Prepared by: Mr. DANH Serey Social Expert

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1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Ministry of Interior World Bank Livelihood Enhancement & Association of the Poor in Siem Reap (LEAP) PHRD Grant No. TF REPORT ON SOCIAL ASSESSMENT Siem Reap Province-Chob Tatrav Commune Prepared by: Mr. DANH Serey Social Expert July, 2010

2 TABLE OF CONTENT Page List of tables and figures... iv List of abbreviations and acronyms...v Executive summary...1 I. Introduction 1. General situation of Siem Reap Province LEAP Project Objective...8 II. Legal frameworks and Policies 1 National laws and regulations Law on Land Law on Forest Law on environmental protection and natural resource management Sub-decree on environmental impact assessment process Land Management Policies of Government III. Social Assesment 1 Objective of the study Scope of the study Methodology IV. Outcomes: Social Assessment Findings 1. Voluntary Land Donation (Task 1) (i). The proposed community infrastructure (ii). Voluntary land donation of poor people (iii). Voluntary land donation process (iv). Special case of voluntary land donation (v). Land title (vi). Problems for poor people (vii). Advantages of Self Help Group Vulnerable people (Task 2) i-

3 (i). Introduction (ii). Handicap people (iii). Widows (iv). Orphans (v). Abandoned elerly people (vi). Indigenous people..28 (vii). Problems for vulnerable people (viii). Advantages for vulnerable people V. Guidance Notes A. Guidance Notes for Task (A-i) Guidance Note for Land Donation Process Introduction Voluntary land donation status for community infrastructure Conclusion (A-ii). Guidance Note for Dispute Resolution on VDL/Benefit sharing Introduction Dispute resolving procedure at the SHG Level Dispute resolving procedure at the local authorities Conclusion B. Guidance Note for Vulnerable People (Task 2): Guidance Note on special measure for Gender sensitive and pro poor measures Introduction Special measure of LEAP Project for vulnerable people Poor and vulnerable people networks Conclusion VI. Recommendation and Conclusion...42 REFERENCE...43 Appendix 1: Map of LEAP targeted communes Appendix 2: List of Participants in the Field Survey ii-

4 Appendix 3: Photos in the field survey from 23 Nov-01 Dec Appendix 4: General Findings...52 Appendix 5: Guidance Note for SHG Formation.56 Appendix 6: Questionnaires of A & B forms...60 Appendix 7: Term of Reference for Social Assessment (SA)...72 Appendix 8: Presentation on Draft Social Assessment Report iii-

5 List of tables and figures Table 1 : Targeted districts of the LEAP Project Table 2 : Criteria of site selection in Siem Reap Province Table 3 : Sampling Size of Poor Population in Chob Tatrav commune Table 4 : Research Topics and methods of study for case study areas Table 5 : Participatory of the proposed community infrastructure for animal raising and vegetable cultivations Table 6 : Participants of land donation in these five villages Table 7 : Percentage of voluntary land donation Table 8 : Participants of Voluntary Land Donation for the pig and chicken raisings in these five villages Table 9 : Land Title of these five villages Table 10 : Vulnerable people in Chob Tatrav commune Table 11 : Example of the VLD Report Form Table 12 : Poor Population in Chob Tatrav Commune Table 13 : Land use types in Chob Tatrav Commune Table 14 : Primary job/occupation in these five villages Table 15 : Secondary job/occupation in these five villages Table 16 : Revenue in these five villages Figure 1 : The five villages map and a number of respondents selected Figure 2 : Voluntary Land Donation Process Figure 3 : The institution of the poor -iv-

6 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB CBOs CLFs DFs EIA Ha/ha HH ID IFAD IVL Km LEAP M/m MFI MOE MOI M&E No NGOs NTFP PADEK PLUAC PMC RGC SHGs T&L Tonle VA VLD WB : Asian Development Bank : Commune Based Organizations : Commune Level Federations : District Federations : Environmental Impact Assessment : Hectare : Household : Identification : International Fund for Agricultural Development : Involuntary Land Donation : Kilometer : Livelihood Enhancement & Association of the Poor : Meter : Microfinance Institute : Ministry of Environment : Ministry of Interior : Monitoring and Evaluation : Number : Non Government Organizations : Non Timber Forest Product : Partnership for Development in Kampuchea : Provincial Land Use and Allocation Committee : Project Management Committee : Royal Government of Cambodia : Self Help Groups : Tourism & Leisure : Khmer name for a large river : Village Associations : Voluntary Land Donation : World Bank -v-

