WORLD WAR I STATIONS STATION #1: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I

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1 NAME: WORLD WAR I STATIONS STATION #1: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I During the late 1800 s and early 1900 s, the leading countries of Europe competed for land power in Asia and Africa (imperialism) in their search for new markets and raw materials. Soon bitter rivalries developed, and the military power (militarism) of each rival nation increased to defend these colonies. Countries became jealous of one another and very nationalistic (nationalism) of their own nation enjoying their own unique culture, religion and language and drifted closer to war. Eventually the rival nations separated into two opposing groups. The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The Allied Powers included Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, and later Italy. Smaller countries also sided with the Allied Powers Serbia, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, and Portugal. Countries in each group agreed to help each other should a war break out. Such an agreement was called an alliance. 1. What were the three (isms) the countries of Europe went to war? Please explain how each contributed to war, as well how did these alliances lead to war? 2. Are these the reasons modern countries go to war, also what other reasons do nations go to war today? 3. Who made up the Central Powers and who made up the Allied Powers both big and small? Are alliances important? On Map 1: 1. Pick one color for the Allied Powers and label and color Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Serbia, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, and Portugal, pick another color for the Central Powers and label and color Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey 2. Pick a third color for neutral countries Switzerland, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Luxembourg.

2 3. In Box Number 1 write the following Imperialism, Militarism, and Nationalism were 3 causes of WW I 4. Label the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, and Black Sea. STATION #2: MAJOR EVENTS OF WORLD WAR I As tensions and distrust grew between the Central Powers and Allied Powers, armies and navies were increased in size. An all-out war seemed near. Finally, in 1914, an event occurred which caused World War I to begin. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who was in line to become the ruler of Austria-Hungary (a Central Power), was assassinated by a man from Serbia (an Allied Power). As a result of this incident, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and launched an invasion. Russia having the same Slavic background of Serbia stepped to their aid, and declared war against Austria-Hungary. Germany having the same background as Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia. Finally Great Britain and France being allies of Russia both declared war against Germany. The other members of the Central Powers and Allied Powers quickly joined the fighting. The worst war the world had known to that time was underway. 1. Explain all-out war and the principles behind an arms race. 2. Explain what you remember learning about the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and give some more detail about what had happened to him? 3. How did these entangling alliances led to war between Serbia, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany, France, and Great Britain, explain the order in which it happened.

3 On map 1: 1. In box number 2: August 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary assassinated by Serbian National Black Hand Member Gavrilo Princip 2. On the map label Sarajevo where Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary was assassinated by Serbian National Black Hand Member Gavrilo Princip 3. In box number 3: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia declared war against Austria-Hungary. Germany declared war against Russia. Great Britain and France declared war against Germany. 4. Draw an arrow from Austria-Hungary to show troops of Austria-Hungary invade Serbia. 5. Draw an arrow to show the German army move through Belgium and into northern France. Draw another arrow from Germany into Russia. 6. Draw the western trench line that was 600 miles long line in Belgium, and France, from the English Channel to the Swiss border. Use the picture below to help. 7. In box number 4: write The 600 mile long line trench in Belgium, and France, went from the English Channel to the Swiss border.

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5 STATION #3 TRENCH WARFARE As the troops of Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia, the German army moved rapidly through the defenseless Belgium and into northern France. Although the Belgians were no match for the swift-moving German army, they fought hard and were able to delay the German advance into France by a few days. This gave France and Great Britain enough time to organize armies to defend against the German attack. After bitter fighting, the German army was finally halted just 25 miles from Paris. German troops were not only attacking France on the Western Front, but also Russia on the Eastern Front. Germany hoped to quickly crush France, and then turn the full force of its strength against Russia. The plan nearly succeeded. During the first years of the war, , neither the Central Powers nor Allied Powers could gain an overall advantage. The reason was that both sides settled into trench warfare, a 600 mile long line in Belgium, and France, from the English Channel to the Swiss border. These trenches were connected from communication trenches to support trenches and finally frontline trenches. It was an immobile defensive position where gains of land only happened in yards. Trenches were muddy, rat-infested, and eight-foot deep. Soldiers ate, slept, and lived there under 20 shells a minute of artillery fire. These soldiers waited to climb over the top to form ranks crossing 500 yards to enemy lines against 600 rounds a minute of machine gun fire. They did this stepping over dead bodies, marching through barbed wire and poison gas which was an airborne chemical agent that could incapacitate or kill including gas, chlorine, and mustard gases. 1. From all the information/your own opinion why did Germany march through Belgium and why was Great Britain and France s response called for? 2. Describe why in your own opinion trench warfare was used if it did not give anyone an advantage. 3. With all the information about trench warfare please give a brief explanation of why you think trench warfare was psychologically traumatic to a soldier?

