2. Italy was unhappy with the amount of territory it gained after the war a. Between 1919 and governments failed in Italy

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1 APUSH CH 34+35: Lecture Name: Hour: Chapter 34: Franklin D. Roosevelt and The Shadow of War, Chapter 35: America In World War II, I. The Interwar Years: Leading Up to WWII A. The Treaty of Versailles/Interwar Years 1. The goal of the Treaty of Versailles (1919) was to create a lasting peace for Europe a. But, the treaty was unfair, especially in the eyes of Germany b. Germans called the treaty a diktat, or a dictated peace c. Germany had to pay a huge amount of reparations and lost some of its territories/colonies d. Its military was also stripped of power 2. Italy was unhappy with the amount of territory it gained after the war a. Between 1919 and governments failed in Italy 3. Japan was also unhappy as it failed to gain control of China after the war a. Japan would become much more aggressive as time went on 4. France, Britain, and the U.S. had achieved many of their war objectives a. Germany was reduced to a minor power b. The League of Nations was created to address world problems/conflicts (although the U.S. never joined) i. Overall, the League would be very ineffective 5. The U.S. retreated into a policy of isolationism after WWI ended 6. New democracies developed in European countries, but lacked the resources to survive a. As a result, many of these democracies collapsed and dictators came to power during the 1930s 7. Dictators came to power due to political and economic unrest a. Hitler in Germany (1933), Mussolini in Italy (1922), and Stalin in the Soviet Union (1922) 8. As economic problems damaged the countries of Europe, it was common for countries to seek territorial expansion II. U.S. Foreign Policy A. The Philippines 1.Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934): granted independence to the Philippines in 1946 a. The U.S. was eager to unload the burden of the Philippines B. Latin America 1. FDR wanted a Good Neighbor Policy with Latin America a. Too much U.S. intervention had characterized the relationship i. To change this, Marines were withdrawn from Haiti ii. The grip that the U.S. had on Cuba from the Platt Amendment was loosened 2. Overall, the U.S. would be less blatant in its domination and less eager to launch military expeditions in Latin America, which was a popular move 1

2 III. The United States and the War: Isolationism, Neutrality, and Foreign Policy A. Isolationism 1. Practiced by the U.S. throughout the 1930s 2. The U.S. attempted to maintain this policy through various neutrality acts a. The Neutrality Act of 1935 prohibited arms shipments to either side in a war once the President had declared the existence of belligerency b. The Neutrality Act of 1936 forbade loans to belligerents c. The Neutrality Act of 1937 introduced the cash and carry principle: warring nations that wanted to trade with the U.S. had to pay cash for their nonmilitary purchases and take the goods home on their own ships i. This act also forbade Americans from traveling on the ships of belligerent nations IV. Moving Toward War: Aggression in Europe A. Germany 1. Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 a. He believed: i. In the supremacy of the state over the individual; ii. Of dictatorship over democracy; iii. Of authoritarianism over freedom of speech; iv. Of a regulated state-oriented economy over a free market economy; v. And of militarism over peace 2. Hitler was very resentful of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles a. As a result, he withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and ended war reparations payments 3. In 1936 Hitler moved troops into the demilitarized Rhineland and France did nothing 4. Soon after, we saw Hitler and Benito Mussolini form an alliance (Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936) a. There was no response from other European powers, including Britain and France b. Instead, we saw a policy of appeasement begin to develop 5. In 1938 Hitler took control of Austria a. This was followed by the Sudetenland (of Czechoslovakia) 6. Appeasement continued at the Munich Conference a. As a result, Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia b. British Prime Minster Neville Chamberlain thought this would satisfy Hitler s desire for land he was wrong 7. In the meantime Hitler and Stalin signed the nonaggression pact (August 1939): it said that they would agree not to invade each other 8. Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, which sparked WWII a. This was the last straw for Britain and France and they declared war on Germany B. Other Countries Expand 1. Japan annexed Korea in 1910 a. In 1931 Japan took control of Manchuria (China) for its resources 2