7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Objective of LEAP Livelihood Enhancement & Association of the Poor (LEAP) project objectives are to reduce poverty through rural livelihoods interventions such as rice productions, vegetable cultivations, handicrafts, poultry, and fish raisings. The project aims to promote the creation of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and/or producers groups intended to increase incomes and improve livelihoods of the rural poor households in selected communes, Siem Reap province. LEAP consists of four-project components: (1)-Building and Strengthening Institutions of the Poor, (2)-Access to Finance, (3)- Access to market and Supporting Linkages of the Poor to Key Value Chains, and (4)-Project Management, Coordination, and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E). 2. Objective of Social Assessment for LEAP The LEAP project needs to conduct the social assessment study in the purpose to support the project s overall objectives development. 3. Methodology of Social Assessment Literature review Before establishing questions, social expert had reviewed secondary data and relevant literature of former studies and evaluation reports related to targeted commune and Tourism&Leasure documents, prakas and other legal and related documents. The fieldwork for this study was planned to span a period of 10 days starting from 22 November to 1 December Two days were dedicated to testing of field instruments. The fieldwork was completed earlier in December A draft report of the SA was submitted for comments by mid of December A final report was submitted one week following the date comments were received. Fieldwork Strategy In Phnom Penh, the expert interviewed LEAP Project Director and Manger at MoI working in areas related to targeted communes. The interviews were meant to capture the lessons learned from previous evaluations and to see whether those lessons captured were currently applied or used in decision or policy making by those policy makers at national level. At the provincial level, the expert interviewed Local Administrative Unit Director as manager of LEAP Project in Siem Reap Province. Moreover, the expert conducted meeting with LEAP Project staffs in Siem Reap Province, TOURISM&LEISURE staffs, and the Company s Key Consultants. These interviews helped us understand more about the site selection for the pilot study and the working relation between the targeted communes and the pilot study. At the commune level, the expert interviewed chief, vice-chief and members of Commune Council who are responsible for poverty alleviation sector. The expert planed to ask the chief and vice-chief of communes and villages about the ID Poor 1 and Poor 2, -1-

8 land management, operation of SHG, the kind of mechanism to solve the problems and the intervention of LEAP project for vulnerable people. Interviews with poor and vulnerable people were done using two methods. One focused on group discussions and semi-structured interviews were used for these groups of informants. Second method was the random selection of poor and vulnerable people at whose homew the interviews took place. The total sample size of poor people in Chob Tatrav commune from B questionnaire was 26 households or 10% of total poor 1 and poor 2 households in each village. 4. Outcomes Voluntary Land Donation Process Of all the respondents in the Chob Tatrav commune 85% agreed with the proposed community infrastructure for animal raisings and vegetable cultivations. In this number, 82% of respondents requested for pig raisings, 17% for chicken raisings and 1% of for mixed proposal. By contract, 15% of respondents were not agreed because they were landless or having small land, etc. Of the respondents in commune about 64% indicated that they were willing to provide their residential land to SHG formation and 36% not willing to provide the land because their residential land are small or they were landless. They were able to provide less than 5% of their total land within the residential district. The percentage of the respondents showed that 93% of of them were willing to provide less than 5%. of their residential land while 7% others o were willing to donate more than 5% of their residential land to SHG formation (one household donated 23% of her residential lands in comparison with the total land she owns within the residential district). The respondents added that the land donation must be free of squatters, encroachers or other claims or encumbrances. At that time, the land donation of each family had to recognize by the village and commune authorities through written commitment.. Problems for Voluntary Land Donation and Vulnerable Groups The voluntary land donation affects the land use of poor people, while the people are going to meet a challenge of landless or small land area. The contribution made them lose a piece of home land, agricultural land, vegetable cultivated land, flood land and other lands in villages. For example, the pig raisings will affect to the land use of each household in Chob Tatrav commune between 06m 2 to 100m 2. The vulnerable groups will face more challenges since they are unqualified to do something as a sample physical person and they do not participate enough for the pig raisings, particularly their feeling is not happy with other group members. Moreover, they will create more disputes and unpleasant feeling during benefit sharing because most of vulnerable people always are misunderstanding or illiteracies. -2-

9 Otherwise, the representative of commune and villages, and respondents informed that there are no indigenous people in Chob Tatrav commune. 5- Guidance Note According to the findings 64% of respondents are willing to provide their land for SHG use. So, the SHGs and Facilitators should use the Guidance Note on Voluntary Land Donation. (i) Guidance Note on Voluntary Land Donation Process Step 1. SHG Discussion on Sub-project Choice Public consultation meetings will be held by Commune Federation (CF), Village Association (VA) and SHGs, in each village where there are affected people and where the SHGs have decided themselves that their chosen sub-projects will require lands for public goods. Step 2. SHG and Facilitators The Facilitators and SHGs will refer to the Social Assessment in addition to the Environment Management Framework. They shall use the conditions for the voluntary land donation as specified below: The property owners or possessors are willing to provide land no more than 5% of their total land within the residential district. The voluntary contribution of lands must be free of squatters, encroachers, or other claims or encumbrances. The VLD for SHG formation will not affect to water sources, noise, smell, revenue, livelihood, public health and social safety resulting from the various investments. The Facilitators and SHGs shall refer to the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) as mentioned in the Environmental Assessment Report. Step 3. Preparation of VLD Report The VLD report is prepared by the commune chief as follows: Land map shows about the land use by the project; List of the VLD and signatures or finger prints of land donors with agreement. Disclosure of the land owners and SHG member rights. Minutes Step 4. Review and disclosure the VLD Report In case of the VLD report is not fair. The SHG chief, the affected people and stakeholders shall request the chief of commune and the village to make revision and edition of the report. In case of the VLD report is acceptable and the problem solved by the local authorities as mentioned in the Guidance Note for the Dispute Resolution, the Facilitators advise the commune chief to initiate the project implementation. Principles of Voluntary Land Donation followed by the LEAP The project design will not entail involuntary relocation of households or involuntary land acquisition but since the LEAP project is embedded in a community driven development model whereby local communities/groups of households (the SHGs) will be -3-

