Bhavans Model United Nations The Committee of the General Assembly

Transcription

1 Bhavans Model United Nations 2016 The Committee of the General Assembly

2 Dear delegates, It gives us immense pleasure to you to BMUN 2016, which is going to be held on the 3 rd and 4 th November of 2016, and more specifically to the Committee of the General Assembly. The General Assembly is the cornerstone of the United Nations. This Committee offer representation to all member states of the United Nations and debate some of the most hotly contested issues of the time. We, Rohit Chandrahas and Dhruv Jani will chair the aforementioned committee; a committee which will constitute a memorable experience for all of us. For this year s Assembly the main topics under discussion will be: The Global Impacts of Brexit and Nuclear Security: The Non-Proliferation Treaty. These topics have been chosen keeping in mind the extent to which they can be debated upon and their significance in today s world. This study guide will provide you general information on the topic. Get ready to face challenges that concern the international treaties and the domestic interests of the country that you represent. The issue at hand comprises of many different elements. This Study Guide will be your guide and mentor through your search, that has to be extremely detailed and in depth. Thus, we urge you all to be fully committed and of course to thoroughly examine this study guide and the information that it provides. This study guide provides the basic information necessary. Each delegate is required to research thoroughly on his or her country and its policies.we are expecting a powerful debate, fruitful dialogues and the outmost diplomatic courtesy. Your Chairpersons, Dhruv Jani and Rohit Chandrahas

3 The Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. The Treaty represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States. Opened for signature in 1968, the treaty entered into force in Considering the devastation that would be coming upon all mankind by a nuclear war, the need to make effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security of people and believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war, the United Nations General Assembly called for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear weapons and to co-operate in facilitating the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities. The treaty represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States. Opened for signature in 1968, the treaty entered into force in On 11 May 1995, the treaty was extended indefinitely. At that time, there were five nuclear weapon states: China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR. Since then, India, Israel, and Pakistan have developed nuclear weapons and North Korea developed a nuclear explosive capability. As of August 2016, 191 states have adhered to the treaty, though North Korea, which acceded in 1985 but never came into compliance, announced its withdrawal from the NPT in 2003, following detonation of nuclear devices in violation of core obligations. Four UN member states have never accepted the NPT, three of which declared the possession of nuclear weapons: India, Israel, and Pakistan. In addition, South Sudan, founded in 2011, has not joined.

4 The Treaty was opened for signature on 01 July 1968, and signed on that date by the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and 59 other countries. The Treaty entered into force with the deposit of US ratification on 05 March China acceded to the NPT on 09 March 1992, and France acceded on 03 August In 1996, Belarus joined Ukraine and Kazakhstan in removing and transferring to the Russian Federation the last of the remaining former Soviet nuclear weapons located within their territories, and each of these nations has become a State Party to the NPT, as a non-nuclear-weapon state. In June 1997 Brazil became a State Party to the NPT. The NPT is often seen to be based on a central bargain: the NPT non-nuclearweapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclearweapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals. The provisions of the treaty, particularly article VIII, paragraph 3, envisage a review of the operation of the Treaty every five years, a provision which was reaffirmed by the States parties at the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. The provisions of the Treaty, particularly article VIII, paragraph 3, envisage a review of the operation of the Treaty every five years, a provision which was reaffirmed by the States parties at the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. Important Dates March 1957 The Treaty formally establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) is signed in Rome. 29 July 1957 The Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), opened for signature on 26 October 1956, comes into force. The Agency is established to

5 facilitate the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, while ensuring that the assistance the Agency provides will not be used for military purposes The Antarctic Treaty is signed in Washington, stipulating that Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only. It prohibits any measures of a military nature, including the testing of any type of weapons The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water (the Partial Test-Ban Treaty) is signed by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. On 8 August, it is opened for signature in Moscow, London and Washington The United States submits a draft nuclear non-proliferation treaty to the United Nations Disarmament Committee. The draft would ban the transfer of nuclear weapons by any nuclear weapon state (NWS) to any non-nuclear-weapon state (NNWS). The NNWS would agree to apply International Atomic Energy Agency or equivalent safeguards to their peaceful nuclear activities China accedes to the NPT as the fourth nuclear weapon state North Korea withdraws from the treaty following allegations from US that it had started illegal enriched uranium weapons program and subsequently US stopped oil shipments to North Korea under the agreed framework North Korea publicly declared that it possessed nuclear weapons.