3 2. Italy took control of Ethiopia (1935) and Albania (1939) C. How Did the League of Nations Respond to this Aggression? 1. When Japan took Manchuria, the League responded and would not recognize this territory as Japan s a. In 1933 Japan left the League 2. In 1933 Hitler took Germany out of the League 3. When Italy attacked Ethiopia, the League failed to respond effectively with economic sanctions 4. The Soviets (who had joined the League in 1934) were removed from the League in 1939 for attacking Finland 5. In 1937 Italy withdrew from the League to form an alliance with Germany and Japan 6. Why was the League so weak? a. The world was in the midst of an economic depression and nations were not willing to send their militaries in the name of collective security b. Sanctions were never followed through upon and countries that had committed aggressive acts paid attention to this V. War Breaks Out 1. When Germany invaded Poland, it had no problem running through the country with its tanks 2. On September 3, 1939 Britain and France declared war on Germany a. However, both countries were really not involved in the conflict and this period is called the phony war 3. The Fall of France a. France was already weak when it had decided to enter the war in 1939 with Britain i. Many governments had failed in France and it was very unstable politically and economically b. In June 1940 France was defeated and controlled by Germany c. This caused the U.S. to pass a conscription law in September 1940 d. FDR knew that with France out of the picture that Britain would need more support VI. FDR is Reelected A Election 1. In 1940 FDR broke the 2 term tradition and was reelected to a third term a. He faced Wendell Willkie in the election and won (449 to 82 electoral votes) 2. In 1944, FDR would be elected to a fourth term (He faced Thomas Dewey in the election) VII. Aiding the Allies A. Lend Lease Act 1. Passed in March 1941 by Congress; gave the President the power to sell, transfer, lend, or lease war materials a. The Act was devised to specifically help Britain; it would lend, rather than sell arms to Britain b. To ensure the safe delivery of the lend-lease goods, FDR ordered the U.S. Navy to patrol halfway across the Atlantic 2. Many ships attempting to send supplies across the ocean were attacked by Germany s U- boats, including the U.S. destroyer Greer 3

4 VIII. Hitler Gets Greedy A. Invasion of the Soviet Union 1. Hitler saw the Soviets as a threat as he wanted to expand into Eastern Europe a. The Soviets had already done some expanding of their own and had invaded Finland, as well as Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania 2. In June 1941, Hitler turned on his Soviet ally and invaded the nation (this invasion became known as Operation Barbarossa) a. The U.S. offered Lend Lease aid to the Soviets after they were invaded 3. It became evident with the onset of the Russian winter that Germany was overextended in the Soviet Union a. The Battle of Stalingrad was considered a turning point in the war for the Soviet Union and the Allies as it showed that the Germans were not invincible IX. Churchill and FDR Meet A. The Atlantic Charter (August 1941) 1. In August 1941 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and FDR met for 4 days off the coast of Newfoundland 2. The two leaders issued the Atlantic Charter a. It was a set of war aims which included collective security, disarmament, self determination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas [b. this was sort of like Wilson s 14 Points] X. U.S. Moves Closer to War A. Pearl Harbor 1. In September 1940 after Germany, Italy, and Japan had signed the Tripartite Pact a. FDR imposed an embargo on the shipments of gasoline and scrap metal to Japan 2. In response Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941 (killing over 2,400 people, sinking or damaging 8 battleships and destroying 160 aircrafts) 3. On the following day, FDR asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan XI. U.S. Enters the War A. Preparing for War 1. One month after Pearl Harbor, FDR established the War Production Board (WPB) to convert the economy from civilian goods to military goods 2. Between the government awarded contracts totaling $175 billion, most of which went to automobile, aircraft, steel, electrical, and chemical companies 3. Organized labor also grew during the war from 8.5 million in 1940 to 14.8 million in More than 6 million women joined the war effort (think Rosie the Riveter) 5. The U.S. s biggest contribution to the war effort was providing guns, tanks, planes, etc. to the Allies 6. A draft occurred in September 1940 (about 10 million were drafted) 7. As the U.S. geared up for war, people went back to work and prosperity began to return a. By 1944, unemployment was about 1% B. Selling the War at Home 1. The U.S. was afraid that people would not support a long war in Europe/Asia 2. As a result, the government created the Office of War Information (OWI) a. This was the organization that sold the war at home by using posters and propaganda 3. About $180 billion was raised through war bonds and other measures 4