10 making decisions regarding the types of interventions they seek and since these may require the acquisition of land, the project will follow key criteria in ensuring that such community based land donations are voluntary (without coercion) and reflect good practice. Landlessness is a threat for the poor in Cambodia, thus potentially rendering certain segments of the project population vulnerable if they are not in a position to make land donations in the context of community decisions for infrastructure projects. The Project will ensure that voluntary land transactions (if any) amongst and between community members is truly voluntary and based on informed consent. Project Facilitators together with the PMU will be responsible for ensuring the following steps are implemented: 1. Steps to establish that any community infrastructure is not site specific. In other words, if there are disagreements regarding location or problems in obtaining lands, the proposed community infrastructure can be moved (i.e., poultry shed, rice mill etc). 2. Steps to determine that impacts on persons or households donating lands is minor, that is, involve no more than 5% of the area of any holding and require no physical relocation. 3. Steps to ensure that communities decide that if lands meet the technical criteria of the proposed investment (the physical structure). Communities may seek guidance from project authorities (i.e., to make sure that the land is appropriate for project purposes and that the project will produce no health or environmental safety hazards). 4. Steps to establish that the land in question must be free of squatters, encroachers, or other claims or encumbrances. 5. Verification (for example, notarized or witnessed statements) of the voluntary nature of land donations must be obtained from each person donating land. 6. Steps to ensure that if community services are to be provided under the project, land title must be vested in the community, or appropriate guarantees of public access to services must be given by the private titleholder. 7. Steps on establishing grievance mechanisms that is workable and appropriate to the local context. These must be developed in consultation with local communities." Public Consultation and Disclosure The LEAP Project would ensure the SHGs and Facilitators to prepare appropriate planning and implementation documents for the acquisition of land in consultation with the land owners. The land owners will receive prior information of the land rental or purchase including: The relevance details of the project; Land acquisition planning principle; Information concerning dispute procedures. (ii) Guidance Note on Disputed Resolving Procedure 1- Dispute resolving procedure at the SHG level -4-

11 - SHG shall invite its leader and members to a consultation meeting and find root cause of the problems and the solution, particularly to reconcile the two disputing parties; - SHG leader shall solve the problems in accordance with the agreement/contract. Anyway, the contract is acknowledged by the village and commune authorities. It seems law obligation for each member but it will not be applied as fine or a punishment for the violation activities on the contract. - Educate or guide the members of group to avoid the mistakes with group regulation, - Guide the SHG's members to understand that the SHG is not belonging to someone. Thus, all members should try to struggle for their livelihood enhancement, particularly for their children future. 2- Dispute resolving procedure at Local authorities In case of the problems shall not be solved by the SHG level. All members of SHG will request the village chief or village facilitator for find the solutions and reasons of problems. If the issues are not solved by the village chief or village association, the problems will move to commune councils or commune facilitators. If no solved, the chief of commune will submit to the district coordinator. If no solved, the district coordinator shall submit the files to the local administration unit of Siem Reap Province. And the complaint of VLD or benefit sharing will be replied within 10 working days after submission the complaint application. (iii) Guidance Note on Special Measures for vulnerable people In the finding above, the special measures for vulnerable people needed to find good solutions and provide some recommendation as describe below. All SHG members should include the vulnerable people at least one household; if any; Provide good opportunities to vulnerable people for group selections; they should not be left out; Capacity Building of member group as handicap people or abandoned elderly people etc; Create more SHG for vulnerable people, if the poor people are not selected enough yet; Consultation meeting with vulnerable people to encourage the project implementation; Instruct vulnerable member of SHG to continue the project implementation for poverty alleviation; Arrange or provide jobs of vulnerable people base on their human body. Provide food and drink for daily consumptions to disable person. This person works unqualified in the SHG; Instruct them about their work and subsidize money or something, while the SHG get benefit from animals or crops selling; Have to moral strengthening of vulnerable people and avoid someone in the SHG get jealous with them; Saving some money for implementing anything in the future plan; -5-

12 6- Recommendation According to the project type such as poultry shed; raise pig, fishing, vegetable cultivation projects, etc is small scale and low negative social impacts. Moreover, these projects did not mentioned in the national legislations and regulations of Kingdom of Cambodia. So, these projects were not required conducting the environmental and social impact assessment report. Local authorities, SHGs and Facilitators shall implement following the social assessment report and guidance note to be successful and efficiency. The LEAP project will intervene and take measures to solve all the relevant problems during the project implementation within five years such as SHGs trainings, budget supports and material supplies, etc. Once the project is completed, the SHG groups and local authorities will become self managed as stated in the guidance note of the social assessment report. -6-