6 Some country backgrounds North Korea North Korea ratified the treaty on 12 December 1985, but gave notice of withdrawal from the treaty on 10 January 2003 following U.S. allegations that it had started an illegal enriched uranium weapons program, and the U.S. subsequently stopping fuel oil shipments under the Agreed Framework. Later North Korea publicly declared that it possessed nuclear weapons and pulled out of the six-party talks hosted by China to find a diplomatic solution to the issue. Since then North Korea is said to have conducted at least 5 successful nuclear missile. The latest said to be conducted on 9 september 2016 India India has detonated nuclear devices, first in 1974 and again in India is estimated to have enough fissile material for more than 150 warheads. India was among the few countries to have a no first use policy, a pledge not to use nuclear weapons unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons, however India's former NSA signaled a significant shift from "no first use" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech. India argues that the NPT creates a club of "nuclear haves" and a larger group of "nuclear have-nots" by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967, but the treaty never explains on what ethical grounds such a distinction is valid. Pakistan In May 1998, following India's nuclear tests earlier that month, Pakistan conducted two sets of nuclear tests. Pakistan was estimated as many as 120 warheads. When asked at a briefing in 2015 whether Islamabad would sign the NPT if Washington requested it, Foreign Secretary Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry was quoted as responding "It is a discriminatory treaty. Pakistan has the right to defend itself, so Pakistan will not sign the NPT. Israel

7 The Israeli government refuses to confirm or deny possession of nuclear weapons. Some nonproliferation analysts estimate that Israel may have stockpiled between 100 and 200 warheads using reprocessed plutonium. The original text of The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons. The States concluding this Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the Parties to the Treaty, Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security of peoples, Believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war, In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly calling for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear weapons, Undertaking to co-operate in facilitating the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities, Expressing their support for research, development and other efforts to further the application, within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system, of the principle of safeguarding effectively the flow of source and special fissionable materials by use of instruments and other techniques at certain strategic points, Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Parties to the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-weapon States, Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty are entitled to participate in the fullest possible exchange of scientific information for, and to contribute alone or in co-operation with other States to, the further development of the applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes,

8 Declaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to undertake effective measures in the direction of nuclear disarmament, Urging the co-operation of all States in the attainment of this objective, Recalling the determination expressed by the Parties to the 1963 Treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water in its Preamble to seek to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all time and to continue negotiations to this end, Desiring to further the easing of international tension and the strengthening of trust between States in order to facilitate the cessation of the manufacture of nuclear weapons, the liquidation of all their existing stockpiles, and the elimination from national arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means of their delivery pursuant to a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control, Recalling that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States must refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations, and that the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security are to be promoted with the least diversion for armaments of the world s human and economic resources, Have agreed as follows: Article I Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices. Article II Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear

9 explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Article III 1. Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes to accept safeguards, as set forth in an agreement to be negotiated and concluded with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Agency s safeguards system, for the exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfilment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Procedures for the safeguards required by this Article shall be followed with respect to source or special fissionable material whether it is being produced, processed or used in any principal nuclear facility or is outside any such facility. The safeguards required by this Article shall be applied on all source or special fissionable material in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such State, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere. 2. Each State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to provide: (a) source or special fissionable material, or (b) equipment or material especially designed or prepared for the processing, use or production of special fissionable material, to any nonnuclear-weapon State for peaceful purposes, unless the source or special fissionable material shall be subject to the safeguards required by this Article. 3. The safeguards required by this Article shall be implemented in a manner designed to comply with Article IV of this Treaty, and to avoid hampering the economic or technological development of the Parties or international cooperation in the field of peaceful nuclear activities, including the international exchange of nuclear material and equipment for the processing, use or production of nuclear material for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of this Article and the principle of safeguarding set forth in the Preamble of the Treaty. 4. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall conclude agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency to meet the requirements of this Article

10 either individually or together with other States in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Negotiation of such agreements shall commence within 180 days from the original entry into force of this Treaty. For States depositing their instruments of ratification or accession after the 180-day period, negotiation of such agreements shall commence not later than the date of such deposit. Such agreements shall enter into force not later than eighteen months after the date of initiation of negotiations. Article IV 1. Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty. 2. All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so shall also co-operate in contributing alone or together with other States or international organizations to the further development of the applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in the territories of non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world. Article V Each Party to the Treaty undertakes to take appropriate measures to ensure that, in accordance with this Treaty, under appropriate international observation and through appropriate international procedures, potential benefits from any peaceful applications of nuclear explosions will be made available to non-nuclearweapon States Party to the Treaty on a non-discriminatory basis and that the charge to such Parties for the explosive devices used will be as low as possible and exclude any charge for research and development. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall be able to obtain such benefits, pursuant to a special international agreement or agreements, through an appropriate international body with adequate representation of non-nuclear-weapon States. Negotiations on this subject shall commence as soon as possible after the Treaty enters into

