of money to their grandparents, averaging approximately 40,000 baht a year, with those who have been in Thailand longer than 10 years, and those who have children in school, likely to remit a bit more. Based on the report of migrants, the remittances are thought to be used for their children s care, compensation for childcare and household expenses. Contact between migrants and their older parents is one of the most important elements of emotional support. Many migrants appear to maintain frequent contact with their parents, typically by telephone. Almost a third of the migrants have weekly contact and well over 80 percent have at least monthly contact. However, those who have been in Thailand for less than a year are considerably more likely to have weekly contact than those who have been in Thailand longer. In addition, those who have been in Thailand longer are more likely to have gone to visit their family in Myanmar.

40 40 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY

41 41 References International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Asian Research Center for Migration (ARCM), Chulalongkorn University. (2013). Assessing potential changes in the migration patterns of Myanmar migrants and their impact on Thailand. Bangkok: IOM Country Mission in Thailand. Knodel, John (2014) The situation of older persons in Myanmar-an overview BOLD 24(3): 9-16, May 2014

42 42 College of Population Studies CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY

43 Appendix 43

44 44

45 ! 45 ID number [ ] College of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University Questionnaire for Myanmar Migrant Study Date: (day/month): Time started: Location: 1. one-stop service 2. renewal exam center 3. other (specify) Item Question Answer Remark Q1 Age Age years [ ] Q2 Sex Male... 1 Female... 2 Q3 What township and region/ division did you come from in Myanmar? A: Township (specify):... B: State Mon...1 Kayin... 2 Thanintharyi... 3 Shan... 4 Yangon... 5 Bago... 6 Other 7 Q4 Ethnicity? Burmese... 1 Mon... 2 Kayin (Karen)... 3 Shan... 4 Kayah... 5 Dawei... 6 Other 7 Q5 Q6 How much time have you spent in Thailand in total? (sum of all visits) Do you expect to return to Myanmar to live? months days yes... 1 no... 2

46 46 Item Question Answer Remark Q7 Marital status? single - never married... 1 Q8 Q9 Does your spouse or ex-spouse live in Thailand or Myanmar? If married and live together, did your spouse come with you today? currently married, live together... 2 currently married, live separately... 3 separated, divorced... 4 widowed in Thailand in Myanmar... 2 elsewhere (Specify ) 7 yes... 1 no... 2 Q10 Do you have children? yes no.. 2 Q11 How many children do you have? number of children (END INTERVIEW) (SKIP TO Q9) (ASK Q8) ข าม (ASK Q8) ข าม (SKIP TO Q10) (IF YES, ask respondent to point out spouse and do not interview spouse) (END INTERVIEW) Q12 Please tell me about all your children (from oldest to youngest) Nickname Age in years* Sex 1=boy 2=girl Country of birth 1 Myanmar 2 Thailand 3 other Current location: 1=Thailand with parents 2=Thailand not with parents 3=in Myanmar 4=other Currently attend school? 1=yes 2=no Current or highest grade (include preschool) * If child is under 1 year old write 0 and in parentheses write ( months) (IF NO CHILDREN LIVE IN MYANMAR END INTERVIEW)

47 47 Interviewer: Now I would like to ask about your children that live in Myanmar. Item Question Answer Remark Q13 Q14 Q15 Do any of your child(ren) in Myanmar live with grandparent(s)? Do the child(ren) live with the maternal or paternal grandparents? With which grandparents do they spend the most time? Yes.. 1 No... 2 with maternal grandparents... 1 with paternal grandparents... 2 some with maternal grandparents and other with paternal grandparents.. 3 the child(ren) go back and forth between maternal and paternal grandparents 4 with maternal grandparents 1 with paternal grandparents. 2 with both maternal and paternal grandparent equally... 3 (END INTERVIEW) (SKIP TO Q16) (SKIP TO Q16) (SKIP TO Q16) (ASK Q15) Q16. Please tell me about your children that live with grandparents in Myanmar. (If children live in both maternal and paternal households, ask separately for each household.) Maternal Paternal A. Nick name of child(ren) from Q12 in household B. Region/division: 1 Mon 2 Kayin 3 Thanintharyi 4 Shan 5 Yangon 6 Bago 7 other C. Age of grandmother : (record exact age if known) 1 under deceased or not present D. Age of grandfather: (record exact age if known) 1 under deceased or not present E. Besides the grandparents and grandchildren, does anyone else live in the household? 1 yes 2 no (SKIP TO G) F. Who else lives there? (Multiple answers allowed) 1 spouse or ex-spouse of respondent (i.e. child s other parent) 2 own or spouse s sibling 3 other (specify)