13 I. INTRODUCTION 1. General situation of Seim Reap Province Siem Reap province has total land area about 10,299 km 2 that is equal to 5.68% of the total land area of Cambodia 181,035 km 2. Just for Siem Reap alone there is 1,098 km 2, or 11.66% of the province s total land, are human settlements and infrastructures areas. Another 1,970 km 2, or 19.2% of the Siem Reap s total land, are agricultural areas. For the 5,570 km 2, or 54% of the total land in the province, are forest areas. Another 1,016 km 2 or 9.89% are water bodies, and the rest 645 km 2 or 6.26% are non use areas. (Source: National Report on Environmental Impact Assessment of Tourism in the Lower Mekong Basin in the Cambodia Country, CNMC, January 2008). Siem Reap province consists of 12 districts, 100 communes, and approximately 900 villages. Artery roads (paved as well as none paved) cover roughly two-thirds of the province, except for the north and east-west belt. Rural roads (secondary and tertiary levels) are limited and difficult to access to remote villages, particularly during the rainy season. The province has highest economic potential in term of tourism industry for the Kingdom of Cambodia. Siem Reap has been recognized throughout the world given it is world s heritage. The Angkor Wat temple itself has been attracted by foreign visitors approximately more than hundred thousand people visited there every year. Moreover, foreign visitors are continuous augmentation since 1995 until 2008; it means that amount of visitors has been gradually increased 6 to 7 times during the last 13 years. The total population is approximately 900,000, which most of them lived in rural areas and 17% to 18% lived in the urban areas. The total amount of households is , where 13.99% belongs to ID Poor group 1 ( households) and 14.63% to ID Poor group 2 ( households). The population growth in Siem Reap is around 2.6% per annum since last ten years or so, faster than the national average population growth rate of 1.6%. The Province, which is one of the three poorest in the country, has greater intensity of poverty in the northern districts compared to the southern ones. (Source: Siem Reap Province, Livelihood Enhancement & Association of the Poor (LEAP) project, Project Proposal 1 st draft, December 10, 2009). Most population is preponderance of immigrants. As many less developed countries, Cambodia has been increasingly became urbanization. Since 1975, the population was only 10.3% and increased to 15.6% in It is estimated that by 2015 the proportion will be at 22.8%. The vast majority of migrants are from other parts of the provinces, and the town continues to be overwhelmingly Khmer, but migrants also come from as far as Phnom Penh to seek work in the town. The figures reflect several factors: the movement of populations under stress; rural-urban migration, and natural growth of urban centres. The process is writ large in Siem Reap and no less than 55% of Siem Reap District s population was migrants in 1998, predominantly (74%) from other parts of the Province. -7-

14 2. LEAP Project Objectives Livelihood Enhancement & Association of the Poor (LEAP) project objectives are to reduce poverty through rural livelihoods interventions such as rice production, vegetable cultivation, handicrafts, poultry and fisheries. The project will promote the creation of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and/or producers groups which intended to increase incomes and improve livelihoods of the rural poor household in selected Siem Reap communes. A summary of the 4 project components are as follows: Component 1 Building and Strengthening Institutions of the Poor: This component will build and strengthen self-managed primary institutions of the poor including thrift based Self Help Groups (SHGs). In the second phase, the SHGs will be federated at the commune level into Commune Level Federations (CLFs). The project would also invest, on need basis, in facilitating specialized institutions of poor producers (Producer Groups) for developing linkages with service providers and market institutions in key value chains. Component 2 Access to Finance: This component aims to transfer financial and technical resources to the poor to support basic livelihood investments. The component is divided into three sub-components: a) Seed Grants to Primary Institutions of the Poor: These grants would be provided, on demand driven basis, to groups that have achieved threshold performance in basic organizational and financial management and have developed micro investment plans through a participatory process. b) Livelihood Investment Fund: Under this sub-component, the project would support mature SHGs to federate with CLFs. The CLFs would be trained in managing the financial institution, appraising of small loan proposals and monitoring and recovery of loans. c) Linkage with Formal Financial Sector: The project will support training and exposure of staff of partner commercial banks and MFIs, product and process development efforts. Component 3 Supporting Linkages of the Poor to Key Value Chains: This component would support activities that the help poor producers to link with markets through skill development, productivity improvement, local level value addition, aggregation of production/marketing, and value chain linkages. This component would have two subcomponents as described below: a) Livelihood Support and Value Chain Linkage: This sub-component would encourage organization of small and medium size producer associations. b) Vocational training and job linkages: The component would also support skills training of targeted poor in project communities based on assessments of job market demand. Component 4 Project Management, Coordination, and Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E): This component would facilitate overall co-ordination, implementation, and financial management, monitoring and learning of the project. -8-