5 XII. Japanese Internment Camps A. Fear of the Japanese 1. In February 1942 FDR ordered the internment of more than 100,000 Japanese living in the U.S. a. This was a response to the sentiment that they were considered dangerous and disloyal b. Those living in camps were deprived of their rights and basically lost everything XIII. The War Continues A. The War in Europe 1. After Germany occupied France in 1940 and invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Soviets were fighting nearly alone until 1944 a. As a result, FDR, Churchill, and Stalin all pushed for the opening of a second fighting front in Europe 2. Instead of invading France, the Allies invaded North Africa in November 1942 a. One of the key campaigns was Operation Torch which was led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower 3. The Allies also invaded Italy in July 1943 led by General George S. Patton a. Mussolini resigned as dictator and Italy declared war on Germany 4. The invasion of Normandy (France) on June 6, 1944 (D-Day) was also a key event in the war a. 200,000 Allied troops commanded by General Eisenhower stormed the beaches of Normandy and were able to get behind German lines 5. In August, the Allies invaded Southern France and liberated Paris a. Finally, in December 1944 the Battle of the Bulge took place i. This was the last major German offensive 6. On May 8, 1945 General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich a. The Allies celebrated V-E Day Victory in Europe Day XIV. Yalta Conference A. The Big 3 Meet 1. Days after FDR s third inauguration in February 1945 he met with Churchill and Stalin in the Soviet city of Yalta on the Baltic Sea 2. At the conference, the 3 leaders made a number of important decisions about the future: a. They agreed to move forward in creating a new international peacekeeping organization, the United Nations (UN) based on the principles in the Atlantic Charter b. Stalin also agreed to enter the war against Japan after some favorable concessions were made XV. Germany First, Then Japan A. The War in the Pacific 1. The Allies had the Europe first formula, which consisted of first knocking out Germany and then focusing on Japan 2. This made sense because it was evident Japan had been very aggressive in the Pacific a. In the first 6 months since the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan had seized the Philippines, Guam, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other islands in the Pacific 3. In April 1942 the Americans began fighting back a. Their strategy was to island-hop toward Japan and to take weaker islands on the way 5

6 4. Key battles of the Pacific: a. Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) i. This was the first naval combat carried out entirely by aircrafts b. Battle of Midway (June 1942) i. The U.S. victory here slowed down the Japanese c. The Philippines (summer 1944): General MacArthur retuned here to retake the Philippines from Japan d. Iwo Jima (November 1944) i. Bloodiest battle in the Pacific ii. Place where the famous picture of the U.S. flag being raised was taken in February 1945 XVI. Potsdam Conference (July 1945) A. Leaders Meet 1. Truman, Churchill (later replaced by Atlee), and Stalin met at Potsdam 2. Agreed to divide Germany into 4 occupation zones 3. Truman went in to the conference knowing that he had the atomic bomb at his disposal a. He received word that the first test of an atomic bomb in New Mexico had worked i. Truman did not mention this to anyone at the conference 4. Led to the issuance of the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 which stated Japan faced prompt and utter destruction if it did not surrender [On April 12, 1945, FDR died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his summer cottage in Warm Springs, Georgia, making Truman president] XVII. The Atomic Bomb A. Dropping the Bomb 1. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, killing 180,000 people 2. A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, killing 80, V-J Day (Victory in Japan Day) was declared September 2, 1945 when Japan signed the surrender agreement B. Why Did We Use It? 1. Many ask this question and there are many ways to answer it: a. Some argue that they did it to end the war quickly without losing any more American lives i. A land invasion of Japan would have taken to longer and more lives (over 1 million) would have been lost b. Others argue it was to intimidate the Soviet Union c. Others say it was linked to the U.S. s desire to be a world superpower XVIII. The End of World War II A. Results of the War 1. About 70 million people served in the armed forces of the Allied and Axis nations 2. War left millions of people in Europe displaced 3. With Britain and France weakened, it was the U.S. and the Soviet Union that remained as world powers a. The battle between democracy and communism was just beginning 4. The UN was born 6

7 5. The atomic bomb and the rising competition between the U.S. and the Soviets would lead to the Cold War 7

From D-Day to Doomsday Part A - Foreign

UNIT 4 : 1930-1960 From D-Day to Doomsday Part A - Foreign World War I Unresolved Treaty of Versailles increases German nationalism Hitler violates treaty to re-militarize League of Nations has no way