48 48 G. Who provides care to the child? (Multiple answers allowed) 1 grandparent(s) 2 own or spouse s sibling 3 spouse or ex-spouse of respondent 4 other (specify) 5 no one (SKIP TO I) H. Who is the main care provider to the child? 1 grandparent 2 sibling of respondent or respondent s spouse 3 spouse or ex-spouse of respondent 4 other (specify) I. Did you and/or your spouse send money in the past year to the anyone in the household where the grandchildren live? 1 yes 2 no (SKIP TO M) J. Approximately how much did you and/or your spouse send in total in the past year? K. What is the money for? (ask each item separately Maternal Baht 1 yes 2 no 9 don t know Paternal Baht 1 yes 2 no 9 don t know a. general household living expenses b. compensation to grandparents for providing car c. child s educational expenses d. child s living expenses e. agricultural or other productive activities f. construction or improvement of house g. making merit h. other (specify) L. What of these reasons is most important? 1 general household living expenses 2 compensation to grandparents for providing care 3 child s educational expenses 4 child s living expenses 5 agricultural or other productive activities 6 construction or improvement of house 7 making merit 8 other (specify) 9 don t know M. Is there a phone in the grandparents household? 1 yes (SKIP TO O) 2 no N. Is there a phone elsewhere that the grandparents can use if necessary 1 yes 2 no

49 49 O. How often do you contact your children and their grandparents in Myanmar? 1 at least weekly 2 monthly 3 several times a year 4 once a year 5 rarely/never (SKIP TO Q) P. How do you contact your family in Myanmar? (Multiple answers permitted) 1 telephone 2 letter 3 internet 4 visit 5 other (specify) Q. How do the grandparent(s) feel about having the child with them? Do they mostly enjoy it or is it mostly difficult for them? 1 mostly enjoy 2 mostly difficult 3 both enjoy and difficult 9 unsure/does not know Maternal Paternal END INTERVIEW Time completed:

50 50

51 51 မ ခ န လ အမ တ [ ] College of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University မ ခ န လ ပ စ ရ ႕ ပ င သ လ နထ င မ သည သက ၾက ရ ယ အ မ ဘဝ က င က အ အက သက ရ က မ ရ ပ က သ ရ စရန ထ င န င င ရ ရ ႕ ပ င မန မ မ အ လ လ ခင မ မန သ မ မ သည မည သ မည ဝ ဖစ ၾက င စတင မ တ ဆက ပ န က စစ တမ က က ရ ခင ရည ရ ယ ခ က က ရ င ပ ဖဆ သ အမည က လည ဖ ပ ခင မရ ဟ ပ ပ ရန ရက စ (ရက /လ) / စတင မ မန ခ န န ရ မ နစ မ မန သည နရ : 1. One-stop service 2. Renewal exam center 3. အ ခ ( ဖ ပရန ) မ ခ န န ပ တ မ ခ န ဖဆ မ ကဏၰမ --- က / မ တ ခ က Q1 အသက စ [ ] Q2 က /မ က 1 မ..2 Q3 မန မ င င မည သည မ ႕ မည သည တ င (သ ႕) ပည နယ မ လ ခ ပ သလ A. မ ႕( ဖ ပရန ) B. ပည နယ တ င မ မ န 1 ရ မ 4 ကရင..2 ရန က န...5 တနသ ရ 3 ပ ခ...6 အ ခ 7 1

52 52 မ ခ န န ပ တ မ ခ န ဖဆ မ ကဏၰမ --- က / မ တ ခ က Q4 သင ဘ လ မ လ ဗမ 1 ရ မ..4 မ န..2 ကယ 5 ကရင.3 ထ ၀ယ...6 အ ခ 7 Q5 သင ထ င မ စ စ ပ င အခ န ဘယ လ က ၾက နခ ပ ပ လ (အလည အပတ လ ရ က ခ သ အခ န မ အပ အဝင ) စ လ Q6 သင မန မ င င မ ပန နဖ ႕ မ မ န ထ ပ မ မ န 1 သလ မ မ မ န.2 Q7 အ မ ထ င ရ / မရ လ ပ /အပ 1 >> မ မန မ ပ ဆ လက ရ အ မ ထ င ရ (အတ န)..2 >> Q9 သ ႕ လက ရ အ မ ထ င ရ (အတ မ န) 3 >> Q8 က မ ရန အ မ ထ င က (တရ ဝင (သ ႕)တရ မဝင )4 >> Q8 က မ ရန မ ဆ ဖ /မ.5 >> Q10 သ ႕ Q8 သင ဇန / ခင ပ န (သ ႕) ဇန / ခင ပ န ဟ င သည မန မ န င င (သ ႕) ထ င န င င တ င နထ င ပ သလ ထ င.1 မန မ..2 အ ခ ( ဖ ပရန ).3 Q9 အ မ ထ င ရ (အတ န) ဖစ လ င ဒ န႕ သင ဇန / ခင ပ န သင န ႕အတ ပ လ ပ သလ ပ လ 1 >> မပ.2 Q10 သင မ က လ ရ ပ သလ ရ ပ တယ 1 >> ဇန /ခင ပ န က ည န ပခ င ပ ရန မ ခ န မ စရ မလ Q11 သ ႕ မရ ပ 2 >> မ မန မ ပ ဆ Q11 သင မ က လ ဘယ ယ ယ က ရ ပ သလ က လ အ ရအတ က ယ က 2