15 II. LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND POLICIES 1. National laws, regulations and policies 1.1. Law on Land The current legislation governing land ownership is the Land Law dated 30 August This new Land Law was replaced the former Land Law enacted October This Act contains some provision that is relevant in relation to a national resettlement policy that presently under process of formulation. Article 5: "No person shall be deprived of their ownership unless this action is for the public interest consistent with formalities and procedures which provided by laws and regulations, and after just and fair compensation is provided." Article 6: "All transfers or changes of rights of ownership shall be made under the rules of general procedures of sale, succession, exchange, or donation, or by the court decision." Accordingly, a number of legal documents supporting the implementation of the Land Law and Policy have been prepared and issued, most notably those of Sub-decree 19 on Social Land Concessions (dated 19 March 2003), Sub-decree 118 on State Land Management (dated 07 October 2005) and Prakas on Guidelines to Implement Subdecree on Social Land Concession (dated 19 November 2003) Law on Forestry This law was prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery which promulgated by the King on September 30, 2002, and its associated Sub-decree 53 on Procedures for Establishment, Classification and Registration of Permanent Forest Estate (dated 20 April 2005), Sub-decree 79 on Community Forestry Management (dated 02 December 2003) Law on environmental protection and natural resource management This law was prepared by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) and promulgated by the King on December 24, This law is the main legal instrument in governing the environmental protection and natural resource management in Cambodia. The purposes of this law are: To protect and promote environmental quality and public health through the prevention, reduction, and control of pollution, To assess the environmental impacts of all proposed projects prior to the issuance of a decision by the Royal Government, To ensure the rational and sustainable conservation, development, management, and use of the natural resources of the Kingdom of Cambodia, To encourage and enable the public to participate in environmental protection and natural resource management, To suppress any acts that cause harm to the environment. -9-

16 1.4. Sub-decree on environmental impact assessment process (1999) This sub-decree was prepared by the MOE and promulgated by the RGC on August 11, The main objectives of this sub-decree are: To determine an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for every private and public project or activity. The assessment shall be reviewed by the Ministry of Environment prior to submission to the Royal Government for a decision making. To determine the type and size of the proposed private and public projects and activities, including existing and ongoing activities subject to the process of EIA. To encourage public participation by implementing the EIA process, taking into account its input, and suggesting in the process of project approval. This sub-decree covers every proposed and ongoing projects and activities (whether of private sector, joint venture, or state government or ministries/institutions described in the annex of this sub-decree, except for special and crucial projects approved by the Royal Government Land Management Policies of Government The policy governing the Social Land Concessions originates outlined in the Royal Government of Cambodia s Interim Paper for Strategy of Land Policy Framework (06 September 2002). This document was written to provide guidance on how to interpret, implement and use the Land Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia (dated 30 August 2001). As noted in the section on land distribution, many poor people have no land or too little land to earn a living some people cannot afford to buy or rent land This means that other mechanisms of land allocation such as social concessions or leasing of public land are needed for some groups to fill needs for shelter and livelihood. Accordingly, a number of legal documents supporting the implementation of the Land Law and Policy have been prepared and issued, most notably those of Sub-decree 19 on Social Land Concessions (dated 19 March 2003), Sub-decree 118 on State Land Management ( dated 07 October 2005) and Prakas 200 on Guidelines to Implement Sub-decree on Social Land Concession (dated 19 November 2003). At national level, the National Social Land Concession Committee (NSLCC) is the institution to make national policy with respect to land concessions as well as review, adjust, manage and monitor all SLC activities at provincial level. The NSLCC is subject to the supervision of the Council for Land Policy who also has a role in the approval process for registration of SLC as State Private Land. The NSLCC operates primarily through the General Secretariat for SLC (GSSLC). A role is played within this process by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) that also involves in SLC and D&D financial management and procurement. The Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC) provide general technical and administrative support and overall supervision. III. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT 1. Objective of the study Furthermore, the project needs to conduct the social assessment study in the purpose to support the project s overall objectives development through the two main tasks. The social assessment is an approach which draws on qualitative (focus group discussions, -10-

17 key informant interviews, individual household interviews) and secondary or quantitative data to analyze a situation or problem and to reach the solutions or design measures, in this case, the development of community guidelines for voluntary land donations (Task 1) and data to inform the design of a vulnerable people. This social assessment (SA) study will not focus the national legal frameworks and the principles of the Bank s social safeguards policies such as Land Law, Sub decree on Environmental Impact Assessment. The objective of assessments consistently highlighted importance of: (i). Effective information dissemination approaches targeted to reach the poor people and vulnerable groups (e.g., female-headed households and the disabled people); (ii). Support to encourage participation of vulnerable people in the process as potential impacted people under the program; (iii). Transparent processes with ample scope for civil society organizations to participate during key steps of the process; (iv). Dispute resolution mechanisms that are consistent with the local context but also provide for transparency and accountability in terms of resolution of disputes; (v). Promoting participation of both men and women in voluntary land donation planning and activity implementations; (vi). Follow-up household visits by social support teams to identify problems with men and women and; (vii). Assistance to beneficiaries to form groups to more effectively express their needs and concerns as well as a basis for collaborative livelihood activities. 2. Scope of the study The project will be implemented in 50 rural communes from nine districts of Siem Reap province in Cambodia. These communes represent a series of defining characteristics - (a) high poverty density and/or incidence, (b) opportunity to link to key markets and value chains, (c) presence of existing SHGs and producer groups, and (d) avoidance of overlap with the ADB-IFAD project. The table below provides further information on the project districts: Table 1: Targeted districts of the LEAP Project S.N Name of Districts No. of total Communes No. of Project Communes No. of Villages Total No. of HHs No. of ID-1 & ID- 2 poor in these communes % of Poor HHs 1. Angkor Thum % 2. Chi Kraeng % 3. Kralanh % 4. Prasat Bakong % 5. Puok % 6. Svay Leu % 7. Siem Reab % 8. Srei Snam % 9 Soutr Nikom % Total 72 52* % Source: LEAP Project, Interim Output Report, 10 th November