11 force. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty so desiring may also obtain such benefits pursuant to bilateral agreements. Article VI Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. Article VII Nothing in this Treaty affects the right of any group of States to conclude regional treaties in order to assure the total absence of nuclear weapons in their respective territories. Article VIII 1. Any Party to the Treaty may propose amendments to this Treaty. The text of any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary Governments which shall circulate it to all Parties to the Treaty. Thereupon, if requested to do so by one-third or more of the Parties to the Treaty, the Depositary Governments shall convene a conference, to which they shall invite all the Parties to the Treaty, to consider such an amendment. 2. Any amendment to this Treaty must be approved by a majority of the votes of all the Parties to the Treaty, including the votes of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The amendment shall enter into force for each Party that deposits its instrument of ratification of the amendment upon the deposit of such instruments of ratification by a majority of all the Parties, including the instruments of ratification of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any other Party upon the deposit of its instrument of ratification of the amendment.

12 3. Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realised. At intervals of five years thereafter, a majority of the Parties to the Treaty may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the Depositary Governments, the convening of further conferences with the same objective of reviewing the operation of the Treaty. Article IX 1. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign the Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time. 2. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments. 3. This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification. For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession. 5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or of accession, the date of the entry into force of this Treaty, and the date of receipt of any requests for convening a conference or other notices. 6. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

13 Article X 1. Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security Council three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests. 2. Twenty-five years after the entry into force of the Treaty, a conference shall be convened to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force indefinitely, or shall be extended for an additional fixed period or periods. This decision shall be taken by a majority of the Parties to the Treaty.1 Article XI This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Governments. Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized, have signed this Treaty. DONE in triplicate, at the cities of London, Moscow and Washington, the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight. External links: Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons#Key_articles

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15 Global Impacts of Brexit Brexit What? Why? When? For those of you who are unaware Brexit has become the shorthand for saying that UK is leaving the EU (European Union. Thus comes from merging the words Britain and exit.) The European Union is an economic and political partnership involving 28 countries. It s main motive is to foster the relationships between its member nations and provide a single market allowing free movement of people and goods. A referendum was held on 23rd June, 2016, as promised by the then Prime Minister David Cameron, which resulted in a Brexit victory. Though it is interesting to note that the population of UK is almost evenly split over the issue. While some argue that backing out of EU would give the country some control over its borders and save the huge amount of money that is otherwise paid as membership fees, others say that UK is getting a huge market in Europe and this would be adversely affected by Brexit. According to the current Prime Minister Theresa May the Article 50 would be triggered in 2017 which gives UK a two year window to withdraw its membership from the EU, that is, if everything goes as planned, by 2019 UK would withdraw its membership from EU. Though it is obvious there would still be lengthy negotiations between UK and Europe regarding their relations and trade agreements. The impact of Brexit on EU The global news has been flooded with the Brexit for the past few months. After the referendum, there were a set of forecasts about the impact of Brexit on the Global Economy, the EU and various countries which hold close ties with both EU and UK. The most direct affect of Brexit would be on the EU. Although studies show that Brexit would cause moderate effects on Britain with overall positive results in the