6 STATION #4 SEA BATTLES AND NEW WEAPONS The Central Powers won most of the battles on land, but the Allied Powers had the advantage at sea. In northern France, both sides fought evenly in France, the Central Powers made gains elsewhere. The Central Powers overran Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, and Romania, and unleashed a fierce attack against Italy. The Allied Powers were vastly superior at sea, mainly through the strength of the British Navy. The British set up a blockade in the Northern Sea which for the most part forced the German fleet to remain in port throughout the war. The blockade also cut off supplies being sent to Germany from other countries. Germany s only effective naval weapon was the submarine or U-boat. These U-boats could operate underwater sink the British Navy, merchant vessels, and passenger liners using depth charges, and underwater explosives. Other new weapons included the bi or tri winged airplane used for reconnaissance, intelligences and dogfights against enemy airplanes. Finally the tank was a large armored vehicle on caterpillar treads that contained a crew, and armed with heavy guns. 1. Looking at a map of World War I why do you think the Central Powers won mostly land battles where the Allied Power son mostly sea battles? 2. What was Germany s answer to the British Navy and the British blockade? Would you have used the same strategy as Germany? 3. What new weapon/invention had the greatest impact to World War I (U-Boat, Airplane, and Tank). Please defend your answer.

7 On Map 1: 1. In Box 5 Label The Central Powers won most of the battles on land, but the Allied Powers had the advantage at sea. 2. Draw three arrows from Austria-Hungary into Montenegro, Albania, and Romania, and Italy. 3. In the North Sea draw 3 small ships to show the British Navy, and draw and label (BRITISH BLOCKADE) a jagged line from Great Britain Norway showing the British blockade. Draw 1 submarine to show the German U-Boats. 4. In Box 6 Label The British blockade cut off supplies being sent to Germany from other countries. 5. In Box 7 Label Germany s only effective naval weapon against the British Navy was the submarine or U-boat. 6. In Box 8 Label Other new weapons included airplanes, tanks, machine guns, cannons, gas, and submarines.

8 STATION #5 AMERICAN NEUTRALITY TO WARFARE PART 1 When the war began in 1914, Americans breathed a sigh of relief that the United States was not involved. President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation of neutrality announcing that the United States would not take sides in the war. But as the fighting went on, Americans grew more and more sympathetic with the Allied Powers. This happened for several reasons: First, most Americans thought Austria-Hungary and Germany, started the war. Second, news of the war usually came from the Allies who spread stories that the Germans were ruthless conquerors trying to take over the world. Wilson wanted to make the world safe for democracy. Third, because of the British blockade of Germany, the United States traded mostly with the Allies who they have more cultural and economic ties with. Fourth, was the discovery of the Zimmerman telegraph February 25, 1917 Zimmerman Note. It was a wireless dispatch between Arthur Zimmerman (German foreign minister) and German minister in Mexico. The message was intercepted and decoded by the British-given to the United States. It suggested alliance between Germany + Mexico if they went to war against U.S.; Mexico would get Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The Zimmerman Note March 1917 was the final straw in diplomatic ties. Fifth and probably of greatest importance, Americans were angered by Germany s use of unrestricted submarine warfare in which U-Boats sank ships, including unarmed passenger ships, without warning. The U-Boats were trying to cut off flow of supplies to Great Britain. In May of 1915, a U-boat sank without warning the British liner Lusitania, one of the world s largest passenger ships. Among the 1,198 people who died 128 were Americans. 1. As an American who is not sure if they want to stay neutral or go to war please look at the five choices and explain why we should either stay neutral or go to war and defend your answer. On map 1 1. In Box 9 label The Zimmerman telegraph and the U-boat sank sinking of the British liner Lusitania, forced the U.S. into war. 2. Show a ship sinking under Ireland and write Lusitania under it.