53 53 Q12. သင က လ အ လ ရ ႕ အ ၾက င က က ဇ ပ ပ ပပ (အၾက ဆ မ အငယ ဆ ) အမည အတ က က အသက ( စ )* က မ ဖ ရ န င င လက ရ နထ င ရ န င င လက ရ လက ရ (သ ႕)တက /ငယ န မည /မ မန မ 1 ထ င (မ ဘန င အတ န).1 က င န ရ က ခ သ က 1 ထ င 2 ထ င (မ ဘ င အတ မ န)..2 ပ သလ အ မင ဆ မ.2 အ ခ..3 မန မ.3 တက.1 ပည အရည အခ င အ ခ...4 မတက..2 (မ ၾက အပ အဝင ) *၁ စ အ က က လ ရ လ င သ ည ၀ ဟ ရ ၀ က က င ဖင ( လ)ဟ ရ ရန ( မန မ င င တ င နထ င သ က လ မရ လ င မ မန မ ပ ဆ ) မ မန သ မန မ န င င တ င နထ င သ သင က လ မ အ ၾက င မ မန ပ ရ စ မ ခ န န ပ တ မ ခ န ဖဆ မ ကဏၰမ --- က / မ တ ခ က Q13 မန မ န င င တ င ရ သ သင က လ (မ )သည အဘ အဘ မ င အတ န ပ သလ နပ သည 1 >> Q14 သ ႕ မ နပ 2 >> မ မန မ ပ ဆ Q14 က လ (မ )သည မည သည ဖက မ အဘ အဘ မ င နပ သလ မ ခင ဘက အဘ အဘ 1 >> Q16 သ ႕ ဖခင ဘက အဘ အဘ 2 >> Q16 သ ႕ တခ ႕ကမ ခင ဘက တ င န တခ ႕ကဖခင ဘက တ င န 3 >> Q16 သ ႕ တလ ည စ န 4 >> Q15 မ ရန 3

54 54 မ ခ န န ပ တ မ ခ န ဖဆ မ ကဏၰမ --- က / မ တ ခ က Q15 သင က လ မ သည မည သည ဖက မ အဘ အဘ မ င ပ အ နမ ပ သလ မ ခင ဘက 1 ဖခင ဘက 2 မည သည ဘက တ င မ အ နမ ခင မရ.3 Q16. မန မ င င တ င အဘ အဘ မ င အတ န သ သင က လ မ အ ၾက င က ဇ ပ ပ ပပ (က လ မ သည အ ဖအ မ စ ဖက လ မ အဘ အဘ မ င အတ နလ င တစ အ မ ခ င စ သ ခ မ မန ရန ) မ ခင ဘက မ အဘ အဘ ဖခင ဘက မ အဘ အဘ A. အ မ ထ င စ တ င ရ သ က လ မ အမည အတ က က /ငယ န မည ( Q12 မ ) B. နထ င ရ ဒသ 1. မ န 2. ကရင 3. တနသ ရ 4. ရ မ 5. ရန က န 6. ပ ခ 7. အ ခ C. အဘ အသက (အသက အတ အက သ လ င မ တ သ ( ရ ခ )ရန ) 1. < က ယ လ န / အ ခ တစ နရ တ င နထ င D. အဘ အသက (အသက အတ အက သ လ င မ တ သ ( ရ ခ )ရန ) 1. < က ယ လ န / အ ခ တစ နရ တ င နထ င