16 long run, but the same cannot be said about EU. The fate of many European countries is dependent on the negotiations between UK and the EU, and whether or not UK would be a part of the single market. Members like Ireland, Malta, Luxembourg, and Cyprus are going to be the frontline countries affected by the aftershocks of any decision taken by UK. While the EU would be trying its best to minimize the effect on its single market, a short termed shock wave is inevitable. This shock wave can have both negative or positive impacts on EU, which can only be decided in the coming years by the policies of the EU. Brexit has no doubt shaken the foundations of European politics and has started a chain reaction which can lead the EU to either further disintegration or make it expand its boundaries towards more Europe. Global Impacts The markets and the odds makers were caught off guard by the U.K. s vote to leave the European Union. The immediate reaction in the financial markets was swift and violent owing to the surprise. Financial markets will likely calm somewhat after a period of shock and awe, but will find themselves settling into an entirely new vector of macroeconomic and geopolitical uncertainty. The Brexit vote will act as a precedent for other EU skeptic parties, particularly in the Eurozone heart of the EU, giving rise to new exit referendums in Europe. The financial market reaction will also feed into the far-flung macroeconomic consequences of Brexit. For example, a sharp and sustained rise in the value of the U.S. dollar versus the euro will put added pressure on the weak U.S. manufacturing sector just as it seemed to find a new footing. This puts additional downward pressure on historically weak U.S. growth momentum. There is no roadmap to follow or analogy to invoke as a guide or pattern for how the Brexit vote will reverberate in the months and years to come. However, a few immediate consequences seem highly likely. The flight to safety away from the epicenter of this British-EU divorce will push capital away from the region and toward key safe-haven markets including the

17 U.S. especially Treasuries and to Japan. This will further lower market interest rates and raise relative currency values. A higher U.S. dollar and Japanese yen are negative to both economies export sectors. In the case of Japan, this is particularly unhelpful to its efforts to re-inflate and reinvigorate the economy after decades of deflation. The higher U.S. dollar also triggers additional pressure on China to float the yuan lower, as it is caught in the divergence between its two largest export markets the EU and the U.S.. For the U.S., the negative impact on exports is relatively small compared with trends in domestic demand, but the deflationary pressure on tradable goods will widen the divergence between reasonably strong inflation in the services sector vs. reasonably strong deflation in the goods sector. The European Central Bank will be compelled to raise its level of intervention yet again, as risk premiums across the region rise. Among the larger Eurozone members, Italy is in a particularly vulnerable position now made more vulnerable. Each blow to members of the Eurozone periphery also further make Germany out perform in the Eurozone even more unsustainable. A decline in business confidence and a rise in uncertainty, paired with limited responses by central banks, makes a recession a major risk in Britain and something of a risk in the rest of Europe and the United States. Effects of Brexit on the Refugee Crisis The political impact of the refugee surge has been huge. Yet the EU s intake is very small in comparison with that of some relatively poor countries. An estimated one million refugees displaced by the war in Syria are now living in Europe, spread out over a continent of 750 million people. Meanwhile, Lebanon and Jordan, which have a combined population of 11 million, are hosting two million Syrian refugees.

18 European countries are legally obliged to help refugees who make it to their countries a legacy of the Second World War. The EU does impose extra obligations on its members, but these are seldom properly enforced. Last year it agreed to redistribute 160,000 migrants around the continent; so far, only a few thousand have been relocated, and many member states, especially those in eastern Europe, refuse to co-operate. The European Commission is considering introducing fines on non-compliant countries. It is also discussing a revision of the Dublin regulation, under which members can deport asylum-seekers to the nation through which they first entered the EU. The UK has used this to deport over 12,000 people since 2003, and is lobbying against reform. Despite the tabloid scaremongering, there are far fewer asylum applications per head to the UK than to other countries in the EU. Britain received 60 asylum applications per 100,000 people in 2015, well under the EU-wide average of 260. Perhaps more surprisingly, the UK was also far less generous in hosting refugees than Norway and Switzerland, European countries outside the EU. Norway had ten times more asylum applications per head of population than the UK, and Switzerland eight. We just don t know precisely how Brexit would affect the UK s obligations to refugees, as a report from the Migration Observatory at Oxford noted recently. It is also unclear which policies on free movement and, by implication, refugees the UK would adopt if it did vote to leave the EU. If we followed the model of Norway, as many in the Leave camp advocate, free movement essentially would be unaffected. Indeed, if the UK left the EU it would cease to be able to use the Dublin regulation to transfer refugees to other European nations. There is one other consideration: whatever the UK decided to do if it left the EU, the Channel would remain 350 miles long, and still practically impossible to police. Directing points for the committee The advantages and the disadvantages of the European Union membership. With the exit of UK will the largest economies of the union follow precedent?

19 In the event that a nation is not contributing in any way to the prosperity of the union should a mechanism be introduced to suspend or terminate the membership of the member nation at hand? Impact of Brexit. External Links

20 The chair expects the delegates to be well versed in the policies of their respective countries and be aware of its diplomatic ties. Thorough research needs to be done for this. For any queries, do not hesitate to contact us through the id below. We wish you the very best and hope you enjoy the debate and have a very memorable time at the MUN. ga.bmun2016@gmail.com