9 STATION #6: AMERICAN NEUTRALITY TO WARFARE PART 2 At first the United States reaction was stunned, and they felt no vital stake, Wilson declared neutrality. However, the economic impact on the United States took its toll, the stock market closed, and Woodrow Wilson frowned on private loans. Wilson was officially neutral Wilson In thought as well as deed. Public Opinion was mostly on the side of the allies, there were close cultural, linguistic, economic ties and responsibility to Great Britain and France helping America out in the American Revolution. Finally, the news was controlled by Great Britain. There were many anti-german feelings, Kaiser Wilhelm II viewed as arrogant thought to glorify war, cruel to neutral Belgium. As a results of anti-german feelings, no German or Germany were taught in school, no hamburger Salisbury steak no sauerkraut became liberty cabbage. Despite these feelings the majority of Americans did not want to go to war. Through propaganda both the Allies and Germans tried to influence American Public. Great Britain arranged for influential Americans to speak and write for them and to persuade Americans that war important to the United States. Great Britain was successful in its effort the United States was willing to believe the Allies. American newspapers only showed Allied views, because Great Britain cut telegraph line to Germany and German news. Germany was ineffective and only successful in German population areas where they took a defensive position because of invasion of neutral Belgium. The problems with neutrality was that the North Sea was mined, blockades, and broadened definitions of contraband. This forced the United States into ports to search --violation of the freedom of seas act. Financially America help the Allies, Great Britain and France ordered U.S. war supplies to stimulate the U.S. economy. Great Britain and France were running out of money/credit and if they couldn t order supplies the U.S. economy would go down, so in 1915 Wilson gave permission to U.S. bankers to lend to the Allies. 1. What was the economic impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer. 2. What was the anti-german impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer.

10 3. What was the propaganda impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer. 4. What was the sea trade impact and financial impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer.

11 STATION# 7 MILITARY PREPARDNESS There were preparedness problems (Pre-1917) for the United States. Pre 1917 Wilson concerned about military strength, in June 1916 a bill was passed to increase size of the army, creates council of national defenses and U.S. shipping abroad all financed by taxes. In the election of 1916 the Republicans Charles Evans Hughes was for neutrality, and condemned tariffs where the Democrats Woodrow Wilson was for neutrality, and preparedness. Wilson s campaign slogan was He Kept Us Out of War. The election was close-but Wilson won. In war preparation the United States was not well prepared only 600,000 rifles, 2,000 machine guns, and 900 pieces of artillery. The factories were not prepared to build heavy artillery. The Selective Service Act in May 1917 drafted men who must register (later 18-45). 24 million registered altogether, 2.8 million drafted, 2 million volunteer, and 4.7 million served. Women served in the Red Cross, as nurses and there were no large scale protests. 1. What did the 1916 bill do to prepare the United States for World War I? Please support your answer. 2. What were the campaign issues of the Republican and Democrat Party? Who were the candidates and what was the outcome of the Election of 1916? 3. Describe how prepared the United States was militarily. What did the Selective Service Act do and how many people were drafted, volunteered and where did women serve?

12 STATION #8: HOME SUPPORT: BANKING, FOOD, FUEL, AND TRANSPORTATION BANKING On the home front financing for the war was expensive 1/3 from taxes (income + excise), the rest borrowed from the people through government bonds Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds. Industry was centrally controlled in July 1917 by the War Industry Board (WIB). They had the power to supervise the purchase of supplies, allocate raw materials, and control production it was reorganized in April of 1918 by Bernard Baruch it was very successful. 1. What was the banking impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer. FOOD AND FUEL Food was controlled by the Food Administration headed by Herbert Hoover to conserve food/encourage production. The group encouraged Americans to eat leftovers, wheat less/meatless days, and growing victory gardens finally telling them to accept food market prices. Fuel Administration was handled by Harry Garfield who increased the price of coal, asked to use less coal and gas and finally setting up a daylight savings time to conserve power. 2. What was the food and fuel impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer. TRANSPORTATION The transportation department had a need for ships to send supplies overseas U-Boats (German Subs) hurt U.S. ships; the output was slow as they were seized by German ships. The railroads were important to ship supplies/troops to ports; the problems were unity and weather, and the solution was the United States Railroad Administration for coordination and money. 3. What was the transportation impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer.