18 The Government of Cambodia considers poor and vulnerable people at rural area as an utmost priority for livelihood enhancement for the poor people in Siem Reap province and a driving force for poverty alleviation. It is thus vital to develop an understanding of the consequences of this phenomenon on the economic and socio-cultural conditions of the proposed community infrastructure destination areas. To identify the study site, the Social Assessment consultant conducted meeting with LEAP Project of Siem Reap Province, TOURISM&LEISURE staffs, and Key Consultant Company staffs on November 23, 2009 at 9:00am at meeting room of the LEAP Project in Siem Reap province. The discussion led the consultant to consider four pilot study sites such as: 1. Peak Snaeng Commune in Angkor Thum District; 2. Chob Tatrav Communes in Angkor Thum District; 3. Trei Nhoar Commune in Puok District; 4. Reul Commune in Puok District. Then, the consultant went to visit these communes within two days for considering as targeted commune. As a result; the consultant selected Chob Tatrav commune as a case study because: - The commune has ID Poor 1 & 2 as like other three communes; - Agricultural landlessness of poor people is high; - Most poor people have no opportunity to link to key markets and value chain; - This commune is high natural resources in a number of 5,672 ha. After site selection, the consultant prepared the methods of the study, questionnaires (for interview Chob Tatrav commune council, village authorities, poor and vulnerable people) and outline of the draft report. Then, the consultant met with LEAP Project Director and representative of World Bank on 25 November 2009 at Somadevi Angkor Hotel & Spa to discuss about targeted commune (Chob Tatrav commune), on methods of study and outline of the draft report. In addition, the consultant did sent those draft documents to the LEAP project and WB officials for comment. Table 2: Criteria of site selection in Siem Reap Province Criteria Angkor Thum District Puok District Commune Chob Tatrav * Peak Snaeng Trei Nhoar Reul Total household ,557 2,520 ID Poor P1 + P2 = 241 P1 + P2 = 405 P1 + P2 = 621 P1 + P2 = 1,135 household Agricultural productivity coupled with HIGH: Agricultural landless is around LOW Agricultural landless is around 15% LOW Agricultural landless is 10% N/A -12-

19 rural landlessness 30% Market access LOW and No opportunity to diversification link to key markets and value chains Indebtedness and lack of access to finance Reserve land for Commune Natural resources Proposed community infrastructure LOW Indebtedness is around 20% (last time was around 70%). MODERATE There are tow ways of market access. (i). Take the product to Puok or Angkor Chum districts. (ii). Buyers come and buy directly the products at the commune. MODERATE Indebtedness is around 50% MODERATE Buyers at Puok and Poipet markets go to buy the rice and basket products. LOW Indebtedness is around 3 households (before was around 80%). No No No No MODERATE Forest land is 5,672 ha Livestock: Poultry, cow and pig raisings. LOW There are two forest communities such as Prey Prah community (06 ha) and Prah Angcheng (306 ha). Livestock: Poultry, cow and pig raisings but fishery raisings are not No Livestock: Poultry, cow and pig raisings. available. Source: - 1 st draft proposed project of LEAP (T&L), November Interview with four commune council members on November Note: (*) Chob Tatrav Commune was selected for the case study. MODERATE Buyers at Puok and Poipet markets go to buy the rice and basket products MODERATE Indebtedness is around 50% (Before was around 80%) No - Livestock: Poultry, cow, pig and fish raisings. - Vegetable cultivation. General data on social aspects, identification of poor 1 and 2, and the way they were perceived by the draft report of T&L. However, Chob Tatrav commune was surveyed for several days by the Social Expert in November 2009, for part of these visits he was joined by Mr. Morn Sam Art, Livelihood Officer, and LEAP Project of Siem Reap Province. As a consequence, the data collections were indicative specific issues under investigation. It should also be emphasised that the sites were chosen to be representative of any specific type of voluntary land donation and vulnerable people destination. Rather, they were selected for illustrative purposes, to provide some indication of benefits and problems which involve with the relationship of the proposed community infrastructure -13-