55 55 E. အ မ ထ င စ တ င အဘ အဘ င မ မ အ ပင အ ခ သ မ ရ နထ င ပ သလ 1. နထ င ပ သည 2. မ နပ >> မ ခ န G သ ႕ F. ထ အ မ တ င တ ခ မည သ မ နထ င ပ သ လ (အ ဖတစ ခ ထက ပ င ) 1. ဇန /ခင ပ န (သ ႕)ဇန /ခင ပ န ဟ င 2. သင (သ ႕) သင ဇန /ခင ပ န ည အစ က မ င မ 3. အ ခ ( ဖ ပရန ) G. မည သ က က လ က စ င ရ က ပ သလ (အ ဖတစ ခ ထက ပ င ) 1. အဘ အဘ 2. သင (သ ႕) သင ဇန /ခင ပ န ည အစ က မ င မ 3. သင ဇန /ခင ပ န (သ ႕) ဇန /ခင ပ န ဟ င 4. အ ခ ( ဖ ပရန ) 5. မည သ မ မ စ င ရ က >> မ ခ န I သ ႕ H. က လ က မည သ က အဓ က စ င ရ က ပ ပ သလ 1. အဘ အဘ 2. သင (သ ႕) သင ဇန /ခင ပ န ည အစ က မ င မ 3. သင ဇန /ခင ပ န (သ ႕) ဇန /ခင ပ န ဟ င 4. အ ခ ( ဖ ပရန ) I. သင တ ႕ ဇန မ င ( စ ယ က လ (သ ႕)တစ ယ က )သည သင သ သမ မ နထ င ရ အ မ တ င ရ သ တစ တ ယ က ထ သ ႕ ပ ခ တ စ က င ပ ႕ ပ ခ ပ သလ 1. ပ ႕ခ ပ သည 2. မပ ႕ခ ပ >> မ ခ န M သ ႕ J. သင တ ႕ဇန မ င (န စ ယ က လ (သ ႕)တစ ယ က ) ပ ခ တ စ က ခန ႕မ န ခ အ ဖင စ စ ပ င င ဘယ လ က ပ ႕ခ ပ သလ ဘတ (Bath) ဘတ (Bath) 5

56 56 K. ပ က ဆ က ဘ အတ က ပ ႕ ပ ခ တ ပ လ ( မ ခ န တခ ခ င စ မ မန မ တ သ ရန ) 1. ဟ တ ပ သည 2. မဟ တ ပ 9. မသ ပ a. အ မ ထ င စ အ ထ ထ အသ စရ တ b. က လ စ င ရ က ပ မ ၾက င အဘ အဘ မ က ထ က ပ ၾက ပ ခင.. c. က လ ပည ရ အသ စရ တ d. က လ အ ထ အ ထ အသ စရ တ.. e. လယ ယ (သ ႕) အ ခ ထ တ လ ပ မ.. f. အ မ ဆ က ခင (သ ႕) အ မ ပင ခင. g. အလ အတန. h. အ ခ ( ဖ ပရန ) L. င ပ ႕ရ ခင အ ရ ၾက ဆ အ ၾက င ပခ က က ဘ လ 1. အ မ ထ င စ အ ထ ထ အသ စရ တ 2. က လ စ င ရ က ပ မ ၾက င အဘ အဘ မ က ထ က ပ ၾက ပ ခင 3. က လ ပည ရ အသ စရ တ 4. က လ အ ထ အ ထ အသ စရ တ 5. လယ ယ (သ ႕) အ ခ ထ တ လ ပ မ 6. အ မ ဆ က ခင (သ ႕) အ မ ပင ခင 7. အလ အတန 8. အ ခ ( ဖ ပရန ) 9. မသ M. အဘ အဘ အ မ တ င တယ လ ဖ န ရ ပ သလ 1. ရ ပ သည >> မ ခ န O သ ႕ 2. မရ ပ 6

57 57 N. အဘ အဘ မ လ အပ လ င ဆက သ ယ န င ဖ ႕ရန အ ခ တစ နရ တ င တယ လ ဖ န ရ ပ သလ 1. ရ ပ သည 2. မရ ပ O. သင မန မ င င ရ သင က လ (မ ) င သ တ ႕ အဘ အဘ မ က ဘယ န ယ ၾက မ ဆက သ ယ ပ သလ 1. အနည ဆ တစ ပတ တစ ၾက မ 2. တစ လတစ ၾက မ 3. တစ စ တ င အၾက မ မ စ 4. တစ စ တစ ၾက မ 5. ဆက သ ယ ခ / လ ၀မဆက သ ယ >> မ ခ န Q သ ႕ P. မန မ န င င ရ သင မ သ စ က သင ဘယ လ ဆက သ ယ ပ သလ (အ ဖ တစ ခ ထက ပ င ) 1. တယ လ ဖ န 2. စ 3. အင တ နက 4. အလည အပတ 5. အ ခ ( ဖ ပရန ) Q. အဘ အဘ မ သည က လ မ သ တ ႕ င အတ နထ င ခင က မည သ ႕ခ စ ရသည ဟ သင ထင ပ သလ အမ အ ဖင သ တ ႕ ပ ရ င ပ သလ (သ ႕) သ တ ႕ အတ က အခက အခ ရ ပ သလ 1. အမ အ ဖင ပ ရ င 2. အမ အ ဖင အခက အခ ရ 3. ပ ရ င သလ ခက ခ မ လည ရ 9. မ သခ /မသ ပ မ မန မ ပ ဆ ပ ဆ ခ န (..န ရ.မ နစ ) 7

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