13 STATION #9: HOME SUPPORT: LABOR, PUBLIC OPINION, AND PROPAGANDA Labor was very important and they could not afford strikes or disputes, they reduced strikes but still protected workers rights. The National War Labor Board set up in 1918 handled disputes organized bargained, and strengthened unions, it also prevented exploitation of children and women, with an increase of women in the workplace. 1. What was the labor impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer. The Public Opinion was great Public support they must support the war. The Committee on Public Life (CPI) 1917 George Creel had a Propaganda campaign freedom and democracy. The Negative feelings fears about disloyalty, espionage, sabotage increased suspicion. From June 1917-May 1918 Espionage and Sedition Acts were laws passed to punish anyone who obstructed war effort, Eugene V. Debs socialist sentenced 10 years for anti-war speech (Espionage Act, Sedition Act broadened power over word and print, Reiterate acts against Germans Blemish on Civil Liberties 2. What was the public opinion impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer. 3. What was the propaganda impact of World War I to the United States? Please support your answer.

14 STATION #10 END OF WORLD WAR I After a strong American protest over the sinking of the Lusitania, Germany temporarily ended unrestricted submarine warfare. But this continued only until In April of that year, after U-boats had sunk several American ships, the United States declared war on Germany. About this time, a great revolution took place in Russia. The Russian people, tired of crushing defeats at the hands of the German armies, overthrew Czar Nicholas. The new Communist government signed a peace treaty with Germany ended Russians involvement in World War I. Germany then moved all of its forces to the Western Front. The United States began sending large numbers of troops and supplies to Europe. American soldiers helped the Allies win key battles at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood. Partly because of America s involvement in the war, and partly because of the failure of a major German offensive in the spring of 1918, the Central Powers were forced to retreat. U.S. troops led by General John J. Pershing, defeated the Germans at St. Mihiel, drove them from the Argonne Forest, and advanced into the Meuse Valley. Finally, on November 11, 1918 Germany surrendered. The war was over. 1. How does the sinking of the Lusitania/unrestricted submarine warfare, and the Russian Revolution push for the United States to get involved in World War I? 2. Why in your opinion were Americans able to win Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, St. Mihiel, Argonne Forest, and Meuse Valley. On map 1: 1. In Box 10 label, American soldiers helped win key battles at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood, St. Mihiel, and the Argonne Forest. 2. In Box 11 label Finally, on November 11, 1918 Germany surrendered. The war was over.

15 STATION #11 THE SEARCH FOR PEACE: Wilson s 14 Points The Speech to Congress in January 1918 was to encourage the central powers to surrender and inspire Allies to fight harder. The highlights of the speech were to end secret treaties, freedom of Seas, end to trade barriers between nations, reduction of armaments, freedom for colonial people to decide fate, Germany withdraws from Russia, Belgium, France, Partial/Complete independence of minority peoples in different parts of Europe and a creation of a League of Nations. The speech was enthusiastically received. 1.Open claims of the government whose title is to be determined. 2.The evacuation of all Russian territory. 3.Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored. 4.All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored. 5.A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. 6.The people of Austria-Hungary, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. 7.Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea. 8.The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development. 9.An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. 10.A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. 1. Please make a top five list of the most important issues Wilson s 14 points was supposed to accomplish and support your answer. Five should be the least important, and one should be the most important.

16 STATION #12 THE TREATY AT VERSAILLES The Peace Conference was on January 1919 at Versailles Palace in Paris. The conference was attended by the Big Four, the United States, Woodrow Wilson (did not include Republicans problems because need their approval), Great Britain David Lloyd George, France George Clemenceau and Italy Vittorio Orlando. France s goal was to weaken Germany. Germany had to give up land the Alsace-Lorraine territory. The allies occupied the west side of Rhine River and wanted to limit German Armed forces. Wilson s main goal was the creation of a League of Nations. However, Wilson was forced to compromise some of his 14 points to get this to Britain and France. Germany had to pay $30 Billion in war reparations German colonies to be confiscated. His compromise ignored disarmament, secret treaties; however he gets his League of Nations. The main terms of Treaty of Versailles were the creation of a League of Nations. Germany lost much of its land and all its overseas colonies. The German armed forces were reduced greatly and finally Germany had to accept responsibility for war and had to pay money. 1. Who did the Versailles Treaty include and exclude? Do you think that this was right? 2. What was France s goal? So you think was right? Please support your answer. 3. What was Wilson main goal, and what and who compromised this goal? Please support your answer. 4. What were main terms of the Treaty of Versailles? What did Germany have to do? Please support your answer.