20 to the socio-economic aspects of the Nine Districts were under the project, and to provide a basis for ascertaining the potential for poverty alleviation and livelihood enhancement of the poor people in Siem Reap province where the cultural tourism and ecotourism areas. 3. Methodology Methods followed in obtaining data in this LEAP project, draft report of T&L Company and were based on field survey of the consultant. The methods obtained no objection from LEAP project and Project Team of Siem Reap. It was accepted at these meetings that research emphases would vary from case study site to case study site, according to such variations as their levels of poor people and the actual vulnerable people at the sites, and the amount of data that were readily available. In addition, given time and budget restrictions on carrying out the case study, and the relative scarcity of much relevant information in Siem Reap, there was little time for collecting primary data and compiling report. Thus, the expert was largely reliant on secondary sources of Tourism & Leasure Firm and on provided information by respondents. Therefore, some methods of obtaining data would be more important at that site than others. 3-1 Literature review The study mostly made use of qualitative methodology in order to get in-depth understanding of the perceptions of informants on poor and vulnerable people, and the kinds of impacts assessment have on their lives. Mostly it made use of open-ended interviews, some semi-structured interviews, and some case observations. A small survey was used to investigate if there were any differences in the prices paid and the prices quoted or claimed to have been received by officials at the LEAP project office. Before preparing the questions, social expert had reviewed secondary data and relevant literature of former studies and evaluation reports related to targeted commune and Tourism&Leasure Firm, prakas and other legal and related documents. By the time expert had developed all sets of questions, he already interviewed some key informants in Phnom Penh. All these were done so that the expert could grasp the whole idea of what was going on with the social assessment including objective of LEAP, objective of SA, general findings, outcomes and recommendation. The fieldwork for this study was planned to span a period of 10 days, starting from 22 November to 1 December Two days were dedicated to testing of field instruments. The fieldwork would be completed earlier of December A draft report of the SA would be submitted for comments by mid of December A final report would be submitted one week following the date comments were received. 3-2 Fieldwork Strategy During our fieldwork, at the end of each interview day, expert met and discussed the data and information they had received and analyzed them accordingly. Notes, descriptive and analytical, taken during the interviews were written up once expert arrived back in Phnom Penh. The fieldwork revolved around 10 days. -14-

21 We identified our informants mainly from purposive sampling (our informants were chosen because they either had relevant work or directly or indirectly involved or will involve with the LEAP Project) and some snowball sampling with the help from LEAP Project officer in Siem Reap Province as well as recommendations from some interviewees. Our informants range from staff at the commune to village, and poor and vulnerable people. Different sets of guided questions were prepared for them to capture relevant information as well as relevant insights of the informants. In Phnom Penh, expert intervied LEAP Project Director and Manger, MoI working in areas related to targeted communes. The interviews were meant to capture the lessons learned from previous evaluations and to see whether those lessons captured were currently applied or used in decision or policy making by those policy makers at national level. Besides, the interviews were carried out to look into the changes and progress made and the perceptions of those involved in the pilot study. The interviews also aim to capture the factors that constitute the sustainability of poor and vulnerable people livelihood enhancement and the likelihood of its future expansion. At the provincial level, expert interviewed Local Administrative Unit Director as manager of LEAP Project in Siem Reap Province. Moreover, expert conducted meeting with LEAP Project staffs of Siem Reap Province, TOURISM&LEISURE staffs, and Key Consultant Company staffs. These interviews helped us understand more about the site selection for the pilot study. The working relates between the targeted communes and the pilot study. At the commune level, the expert interviewed chief, vice-chief and members of commune council who are responsible for poverty alleviation sector. The expert planed to ask the chief and vice-chief of communes and villages about the ID Poor 1 and Poor 2, the voluntary land donation for the animal or fish raisings and vegetable cultivations, land management, operation of SHG, the kind of mechanism for solve the problems and the intervention of LEAP project for vulnerable people. Interviews with poor and vulnerable people comprised two methods. One focused on group discussions and semi-structured interviews were used for these groups of informants. Second method was the random selection of poor and vulnerable people at whose respective homes the interviews took place. The expert chose to use these two methods since he wanted to understand the perceptions of voluntary land donation and their problems for the SHG formations. Basic data were frequently available for specific sites. However, the efforts were made to obtain where it did exist, and where it was absent to seek estimates from local authorities, e.g. in Chob Tatrav commune. Where possible, too, the experience and views of poor people and vulnerable groups were sought, and all these sources were supplemented by direct observation at the case study sites, especially where there were Trapaing Tourk, Chob, Prasad, Toap Svay and Pang Toek villages in Chob Tatrav commune. -15-

22 3-3 Team composition The survey team was composed of one social expert and two enumerators. The enumerators were hired by the expert. They were trained to perform the local people questionnaire survey form B for the five villages. The social expert performs the questionnaire form A that are for the chief, vice-chief and members of the Chob Tatrav commune, and these five chiefs, vice- chiefs and members of Trapaing Tourk, Chob, Prasad, Toap Svay and Pang Toek villages. 3.4 Sampling method The total sample size of poor people in Chob Tatrav commune from B questionnaire was 26 households; it was equal 10% of total poor 1 and poor 2 households in each village. But, the total sample size of commune and village authorities from A questionnaire was selected 12 persons including chief, first chief of commune and member of commune council, and chief, vice chief and assistant of these five villages to interview as showed in the appendix 1. The sample size distribution among the five targeted villages was based on the updated number of household in each village, using the Chob Tratrav commune data in Table 3: Sampling Size of Poor Population in Chob Tatrav commune Village P1 & P2 (HH) Population (Person) Sample size (10%) Total land (ha) Total Female Trapaing Tourk ,230 Chob ,265 Prasad ,255 Toap Svay ,376 Pang Toek ,284 Total 241 1, ,410 Source: Interview with 1 st Vice Chief of Chob Tatrav Commune Council, November Before performing the household survey, a simple map of the village was illustrated as shown in the following figure 1. The sample size selection was collected based on the proportional method of group discussion and Randum. The filled questionnaire form was checked by the Social Assessment consultant. The error was corrected and the missing information was completed by repeating the questionnaire to the respondents. As the poor people were in rural area approximately 60km from Siem Reap town, local facilitator was recruited. His involvement was indispensable especially for the Trapaing Tourk, Chup, Prasad, Toap Svay and Pang Toek villages. 3.5 Accessibility of targeted commune The Chob Tatrave commune is located about 70 km from Siem Reap town and 60 km from Angkor Thom Temple. The access road is a laterite road in bad condition during the dry and wet seasons. The commune consists of these five villages such as Trapaing Tourk, Chob, Prasad, Toap Svay and Pang Toek villages. -16-

23 Primary School 6 samples Pang Toek 6 samples Toap Svay Mountain Pagoda Prasad Pagoda 4 samples Chob 5 samples Prasad Chob Primary School ChT commune and Police station Mountain 5 samples Trapaing Tourk Literite road 60km. Angkor Thom Temple Figure 1: The five villages map and a number of respondents selected 3.6 Existing projects within the survey area Nowadays in the five targeted villages, Trapaing Tourk, Chob, Prasad, Toap Svay and Pang Toek in the Chob Tatrav commune, there are Plans, Our family Association (name of organization) and PADEX organizations which supported one part of these five villages. The main task of Plans organization is involved with the saving and credit. Our family Association supported a sector of weaving and poultry raisings. In accordance with, the PADEK organization supported a sector of saving and rice bank. Table 4: Research Topics and methods of study for case study areas Research aim. Methods Description of destination area (Case study sites) 1 st draft project proposal review and field work. Task 1: Voluntary Land Donation 1. Levels of poor people: who goes where, when and why? 1 st draft report of T&L review; LEAP project documents; formal and informal interviews with commune councils, village authorities, SHG, producer groups and poor people. Observation 1.1. How do poor people get there and what do they do there, Interviews with poor people, SHG, producer groups especially involving their products? Types of transport and and other stakeholders. Observation. careers; relevance of activities to their livelihoods. Where do they pick up their products? 1.2. In what ways? Do they want the community or SHG? How size of land donation per household? Causes? Where and how many people donate the land, including poorest and Interviews with poor people, SHG, producer groups and other stakeholders. Observation. -17-

24 unable people? 1.3. Do they have the existing SHG or Producer groups in the targeted commune? 1.4. If people is disagreed. Where and how efficiency? Perceived and actual impact on the proposed community infrastructure? 2. How many percentages of land donation? Land donation is more than 5%, how to do? And is it acceptable? Who is responsible to reply to the project? 3. How the commune council and village facilitator's ideas related to the proposed community infrastructure? Who are responsible for next five years or the project closed? 3.1. Health details of the case study areas, and how related to land and revenue sources Social Impacts: forms of association, e.g. rice mill, cow bank, poultry shed or craft associations etc. 4. Evidence of voluntary land donation. When you occupied on the land? What type of land do they provided? Where? 5. Legal land? Evidence and perception of land types? Verification. 6. Economic Impact e.g. jobs, new forms of employment, impact on and links with agriculture and other work; hospitals and other facilities? 7. Do they believe the community service? Do they appropriate guarantees of public access? 8. Do they have the conflict mechanisms? How to solve all problems in the communities? 8.1. What are recommendation of problems and negative impacts? Who are responsible for the next 5 years? Task 2: Vulnerable people: Poorest, less education, widower, disable persons, orphaned and elderly people with little support. 1. How to ensure for vulnerable people constitute major groups within the project site? How does economic analysis of vulnerable people? What kind of the special measure of the issues? 2. What does the project adversely or positively affect them? What the special measure should be designed? When they would be done for next step? 3. Who are to be taken care strongly in the proposed community infrastructure? How they get benefit from the community when they are unable to do some things such elderly or handicap people etc. Source: Prepared by Social Expert, November Interviews with poor people, SHG, producer groups and other stakeholders. Observation. Interviews with poor people, SHG, producer groups and other stakeholders; observation. Interviews with poor people, SHG, producer groups and other stakeholders. Observation. Interviews with commune council, village association, SHG, producer groups and poor people. Major health problems and mortality; interviews with poor people, village association, SHG, and producer groups, including medical professionals. Literature review. EVIDENCE. On site measurement of land donation where appropriate in destination area, urban and rural areas. Survey of existing data, including T & L and LEAP. Interview with commune council, village association, SHG, and producer groups and others causes and remedies. Interview with commune council, village association, SHG, and producer groups. Interview with commune council, village authorities, SHG, and producer groups. Observation; local records and statistics, interviews with existing SHG and producers. Who wins and who loses? Interview with SHG members. Observation. Interviews with different stakeholders; possible conflict situations. Winners and losers. Interview with the community, commune council and village facilitators. Interview with vulnerable people. Observation. Interview with vulnerable people, VA and producer groups. Interview with vulnerable people, commune and village facilitators. Observation. Vulnerable people such handicaps, widowers, unable persons, elderly people, and orphaned. -18-

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