17 STATION #13 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS The League of Nations stated that all nations get one vote, set up with a council of 5 permanent member U.S., GB, France, Italy, Japan, and 4 others chosen by assembly. Article X of the League of Nations set up Collective Security to respect territory and independence of member nations. It represented a compromise between Wilson s idealism and Allies harsh terms. The United States had some opposition to the Treaty. On June 28, 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was signed but needed ratification. The concern about treaty was that the League of Nations failed to recognize U.S. rights under Monroe Doctrine. It also failed to provide way to withdraw and excluded the League from Nation s internal affairs. Finally only Congress can declare war it violated the Constitution and it might interfere with the United States domestic affairs. The bitterest foe was Republican and Senate Majority Leader Henry Cabot Lodge who wrote a petition of opposition, used stall tactics to gain time to get support and finally opposition from special interest groups. 1. What was the voting and council make-up of the League of Nations? What was Article X? 2. What were all the oppositions to the League of Nations? 3. How did Henry Cabot Lodges oppose the League of Nations?

18 STATION #14 WILSON S FIGHT FOR A LEAGUE OF NATIONS On Wilson s last trip he went on a public speaking tour to gain support for treaty. He was well received by the public however he alarmed Republicans. Wilson s health was bad he suffered a stroke on October 2, 1919 this ended his tour. From this point the League of Nations was defeated, after his illness the drive faltered, and not enough Senate votes. Henry Cabot Lodge suggested his own points (14 reservations), especially Article X which needed to preserve U.S. sovereignty. Wilson would not compromise and the Treaty of Versailles not accepted by the United States. In 1921 a separate peace treaty was made between United States and Germany. The League of Nations had little chance of succeeding without the United States. 1. How did Woodrow Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge stop the League of Nations in their own ways? Please support your answers.

19 STATION #15 THE RESULTS AND IMPACT OF THE WAR World War I became known as the Great War, the War to End All Wars, The war that would make the world safe for Democracy. The result was that the Treaty of World War I would cause more tensions in Europe and eventually lead to World War II. Soldiers of World War I and future leaders of World War II like Winston Churchill and Adolf Hitler saw the importance of new war technology like U-Boats, Tanks and Airplanes and improved on these. New Countries were created like Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia out of the German Empire, the Russian Empire, and the Austria-Hungarian Empire. In America veterans were very disaffected by the war particularly veterans and intellectuals. Famous writers and artists took self-imposed exile from the United States and became known as the lost generation. In general Americans drew inward and became suspicious as the Ku Klux Klan strengthened against foreigners, Jews and anyone not a Nativist American like themselves. Finally a Red Scare came to America as Americans were anxious about the effects of European radicalism and the communist movement in Russia. The U.S. stopped radicalism here by demanding loyalty oaths and deporting Aliens. 1. What was the most important impact of World War in Europe and in the United States? Please support your answers.

20 On the Map 2: Map 2: Europe after World War I 1. In box 1 label Wilson s Speech to Congress in January 1918 encouraged central powers to surrender and Allies to fight harder. 2. In box 2 label Wilson s 14 points-to end secret treaties, freedom of Seas, end to trade barriers between nations, 3. In box 3 label Wilson s 14 points-reduction of armaments, freedom for colonial people to decide fate. 4. In box 4 label Wilson s 14 points- Germany withdraws from Russia, Belgium, France, 5. In box 5 label Wilson s 14 points-partial/complete independence of minority peoples in different parts of Europe 6. In box 6 label The Peace Conference was on January 1919 at Versailles Palace in Paris. 7. In box 7 label The Big Four, the United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy attended Germany was not invited. 8. In box 8 label The main terms of Treaty of Versailles were the creation of a League of Nations. 9. In box 9 label Germany lost much of its land and all its overseas colonies and their armed forces were reduced greatly 10. In box 10 label Finally Germany had to accept responsibility for war and had to pay money. 11. In box 11 label Wilson s health was bad from this point on the U.S. would not enter the League of Nations. 12. In box 12 label In 1921 a separate peace treaty was made between United States and Germany. The League of Nations had little chance of succeeding without the United States. 13. In box 13 label World War I became known as the Great War, the War to End All Wars, The war that would make the world safe for Democracy. 14. In box 14 label Treaty of World War I would cause more tensions in Europe and eventually lead to World War II. 15. Label the following countries on the new map of Europe Iceland, Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Ireland, Great Britain, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, East Prussia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Turkey.

21 1. MAP 1: WORLD WAR I EUROPE KEY

22 MAP #2 POST WORLD WAR I EUROPE [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Drawing Tools tab